Geographies of deprivation and diversity in the Leeds City Region

JANUARY 2015

Summary• ThesizeoftheethnicminoritypopulationotherthanWhiteintheLeedsCityRegiondoubledinsizebetween1991and2011from191,766to431,107,increasingfrom7%to15%ofthetotalpopulation.

• In2011thelargestethnicminoritygroupsintheLeedsCityRegionwerethePakistani(7%),WhiteOther(3%),Indian(2%)andAfrican(1%)groups.

• InBradfordathirdofthepopulation(36%)belongstoanethnicminoritygroupotherthanWhiteBritish.InLeedsandKirkleesafifthofthepopulationidentifiesasotherthanWhiteBritish(19%and23%respectively).

• ThePakistanigroupaccountsforafifthofthetotalpopulationinBradford.InKirkleesandLeedsitaccountsfor10%and3%ofthetotalpopulationrespectively.

• ThereissomegeographicalclusteringbyethnicgroupwithintheLeedsCityRegionparticularlyforthePakistanigroup.

• TheBangladeshigroupismorelikelytoliveinadeprivedneighbourhoodthananyothergroup.InBradford,threequarters(72%)ofpeoplefromtheBangladeshigroupliveinareasofveryhighdeprivation.

• ThePakistanigroupfacessignificantlyworselabourmarketoutcomesthantheWhiteBritishgroupinlessdeprivedneighbourhoods,butexperiencesmoresimilaroutcomestotheWhiteBritishgroupindeprivedneighbourhoods.

• PoorEnglishlanguageproficiencyishigherinBradfordandKirkleesthanintherestoftheLeedsCityRegionwhichsuggestsagreaterneedforEnglishlanguageserviceprovisionalthoughthemajorityofthepopulationcanspeakEnglishwell.

1%

3%

93% (includes White Other and White Irish

89%

82%

7%

9%

15%

1991

2001

2011

White Irish White Other White Bri�sh Non-White

Total popula�on 2,952,057

Total popula�on 2,764,244

Total popula�on 2,719,549

LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUSPrepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

220,000

Bradford Leeds Kirklees

White Irish 17,892 (0.6%)

White Gypsy/Irish Traveller 2,411 (0.1%)

White Other 76,330 (2.6%)

Mixed White Caribbean 22,695 (0.8%)

Mixed White African 5,481 (0.2%)

Mixed White Asian 17,443 (0.6%)

Mixed Other 9,327 (0.3%)

Indian 56,043 (1.9%)

Pakistani 190,945 (6.5%)

Bangladeshi 16,171 (0.5%)

Chinese 14,829 (0.5%)

Asian Other 25,832 (0.9%)

African 27,425 (0.9%)

Caribbean 16,124 (0.5%)

Black Other 6,762 (0.2%)

Arab 10,041 (0.3%)

Other 11,989 (0.4%)

2011 Census estimates Leeds City Region (percentages shown in brackets)

Total popula�on 751,485

Total popula�on 422,458

Total popula�on 522,452

Figure 1.EthnicdiversityintheLeedsCityRegion,1991-2011

a) Increasedethnicminorityshareofthepopulation,1991-2011

b) EthnicminoritygroupsinBradford,LeedsandKirkleesin2011

1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk

The growth of ethnic diversity 1991-2011Between1991and2011theethnicminoritypopulation(otherthanWhite)intheLeedsCityRegion—theareacomprisingthelocalauthoritydistrictsofBarnsley,Bradford,Calderdale,Craven,Harrogate,Kirklees,Leeds,Selby,WakefieldandYork—doubledinsizefrom191,766to431,107(seefigure1a).In2011,theethnicminoritygroupsotherthanWhiteBritishaccountedfor17%ofthepopulationwiththelargestethnicminoritygroupsbeingthePakistani(7%),WhiteOther(3%),Indian(2%)andAfrican(1%)groups.InBradford,athirdofthepopulation(36%)belongedtoanethnicminoritygroupotherthanWhiteBritish.InLeedsandKirkleesafifthofthepopulationisnonWhiteBritish(19%and23%respectively).

Geographical spread of diversityFigures2a-2dshowtheclusteringofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsacrosswardsintheLeedsCityRegion.ThePakistanigroupismoreclusteredthanotherethnicgroupsandaccountsformorethanhalfofthepopulationin

Geographies of deprivation and diversity in the Leeds City Region

Figure 2.GeographicaldistributionofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsacrosstheLeedsCityRegion,2011

Census ethnic group question TherehasbeenaquestiononethnicityintheUKCensussince1991.Thequestionhaschangedovertimeintermsofhowitisframedandthepre-definedresponsecategoriesofferedforpeopletochoosefrom.In1991,thecensusasked‘whichethnicgroupdoyoudescendfrom:White;Black-Caribbean;Black-African;Black-Other;Indian;Pakistani;BangladeshiandChinese.’Butin2001,itaskedabout‘yourethnicgroupintermsofculturalbackground.’Therewereadditionalpre-definedcategoriesofMixedandWhiteIrishin2001aswellasan‘Other’categoryforeachbroadgroupofWhite,Mixed,AsianandBlack.The2011questionchangedagain,simplyaskingabout‘yourethnicgrouporbackground’andtherewerecategoriesaddedforWhiteGypsyorIrishTravellerandArab.Thechangesinthephrasingofthequestionandthetickboxresponsecategoriesrestrictcomparisonacrosscensuses.

c)Indian

Leeds

Kirklees

Selby

Bradford

Harrogate

Wakefield

Barnsley

Calderdale

CravenYork

Percentage of population

0% - 5%

5% - 10%

10% - 20%

20% or above

Leeds

Harrogate

Kirklees

Selby

Bradford

Wakefield

Craven

Calderdale

Barnsley

York

Percentage of population

0% - 5%

5% - 10%

10% - 20%

20% or above

a)Pakistani

Harrogate

Selby

Leeds

York

Bradford

WakefieldKirklees

Calderdale

Craven

Percentage of population

0% - 5%

5% - 10%

10% - 20%

20% or above

b)WhiteOther

Leeds

Selby

Harrogate

Kirklees

Bradford

Wakefield

York

Craven

Calderdale

Barnsley

Percentage of population

0% - 5%

5% - 10%

10% - 20%

20% or above

d)African

2 www.ethnicity.ac.uk

inadeprivedareainLeedsthaninotherpartsoftheregion.Incontrast,1in6peoplefromtheIndian(18%)andChinese(16%)groupsinthesub-regionliveindeprivedareas.

EthnicminoritygroupsinEnglandandWalesaremorelikelytobedisadvantagedinthelabourmarketthantheWhiteBritishpopulationandthedisadvantagetheyfacecanbecompoundediftheyliveindeprivedareasthanoutsidethem(seeEthnic Inequalities in Labour Market ParticipationandEthnicity and Deprivation in England Briefings).

Figure3bshowstheunemploymentrateofethnicminoritygroupslivinginneighbourhoods(MSOAs)acrosstheregionthatareamongthe10%mostdeprivedinEnglandandtherest.Asshown,ethnicminoritygroupshaveahigherunemploymentrateinthemostdeprivedareasthaninlessdeprivedareasbutthedifferenceintheunemploymentratebetweenthemostdeprivedneighbourhoodsandtherestisgreatestfortheArabgroup(32%comparedwith15%)andtheMixedWhiteandBlackAfricangroup(25%comparedwith10%).Incontrast,thedifferenceintheunemploymentrateoftheIndian,PakistaniandtheWhiteOthergroupslivinginthemostdeprivedandlessdeprivedneighbourhoodsismuchlower.

AcomparisonoftheoutcomesofethnicminoritygroupsandtheWhiteBritishshowsthatsomegroupshavepooreroutcomesthantheWhiteBritishinmoredeprivedandlessdeprivedareas.TheunemploymentrateoftheArab,WhiteGypsyandMixedgroupsforexample,isdouble(ormore)thatoftheWhiteBritishgroupindeprivedareas.ThesegroupshavedoubletherateofunemploymentoftheWhiteBritishgroupalsoinlessdeprivedareas.Incontrast,theunemploymentrateofthePakistanigroupissimilartothat

fourBradfordwardsincludingToller(72%),BradfordMoor(64%),Manningham(60%)andHeaton(50%).TherearealsolargeconcentrationsofthePakistanigroupinPark(62%)inCalderdaleandinDewsburyWest(41%),Greenhead(29%)andCroslandMoorandNetherton(27%)inKirklees.

TheWhiteOthergroupaccountsfor10%ormoreofthepopulationinpartsofHarrogatesuchasLowHarrogate(13%)andNiddValley(10%),intheCitywardinBradford(10%)andinSelbyNorth(10%)inSelby.

TheIndianethnicgroupismoreclusteredinKirkleesBatleyEast(37%),DewsburySouth(23%)andBatleyWest(15%)whiletheBlackAfricangroupisclusteredintheBurmantoftsandRichmondHillwardinLeedswhereitaccountsfor10%ofthewardpopulation.

Ethnicity and deprivation EthnicminoritiesinEnglandaremorelikelytoliveinadeprivedneighbourhoodthantheWhiteBritishpopulation(seeEthnicity and Deprivation in England Briefing).Figure3ashowsthatpeoplefromethnicminoritygroupsaremorelikelytoliveinadeprivedareainBradfordthaninotherpartsoftheCityRegion.

TheBangladeshigroupisfarmorelikelytoliveinadeprivedneighbourhoodthananyotherethnicgroupwithtwothirdsofpeoplefromtheBangladeshigroup(67%)livinginadeprivedneighbourhoodintheLeedsCityRegion.TheproportionofpeoplefromtheBangladeshigroupwholiveinadeprivedneighbourhoodishigherinBradford(72%)andlowerinKirklees(35%).IntheLeedsCityRegion,halfofthePakistani(48%)andBlackAfrican(51%)groupliveindeprivedareas.TheBlackAfricangroupismorelikelytolive

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Bangladeshi

Pakistani

White Gyspy or Irish Traveller

Black African

Other

Asian Other

Black Other

Black Caribbean

Arab

White Other

White and Asian

White and Black African

Mixed Other

White and Black Caribbean

Indian

Chinese

White Irish

White Bri�sh

Leeds Bradford Kirklees Leeds city region

Figure 3.Likelihoodoflivinginadeprivedneighbourhoodandbeingunemployedbyethnicgroup

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Arab

White Gyspy or Irish Traveller

Mixed White and Black African

Mixed White and Black Caribbean

Mixed Other

Mixed White and Asian

Black African

Other

Black Other

Black Caribbean

Asian Other

Chinese

Bangladeshi

Pakistani

White Bri�sh

White Irish

Indian

White Other

All other neighbourhoods Deprived neighbourhoods

Geographies of deprivation and diversity in the Leeds City Region

a)Percentlivinginadeprivedneighbourhood b)Percentunemployedinadeprivedneighbourhood

Notes:Figureshowsthepercentageofeachethnicgroupinthe2011CensusthatlivedinanLSOA(Figure3a)andanMSOA(Figure3b)inthe10%mostdeprivednationallyontheIndexofMultipleDeprivation2010.

3 www.ethnicity.ac.uk

Thisbriefingisoneinaseries,Local dynamics of diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.

Author:KittyLymperopoulou

Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) TheUniversityofManchesterOxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UK

email:censusbriefings@ethnicity.ac.uk

www.ethnicity.ac.uk

oftheWhiteBritishgroup(13%)indeprivedareasbutitisdoublethatoftheWhiteBritishgroup(10%comparedwith5%)inlessdeprivedareas.ThissuggeststhattherelativeemploymentdisadvantageofthePakistanigroupishigheroutsidedeprivedareas.

TheOtherWhitegrouphadasimilarunemploymentratetotheWhiteBritishgroupoutsidethemostdeprivedareas(5%)butalowerunemploymentraterelativetotheWhiteBritishgroupinthemostdeprivedneighbourhoods(8%comparedto13%).

Indicators of barriers to community participationEthnicdiversitydoesnotprovideaclearindicationoftheassistancesomepeoplewillrequirefromlocalauthorityservicestoparticipateinthecommunitiesinwhichtheysettlebecausemanyethnicminorityresidentswillhavebeenbornintheUK,orhavelivedhereformanyyears.

Figure4showstheproportionofpeopleineachwardwhohaveanonUKnationalidentity,whoarrivedintheUKrecently(2007-11),whosemainlanguageinnotEnglishandwhohavepoorEnglishproficiency.TheaverageproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityintheLeedsCityRegionis6%whichislowerthanthenationalaverage(8%).

Theproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityisstronglycorrelated(R=0.9)withtheproportionofpeoplewhoarrivedintheUKduring2007-11.Thisshowsthatareaswithhigherproportionsofpeoplewithaforeignidentityhavehigherproportionsofpeoplewhohaverecentlyarrived.AroundaquarterofthepopulationintheHeslingtonwardinYorkarrivedinthe4yearspriortothe2011Census(26%),ahigherproportionthaninanyotherward.

TheCitywardinBradfordhasthehighestproportionofpeoplewithanonUKnationalidentity(31%)andthehighestproportionofpeoplewithnonEnglishasamainlanguage(45%).Bradford(14%)andKirklees(9%)haveahigherproportionofpeoplewithamainlanguageotherthanEnglishthanLeedsandtheregionasawhole(7%each).Bradford(8%)andLeeds(7%)haveaslightlyhigherproportionofpeoplewithanonUKidentitythanKirklees(5%)andtherestoftheregion(6%).

TheproportionofthepopulationwhocannotspeakEnglishwellisnotasstronglycorrelatedwithyearofarrival(R=0.5)whichsuggeststhatthewardswiththehighestnumbersofrecentimmigrantsarenotnecessarilythewardswiththehighestneedforEnglishlanguageprovision.

DW1097

Geographies of deprivation and diversity in the Leeds City Region

ThewardswiththelargestproportionofpeoplewhoarrivedintheUKbetween2007and2011—Heslington(26%)inYork,HydeParkandWoodhouse(16%),andCityandHunsletinLeeds(13%)—arenotthesameaswardswiththehighestlevelsofpoorEnglishproficiencysuchasManningham(16%),TollerandBradfordMoor(14%each)inBradford,andParkinCalderdale(14%).

ThereisahigherproportionofpeoplewhocannotspeakEnglishwellinBradford(4%)andKirklees(3%)comparedwiththerestoftheregion(2%)whichsuggeststhatthereisagreaterneedforEnglishlanguageserviceprovisioninBradfordandKirkleesthanotherpartsoftheLeedsCityRegion.Nonetheless,the2011CensusshowsthatasintherestoftheEngland,thevastmajorityofthepopulationintheLeedsCityRegioncanspeakEnglishwell(seeWho Can and Cannot Speak English? Briefing).

Figure 4.AlternativemeasuresofimmigranthistoryinLeedsCityRegionwards2011

City (Bradford)

Manningham (Bradford)

0

5

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Foreign iden�ty Arrived 2007-11 Non-English mainlanguage

Poor Englishproficiency

Bradford Leeds Leeds City Region Kirklees

Percentage of resident population

Heslington (York)

City (Bradford)

Notes: Base population for ‘Cannot speak English well’ includes only people aged 3 and over.

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