geologic structure and occurrence of gas … · geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of...
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director
Bulletin 899-B
GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE AND OCCURRENCE OF
GAS IN PART OF SOUTHWESTERNNEW YORK
PART 2. SUBSURFACE STRUCTUREIN PART OF SOUTHWESTERN NEW YORK
AND MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF GASIN THE MEDINA GROUP
BY
G. B. RICHARDSON
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1941
For sale by ibe Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ....... Price 30 cents
NOTE
The Geological Survey in 1934, 1935, and 1936 studied the geologic structure and the occurrence of natural gas in the Oriskany and Medina sandstones in a large part of southwestern New York. The geologists have prepared separate reports on the areas for which they were responsible. However, as these areas are adjacent and form a real unit both geographically and geologically, the two reports are issued as parts of a single bulletin. No edition of the consolidated volume will be published, but the two parts may be bound together if desired.
PageAbstract _________________________________________________________ 69Introduction______________________________________________________ 69Stratigraphy._______--________-_____.._-_-__-_-__-_______-_________ 70
Key beds._-__-_-_______-____-___--------__-__-__-____________ 72Convergence of strata--____-_____..-------------_---_---__-.----- 73Thickness of stratified rocks in the vicinity of Olean. ______________ 73
Structure. -_---__-_---___-____- __-.-_--_----_------____-_-_--__-_. 74Gas in the Medina group._.____._________-_--_-_____-_-____._______ 75
Relation of gas to structure.____________________________________ 75Relation of gas to lithology___-_---.-_------------__-_-_-_-.-_-__ 75
Well records.__.__________-________J_--___-________________-__.____ 79
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page PLATE 5. Map of southwestern New York showing location of wells___._.. 72
6. Map showing isopach lines that represent intervals between the top of the Medina group and the top of the Onondaga limestone and between the top of the Onondaga limestone and the top of the Tully limestone-____________________________________ 72
7. Map showing by contour lines drawn on the top of the Onondaga limestone the subsurface structure in part of southwestern New York, approximate outlines of principal gas-producing areas, and location of selected wells.___-__-_---___-_-__-__ 76
8. Map showing structure contour lines drawn on the top of the Medina group and location of selected gas wells and. dry holes in part of Erie County._________--_--___---_----__.______ 7&
in
GEOLOGIC STRUCTUBE AND OCCUEBENCE OF GAS IN PART OF SOUTHWE8TEBN NEW YOBK
PART 2. SUBSURFACE STRUCTURE IN PART OF SOUTH WESTERN NEW YORK AND MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF GAS IN THE MEDINA GROUP
By G. B. RICHARDSON
ABSTRACT
Based on the records of several hundred deep wells, contour maps have been prepared showing the monoclinal structure of part of western New York, and isopach lines have been drawn showing the westward convergence of the rocks. The mode of occurrence of natural gas in the Medina group is briefly discussed. The location of the gas fields has not been determined by structural traps, but rather stratigraphy and lithology are the controlling factors in trapping the gas, which occurs in porous lenses and streaks of sandstone sealed within impermeable beds. This mode of occurrences of the Medina gas makes the search for new fields in western New York more hazardous than in most natural gas regions. As structure has not formed traps for the gas there is no surface guide to favorable sites for testing, and new fields are found by haphazard drilling. It would be helpful, however, when wells are sunk, to study the lithology of the gas-bearing zone by an examination of the drill cuttings and core samples of the sand and to have electrical logs made of the wells to obtain measurements of permeability and porosity. Such tests may indicate the direction of greatest porosity in which the sand is more likely to contain gas.
INTRODUCTION
The records of several hundred deep wells were obtained in 1934 in connection with an investigation by the Geological Survey to deter mine the geologic structure in the general region of the Oriskany gas fields of south-central New York. 1 This investigation was financed with funds, provided by the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works. The well records were supplemented in 1935 by logs of selected wells that had been sunk in search of gas in the Medina fields in the western part of the State. With this information as a basis the accompanying maps (pis. 5-8) have been prepared showing the subsurface structure in part of western New York, the convergence
' Bradley, W. H., and Pepper, J. F., Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties, New York: U. S. Qeol. Survey Bull. 899-A, pp. 1-68,1938.
69
70 OCCURRENCE OF GAS IJST THE MEDINA GROUP
of the strata, and the relation of the occurrence of natural gas to geologic structure in part of Erie County.
The logs of the wells were obtained from many sources. For courteously supplying records and other information the writer is under obligation to the following organizations and individuals:
Belmont Quadrangle Drilling Corporation, F. M. Brewster and J. A. Thompson; Godfrey L. Cabot, Inc., C. D. Whorton; Empire Gas & Fuel Co., G. Holbrook and C. T. Major; Finance Oil & Gas Co., Thomas Mills; Iroquois Gas Co., L. A. Brown and A. M. Nicholson; Keystone Gas Co., H. A. Wallace; Lycoming Producing Corporation, J. F. Robinson, U. F. Boyer, and F. H. Finn; New York State Museum and State Geological Survey, C. C. Adams, R. Ruedemann, D. H. Newland, and C. A. Hartnagel; New York State Oil Producers Asso ciation, N. Sullivan; North Penn Gas Co., J. Gaddess; Pavilion Natural Gas Co.; Penn-York Natural Gas Co., J. Reeves, H. E. Boyd, and N. C. Davies; Republic Light, Heat & Power Co., S. B. Severson and G. M. Merrill; Rochester Gas & Electric Co., A. M. Beebe and L. H. East; Solvay Process Co., R. H. Perkins and W. C. Phalen; Torrey, Fralich & Simmons, C. E. Fralich, A. C. Simmons, and W. H. Young; University of Rochester, H. L. Ailing; and G. H. Chadwick, of Cats- kill, F. L. Dougherty, of Dunkirk, H. H. Cranston, of Fredonia, and S. T. Lockwood, of Buffalo.
STRATIGRAPHY
The generalized stratigraphic sequence in central and western New York is shown in the accompanying section, after Newland and Hartnagel and Goldring, of the State Museum. 2 The section shows the stratigraphic position of the principal gas-producing zonesand of the key beds reported in the driller's logs of wells. The strati- graphic nomenclature used in the present report follows that given inthe section and also follows current usage in the gas fields of westernNew York. The Medina group as thus used is assigned entirely to the Silurian. The strata here designated Oswego and Queenston in the lower part of the group have been correlated with formations else where that are assigned an Ordovician age in other reports of the Federal Geological Survey.
2 Newland, D. H., and Hartnagel, C. A., Review of the natural gas and petroleum developments in New York State: New York State Mus. Bull. 295, pp. 106-107,1932. Goldring, Winifred, Handbook of paleon tology for beginners and amateurs; Part 2, The formations: New York State Museum Handbook 10, pp. 190-191,1931.
STRATIGRAPHY 71
Generalized geologic section in central and western New York
[Chiefly after D. H. Newland, C. A. Hartnagel, and Winifred Goldring]
System or series
Pennsylvanian.
per Devonian.
Silurian.
Ordovician.
Cambrian.
Pre-Cambrinn.
Group or formation
Olean.
Unconformity.
Knapp.
Oswayo.
Cattaraugus.
Chemung,
Portage.
Oeneseo.Tully.
Hamilton.
Onondaga.
Oriskany.
Unconformity.
Salina.
Niagara.
Clinton.
Medina.
Lorraine, or "Hudson River," and Utica.
Trenton.
Tribes Hill and Little Falls.
Potsdam.
Description
Coarse conglomerate with well-rounded peb bles mostly of vein quartz. Texture changes rapidly both horizontally and vertically into coarse white sandstone.
Absence of Mauch Chunk and associated formations.
Conglomerate and interbedded shale.
Fossiliferous olive-green and rust-colored limonitic shales. Two-foot bed of very fossiliferous limestone near base. Probably small unconformity between Oswayo and Cattaraugus. A few thin beds of sandstone.
Bright-red shales with interbedded green or bluish shales and fine-grained micaceous sandstones. Local beds of conglomerate characterize the formation. At base is Wolf Creek conglomerate. Conglomerates of Cattaraugus beds have flat or discoidal pebbles, some of jasper, distinguishing them from Olean.
Gray, olive, and bluish shales, some dark purple or chocolate color. Many thin beds of argillaceous sandstone. Lower half of Chemung contains the oil-producing sands of the State.
Sandstone, flags, and black carbonaceous shales. Has gas-bearing strata.
Black shale.Gray limestone.Blue, gray, and olive shales. Basal portion,
Marcellus black shale, which is gas-bearing.A heavy bedded limestone, the "flint" of the
drillers. Gas-bearing.Sandstone. Gas-bearing in Schuyler, Yates,
Steuben, and Allegany Counties.Absence of Helderbergian formations.
A series of water limes, gypseous shales, beds of anhydrite and gypsum, rock salt. Red shales at base. Upper portion of series gas bearing.
Heavy bedded dolomites, Lockport and Guelph. Rochester shale at base is of Clinton age but usually logged with Niagara. Gas in Seneca and Ontario Counties.
Limestones, shales, with thin bed of hematite.Upper 150 feet white and red sandstones
(Albion) . Most prolific gas horizon in State. Main mass red shale (Queenston); white Oswego sandstone at base.
A series of alternating beds of sandstones and shales. At base is Utica black shale.
Alternating dark limestones and shales. Pro ductive in Onondaga, Oswego, Oneida, and Lewis Counties. Many large gas pockets.
Heavy bedded limestones. Also known as the "Calciferous" formation. Basal beds in part belong to the Cambrian, the boundary being indefinite.
A sandstone where present directly over lying the pre-Cambrian. Reported in a few deep wells in western New York. Gas in one or two wells in central New York.
Reported in several wells in western and central New York.
Thickness (feet)
' 60-70
60-105
160-250
300-350
1,200-1,500
1, 200-1, 400
25-500-30
600-700
60-130
0-20
700-800
200
30-150
1 , 100-1, 200
500-600
700-900
100-140
10-50
72 OCCURRENCE OF GAS IN THE MEDINA GROUP
KEY BEDS
The logs of wells as reported by the drillers in general show only a few readily recognizable or key beds. (See list of wells, pp. 79-91.) One of the most useful of these beds for determining the stratigraphy and structure is the Onondaga limestone, of Middle Devonian age, which is widely distributed and readily recognized by well drillers. It immediately underlies the black Marcellus shale and overlies the Oriskany sandstone where that is present. The Onondaga is a massive gray cherty linestone ranging from less than 50 to more than 150 feet in thickness and is reported as ''flint'' by the drillers. It crops out, commonly forming an escarpment, from Lake Erie in the vicinity of Buffalo to the Hudson Valley hi the vicinity of Albany and extends southward into Pennsylvania. In New York the Onondaga is a persistent limestone, though locally it is somewhat shaly in its upper part.
The Oriskany sandstone lying at the base of the Devonian system in western New York was deposited in irregular thickness in a sea transgressing the eroded surface of an old land mass. It locally dis appears, yet it is apparently more continuous as a sheet deposit than the lenticular beds of sandstone that constitute some of the oil and gas reservoirs of Upper Devonian age. The type locality of the Oriskany is at Oriskany Falls, Oneida County, N. Y., where it is a light-gray fossiliferous coarse-grained quartz sandstone about 20 feet thick. The Oriskany sandstone is of economic importance because of the occurrence in it of large quantities of natural gas. The structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany in a part of the State are discussed by Bradley and Pepper in part 1 of this bulletin. 3 Numerous well records show the occurrence of the Oriskany sandstone in central New York. The approximate northwestern limit of its occurrence underground, as indicated by the records of wells drilled before 1936, is shown on plate 5.
Another important key bed is the Tully limestone, lying at the base of the Upper Devonian series, between the overlying Genesee black shale and dark shale in the uppermost part of the Hamilton group. It apparently does not underlie so large an area as the Onondaga limestone, but recent drilling shows that it has a greater extent than was formerly realized. The Tully limestone crops out in the Finger Lake region of central New York and extends into Pennsylvania, where its outcrop has recently been observed in the central part of the State.4 In New York the Tully is a massive gray limestone as much as 30 feet thick.
The key horizon that serves as a marker for the gas-bearing beds of Medina age (see p. 71) is designated by drillers as the "top of the
3 Bradley, W. H., and Pepper, J. F., op. cit.* Willard, Bradford, A Tully limestone outcrop in Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Acad. Sci. Proc., vol.
8, pp. 57-62, 1934.
GEOLOGICAL STTRVEY BULLETIN 899 PLATE 5
77' 76'
ORLEANS
C A - T T -A R
MAP OF SOLTTHWESTERN JNTEW YORK SHOWING LOCATION OF WELLS.218427 40 (Face p. 72)
79° 78°
MAP SHOWING ISOPACH LINES THAT REPRESENT INTERVALS BETWEEN THE TOP OF THE MEDINA GROUP AND THE TOP OF THE ONONDAGA LIMESTONE (SHOWN BY SOLID LINES) AND BETWEEN THE TOP OF THE ONONDAGA LIME STONE AND THE TOP OF THE TULLY LIMESTONE (SHOWN BY BROKEN LINES).
Location of outcrop of top of Medina group and outcrop of Onondaga and Tully limestones from Geologic map of New York by New York State Museum.
CONVERGENCE OF STRATA 73
Red Medina," This marks the change from gray shale in the lower part of beds of Clinton age to an underlying bed of sandstone that despite the drillers' term "Red Medina," is not everywhere red. In places this sandstone beneath the Clinton is the so-called Gray band or Thorold sandstone, which averages only about 5 feet in thickness. The age of the Gray band, whether Clinton or Medina, is doubtful, though the New York State Museum 5 now includes it in the Clinton. The Gray band seems to be locally absent where shale in the Clinton is reported to lie directly on red sandstone at the top of the Albion sandstone of the Medina group.
CONVERGENCE OP STRATA
Measurement of the stratigraphic intervals between the key beds reported in the records of the wells shows clearly the convergence of the strata. The rocks constitute a great wedge of sediments that decrease in thickness from east to west. The intervals between the top of .the Medina group and the top of the Onondaga limestone and
s between the tops of the Onondaga and Tully limestones are shown by inopach lines on plate 6.
The Onondaga-Tully interval decreases from 1,700 feet in the vicin- '. y of Owego, Tioga County, to 500 feet in the vicinity of Portville, Cattaraugus County, at the rate of about 13 feet per mile. The Onondaga-Medina interval decreases from 2,500 feet in the vicinity of Ludlowville, Tompkins County, to 1,400 feet in the vicinity of Livonia, Livingston County, at the rate of about 22 feet per mile, and from more than 1,500 feet in eastern AUegany County to less than 1,000 feet in western Erie County, at the rate of about 11 feet per mile. These isopach lines are based on scattered measurements and are necessarily generalized.
Relatively few measurements have been published showing the .convergence in the beds above the Tully limestone, but an indication of conditions is afforded by rough measurements at two places of the interval between the Onondaga limestone and the Dunkirk shale, a formation in the Upper Devonian series. Near Dunkirk, Chautauqua County, that interval as shown by well records is about 800 feet, and in the vicinity of Woodhull, Steuben County, where the Dunkirk shale has become the Dunkirk sandstone, the interval between the base of the Dunkirk and the Onondaga limestone in a deep well, Steuben County No. 22, is about 4,000 feet, indicating a convergence of about 3,200 feet in a distance of a little more than 100 miles.
THICKNESS OF STRATIFIED ROCKS IN THE VICINITY OF CLEAN
One of the results of the recent deep drilling has been to permit a closer estimate than heretofore has been possible of the thickness of the rocks between the Olean conglomerate member of the Pottsville
5 Goldring, Winifred, op. cit., p. 321. 218427 40 2
74 . OCCURRENCE OF GAS IN THE MEDINA GROUP
formation, of Pennsylvania!! age, and rocks of pre-Cambrian age. The well on the Quinlan farm located 5 miles south of Olean (Cat- taraugus County well No. 2, p. 80), drilled in 1933, was started about 600 feet below the Olean conglomerate and reached the top of the Onondaga limestone at a depth of 4,188 feet. At this location the isopach lines show an interval of about 1,450 feet between the top of the Onondaga limestone and the top of the Medina group (pi. 6) and, assuming that the Medina-pre-Cambrian interval is at least as much as that at Rochester 2,847 feet (Monroe County well No. 2), a thickness of about 9,085 feet between the Olean conglomerate and the pre-Cambrian rocks in the vicinity of Olean is indicated.
STRUCTURE
That part of New York State lying south of Lake Ontario and west of the escarpment of the Catskill Mountains is in the northern part of the Appalachian synclinorium. This trough lies between the Allegheny Front and the Cincinnati arch and at the northeast rises On the flank of the Adirondack dome. Northwestward from the Allegheny Front, which marks the western border of the zone of closely folded rocks of the Appalachian province, the folds decrease in steepness and gradually fade away in irregular wrinkles. Locally the rocks are faulted. Farther northwestward the beds form a mono- clinal slope on the flank of the Cincinnati arch, and north of Lake Ontario the strata rise to the Laurentian Shield.
In western New York on the northwestern flank of the Appalach ian synclinorium, where the structure is monoclinal, the well records (pp. 79-91) are sufficiently numerous for structure contours to be drawn on the top of the Onondaga limestone at intervals of 100 feet, as shown on plate 7. These show that the strata dip east of south at an average rate of 40 to 50 feet to the mile. The Onondaga lime stone along its outcrop in the western part of the State ranges in altitude from 600 to 800 feet above sea level, and the contours show the area in which the dip carries the limestone down to a depth of 700 feet below sea level. Records of a few wells show that farther south the Onondaga limestone lies as much as 1,700 feet beloAV sea level in Chatauqua County and 3,400 feet below sea level in Broome County. These depths are due in part to folding and in part to theeastward thickening of the strata.
Structure contours drawn at intervals of 500 feet on the top of the Medina, gi-oup ana on tiie top of tiie Trenton limestone in central
and western New York toye recently been published by Hartnagel.6In part of Erie County these Medina contours have been supplemented by the structure contours drawn at intervals of 50 feet on the top of the Medina group, as shown on plate 8. This map, which also shows
« Hartnagel, C. A., The Medina and the Trenton of western New York: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geolo gists Bull. 22, pp. 79-99, ]938.
RELATION OF GAS TO STRUCTURE 75
the location of selected gas wells and dry holes, is based on data courteously supplied by L. A. Brown and A. M. Nicholson, of the Iroquois Gas Co., and by other companies. In the area where these contours have been drawn the structure is distinctly mono-
'clinal. In places there is some irregularity in the trend and spacing of the contours, but there is no suggestion of closure.
GAS IN THE MEDINA GROUP
Natural gas occurs in New York in rocks of the Devonian, Silurian, and Ordovician systems, but the principal source for many years has been the Albion sandstone of lower Silurian age, the uppermost formation of the Medina group. The Medina gas occurs in several fields, chiefly in Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Erie, Genesee, and Wyo ming Counties, in wells of small capacity but long life. The gas fields have been discussed in publications by Bishop, Newland, and Hartnagel.7
The present writer in 1935 obtained a few facts concerning the mode of occurrence of the Medina gas that are here summarized. -
RELATION OF GAS TO STRUCTURE
The Medina gas fields of western New York are localized on a monocline (see plate 7). The structure of a relatively small area of the gas-bearing rocks in part of Erie County is shown in more detail on plate 8, on which structure contours are drawn on the top of the Medina group at intervals of 50 feet. Selected gas wells and dry holes are also shown. It is evident from the maps, which do not indicate any closure, that structure has not determined the localization of the natural gas, although presumably the monocline was effective in facilitating the migration of gas up the rise of the strata until it became trapped.
The monoclinal structure of the rocks in the Medina gas fields is in marked contrast to the structure in the Oriskany gas fields in south- central New York and northwestern Pennsylvania. In those fields the gas occurs on structural highs along the axes of anticlines, the structure serving as a trap for the gas.8 In the Medina gas fields, on the contrary, the gas traps are porous lenses or streaks sealed by nonpermeable parts of the reservoir rock (pp. 77-78).
The Medina group crops out in a belt about 10 miles wide south ol Lake Ontario, and the Albion sandstone, at the top of the group, is well
7 Bishop, I. P., Report on petroleum and natural gas in western New York: New York State Geologist Ann. Kept. 17, pp. 9-63, 1899. Newland, D. H., The mineral resources of the State of New York: New York State Mus. Bulls. 223-224, pp. 165-197, 1921. Newland, D. H., and Hartnagel, C. A., Review of the natural gas and petroleum developments in New York State: New York State Mus. Bull. 295, pp. 101,182, 1932: Recent natural gas developments in New York State: New York State Mus. Bull. 305, pp. 97-161, 1936. Harrnagel, C. A., The Medina and the .Trenton of western New York: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 22, pp. 79-99, 1938.
Bradley, W. H., and Pepper, J. F., op. cit.
76 OCCURRENCE OF GAS IN THE MEDINA GROUP
exposed in the gorge of the Niagara River. Dipping southward, in conformity with the regional structure, the Medina group extends underground far beyond the state boundary, and in southern Allegany County the gas sand lies more than 4,000 feet below sea level.
The Albion sandstone forms a sandy zone lying in the midst of a mass of shale. It is overlain by the Clinton formation and is under lain by the Queenston shale (see p. 71). The Albion sandstone con sists of lenticular beds of red, gray, and white sandstone and niter- bedded red and gray shale somewhat more than 100 feet in thickness. The Whirlpool sandstone member, at the base of the formation, is the principal reservoir of natural gas. Although the Albion sandstone has been penetrated by many hundred drill holes put down in search of gas, very few detailed sections have been recorded. The' following measurements are the most complete.
Section of Albion sandstone, Niagara Gorge 9
Clinton formation:Shale, gray.
Albion sandstone: Feet Sandstone, gray (Thorold sandstone member)_______________________ 5Sandstone, red and gray, cross-bedded_____________________________ 6Sandstone, red, thin-bedded, and shale____.________________________ 20Sandstone, gray, thick-bedded.__________________________________ 4Shale, reddish, and thin-bedded sandstone __________________________ 18Sandstone, gray, thin-bedded___________-____________-____________ 5Shale, blue-gray argillaceous or sandy-_________-______--______-____ 19Sandstone, white, cross-bedded (Whirlpool sandstone member)-------- 22
99Queenston shale:
Shale, red.Section of Albion sandstone in a core drill hole at the Sterling salt mine, Cuylerville,
Livingston County 10Clinton formation:
Shale, gray.Albion sandstone: Feet
Sandstone, gray-___-------------------------------_----------- 6. 8Sandstone and shale, gray, green, and red________________________ 4. 8Shale, red and green______.____-_-___----____ ____----_------- 19. 7Sandstone, shaly, red, brown, and gray-green _____________________ 32. 0Shale, sandy, red, brown, and gray-green_...._.- _..........,. i $Sandstone, white to brown_______-___-__________-__--.______-_ 5. 9Shale, red, brown, and green____________________________________ 3. 5Sandstone, white to brownish___--------_-___-_------_--___----- 2. 8Not recorded_______________________________________________ 1. 0Sandstone, brown, red, green, and white. _______.-______--_____--_ 8. 7Sandstone, coarse, brown_______________________________________ 10. 3
100. 3Queenston shale:
Shale, red.
«Kindle. E. M., and Taylor, F. B., U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, Niagara folio (No. 190), p. 6,1913. 1° Courtesy of International Salt Co.
GEOLOGICAL StTRV:BULLETIN 899 PLATE 7
j .^WYOMING CO.
East Aurora
________ WYOMING CO.CATTARAUGUS~ CO. ALLEGANYl
CO.
EXPLANATION
Structure contouon top of Onpnciaga limestone
Contour interval IOO feet Datum is mean sea /eve/
Approximate outline of gas-producing area
Location of well Number refers to list in text
MAP SHOWING BY CONTOUR LINES DRAWN ON THE TOP OF THE ONONDAGA LIMESTONE THE SUBSURFACE STRUC TURE IN PART OF SOUTHWESTERN NEW YORE, APPROXIMATE OUTLINE OF PRINCIPAL GAS-PRODUCING AREAS, AND LOCATION OF SELECTED WELLS.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
79°
BULLETIN 899 PLATE 8
7845 78°30
GENESEE CO.
WYOMING CO.
EXPLANATION
-9
Structure contours drawnon top of Me'dina'groupContour interval 50 feetDatum is mean sea /eve/
78 3O
1 Oi l i i l i
5 Miles
MAP SHOWING STRUCTURE CONTOUR LINES DRAWN ON THE TOP OF THE MEDINA GROUP AND LOCATION OE SELECTEDGAS WELLS AND DRY HOLES IN PART OE ERIE COUNTY.
Based on data from the Iroquois Gas Co. and other gas companies.
218-127 (Face p. 76) No.2
77
In the logs of wells as reported by drillers the Albion sandstone is subdivided into the White Medina sandstone (the Whirlpool sand stone member) at the base, the Red Medina sandstone and shale at the top, and an intervening shale "break." The following measure ments selected at random from well drillers' records indicate the lenticularity and varying thicknesses of the subdivisions of the Albion sandstone in Erie County. The shale "break" and the White Medina locally disappear.
Measurements showing lenticidarity of Albion sandstone in Erie County
[Thickness, in feet, as reported by well drillers]
Albion sandstone: Red Medina sandstone
and shale, at top..... Shale "break"... ......White Medina sand-
A
80 18
an
B
84 15
1?
C
98nn
D
80inan
E
120nn
F
81 14
aa
G
83 9
18
H
90 3
13
I
84iaan
j
85afiai
K
82 7
afi
L
65 7
aa
M
100nn
N
85 1ft
8
0
97nn
p
85 11
an
Q
81 14
an
R
81inan
s
72 10
10
T
98a
14
U
80nn
The White Medina, or Whirlpool, sandstone member of the Albion sandstone is indurated and fine-grained and is composed almost entirely of semirounded and subangular quartz grains of variable size, the maximum measured being less than 0.5 millimeter in di ameter and the smallest less than 0.05 millimeter. A very subor dinate amount of mica is present. The cement is chiefly secondary quartz, but locally it contains some calcite. The porosity and per meability of the sandstone are characteristically variable. The Albion sandstone as a whole, is generally reported to yield little or no water, but in places salt water is present in small quantity.
Natural gas occurs at various horizons in the Albion sandstone, chiefly in the White Medina but also in places in the overlying Red Medina. There is locally a tendency toward a linear distribution of the gas reservoirs somewhat north of east, possibly parallel to the old shore line of the sea in which the sand grains were distributed and sorted.
Gas occurs irregularly in parts of the sandstone that are sufficiently porous to serve as a reservoir and is absent where the sandstone is practically impermeable or "tight" as described by well drillers. The presence of gas is characteristically erratic, dry holes being sur rounded by gas wells and vice versa. The irregular distribution of the gas is shown also by new wells in which the gas is under relatively high pressure, adjacent to old wells in which the pressure has been much reduced. The gas-bearing rocks are not continuously permeable beds; if they were the gas would migrate up the slope of the monocline and escape along the outcrop. The reservoirs are in effect lenses and irregular streaks of porous sandstone enclosed by impermeable rock. Lenses of sandstone are traps for gas in places where the sandstone
78 OCCURRENCE OF GAS I2ST THE MEDINA GROUP
merges into shale. Traps for gas in beds of the Albion sandstone are caused also by the deposition of secondary quartz upon the original quartz grains so as to enclose porous lenses within the cemented, impermeable rock. Moreover, the distribution and relative abun dance of the coarser and finer grains of which the sandstone is com posed have locally formed traps. This is shown by the physical tests of samples of the White Medina sandstone tabulated below.
Two samples of the White Medina sandstone, shot from wells in Erie County, were tested by P. G. Nutting, of the United States Geological Survey with the results here shown. Sample A represents an unproductive sand in a dry hole and Sample B repre sents the pay streak in a commercial gas well. The differences in porosity and sand-grain distribution are striking. Fine grains, less than 0.052 millimeter in diameter, constitute more than 15 percent of the barren sand whose low porosity, less than 2 percent, is due to the abundance of the finest material, which is enough to prevent the occurrence of considerable voids in the rock; on the other hand the fines in the sample that represents a reservoir of natural gas are so few that voids remain unfilled and the porosity is more than 10 percent.
Physical tests of two samples of the Whirlpool sandstone member, (White Medina) of the Albion sandstone shot from wells in Erie County
Grain-size distribution
Mesh
270-200...... .-..-.-..- ------------200-150...... ...... __._ _ 150-100.. -...-..-----_.-----....-.--.. .
65-48. :.. .------- -------......----48-35 _.-- - -I-On 35.. .--_... ------.--.--------.,---_
Size (millimeters)
Less than 0.052..................................0.052-0.074.......... ............................0.074-0. 104...... .. .......... .-......-.. ..0.104-0. 147...... ................................0.147-0.208.. --_.._...________._...____. ._.__.]0. 208-0. 295..... ..... .............. .,... ..0. 295-0. 417_. ........ ......... .... . .. .More than 0. 417.... ........ ... __ . ....
Percent
0*'.' A
15.59 3.38 7.18
12.05 *r37. 35
20.15 4.30
6-3 S !/-'« /)
B
7.98 4.73
MJ22.95 22.82 19. 19 9.43 8.62 4.26
A. Unproductive sand, porosity 1.909 percent. B. Reservoir sand, porosity 10.45 percent.
This mode of occurrence of the Medina gas makes the search for new fields in western New York more hazardous than in most natural- gas regions. As structure has not formed traps for the gas there isno surface guide to favorable sites for testing, and new fields arefound by Haphazard drilling. It -would be helpful, however, wheil
wells are sunk, to study the lithology of the gas-bearing zone by anexamination of the drill cuttings and core samples of the sand, and to
.have electrical logs 11 made of the wells to obtain measurements ofpermeability and porosity. Such tests may indicate the directions of greatest porosity, in which the sand is more likely to contain gas.
11 Gillingham, W. J., Electrical logging in the Appalachian fields: Pennsylvania State College Bull . Mineral Industries Experiment Station No. 21, pp. 30-52, 1937.
WE
LL
R
EC
OR
DS
Rec
ords
of
sele
cted
wel
ls d
rill
ed t
o th
e O
nond
aga
lim
esto
ne o
r de
eper
pri
or t
o 19
36
[Loc
atio
ns s
how
n on
pla
te 5
]
Alle
gany
Cou
nty
No.
on
pi.
5 1 1A
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
- 25
26
27
28
.
29
30
31
32
. 33
Tow
n
.....d
o..... . .
Bel
fast
....
__ ..
_ .-
_ -_
..... d
o..
.. ...
....
. .-
...-
.-.
.....d
o... .......................
do.....d
o..........................
..... d
o..- .....................
-_.....d
o.. ........................
Wir
t._
...
......
....
....
....
......d
o............
....
....
....
..... .d
o.... .........
....
....
....
......d
o.....,..... ............
.....d
o.. .. ..
....
....
....
....
....
-__.
_do-
. ----__-.
-;
.__._
_
Alf
red
.........;
.................
Wil
lin
g-.
....
....
-.--
--..
....
...
..--
.do..
....
....................
Ali
en. .
....
....
....
....
. ......_-
Wil
ling..-.
.-...-
..-.
..-.
.-.-
..
-....d
o.... .. .
...-
..--
........--
--.
...d
o--
-.....-.
----
-.-.
...-
.-..
Wil
lin
g..........
....
....
....
..
Far
m
Buell
. ...
....
.. ...
....
....
....
..
Cla
rk.-
--...-
--.-
- ............
Gil
bert
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
Cla
rk..
...
....
....
Bla
ck-.
-......-
...
....
....
.
App
roxi
m
ate
alti
tu
de
abov
e se
a le
vel
(fee
t) l, 5
25
1,44
7 1,
200
1,72
5 1,
350
1,63
0 1,
654
1,62
7 1,
644
1,59
5 1,
638
],65
5 1,
860
2,14
0 2,
071
2,13
0 1,
917
2,10
1 1,
260
2,25
0 .
2. 0
74
2,28
8 1,
778
1,63
4 1,
556
1,68
5 1.
915
2,00
6 2,
091
1,95
4 1,
970
1,70
6 1,
855
Dep
th (
feet
) to
top o
f
Tull
y l
ime
st
one
2,80
8 2,
740
2,34
0
2,31
6 2,
358
2,27
9 2,
325
2,
349
3,
852
4,11
4 3,
990
4,06
3 3,
791
(?)
4,00
5
3,70
7 4,
211
(?)
4,30
2 3,
470
2,64
1 2,
592
2, 3
25
4,11
4 4,
150
3,S9
1 4,
000
3,84
2 4,
041
Ono
ndag
a lim
esto
ne
2, 4
56 .
2,38
0 2,
245
3,28
7 3,
250
2, 8
56
2,90
5 2,
830
2,86
4 2,
780
2,85
9 2,
855
4,
347
4,62
0 4,
538
4.65
0 4,
300
4,51
4 2,
650(
?)
4,32
0 4,
803
4,99
1 4,
025
3,11
9 3,
070
2,81
4 3,
006
4,70
4 4,
720
4.58
2 4,
580
4,62
7
Ori
skan
y sa
ndst
one
3,37
8 3,
368
2,96
4 2,
999
2,92
9 2,
962
2,87
3 2,
947
2,95
6 4,
433
4,68
8 4,
630
4,38
0 4,
559
4,36
4 4,
835
5,04
2 4,
097
3,20
6 3,
165
[Abs
ent.]
4,74
2 4,
754
4,60
9 4,
627
4,42
8 4,
668
Med
ina
grou
p
3,73
6
6, 0
24
5,90
0
4,25
1
Tot
al d
epth
5,08
4 3,
326
- 2,
447
3,45
0 4,
260
3,02
7 3,
050
2,95
9 2,
974
2,89
2 2,
948
2,
976
4,85
0 4,
750
6,25
0 4,
675
6,50
0 4,
615
3,20
0 4,
381
4,84
2 5,
050
4,10
3 3,
210
3,16
5
4,38
8 4,
744
4,63
1
Sta
tus
Dry
. Do.
D
o.
Do.
S
alt
wat
er.
Sho
w o
f ga
s.
Dry
. G
as.
Sho
w o
f ga
s.
Do.
D
o.
Do.
D
ry. D
o.
Gas
. D
ry. D
o.
Do.
D
o.
Sal
t w
ater
. G
as a
nd s
alt
wat
er.
Sal
t w
ater
. D
o.
Gas
. W
ater
. D
ry.
No
whi
te M
edin
a.
Dry
. G
as. D
o.
Do.
D
o.
Do.
S
alt
wat
er.
For
rec
ords
of
wel
ls i
n W
ayne
-Dun
dee,
Sta
te-L
ine,
and
Gre
enw
ood
gas
fiel
ds s
ee U
. S.
Geo
l. S
urve
y B
ull.
899
-A.
CO
Rec
ords
of
sele
cted
wel
ls d
rill
ed t
o th
e O
nond
aga
lim
esto
ne o
r de
eper
pri
or t
o 1
93
6 C
onti
nued
Bro
ome
Cou
nty
No.
on
pi.
5 1
Tow
n
Ves
tal _
_ . _
. . -
Far
m
App
roxi
m
ate
alti
tu
de a
bove
se
a le
vel
(fee
t) 844
Dep
th (
feet
) to
top
of
Tul
ly li
me
st
one
Ono
ndag
a lim
esto
ne
4,26
0
Ori
skan
y sa
ndst
one
4,29
2
Med
ina
grou
p
Tot
al d
epth
4,41
2
. S
tatu
s
Dry
.
00 o Q
Cat
tara
ugus
Cou
nty
2 5 6 7 g 10 12 10 14 15 17 1ft
10 23 94.
25 26 2S 29 30 31 32 33 34
.....d
o
.._._
..do__ ----
.....d
o.
__ . -..
....
-do
. ..
..------
.---
..--
-do
-
--------- ..._
-
Per
rvst
)tt3
"£
Ott
o
_ __
.
-....d
o . - --
.--.
-do.-
. - . --
----
do_.
....
....
....
....
....
...
-..-
-do..
__._
.__._
......-_
_.
Hal
e.-,
. .... . ..
Grfi
elev
Wei
ls...
...
....
. .... ... ..
Sco
tt..-.. . ..
KB^
IVF
og
.__
Ric
he.-
. ,.
_._
Ret
zel.
___ . .-. . ..
Joll
s..-
- _ ..
1,62
51,
686
1,94
296
01,
202
977
1,56
01,
227
1,40
71
764
864
1,35
51,
100
1,34
01,
877
1,15
01,
382
1, 8
051,
135
1,64
11,
361
1,24
01,
998
1,52
01,
199
1,38
91,
399
1, 1
261,
372
1,32
4
3,74
3
3,83
0(?)
2,91
24,
188
3,79
01,
535
1,77
41,
505
2,15
81,
842
2,11
93,
390
1,20
92,
330
1,64
51,
920
4,26
01,
820
2,12
32,
710
1,71
02,
584
1,95
81,
760
3,12
02,
397
1,93
02,
135
2,15
01,
982
2,11
62,
126
4,27
6
4,35
7
5,06
52,
514
2,75
22,
430
3,12
82,
777
3,23
24
CQ
C
3,45
42,
589
2,88
4
2,91
23,
231
3.84
22,
6fi9
3,68
82,
194
2,72
04,
321
3,54
13,
050
3,23
7
3,05
73,
220
3,22
5
4 44
84
9Q7
5,30
7
4,68
42,
148
3,56
2
4,37
0
3,43
2
2,88
43.
858
2,84
24,
444
3, 6
733,
167
3,34
23,
377
3,41
33,
350
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
.D
o.
Do.
Oas
Do.
Do.
/T.Q
O
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Gas
.
Cay
nga
Cou
nty
1824
171,010
1, 065
3,093
6,16
6Dr
y.
Cha
utau
qua
Cou
nty
1 la 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 . 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
. .d
o - .. ..
....
....
.. -
....
.do
..
....
....
....
....
....
..
....
.do
....
....
....
....
....
....
..-.
..-d
o .
....
...................
---.
do.... ..
....
....
....
....
....
.... .
.do
. ...
....
....
....
....
...
..... d
o..
.. ..
.....................
.....d
o... .
....
. ..
....
....
....
....
.. d
o.......... ..
...............
-.--
.do
....
....
....
....
. ...
....
...
...... d
o ..
.. ..
. .. .
....
....
....
.
.....d
o .
......................
....
.do
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
-. d
o... .
....
....
... ..
....
....
....
do .......................
.. d
o.
. ..
.. .. ..
....
.. .d
o..
.. ..
.................. ..
......d
o. ............. ..
....
...
- d
o... .
... .
.................. .
.....d
o ...
............. ......
....
. do ..
....
.... ..
....
... ....
..... d
o..... .
................... ..
....
.do
..
....
..................
... .
.do.... .- ..
.__..._
__.....-
Sto
ckto
n _
__
_
_
___
She
rida
n _
__
__
__
__
__
...
Wei
ss..
----
... _
_ .....
....
....
...
Phi
llip
s. ...
....
...
....
....
....
...
.W
ood-
. .................... ..
..
Par
sel!
-- . ......................
Thie
ss... -
--..... .............
BaU
y... .
.........................
St.
Col
umba
ns. _
................
Ben
tly...... ......................
Sm
ith.
.. ..........................
Ube
l---
- -..-.
--..... .
....
....
..
Taylo
r.......... _
____
_.__
__.._
..-
Sm
ith... .
.........................
Mir
th....... .
................ ..
...
Mer
ritt
-...
....
.. .-
........_
.-.
1,32
51,
244
1,31
01,
665
1,72
01,
420
880
1,12
01,
080
880
850
1,08
01,
620
1,13
072
078
01,
922
1,92
578
01,
925
640
1,53
058
060
059
065
076
082
873
780
062
559
060
077
074
080
569
567
770
61,
232
1,32
061
078
5
2,77
52,
999
1,98
52,
240
2,31
51,
970
1,17
61,
502
1,40
21,
160
1,12
11.
400
2,08
41,
656
955
1,09
01,
065
1,21
01.
150
1,50
01.
010
2,61
071
070
068
082
01,
000
1, 1
05 990
1,07
082
077
578
51,
005
950
1,08
582
582
583
21,
798
1,95
089
51,
090
4,19
43,
077
3,32
53,
270
2,97
42,
165
2,49
62,
373
2,12
92,
092
3,03
72,
623
1,89
5
2,03
82,
181
2,46
91,
978
3,71
71,
672
1,72
81,
680
1,77
31,
937
2,06
11,
924
1, 9
961,
764
1,70
71,
728
1,95
11,
910
2,04
31,
808
1,77
51,
809
2,80
52,
944
1,87
02,
055
3,26
34,
700
3,21
93,
467
3,41
73,
093
2,28
9
2,55
2
2,23
42,
396
3,18
22,
783
2,12
83,
895
1,83
51,
859
1,83
71,
891
2.08
02,
286
2,1
47,
2,14
51,
897
1,78
71,
798
2,11
12,
050
2,17
81,
963
1,85
01,
964
2,98
23,
116
2,02
62,
241
Do.
Do.
Do
.D
o.
Gas
. Do.
-
Dry
.G
as. D
o.D
o.D
o.D
o.D
o.D
o.D
o.D
o.D
o.
Do.
Do.
Dry
. Do.
Gas
. Do.
Do.
06
Rec
ords
of
sele
cted
wel
ls d
rille
d to
the
Ono
ndag
a li
mes
tone
or
deep
er p
rior
to
19
36
Con
tinu
ed
Cha
utau
qua
Cou
nty
Con
tin
ued
No.
on
pi.
5 45
46
47
48
49
50
51
53
55
56
57
59
60
61
Tow
n
...
.do -
-- -- .
_
_d
o
____
do...
--- - -------
..
_do --
----
-
--_
-do..
--
----
----
- --
Wes
tfle
ld
Far
m
Ball
...-
-..-
.---
- --
. ---
----
-H
eath
... ..
....
....
....
............
Ball
------- - ---
--
App
roxi
m
ate
alti
tu
de a
bove
se
a le
vel
(fee
t) 660
778
1,24
0 1,
075
1,24
0 1,
726
1,55
0 1,
413
1,31
2 1,
327
1,12
0 1,
220
1,68
2 66
0
Dep
th (
feet
) to
top
of
Tul
ly li
me
st
one
Ono
ndag
a li
mes
tone 81
8 1,
074
1,58
3 1,
530
1,69
7
2,24
0 2,
013
1,89
8 1,
500
1,78
0 2,
861
1,13
0
Ori
skan
y sa
ndst
one
Med
ina
grou
p
1,76
7 2,
047
2,60
2 2,
510
2,67
6 3,
750
2,99
8 3,
019
2,87
6 2,
484
2,73
3 3,
946
2,10
0
Tot
al d
epth
1,93
7 2,
208
2,77
1 2,
586
2,84
0 3,
855
3,41
0 3,
110
3,
143
3,01
7 2,
580
2,95
7 4,
087
2,30
3
Sta
tus
00 to
Che
mun
g C
ount
y
1 2 3 4 5C
atl
in -
--
----
----
- --
"W
illi
s ..
....
....
......
....
....
..
1,33
6 91
1 1,
071
1,23
077
8
1,89
0 2,
150
1,
560
1,99
0 2,
220
3,11
6 3,
235
2,80
5 3,
064
3,74
4
3,17
5 3,
314
2,84
7 3,
115
3,77
6
3,95
0 3,
433
3,08
5 3,
135
3,82
0
Dry
. Do
. D
o.
Do
. D
o.
Cor
tlan
d C
ount
y
10
1,17
41,
044
2,47
52,
504
2,77
6D
ry.
Eri
e C
ount
y
2 3 4 5do
-
.-
.do
.
-
720
730
780
780
318
350
507
490
1,22
3 1,
270
1,42
3 1.
418
Qas
. Do.
D
o.
Do.
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 Ifi
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 .52 53 54 55 56 57
- do-. . .
Ham
burg
. __
___________
Eas
t H
ambu
rg _
__
__
__
_ ..
Aur
ora.
.. _ _
_-
__
_ . _
...
-...
.do
....
.......................
-...
do
..
-
..d
o........
....
....
....
....
.. .do .
Gold
en........ .
....
....
....
.......d
o ......................
---.
.do
....
.. ..
...................
Wale
s..
......
....
.. -
. .. .
...
- do
....
.. ..
....
....
....
....
...
..
do
- _
....
.do
-..
..
....
....
....
....
-...d
o... ..
. ..
....
....
....
.H
oll
and
d
o... ..
...........
..d
o ..
....
....
....
....
...
..d
o
. ..... ..
....
.. d
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1,50
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1,71
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1,74
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2,10
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2,39
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936 C
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Eri
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ty C
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pi.
5 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
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420
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309
575
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570
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327
1,58
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lim
esto
ne o
r de
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pri
or t
o 1986 C
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nued
Gen
esee
Cou
nty
Con
tin
ued
No.
on
pi.
5 19
20
22
24
25
26
27
28
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t) 860
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1,11
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080
1,06
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Rec
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of
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ls d
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the
Ono
ndag
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esto
ne o
r de
eper
pri
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o 1986 C
onti
nued
00
00
Schu
yler
Cou
nty
No.
on
pi. 5 1 2 3 3a
3b
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Tow
n
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t N
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App
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tu
de a
bove
se
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vel
(fee
t) 1,84
9 1,
666
763
1,56
5 84
1 1,
230
1,17
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679
1,59
6 68
5 1,
868
1,73
4 98
7 1,
381
874
1, 2
21
1,24
8 1,
277
1,50
6 1,
238
1,47
2
Dep
th (
feet
) to
top
of
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ly li
me
st
one
1,96
9 1,
890(
7)
524
1,17
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725
1,96
3 ],
880
2,38
5
Ori
skan
y sa
ndst
one
3,02
8 2,
860
1, 55
6 2,
381
1,61
7 2,
016
2,15
2 2,
890
2,41
8 1,
557(
?)
3,01
8 2,
569
2,45
5 2,
319
1,79
0 1,
758
1,79
2 1,
828
2,07
5 2,
002
2, 4
25 (?
)
Med
ina
grou
p
4,10
5
Tot
al d
epth
3,81
5 3,
004
1,62
0 2,
484
2,15
0 2,
156
- 3,
002
2,
443
3,42
4 3,
043
2,59
3 2,
461
2,43
1 3,
470
1,80
0 4,
459
1,84
5 2,
082
2,00
2
Sta
tus
Dry
. Do.
Sa
lt w
ater
. D
o.
Dry
. j
Do.
D
o.
Do.
D
o.
Gas
sho
w a
nd s
alt w
ater
. Sa
lt w
ater
. D
ry. D
o.
Salt
wat
er.
Dry
. G
as. D
o.
Do.
D
o.
Dry
. Do.
o
a
o
d 1 %
a
Sen
eca
Cou
nty
6 7
--_..do - ........
-.. .-
._
Ty
re
.._
_..d
o .-
Ovid
--.
- -
....-
._
489
444
402
407
436
898
251
1,13
41,
193
1,20
81,
320
1,30
51,
205
1,36
01,
400
3,10
6
3,93
0
3,40
6
flac
Sten
ben
Cou
nty
1 2 3 4 4a
5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
12a
13
13a
14
14a
15
16
17
18
19 20 21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Urb
ana.
.. ...
....
. ..............
Whe
eler
__ _
__ ..
. _
__
..
. _ .d
o,.
.. _
__
_ ..
....
___ .
Bath
.......... .
.... .
..
.....
Cam
pbel
l __
__
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in..
. .
Cat
on _
__
....
Jasp
er ..
.........................
Gre
enw
ood
- d
o..
....
..
....
....
..
....
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o................. ..........
....
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....
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.... .
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. ....
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....
....
....
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. .....d
o...........................
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rsto
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..
..
....
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....
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.
How
ard
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dhul
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.........
.....
Rat
hbon
e
Thurs
ton....
__
__
__
__
__
Ab
bo
t...
. . ....
Wood............ _
__ ..
_ ..
. ...
Cla
rk..
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
Wh
ite.
....... .
....
. ...
....
....
....
Lil
ly..............................
Webber.
..........................
Cos
ton
No.
2 _
_ ..
___
__ _
_ ..
Wood.....
. .. .
..W
hit
e. ..
....
....
....
...
. ..
-T
alb
ot-
... _
_ ..
....
....
. __
_ .
Fen
ner-
Taf
t. _____ '..
_____
982
1,39
4 1,
345
1,83
7 1,
082
1,04
6 1,
624
1,55
2 1,
889
1,54
5 1,
619
2,22
2 1,
791
2,01
6 2,
079
2,29
9 2,
234
2,28
4 73
8 1,
680
1,19
5 2,
006
2,07
1
1, 8
72
1,21
0 1,
500
1,66
4 1,
267
1,36
0 1,
537
1, 0
52
895
1,33
1
1,47
3 1,
740
1,36
4 2,
155
1,91
0 2,
020
2,86
5 3,
692
3,41
5 3,
270(
?)
3,45
3 4,
021
3,55
4 3,
816
3,88
0 4,
057
4,24
3 4,
043
1,13
1 2,
395
1,
944
2,66
4 2,
713
2,96
5(?)
1,04
7 3,
198
(?)
3,3J
K)
2,44
8 2,
490
2,60
0 1,
941
547
2,52
5
2,25
7 2,
470
2,10
0 2,
874
2,67
9 2,
910
3,79
0 4,
706
4,09
8 3,
938
4,08
3 4,
676
4,20
3 4,
496
4,51
4 4,
715
4,91
1 4,
698
1,93
7 3,
336
2,86
2 3,
278
3,31
7
3,47
5
1,82
4 4,
046(
?)
4,20
0 3,
245
3,30
4 3,
687
2,96
8 1,
473
3,36
3
2,34
3 2,
554
2,14
5 2,
896
2,71
0 2,
936
3,82
6 4,
736
4,13
0 3,
993
4,14
3 4,
702
4,25
6 4,
538
4,55
0 4,
737
4,94
1 4,
728
1,96
2 3,
388
2,89
0 3,
345
3,40
9
3,50
5
1,92
4,
106
(?)
4,23
2 3,
268
3,31
6 3,
721
3,00
8 1,
548
3,37
4
2,78
0
2,50
2 2,
952
2,94
6 2,
947
3,83
8 4,
769
4,13
5 4,
003
4,16
4
4,26
6 4,
547
4,55
8 4,
738
4,94
6 4,
729
2,05
9 3,
405
3,00
5 3,
369
3,64
0
1,94
7 .
4,10
6 4,
438
3,27
1 3,
327
3,75
4 3,
065
1,54
8
Dry
. Do.
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ry (
no s
and)
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wat
er.
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ry.
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as. D
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t w
ater
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p
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ga
s in
M
arce
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and
Ono
n-
&
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S
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wat
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and
carb
on
Q
diox
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2
S
alt
wat
er.
E2
DDT
. $
Sal
t w
ater
. D
o.
Do.
D
ry.
Sal
t w
ater
. D
o.
Tio
ga C
ount
y
1O
weg
o _______ .- .
..........
925
2,26
0(?)
3,97
6(?)
3,98
8(?)
4,13
0D
ry.
00
CO
Rec
ords
of
sele
cted
wel
ls d
rill
ed t
o th
e O
nond
aga
lim
esto
ne o
r de
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pri
or
to 1
93
6 C
onti
nued
Tom
pkin
s C
ount
y
No.
on
pi.
5 1 2 3 4
Tow
n
-...-d
o--
----
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--..
.- -
- .
Farm
App
roxi
m
ate
alti
tu
de a
bove
se
a le
vel
(fee
t) 410
850
400
396
Dep
th (
feet
) to
top
of
Tul
ly li
me
st
one
195
365
440
Ono
ndag
a li
mes
tone
936
1,42
5 1,
555
1,69
4
Ori
skan
y sa
ndst
one
1,01
2 1,
533
1, 6
50
1,77
2
Med
ina
grou
p
3,96
6
Tot
al d
epth
1,96
4 6,
210
2,19
2 3,
185
Stat
us
Salt.
D
ry.
Salt.
D
ry.
CO o
Wyo
min
g C
ount
y
1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 13.
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
. -do---.
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---
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.
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o -..
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_.
1,74
01,
665
1, 5
001,
860
1,50
0
946
992
983
1,09
91,
098
1,60
01
390
1,58
01,
148
979
1,31
51,
483
1,24
81
049
1,49
01
600
1,82
01,
125
1,32
4
1,99
02,
144
2, 1
302,
500
1,82
863
0 5
55 555
673
770
935
956
2, 1
522,
250
1,73
31,
339
1,25
31,
355
989
1,27
51,
404
1,15
096
82,
061
1,95
21,
821
1,55
12,
447
(?)
1,02
81,
230
3,12
93,
286
3,28
53,
778
2,91
81,
904
3,26
83,
430
2, 8
732,
400
. 2,
323
2,42
42,
059
2,36
42,
485
2,19
12,
155
3,38
83,
208
3,10
52,
744
3,62
6
3,23
3
1, 23
61,
241
1,54
01,
436
1,60
91,
668
3,50
83,
361
3,21
4
1,70
1 -
1,8
79
-
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Salt.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
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. Do.
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Do.
Do.
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D
o.D
o:D
o.D
o. .
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---
Do.
-
- -
-
-
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
.....d
o--
.-.-
-. ----------
Per
ry. .
....
....
.. ..
....
... .
.. ..
.O
aine
svil
le _
_ _
- .-
Cas
tile
.-. _
____ _
__
__
....
Att
ica--
Ben
ning
ton.
. ...
....
....
....
....
....
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. .........
................
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o--
-
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... .
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--
-
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o.
d
o-
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o-
d
o--
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Att
ica
Oai
nesv
ille
_ . _
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.-- _
--.
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ttic
a.. _
_ ..
_ ..
.. ..do
Att
ica _
_ ---
-- _
_
..
1,32
91,
360
1.30
61,
390
1,16
01,
178
1,14
5
989
1,24
01,
130
1,77
01,
310
1,31
01,
180
1,04
0
1,31
51,
462
1,45
0
695
800
885
1,02
578
8
515
801
2,06
688
087
581
971
0
1,78
01,
800
1,93
02,
068
1,52
11,
486
1,95
51,
763
1,60
5
1,94
31,
962
2,00
01,
780
2,51
12,
525
1 88
0' 1,70
8
2,04
0
2,12
11,
885
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Yat
es C
ount
y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 lla 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Sta
rkey
_____ _
......
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o... _ - .
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o... .
......................
MU
o. . .
--
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ring
ton _ .
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...
....
....
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..
Jeru
sale
m..
-..-
. ___ _
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rkey
________ . _____ .
Jeru
sale
m..
. __ .-
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o
Sta
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...
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ringto
n.-
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Bel
lis.
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PPV
PHM
illa
rd- ,.
1-
P.u
ssell
- ..
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all.
.. ..
.. . . .. ----
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p.. . ....... --
--
Sm
ith.
Weld
y.-
1,12
51,
260
819
838
1 33
31,
244
1,08
1
1,38
11,
478
1,33
81.
676
983
888
1,36
6
1,47
7
776
808
887
303
O/l
Q/'?^
702
736
632
496
880
852
1,21
293
01,
012
1.37
5(?)
625
1,10
0
I, H
O1,
102
900
1,18
7
1,63
71,
664
1,73
81,
093
1,00
51,
512
1,54
51,
433
1.29
81,
646
1.70
12,
055
1,82
11.
907
1,21
71,
360
1,98
595
81,
971
1,81
81.
852
2,04
4
1, 6
871,
723
1, 1
02(?
)1,
548
1.58
71,
499
1,38
31,
715
1,75
62,
117
1,94
01,
967
2,28
4.1,
468
2.07
8
2,03
61,
899
1.94
52,
093
3,30
0
1,82
21,
836
1, 5
60(?
)1,
576
1,58
91,
504
1,41
41,
747
1,80
22,
123
2,00
01,
976
2.29
13.
506
2,10
6
3,40
3
Dry
. Do.
Do
.D
o.S
alt
wat
er.
Do.
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Dry
. Do.
Sal
t w
ater
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r;-.
Sal
t wat
er.
Dry
.S
alt
wat
er.
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alt
wat
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t w
ater
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ry.
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t w
ater
.
co
,*' '«,
INDEX
PageAbstract 69Acknowledgments for aid..... 70Albion sandstone, character and distribution
of.. :. - 75-78gas in.......-.-......--.._..-.--_.s--.-- 75,77-78sections of..._... I'...... 76
Allegany County, records of wells in 79
Broome County, records of wells in.
Cattaraugus County, gas in... 75records of wells in. . 80
Cayuga County, records of wells in. 81Chautauqua County, gas in. ... 75
records of wells in...... . . 81-82Chemung County, records of wells in. _ . 82 Convergence of the strata_... ........ 73, pi. 6Cortland County, records of wells in ... 82 Cuylerville, section at. . 76
Devonian rocks, gas in.. . ---------- 75Dunkirk shale, convergence of Onondaga lime
stone and.. . 73
Erie County, gas in_ 75 gas wells and dry holes in, location of. pi. 8 records of wells in.- -__ .. -- 82-85
Federal Emoreoncy Administration of PublicWorks, allotment of funds by.... 69
Gas, occurrence of_____. ___ 71,72,75,76,77 relation of occurrence of, to lithology.__ 75-78 relation of occurrence of, to structure. 76, pis. 7-8
Gas-producing areas, outline of............... pi. 7Qenesee County, gas in.________...... 75
records of wells in..... _____._.__ 85-86Gray band, age and thickness of_______ 73
Key beds, convergence of__________ 73, pi. 6 features of ____________. ____ 72-73
Lithology, relation of, to occurrence of gas.... 75-78Livingston County, records of wells in___ 86
section'in_....__________... 76
Medina and Oriskany gas fields, structure of,comparison of-. ________.. 75
Medina group, age of.........._....._... 70,71convergence of Onondaga limestone and. 73, pi. 6 depth to....______._________ 79-91distribution of..__________.___ 75-76 gas in...............................__. 75-78key horizon for gas-bearing beds in__. 72-73
Monroe County, records of wells in_____ 86-87
Niagara gorge, section in.
PageOlean, thickness of rocks in vicinity of..___ 73-74 Onondaga County, records of wells in. 87 Onondaga limestone, character and distribu
tion of..'_________.___. 72 convergence of Dunkirk shale and.. __ - 73 convergence of Medina group and..._ 73, pi. 6 convergence of Tully limestone and__ 73, pi. 6 depth to. 74,79-91range in altitude of...._...-..-...--..- 74
Ontario County, records of wells in.. 87 Ordovician rocks, gasin...... ..--...... 75Oriskany and Medina gas fields, structure of,
comparison of--___. 75 Oriskany sandstone, character and distribu
tion of-......-.....-......-.-- 72, pi. 5depth to.. . 79-91gasin......________.... .. 72
Oswego sandstone, age of...... 70,71
Pre-Cambrian rocks, depth to____.. __ 73-74
Queenston shale, age of________ ___. 70,71
Red Medina sandstone, gas in.________ 77-78
Schuyler County, records of wells in...._.. 88Seneca County, records of wells in...... ___ 88Silurian rocks, gas in..._.___............ 75Sterling salt mine, section at..... _____.. 76Steuben County, records of wells in...___ 89 Stratigraphy of the area...__________ 70-74 Structure, general features of..___ 74-75, pis. 7-8
relation of, to occurrence of gas...-. 75, pis. 7-8 Structure in Medina and Oriskany gas fields,
comparison of..__________ 75
Thorold sandstone, age and thickness of...... 73Tioga County, records of wells in.______ 89Tompkins County, records of wells in...__ 90Tully limestone, character and distribution of. 72
convergence of Onondaga limestone and. 73, pi. 6depth to.... .......................... 79-91
Wells, location of._____________ pis. 5, 7-8records of..____________...__ 79-91
Whirlpool sandstone member, character of_ 77gas in.................................. 76,77-78
White Medina sandstone member, characterof. 77
gas In..................................... 77-78Wyoming County, gas in......__.......... 76
records of wells in...._._._____ 90-91
76 Yates County, records of wells in..._._... 91
93o
Orton Memorial Library of Geology 180 Orton Hall, 155 S. Oval Mall The QJiio State Unh/ereity Columbus, OH 43210
y