GEOGRAPHY B2NANCAY

POPULATION DYNAMICS

KEY TERMS

BIRTH/DEATH RATE - Birth/Death per 1000 per year

POP. BALANCE- Birth&Death rates EQUAL

NATURAL INCREASE/DECREASE - difference between Birth/Death rate

MIGRATION BALANCE- YES- more immigrants than Emigrants -NO- less

KEY TERMS

REPLACEMENT LEVEL -no. of babies that need to be born to manage pop.

PRO NATALIST POLICY -policy for birth

ANTI NATALIST POLICY-policy less birth

OPEN DOOR MIGRATION - Pop.Policy encourage international migration

WHATS HAPPENING TO THE GLOBAL POP

[TRENDS]

Population growing FAST - 2008 [+65 million people = 6.6 billion]

Since 2000 rate has slowed

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH occurring [ amount of time taken for pop to DOUBLE ]

WHY IS THE POPULATION GROWING

due to:

NATURAL CHANGE - More Births, Less Deaths

MIGRATION CHANGE - More Immigrants, Less Out migrants

WHY IS THE POPULATION GROWING

Development of MODERN MEDICINE

VACCINATION&IMMUNISATION programmes e.g. SMALLPOX

CLEANER water ; better SEWAGE disposal

BETTER HEALTH +doctors,nurses,hospital

HYGIENIC HOUSING & BETTER DIETS

HOW/WHY POPULATION CHANGE VARIES

Stage 1 HIGH FLUCTUATING

No birth control&High infant mortality = High birth rate

Disease and Famine -> High DEATH rate

HOW/WHY POPULATION CHANGE VARIES

Stage 2 - Early Expanding

-HIGH birth rate

FALLING death rates <-- improved healthcare

HOW/WHY POPULATION CHANGE VARIES

STAGE 3: Late Expanding

FALLING birth rate - BIRTH CONTROL & FAMILY PLANNING

FALLING DEATH RATE

HOW/WHY POPULATION CHANGE VARIES

STAGE 4: Low Fluctuating

LOW birth AND death rates due to WORKING WOMEN delaying age to start families.

HOW/WHY POPULATION CHANGE VARIES

STAGE 5: DECLINE

Death rate is HIGHER than Birth rate due to GREY population --> OLD PEOPLE

FERTILITY AND MORTALITY RATES

PRESSURES OF YOUNG POPULATION UNDER 15

HOUSING : people live in SLUMS/SHANTY TOWNS in large cities e.g. NEW - No running water ; roads or sewage

SCHOOLING : ILLITERATE population - LIT.RATE - 60%

FOOD: Famine, food distribution difficulties - Natural disasters aid this

HEALTH: Growth in diseases & lack of healthcare

AGEING POPULATION OVER 65 PRESSURES

HEALTHCARE: Have to provide MORE e.g. Retirement homes ; Hospital beds ; undertakers ; more skilled doctors/nurses

PENSIONS: 3 solutions - Increasing Tax ; Raising Retirement Age ; Abolishing Pensions

JAPAN

FACTS CAUSES EFFECTS

- 20.8% OVER 65

- 26.8 million pensioners

- Birth rate BELOW

replacement level

- People live longer [79 for men & 85 for women] due to Healthy

Diet & high GDP-Birth rate

DECLINE due to increasing age of

first child-Less marriage

-Increase cost of pensions <--

less workers- Retirement

age raised from 60-65

-Increase In nursing homes

-Increase in medical costs

JAPAN

FACTS CAUSES EFFECTS

- 20.8% OVER 65

- 26.8 million pensioners

- Birth rate BELOW

replacement level

- People live longer [79 for men & 85 for women] due to Healthy

Diet & high GDP-Birth rate

DECLINE due to increasing age of

first child-Less marriage

-Increase cost of pensions <--

less workers- Retirement

age raised from 60-65

-Increase In nursing homes

-Increase in medical costs

WHY DO SOME COUNTRIES WANNA CONTROL THE POP?

To Gain OPTIMUM POPULATION [ Resources = population = SUSTAINABLE ]

GOVERNMENTS manage population to prevent it reaching the TIPPING POINT

ANTI NATALIST CHINA:ONE CHILD POLICY

WHAT? WHY? EFFECTS PROBLEMS

- Introduced in

1970s -Couples

are only allowed to have ONE

CHILD-Benefits

e.g. Cash bonus ; Better

childcare ; Better

housing-Pressured

abortions

- HIGH growth rate

- Pressure on LAND and

FOOD supplies due

to LARGE population

-Make ARMY bigger

-Birth rate FELL from 34 per 1000 in

1970 to 13 per 1000 in 2008

-Growth rate 2.4% to 0.6%

-996 million in 1980 to 1,320 today

-Tradition to want sons, sex

selective abortion-Shortage

of women- Spoilt

sons, generation lacks communicatio

n and cooperation

skills- Heading

towards an AGEING

population

PRO NATALIST SINGAPORE

FACTS CAUSES EFFECTS PROBLEMS

- INCREASED maternity leave to 12 weeks - first 4 babies

-INCREASED child benefits

- Pay $1000 for 6 years into account

-1978 slogan ‘Have 3 or more’

-LOW fertility rate of 1.1

(REPLACEMENT RATE = 2.1)

-36% of area is FOREIGN

-13.6% increase in

Birth rates in 1988

- People in Singapore like

marrying LATE and

having FEW children

- HIGH COST of

living

HOW TO MANAGE MIGRATION

UK CASE STUDY OPEN DOOR

Post war immigrants came to UK from Caribbean colonies due to an ACT OF PARLIAMENT giving all ex-colonial citizens FREE ENTRY into the UK. [1950-1960s 1/4 million people came]

+ve - Shortage of Unskilled and Semi-skilled labour & Helped with reconstruction of country post war

HOW TO MANAGE MIGRATION

UK CASE STUDY OPEN DOOR

Post war immigrants came to UK from Caribbean colonies due to ACT OF PARLIAMENT-gives all ex-colonial citizens FREE ENTRY into the UK.

+ve - Shortage of Unskilled and Semi-skilled labour & Helped with reconstruction of country post war

-ve - Public money spent on meeting needs of immig.

POINT BASED SYSTEM

Want to come and work/settle down?

You need Points - 2008 - 5 tiers of migrants

Tier 1 - Scientists - Tier 5 - Temporary workers

2004- Eastern European countries

Citizens free to move and work in other EU member coutnries

SOURCE AND HOST ADVANTAGES

SOURCE ADVANTAGES HOST ADVANTAGES

•Immigrants SEND MONEY HOME to families

•LESS PRESSURE on resources and jobs in places

like POLAND•immigrants bring

SKILLS to their COUNTRY

•Meets SHORTAGE of UNSKILLED and SEMI-

SKILLED labour•Helped to

RECONSTRUCT UK after the war

•Increases CULTURE in UK

•Immigrants contribute to UK economy by the

TAXES they pay

SOURCE AND HOST DISADVANTAGES

SOURCE DISADVANTAGES

HOST DISADVANTAGES

•LOSS of WORKING POPULATION from

POLAND etc.•DECLINE in BIRTH

RATE because most migrants are YOUNG MEN

•Public money SPENT on IMMIGRANTS e.g.

HOUSING&HEALTHCARE•During 1970s recession

the immigrant added to the number of UNEMPLOYED

•Increased HOSTILITY towards the IMMIGRANTS

TENSIONS DUE TO MIGRATION

UK immigration of ETHNIC GROUPS = CONFLICT.

UK GOV stated everyone should have EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES

BUT - Add to country’s SKILL BASE and CULTURE

CONSUMING RESOURCES

KEY TERMS

Alternative Energy - Alternative energy to FOSSIL FUEL

Boserupian Theory - population grow stimulates TECHNOLOGICAL changes that increase the output - living standards can be maintained for the growing population

Carbon footprint - Measure of all greenhouse gases - burning fossil fuels for electricity, transport etc

KEY TERMS

HUMAN RESOURCE - SKILLS of population

MALTHUSIAN THEORY - View that POP. GROWTH is the main reason a society would collapse.

MATERIAL resource - Materials useful to man

Non renewable - cannot be remade

Renewable - can be maintained and reused

KEY TERMS

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - Development that meets the needs of the present without COMPROMISING the ABILITY OF THE FUTURE GENERATIONS to meet their own needs.

SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE - Resources that can be renewed if we replace them as they are used

RESOURCES

THERE ARE 3 MAIN TYPES:

1. Natural Resources e.g. WOOD

2. Human Resources e.g. Skills of a population e.g. Doctors

3. Material/Capital Resources e.g. Goods and equipment already in society)

RESOURCES

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES - can’t be remade , take millions of years to form again e.g. COAL/OIL

SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES - Can be deliberately be renewed so it lasts for the future E.G. TREES

RENEWABLE RESOURCES - Renew themselves so they don’t need to be managed - solar