GEOGRAPHYTHE HUMAN ANDPHYSICAL WORLD

Richard G. Boehm, Ph. D.

•Bothell, WA • Chicago, IL • Columbus, OH • New York, NY

HOW DO I STUDY GEOGRAPHV? xxx

SCAVENGERHUNT xxxii

REFERENCE ATLASTABLE OF CONTENTS RA1Geographie Dietionary RA2WorldTimeZones RMWorldGDPCartogram RA6WorldPopulationCartogram RA8NorthAmerica Physieal RA10North Ameriea Politieal RA 11South Ameriea Phys.ieal RA 12South Ameriea Political RA 13

Europe Physieal RA14Europe Politieal RA16Africa Physical RA18Africa Political RA19Asia Physical RA20Asia Political RA22Oeeania PhysicallPolitical RA24Polar Regions RA26

UNITONE The World 1

How Geographers Look at the World 11

The Physical World 37

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How does geography help usinterpret the past, understand thepresent, and plan for the future?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physical processes shapeEarth's surface?

Why Geography Matters Distribution of

Political Power 12

LESSON 1 Yhe Geographer's Yools 14

LESSON 2 Yhe Geographer's Craft 26

Why Geography Matters Economics and Resources:

Water Scarcity 38

LESSON 1 Planet Earth 40

LESSON 2 Forces ofChange 44

LESSON 3 Earth's Water 51

8This icon indicates where reading skills and writing skills from the CammontC~SCare State Standards for English Longuage Arts & Literaey in History/Sacia/

Studies, Scienee, and Technica/Subjeet5 are practiced and reinforced.

iv

Climates of the Earth 57

The Human World 75

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Why is dimate important to life onEarth?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do the characteristics anddistribution ofhuman populationsaffeet human and physical systems?

Why Geography Matters Climate Change:

The Impacts on Humans 58

LESSON 1 Earth-Sun Relationships 60

LESSON 2 Factors Affecting Climate 64

LESSON 3 World Climate Patterns 69

Why Geography Matters The Human

Development Index 76

LESSON 1 Global Cultures 78

LESSON 2 Population Geography 82

LESSON 3 Political Geography 87

CaseStudy How Has Globalization Changed

Modern Culture? 92

LESSON 4 Economic Geography 94

Global Connections: Patterns of Resource

Distribution 100

LESSON 5 Urban Geography 102

UNITTWO The United States and Canada 109

The United States 117

Canada 141

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physica/systems and humansystems shape a p/ace?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physica/systems and humansystems shape a p/ace?

Why Geography Matters Patterns of Immigration ... , 118

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of theUnited States 120

LESSON 2 Human Geography of theUnited States 125

CaseStudy The Environment: How Can Drought

Lead to Conflict in the United States? 132

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:The United States 134

Why Geography Matters Energy Resources and

Indigenous Rights 142

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Canada 144

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Canada 149Global Connections: Two Decades of NAFTA 156

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Canada 158

UNITTHREE Latin America 165

Mexico 173

Central America and the Caribbean 193

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters Challenges of

Urbanization 174

LESSON 1 PhysicalGeography of Mexico 176

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Mexico 180

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Mexico ,.. 187

Why Geography Matters Spatial Diffusion:

The Columbian Exchange 194

LESSON 1 PhysicalGeography of CentralAmerica and the Caribbean 196

LESSON 2 Human Geography of CentralAmerica and the Caribbean 200

(ase Study What Kind of Development Is

Best for Haiti? 206

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Central America andthe Caribbean 208

South America 215

Europe 239

Northern Europe 247

UNITFOUR

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters Economic Geography:

Uneven Development 216

lESSON 1 Physical Geography ofSouth America '" 218

lESSON 2 Human Geography ofSouth America 223

Global Connections: Amazon in the Balance 230

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment:South America 232

Why Geography Matters Volcanic Eruption

in Iceland 248

lESSON 1 Physical Geography ofNorthern Europe 250

lESSON 2 Human Geography ofNorthern Europe 255

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Northern Europe 261

Northwestern Europe 267

Southern Europe 291

Eastern Europe 311

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physicaf systems and humansystems shape a pface?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physicaf systems and humansystems shape a pface?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physicaf systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters Suburban Growth and

Transportation 268

LESSON 1 Physical Geography ofNorthwestern Europe 270

LESSON 2 Human Geography ofNorthwestern Europe 275

(ase Study How Beneficialls the European Union? 282

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Northwestern Europe 284

Why Geography Matters Labor Migration trom

North Africa 292

LESSON 1 Physical Geography ofSouthern Europe 294

LESSON 2 Human Geography ofSouthern Europe 299

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Southern Europe 305

WhyGeographyMatters The Breakup otYugoslavia ... 312

LESSON 1 Physical Geography ofEastern Europe 314

LESSON 2 Human Geography ofEastern Europe 319

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Eastern Europe 326

The Russian Core 333

North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia 357

North Africa 365

UNIT FIVE

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physica/systems and humansystems shape a p/ace?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physica/systems and humansystems shape a p/ace?

Why Geography Matters Russia's Shrinking

Population 334

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of theRussian Core 336

LESSON 2 Human Geography of theRussian Core 341

Global Connections: Arctic Oil Frontiers 348

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:The Russian Core 350

Why Geography Matters Choke Point: Suez Canal. ... 366

LESSON 1 Physical Geography ofNorth Africa 368

LESSON 2 Human Geography ofNorth Africa 372

Global Connections: The Arab Spring 378

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:North Africa 380

The Eastern Mediterranean 387

The Northeast 409

The Arabian Peninsula 431

ESENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters The Israeli-Palestinian

Conflict 388

LESSON 1 Physical Geography ofthe Eastern Mediterranean 390

LESSON 2 Human Geography ofthe Eastern Mediterranean 395

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:The Eastern Mediterranean 402

Why Geography MaUers A Stateless Nation:

The Kurds 410

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of theNortheast. 412

LESSON 2 Human Geography of theNortheast. '" 416

(ase Study How Have Sunni and Shia Beliefs

Led to Conflict? 422

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:The Northeast 424

Why Geography Matters Migrant Workers in

the Arabian Peninsula 432

LESSON 1 Physical Geography ofthe Arabian Peninsula 434

LESSON 2 Human Geography ofthe Arabian Peninsula 438

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:The Arabian Peninsula 444

Central Asia 451ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters Afghanistan's Troubled

History 452

LESSON 1 Physical Geography ofCentral Asia 454

LESSON 2 Human Geography ofCentral Asia 459

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Central Asia 466

UNIT SIX Africa South of the Sahara 473

The Transition Zone 481

East Africa 503

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters Diffusion: Muslim and

non-Muslim Cultures 482

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of theTransition Zone 484

LESSON 2 Human Geography of theTransition Zone 489

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:The Transition Zone 496

WhyGeography Matters Export Crops and East Africa .504

LESSON 1 Physical Geography ofEast Africa 506

LESSON 2 Human Geography of East Africa 511

(ase Study Should the Blue Nile Dam Be Built? 518

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:East Africa 520

West Africa 527

Equatorial Africa 551

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physiwl systems and humansystems shape a place?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physiwl systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters Empowering Women in

West Africa 528

lESSON 1 Physical Geography ofWest Africa 530

lESSON 2 Human Geography ofWest Africa 535Global Connections: Conflict Diamonds 542

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment:West Africa 544

WhyGeography Matters South Sudan:

Independence and Conflict 552

lESSON 1 Physical Geography ofEquatorial Africa 554

lESSON 2 Human Geography ofEquatorial Africa 559

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Equatorial Africa 566

Southern Africa 573ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physiwl systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters Southern Africa and

HIV/AIDS 574

lESSON 1 Physical Geography ofSouthern Africa 576

lESSON 2 Human Geography ofSouthern Africa 581

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Southern Africa 588

UNIT SEVEN South Asia 595

India 603

Pakistan and Bangladesh 627

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters India's Population

Structure 604

LESSON 1 PhysicalGeography of India 606

LESSON 2 Human Geography of India 611

CaseStudy What Is the Future of Kashmir? 618

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:India 620

Why Geography Matters Flood-Prone Pakistan and

Bangladesh 628

LESSON 1 PhysicalGeography of Pakistanand Bangladesh 630

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Pakistanand Bangladesh 634

Global Connections: South Asia on the Brink 640

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Pakistan and Bangladesh 642

Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal & Sri Lanka 649ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters Nepal's Role as a

Buffer State 650

lESSON 1 Physical Geography of Bhutan,Maldives, Nepal & Sri Lanka 652

lESSON 2 Human Geography of Bhutan,Maldives, Nepal & Sri Lanka 657

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal &Sri Lanka 663

UNIT EIGHT East Asia 669

China and Mongolia 677ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters China's Growing

Energy Demands 678

lESSON 1 Physical Geography of Chinaand Mongolia 680

lESSON 2 Human Geography of Chinaand Mongolia 685

CaseStudy Are Limits on Growth Best for China? ... 692

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment:China and Mongolia 694

Japan 701ESSENTIAL QUESTION WhyGeography Matters Japan's Aging Population .. 702How do physical systems and humansystems shape a place? lESSON 1 Physical Geography of Japan ..... 704

Global Connections: The Tohoku Earthquake and

Tsunami .......•.•..........•.•..........•.•.... 708

lESSON 2 Human Geography of Japan 710

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Japan 717

North Korea and South Korea 723ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters Complementarity:

Two Koreas 724

LESSON 1 Physical Geography of NorthKorea and South Korea 726

LESSON 2 Human Geography of NorthKorea and South Korea 730

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:North Korea and South Korea .... 737

UNIT NINE Southeast Asia and the Pacific World 743

Southeast Asia 751ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters Emerging Markets in

Southeast Asia 752

LESSON 1 Physical Geography ofSoutheast Asia 754

LESSON 2 Human Geography ofSoutheast Asia 759

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Southeast Asia 766

Australia and New Zealand 773

Oceania 797

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Haw da physical systems and humansystems shape a place?

Why Geography Matters Australia and New Zealand:

Indigenous Peoples 774

LESSON 1 PhysicalGeography of Australiaand New Zealand 776

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Australiaand New Zealand 781

Global Connections: Non-Native Species:

Rabbits in Australia 788

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Australia and New Zealand 790

Why Geography Matters Samoa Hops the

International Date Une 798

LESSON 1 PhysicalGeographyof Oceania 800

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Oceania 804

CaseStudy Who Owns the High Seas? 810

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment:Oceania 812

Special Feature: Antaretiea 819World Religions Handbook 826Gazetteer 846English/Spanish Glossary 856Index 883

Why Geography Matters

Distribution ofPolitical Power ..•.••..••.•...••. i..•.......•.......... 12Economics and Resources:Water $carcity 38Climate Change: The Impacts on Humans 58The Human Development Index 76Patterns of Immigration 118Energy Resourcesand Indigenous Rights 142Challenges of Urbanization 174Spatial Diffusion: The Columbian Exchange 194Economic Geography: Uneven Development 216Volcanic Eruption in Iceland 248Suburban Growth and Transportation 268Labor Migration from North Africa 292The Breakup ofYugoslavia 312Russia'sShrinking Population 334Choke Point: SuezCanal 366Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 388A Stateless Nation: The Kurds 410

The United States and Canada 110Latin America 166Europe 240North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia 358Africa South ofthe Sahara 474South Asia 596EastAsia 670Southeast Asia and the Padfic World 744

Migrant Workers inthe Arabian Peninsula .........•......... 432Afghanistan's Troubled History 452Diffusion: Muslim and non-Muslim Cultures 482Export Crops and East Africa 504Empowering Women in West Africa 528South Sudan: Independence and Conflict 552Southern Africa and HIV/AIDS 574India's Population Structure 604Flood-Prone Pakistan and Bangladesh 628Nepal's Role as a Buffer State 650China's Growing Energy Demands 678Japan's Aging Population 702Complementarity: Two Koreas 724Emerging Markets in Southeast Asia 752Australia and New Zealand: Indigenous Peoples 774Samoa Hops the International Date Line 798

(ase StudyHow HasGlobalization Changed Modern Culture? 92How Can Drought Lead to Conflict in the United States? 132What Kind of Development Is Best for Haiti? 206How Benefidalls the European Union? 282How Have Sunni and Shia Beliefs Led to Conflict? 422Should the Blue Nile Dam Be Built? 518What Is the Future ofKashmir? 618Are Limits on Growth Best for China? 692Who Owns the High Seas? 810

Global ConnectionsPatterns of Resllurce Distribution. . . .. ., .1

Two Decades of NAFTA 156Amazon in the Balance 230ArcticOil Frontiers 348The Arab Spring 378

ConnectiJ1j ~eOjyafhJ to ....Math: Mapmaking .........................................•. 18Science:Astronomy 41Science:C1imatology 66Government: Geopolitics 91Science: Soil Science 124Science: Biology 148Science: Environmental Science 189Science: Climatology 199History: Before Columbus 202Science: Biology 221Science:Geology 254Science: Cap-and-Trade Systems 288Science: Demography 301Government: Environmental Politics 330Economics: Privatization 347Government: Geopolitics 384Economics: Development 400

................. .•........•...... 542South Asia on the Brink 640The Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami 708Non-Native Species: Rabbits in Australia 788

Science: SoiIErosioninlraq ......••....••.•........•.......... 427Science: Air-Conditioning 436Government: Water Management. 448Government: Saving the Aral Sea 470Math: Geometry 487History: Naming Places 510Sociology: Social Norms 540History: Slave Forts 561Math: Output of the Kariba Hydroeleetric Dam 579Math: India's GDP 617History: Natural Disaster. 635Science: Genetics 660Sociology: Hanami: Viewing of Flowers 706Science: The DMZ 729Science: Tsunamis 756Sociology: The Outback 780Science: Carbon Dating 805