Geography11-13-2018 Tuesday.

Reminder:

• Tomorrow and Thursday – in the Library Computer Lab.

•Friday – Test on Sub-Saharan Africa.

Today’s Chunks of Learning:

•Chunk 1: Slavery.

•Chunk 2: Colonization.

•Chunk 3: Modern Africa.

•Chunk 4: Economics in Africa.

Chunk 1: Slavery in Africa.

•Slavery did exist in Africa prior to European conquest.

Slavery in Africa.

•However, it was a very small part (in numbers) of society.

Slavery in Africa.

•European interest in Africa was initially about setting up resupply ports on the way to South and Southeast Asia to trade for gold and spices.

Slavery in Africa.

• The Portuguese set up several sugar plantations on the islands of São Tomé, off the western coast of Equatorial Africa.

Slavery in Africa.

•Portugal brought in slaves to help cultivate the sugar.

Slavery in Africa.

• The Spanish then began buying slaves to ship to the New World in the early 16th century.

Slavery in Africa.

• In the beginning, the Europeans would raid coastal African villages for slaves.

Slavery in Africa.

•Over time, however, the Europeans shifted to purchasing slaves from African rulers and traders.

Slavery in Africa.

•As African groups were divided by language and ethnicity, those that engaged in the slave trade did not hold the slaves to be socially equal to them.

Chunk 2: Sub-Saharan Africa Colonization.

• In the 19th century, the European powers started claiming parts of Africa as their colonies.

Sub-Saharan Africa Colonization.

• In 1884, 13 European countries as well as the United States sent representatives to the Berlin Conference.

Sub-Saharan Africa Colonization.

•At this conference, the colonial powers established the procedure for a Western country to formally control African territory and ultimately re-shaped the map of Africa.

Sub-Saharan Africa Colonization.

•Each European power had its own way of ruling its territory.

Sub-Saharan Africa Colonization.

• The Belgians treated the Africans like children, believing they needed the guidance of the Belgians, like parents, to become “civilized.”

Sub-Saharan Africa Colonization.

• The French tried to assimilate the Africans by teaching them the French language and culture.

Sub-Saharan Africa Colonization.

• The English ruled their colonies through partnerships with local rulers.

Sub-Saharan Africa Colonization.

• The Portuguese had no interest in the development of the locals and focused exclusively on resource extraction.

Chunk 3: Modern Sub-Saharan Africa.

• In the 20th century, especially after World War 2, the Europeans powers granted independence to their African colonies.

Modern Sub-Saharan Africa.

•But the Europeans had drawn the boundaries of their colonies without any concern for the people and ethnicities that lived within them.

Modern Sub-Saharan Africa.

• In countries like Rwanda, this led to armed conflict and genocide in the 1990s.

Modern Sub-Saharan Africa.

•Other problems facing countries in modern Sub-Saharan Africa include poverty.

Modern Sub-Saharan Africa.

•Only 33% of Sub-Saharan Africa lives in cities.

Modern Sub-Saharan Africa.

•But 72% of that number lives in slums.

Modern Sub-Saharan Africa.

•Efforts to improve poverty and healthcare often run into obstacles of corruption.

Modern Sub-Saharan Africa.

•Corruption is a significant problem across Africa costing residents around $150 billion each year.

Modern Sub-Saharan Africa.

•Several governments deteriorated to the point where they are no longer functional, therefore, being referred to as failed states.