geographic intelligence · (c2) systems, intelligence systems, communica-tions and information...

MCWP 2-12.1

Geographic Intelligence

U.S. Marine Corps

6 July 2000

PCN 143 000067 00

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHeadquarters United States Marine Corps

Washington, DC 20380-1775

6 July 2000

FOREWORD

Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 2, Intelligence, and Marine Corps War-fighting Publication (MCWP) 2-1, Intelligence Operations, provide the doctrineand higher order tactics, techniques, and procedures for intelligence operations.MCWP 2-12.1, Geographic Intelligence, complements and expands upon thisinformation by detailing doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures for theconduct of geographic intelligence and supporting geospatial information andservices operations in support of the Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF).

The primary target audience of this publication is intelligence personnel respon-sible for the planning and execution of geographic intelligence operations. Per-sonnel who provide support to geographic intelligence or who use the resultsfrom these operations should also read this publication.

MCWP 2-12.1 describes aspects of geographic intelligence operations, includ-ing doctrinal fundamentals, command and control, communications and infor-mation systems support, planning, execution, equipment, security, and training.MCWP 2-12.1 provides the information Marines needed to understand, plan,and execute geographic intelligence operations in support of the MAGTF.

Reviewed and approved this date.

BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS

J. E. RHODESLieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps

Commanding GeneralMarine Corps Combat Development Command

DISTRIBUTION: 143 000067 00

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Geographic Intelligence

Table of Contents

Page

Chapter 1 Fundamentals

1001 What is Geographic Intelligence.................................................................................... 1-1Geospatial Information .............................................................................................. 1-1Geospatial Information Infrastructure ....................................................................... 1-1Geospatial Information and Services ......................................................................... 1-2Topography................................................................................................................ 1-2Foundation Data......................................................................................................... 1-2Mission Specific Data Set.......................................................................................... 1-3

1002 Categories of GEOINT .................................................................................................. 1-3Strategic ..................................................................................................................... 1-4Operational................................................................................................................. 1-5Tactical....................................................................................................................... 1-6

1003 Support to Intelligence Functions .................................................................................. 1-7Commander’s Estimate.............................................................................................. 1-7Situation Development .............................................................................................. 1-7Force Protection ......................................................................................................... 1-7Targeting .................................................................................................................... 1-7Combat Assessment ................................................................................................... 1-7

1004 Support to Operations .................................................................................................... 1-8Command and Control............................................................................................... 1-8Maneuver ................................................................................................................... 1-8Fire Support ............................................................................................................... 1-9Aviation ..................................................................................................................... 1-9Logistics..................................................................................................................... 1-9

1005 Multilevel GEOINT Support Operations....................................................................... 1-9Marine Expeditionary Force ...................................................................................... 1-9Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) ...................................... 1-10Joint and Theater...................................................................................................... 1-10National and Strategic Support ................................................................................ 1-10

1006 GEOINT Cycle ............................................................................................................ 1-10Planning and Direction ............................................................................................ 1-11Collection................................................................................................................. 1-11Processing and Exploitation..................................................................................... 1-12Production................................................................................................................ 1-12Dissemination .......................................................................................................... 1-13Utilization ................................................................................................................ 1-13

Chapter 2 Organizations and Responsibilities

2001 Geospatial Information and Services ............................................................................ 2-1Marine Corps Geospatial Information Management Office ...................................... 2-1Marine Corps Forces, GI&S Section ......................................................................... 2-2

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MEF CE, G-2 Division, Imagery and Mapping Section............................................ 2-3Major Subordinate Commands .................................................................................. 2-5

2002 Geographic Intelligence................................................................................................. 2-5Key MEF Intelligence Staff Planning and Direction Responsibilities ...................... 2-5Key GEOINT Producers Responsibilities ............................................................... 2-12

2003 National Support .......................................................................................................... 2-15National Imagery and Mapping Agency.................................................................. 2-15Marine Corps Customer Support Team, NIMA ...................................................... 2-16NIMA Customer Liaison Officer............................................................................. 2-16NIMA Geospatial Technical Representatives.......................................................... 2-17

Chapter 3 Planning

Section I. Planning Process

3101 Marine Corps Planning Process ..................................................................................... 3-1Mission Analysis........................................................................................................ 3-1COA Development .................................................................................................... 3-1COA(S) War Game.................................................................................................... 3-2COA Comparison and Decision ................................................................................ 3-2Orders Development .................................................................................................. 3-2Transition ................................................................................................................... 3-2

3102 Joint Planning Processes ................................................................................................ 3-2Joint Deliberate Planing............................................................................................. 3-2Crisis Action Planning ............................................................................................... 3-3

3103 Roles of GI and GEOINT in the MCPP ........................................................................ 3-33104 GEOINT Planning Considerations ................................................................................ 3-4

Essential Elements of Terrain Information................................................................ 3-4Coordination Requirements ....................................................................................... 3-4Position and Navigation............................................................................................. 3-4Preferred Geodetic Datum ......................................................................................... 3-5Global Positioning Systems ....................................................................................... 3-5Product Accuracy....................................................................................................... 3-5

Section II. Support to the Planning Process

3201 Deliberate Planning........................................................................................................ 3-6Initiation..................................................................................................................... 3-6Concept Development................................................................................................ 3-7Plan Development...................................................................................................... 3-7Plan Review ............................................................................................................... 3-8Supporting Plans ........................................................................................................ 3-8

3202 Crisis Action Planning ................................................................................................... 3-9Situation Development .............................................................................................. 3-9Crisis Assessment .................................................................................................... 3-10COA Development .................................................................................................. 3-10COA Selection ......................................................................................................... 3-10Execution Planning .................................................................................................. 3-11Execution ................................................................................................................. 3-11

3203 Collection Planning...................................................................................................... 3-123204 Processing, Exploitation, and Production Planning..................................................... 3-123205 Dissemination Planning ............................................................................................... 3-12

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Section III. GI and GEOINT to Support Planning

3301 Geospatial Foundation Data......................................................................................... 3-14Digital Terrain Elevation Data, Level 2................................................................... 3-14Digital Bathymetric Data Base ................................................................................ 3-14Foundation Feature Data.......................................................................................... 3-14Controlled Image Base............................................................................................. 3-14Digital Point Positioning Data Base ........................................................................ 3-14Qualified Data.......................................................................................................... 3-15

3302 Geographic Intelligence............................................................................................... 3-15Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace ............................................................. 3-15Modified Combined Obstacles Overlay .................................................................. 3-17

Chapter 4 Geographic Intelligence Operations

4001 MAGTF GI&S Support ................................................................................................. 4-2Staff Coordination...................................................................................................... 4-2User Profile Development ......................................................................................... 4-2Mission Profile Development .................................................................................... 4-3Requirements Identification....................................................................................... 4-3Production Prioritization............................................................................................ 4-3Data Base Management ............................................................................................. 4-3Dissemination Management ...................................................................................... 4-3

4002 Topographic Platoon Support ........................................................................................ 4-4Mission and Tasks ..................................................................................................... 4-4Mission Effectiveness Criteria................................................................................... 4-4Command and Control............................................................................................... 4-5Concept of Employment and Task Organization....................................................... 4-6Distribution and Production Systems ........................................................................ 4-6Communications and Information Systems Configurations...................................... 4-7

4003 MCIA Support ............................................................................................................... 4-84004 Geospatial Analysis Branch Support ............................................................................. 4-84005 National Production Network Support .......................................................................... 4-94006 Support to MAGTF Operations ................................................................................... 4-10

Operational Maneuver From the Sea ....................................................................... 4-10Sustained Operations Ashore................................................................................... 4-10Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain .............................................................. 4-11

4007 Predeployment Requirements ...................................................................................... 4-11Planning Requirements ............................................................................................ 4-11Product Requirements.............................................................................................. 4-12

4008 Operations Support Requirements ............................................................................... 4-14Query Requirements ................................................................................................ 4-14Retrieval Requirements............................................................................................ 4-14Integration Requirements......................................................................................... 4-14Deconfliction Requirements .................................................................................... 4-14Intensification Requirements ................................................................................... 4-15Analysis Requirements ............................................................................................ 4-15Production Requirements......................................................................................... 4-15Storage Requirements .............................................................................................. 4-15Dissemination Requirements ................................................................................... 4-16

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Chapter 5 Communications and Information Systems

5001 Communications and Information System Requirements ............................................. 5-1Capability to Command and Control Subordinate Topographic Units...................... 5-1Ability to Receive Collected GI Data and Information ............................................. 5-2Ability to Provide GEOINT Products........................................................................ 5-2

5002 Support to Command and Control Nodes...................................................................... 5-2MEF Command Element Intelligence C2 Nodes—Combat Intelligence Center and Intelligence Operations Center .............................................................. 5-2

GEOINT CIS Support................................................................................................ 5-55003 Joint Communications and Information Systems ........................................................ 5-11

Planning ................................................................................................................... 5-11Mission Objectives .................................................................................................. 5-12CIS Plans.................................................................................................................. 5-12

5004 MAGTF Communications and Information Systems.................................................. 5-12Architecture Planning .............................................................................................. 5-12System Planning ...................................................................................................... 5-12Planning Considerations .......................................................................................... 5-13

5005 United States Imagery and Geospatial Information System........................................ 5-135006 Marine Corps Planning Factors Data Base .................................................................. 5-145007 Operations and Supporting Communications and Information Systems..................... 5-14

Chapter 6 Security

6001 Responsibilities.............................................................................................................. 6-16002 Classification ................................................................................................................. 6-16003 Classification Guidance for New GI and GEOINT ....................................................... 6-1

GI&S Products and Data Base................................................................................... 6-2Guide Preparation Considerations ............................................................................. 6-2

6004 Disclosure and Release of NIMA Classified Products and Data Bases ........................ 6-3NIMA Policy.............................................................................................................. 6-3Disclosure Procedures................................................................................................ 6-3Release of NIMA Classified Material ....................................................................... 6-3

6005 Release of NIMA Unclassified Products and Data Bases ............................................. 6-3Release Categories ..................................................................................................... 6-3Release Guidance....................................................................................................... 6-4

6006 Disposal of GI&S Products and Data Bases.................................................................. 6-4Disposal of Classified Products and Data Bases ....................................................... 6-4Disposal of Unclassified Products and Data Bases ................................................... 6-4

Chapter 7 Training

7001 Organic Topographic Training ...................................................................................... 7-1Requirements ............................................................................................................. 7-1Training Objectives.................................................................................................... 7-1Orientation and Familiarization Training .................................................................. 7-1Planning and Employment Training .......................................................................... 7-2MAGTF Training....................................................................................................... 7-2

7002 Training Courses............................................................................................................ 7-2Basic Level ................................................................................................................ 7-3Advanced Level ......................................................................................................... 7-4

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AppendicesA Geographic Intelligence Products and Reports............................................................. A-1B Geographic Intelligence Points of Contact ....................................................................B-1C GI&S and GEOINT Tasks .............................................................................................C-1D Topographic Production Capability.............................................................................. D-1E GEOINT Estimate..........................................................................................................E-1F GI&S Planning Activities .............................................................................................. F-1G Geospatial Information and Services Annex to Operation Plans and Orders............... G-1H Tactical Study of the Terrain ........................................................................................ H-1I Beach Studies.................................................................................................................. I-1J Helicopter Landing Zone and Drop Zone Studies ..........................................................J-1K GEOINT Production Report Sample Format................................................................ K-1L Marine Corps Systems Requiring GI&S Support..........................................................L-1M Geographic Intelligence Unit Annual Training Plan ....................................................M-1N Glossary ........................................................................................................................ N-1O Bibliography and References........................................................................................ O-1

Chapter 1

Fundamentals

MCWP 2-12.1 provides higher order tactics, tech-niques, and procedures in the use and productionof geographic intelligence (GEOINT). The pur-pose of GEOINT is to present fused data aboutterrain, inland and coastal water, climate, andweather in intelligence products. These productshelp commanders increase their battlespace situa-tional awareness and make decisions.

When planning an operation, the commander andstaff use GEOINT to help analyze the effects thatterrain, coasts and waterways, and climatic condi-tions will have on the activities and capabilities offriendly and enemy forces. With highly accurateand pertinent GEOINT, Marine air-ground taskforces (MAGTFs) will be better able to exploitthe advantages of the terrain and avoid or mini-mize its unfavorable aspects.

1001. What is Geographic Intelligence?

GEOINT is the process of collecting, organizing,analyzing, synthesizing, disseminating, and usingall-source geospatial and other intelligence infor-mation with regard to the military aspects of theterrain in support of MAGTF operations.GEOINT can include cross-country movement(CCM) studies, line of sight (LOS) analysis, natu-ral and manmade obstacles, and various terrainstudies (e.g., road, railroad, airfield, bridges,ports, helicopter landing zones). The GEOINTanalysis focuses on intelligence preparation of thebattlespace (IPB) and addresses key terrain, ob-servation and fields of fire, cover and conceal-ment, obstacles, and avenues of approach(KOCOA) to help answer MAGTF intelligencerequirements (IRs). This analysis includes intensi-fication or verification of current information

from new sources and clarification of detail andresolution to meet tactical requirements.

a. Geospatial InformationGeospatial information (GI) is precise, spatially-referenced information about the Earth with tem-poral tags arranged in a coherent structure andformat to support measurement, mapping, moni-toring, modeling, spatial reasoning applications,and terrain evaluation.

Digital GI forms the foundation for MAGTF bat-tlespace visualization. All military operations re-quire GI to provide the necessary framework onwhich all other relevant strategic, operational, andtactical information is layered and subsequentplanning and decisionmaking is based.

b. Geospatial Information InfrastructureTo understand and exploit GEOINT, the MarineCorps must implement and sustain a geospatialinformation infrastructure (GII) that is interopera-ble with and supports joint and Service policiesand doctrine; operational, system, and technicalarchitectures; data standards and specifications;equipment technologies; and personnel, to includetheir training and education. (See figure 1-1.) TheMarine Corps GII develops, implements, and sus-tains a collaborative production environment tosupport global expeditionary missions. It also

Figure 1-1. Geospatial Information Infrastructure.

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provides responsive access to the national intelli-gence production network to support Service,joint, and multinational operations.

c. Geospatial Information and ServicesThe terms GI and geospatial information and ser-vices (GI&S) replace mapping, charting, and ge-odesy (MC&G) to reflect the increasing need fordigital geospatial data for command and control(C2) systems, intelligence systems, communica-tions and information systems (CIS), weaponssystems, and high-end geographic informationsystems. While the Department of Defense(DOD) is transitioning from one term to the other,the term GI&S is being used to describe the func-tions and data associated with GI and GEOINT.GI&S defines the concept for collection, informa-tion extraction, storage, exploitation, and dissemi-nation of geodetic, geomagnetic, imagery,gravimetric, aeronautical, topographic, hydro-graphic, littoral, cultural, and toponymic data ac-curately referenced to a precise location on theEarth’s surface (see figure 1-2). GI&S encom-passes multiple functions as well as GI data.

These functions include—

l Defining requirements for training, exercises,and operations.

l Providing a command and Service focal pointfor GI&S expertise and consultation.

l Coordinating force and staff GI&S products,data sets, prototypes, as well as specificationand standards developed and produced by theNational Imagery and Mapping Agency(NIMA).

l Providing guidance and coordination to theGEOINT and broader intelligence cycles.

GI&S is the center of GI and GEOINT produc-tion. A traditional NIMA map is GI&S, but mayalso be considered a basic form of GEOINT.GEOINT production will use maps and other in-formation and intelligence sources to producespecialized intelligence tailored to a specific re-quirement, mission, force, and weapon system.The GEOINT cycle depends on both the data andthe functionality of GI&S to provide the com-mander and forces GI in the refined form ofGEOINT.

d. TopographyTopography is defined as the configuration of theground to include its relief and all features. To-pography addresses both dry land and the seafloor (underwater topography).

e. Foundation DataFoundation data (FD) is a seamless, integratedgeospatial data base consisting primarily of eleva-tion data, map feature data, and imagery predomi-nantly at a medium equivalency of resolution(similar to a 1:250,000 scale chart). See figure1-3.

FD forms the base of a geospatial frameworkfrom which all additional data is referenced and isone of the principal components of the DODGI&S readiness strategy designed to meet jointand MAGTF requirements. FD is relatively stablegeneric information that is mission and forceindependent, specification compliant, andgeopositioned to the World Geodetic SystemFigure 1-2. Geospatial Information and Services.

Geographic Intelligence _________________________________________________________________________________________ 1-3

1984 (WGS-84) datum. The primary focus of FDis to support initial planning and to establish theframework for intensification of data within theobjective area necessary to support specificoperations.

f. Mission Specific Data SetMission specific data set (MSDS) is any user-defined enhancement of FD required to conduct amission. MSDS is focused on a specific mission,operating area, and type force. It is developed byenhancing the information contained in the foun-dation data set and includes higher resolution con-trolled imagery, elevation and/or bathymetricdepth information, and vector features (i.e., point,line or polygon) needed to meet a defined mission(see figure 1-4 on page 1-4). Within the MAGTF,the MSDS is managed, manipulated, and main-tained by the topographic platoon with each

Marine expeditionary force’s (MEF’s) intelli-gence battalion (intel bn).

1002. Categories of GEOINT

GEOINT provides the detailed framework criticalfor operations within the littorals. All phases ofoperation are influenced by environmental condi-tions. The conduct of operations requires detailedstudies of the littorals, terrain, inland and coastalhydrography, weather, and environmental factors.GEOINT for amphibious operations includesdepths, beach gradients, composition, and loca-tions of natural and manmade obstacles. The abil-ity to rapidly integrate, deconflict, and create aseamless framework for visualization is essentialfor coordination between forces, supporting fires,and other forces within the area of operations(AO). (See figure 1-5 on page 1-5.)

Terrain, inland and coastal water, climate, andweather factors are so interrelated that they mustbe considered together when planning ground, air,and logistics operations. Weather elements arecapable of drastically altering terrain features andtrafficability. Conversely, terrain features, such asmountains and ridge lines, exert influence on lo-cal weather and oceanographic elements. This re-lationship of terrain, oceanography, and weathermust be carefully correlated in all operations toensure an accurate description of environmentalimpacts to mission success. GEOINT supports ev-ery phase of a military operation and must be con-sidered during each phase to limit potentialenvironmental impacts to friendly forces, whileexploiting potential impacts to enemy forces.

GEOINT is categorized according to the missionand the level of command at which it is used.These categories are strategic, operational, andtactical. The commander’s and planner’s objec-tives determine the GEOINT category and sup-port required. The strategic planner may consideran entire country or continent, while the tacticalplanner is concerned primarily with the terrain inthe area of operations (AO). The strategic planner

Figure 1-3. Foundation Data.

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often studies problems that may arise some yearsahead and applies GEOINT in a wide variety ofhypothetical situations. Operational and tacticalplanners are mostly engaged with missions andproblems that currently involve their units andstudying the geographic and terrain factors intheir entire AO and interest.

a. Strategic Strategic GEOINT concerns national and theaterplans that include the military capabilities of na-tions. Strategic GEOINT is produced continuous-ly and requires the compilation and interpretationof information by specialized GEOINT personnel.Strategic GEOINT analysis is normally keyed to

small-scale or low-density source equivalents(e.g., 1:1,000,000 or smaller scale maps) to sup-port an entire country or regional area.

Strategic GEOINT includes macro descriptionsand analyses of—

l Beaches, ports and facilities, inland waterways,urban areas, and other major terrain features.

l Transportation and communication systems.l Types of soils and rocks.l Underground installations.l Climate.l Vegetation.l Hydrography.

Figure 1-4. Mission Specific Data Set.


(1) Capabilities Strategic GEOINT provides broad coverage of in-formation over countries and regions. It focusesprimarily on helping develop the broad situationalawareness to support the National CommandAuthorities (NCA) and the combatant commands’commanders in chief (CINCs). Strategic GEOINTbased on FD provides a stable base for intelli-gence intensification. This helps ensure a com-mon operational view of the battlespace acrossthe political, theater, and military spectrums.

(2) LimitationsThe primary limitation to strategic GEOINT isthat the resolution and density of information isnot high enough to support detailed planning oftactical operations. Strategic GEOINT is directedto the macro-relief within an entire country andwill not provide the critical, focused informationnecessary to support lower command echelonoperations.

b. Operational Operational GEOINT is produced for use at thecombatant command, joint task force (JTF), Ser-vice component commands, and MAGTF com-mand elements (CEs). Operational GEOINT isfluid and requires the compilation and interpreta-tion of information by specialized GEOINT per-sonnel within the joint intelligence centers (JICs),joint analysis centers (JACs), and Service intelli-gence centers. Normally focusing on the theaterof operations, operational GEOINT is concernedprimarily with the effects of weather, enemy, andterrain (WET) on mission accomplishment. Oper-ational GEOINT includes information derivedfrom strategic analysis, but focuses more attentionon detailed support for large military forces with-in the theater of operations. It includes detailedanalysis and production on—

l Landing areas and sites.l Inland waterways.

Figure 1-5. GEOINT View of the Littorals.

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l Urban environments.l Transportation and communication systems.l Climatic, terrain, and hydrographic effects on

potential courses of action (COAs) within thetheater of operations.

Operational GEOINT is used for planning and co-ordinating missions within a theater and is basedon information from all-source national, theater,and other intelligence assets. OperationalGEOINT support can be focused on several dif-ferent types of missions, units, and weapon sys-tems occurring at the same time within thecommander’s area of responsibility (AOR). Nor-mally, operational analysis is keyed to small-scaleor low-density source equivalents (e.g., 1:500,000or smaller scale maps) supporting an entire the-ater of operations.

(1) Capabilities

Operational GEOINT is produced for use by JTFheadquarters (HQ), component commands, and,to some extent, the MEF CE during IPB activities.Within a MAGTF, normally GEOINT focuses onthe MAGTF’s area of interest (AOI) and supportsthe integration and analysis of WET effects onMAGTF plans and capabilities. OperationalGEOINT includes information derived from stra-tegic analysis, but it focuses more attention on de-tailed support for large maneuver and other forces(i.e., division, wing, service support) within theAOI. Operational GEOINT support can be fo-cused on several different missions, units, andweapon systems operating at the same time withinthe commander’s AOR.

(2) Limitations

As with strategic GEOINT, the major limitationof operational GEOINT is the resolution and den-sity of information. It is focused on a large area(e.g., theater of war), and the data content is nothigh enough to support lower echelons’ detailedplanning, operations, and IRs. OperationalGEOINT is directed to the macro-relief and mayinclude limited evaluation of specified beaches,landing zones, airfields, and road networks. It willnot provide the critical information necessary to

support infantry and artillery regiments, Marineaircraft groups, combat service support detach-ments, and smaller operations.

c. Tactical

Tactical GEOINT is produced from informationcollected locally and information provided byhigher headquarters. It is concerned primarilywith the effects of climate, terrain, and/or the lit-toral environment on the operations of theMAGTF within a specific AO. Tactical GEOINTis used in planning, coordinating, and conductingtactical or other operations within the MAGTFAO. At a MEF level, staff planners focus normal-ly on the AOR at a 1:250,000 scale equivalent andwith appropriate data density (although 1:50,000and 1:100,000 scale products are needed for spe-cific requirements), while their major subordinatecommands (MSCs) require greater detail of anal-ysis to support mission requirements.

Tactical GEOINT analysis and production includeinformation from the operational level and pro-vide greater detail based on imagery and local all-source intelligence collection and production ac-tivities. Tactical GEOINT is concerned primarilywith the effects of the environment on a particularmission, unit, and/or weapon system. Specificproducts may include CCM analysis, lines ofcommunication (LOC) analysis, and more fo-cused evaluation on the logistical support require-ments of commanders (i.e., staging areas anddepot sites within the AO). Normally, tacticalGEOINT is keyed to medium- or large-scalesource equivalents and data density (i .e. ,1:100,000 and larger scale maps) to support a spe-cific mission or operation.

(1) Capabilities

Tactical GEOINT concerns the effects of climate,terrain, and/or the littoral environment on specificoperations of the MAGTF. Tactical analysis foreach mission focuses on intensifying and integrat-ing GI from all geospatial sources and value-adding of local all-source intelligence. Primarily,tact ical GEOINT concerns effects of the


environment on a particular mission, unit, and/orweapon system.

(2) Limitations

Tactical GEOINT’s most significant limitation isthe time necessary to collect, integrate, process,and analyze the data for each mission to producetailored, focused GEOINT products to supportMAGTF IRs. In addition, it is limited by the CISavailable to disseminate and use these products atlower echelons to support mission planning andexecution.

1003. Support to Intelligence Functions

During deliberate planning, GI and GEOINT pro-vide the initial geospatial framework to supportbattlespace visualization of the AOI. They helpplanners develop their COAs and assess the ene-my’s COAs based on potential environmentalconditions within the AOI. During crisis plan-ning, the FD allows planners to initiate planningwhile topographic Marines accelerate theGEOINT production and intensification processesto provide the MSDS required for MAGTF mis-sion execution.

a. Commander’s Estimate The primary function of GEOINT when support-ing the commander’s estimate of the situation isensuring the intensification, value-adding, andanalysis of environmental features (to include me-teorological effects) within the IPB process andthe Marine Corps planning process (MCPP). Thisprovides the geospatial framework to support thecommander’s visualization of the battlespace.

After GI is analyzed with respect to military as-pects of the terrain, it can be fused with other in-telligence and other functional information tosupport the commander’s battlespace situationalawareness, planning, and decisionmaking needs.This dominant view of the area in whichMAGTFs conduct operations allows commanders

at all levels to anticipate or react quickly to evolv-ing situations.

b. Situation DevelopmentAs potential trouble spots develop, topographicunits use indications and warning (I&W) to pro-vide lead time in collection of information and in-tegrat ion of terrain studies, ensuring thegeospatial framework is available to supportMAGTF planning. With the ability to query andpull geospatial data and refined GEOINT fromthe national distributed production network,MAGTF topographic assets can provide an initialdata base to support planning and situationalawareness during the development of a situation.

c. Force ProtectionGEOINT provides high-resolution analysis andMSDS to support maneuver, engineering, barrier,and rear area operations planning with detailedGI. This geospatial data base is also focused onthe unique missions associated with rear area se-curity and supports the identification of ingressand egress routes, defensive barrier support usingnatural and manmade features, and identificationof potential obstacles for reinforcement or mobili-zation plans.

d. TargetingThe imagery segment of FD provides high-resolution, orthorectified and georectified, stereo-scopic imagery for accurate identification andlocation of potential targets within the area of op-erations. Analysis of the surrounding environmentprovides potential air and ground ingress andegress routes and support evaluation of all mili-tary aspects of the terrain that could affect weap-on delivery systems.

e. Combat AssessmentThe IPB process integration of WET is critical forsituational awareness, COA development, identi-fication of high-value targets, decision points, andtactical visualization of the battlespace. GI andGEOINT provide the framework for the integra-tion of all assessment criteria (e.g., operations, lo-gistics, communications) and support the rapid

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intensification and deconfliction of tactical intelli-gence within a target area.

1004. Support to Operations

The primary principle behind GI and GEOINTsupport to any MAGTF operation is the need for acommon geographic reference. Air, ocean, andland environments affect the composition, de-ployment, employment, sustainment, and rede-ployment of the MAGTF. The tactical geospatialdata base provides the common reference for dif-ferent missions, forces or weapon systems tobuild a common view of the battlespace. This pro-vides critical support to achieving the commonoperational picture (COP) and common tacticalpicture (CTP) and allows the accurate positioningof information in operational and tactical context.

GI and GEOINT help provide visualization of in-telligence information in relationship to the envi-ronment, threat, and friendly forces to supportIPB and the MCPP. They support the evaluationof different courses of action based on friendlyand enemy capabilities and terrain limitations.The commander’s evaluation of various COAsshould include critical geospatial and meteorolog-ical environmental factors and impacts. Thesefactors must be evaluated when planning opera-tions and determining operational and tacticalperformance.

a. Command and ControlCommand control encompasses critical support toall warfighting functions and operations. It is themeans by which a commander recognizes whatneeds to be done and directs appropriate actions.The ability to picture and assess the battlespace,forces, weapon systems, and the interaction of thethree are essential to C2.

Accurate depiction of the environment, as well asthe accurate location of all entities engaged in thatenvironment depend on the resolution level anddetail of the GI and GEOINT and its integrationwith other intelligence. Whereas many experi-

enced practitioners of C2 have the inherent abilityto intuitively picture the battlespace, it is very dif-ficult to convey their picture and intent withouteffective C2 and CIS. This requires a frameworkof GI and GEOINT to which specific informationmay be anchored. The requirement for higher lev-els of geospatial resolution and detail to supportC2 are driving GI and GEOINT to find more effi-cient and effective means of providing thegeospatial framework for the common operationaland tactical pictures.

b. ManeuverThe connectivity and display of the C2 networkdirectly supports maneuver operations by provid-ing detailed, mission-essential GEOINT to opera-tional forces. Identification of key transportationand main supply routes (MSRs) to facilitate therapid movement of personnel and materials iscritical to battlefield support. Detailed visualiza-tion of the terrain supports rapid transition of ma-neuver and supporting forces during amphibiousoperations and also supports realistic mission re-hearsal during all phases of operations.

Maneuver is affected by the—

l Configuration and geometry of the Earth’s sur-face.

l Soils, rocks, and vegetation composing thatsurface.

l Surface water conditions.l Visibility.l Wind.l Precipitation.l Cultural and other manmade modifications and

their impacts on the Earth’s physical features.

The weather effects on soil and slope must beconsidered. Obstacle factors include slopes thatexceed the maximum a vehicle can climb and cul-tural modifications (e.g., ditches, fences, plowedfields, irrigation, drainage) that may alter the nat-ural soil strength. In some areas, one factor alonemay determine whether terrain is passable to ve-hicles, but more commonly, the combination oftwo or more factors determines whether vehicles


can move across terrain with ease, with difficultyor not at all.

c. Fire SupportAccurate positioning of weapon systems, coupledwith integrated GI and GEOINT, provide fire sup-port planners with critical information needed toplace rounds on target. Environmental impacts ofthe terrain, hydrographic, and weather elementssupport development of detailed descriptions ofhigh-value targets (HVTs) and high-payoff targets(HPTs) and identify potential impacts to weapondelivery systems.

d. AviationGEOINT is critical to airspace analysis and canidentify air avenues of approach and mobility cor-ridors. When integrated with weather information,GEOINT helps provide the framework for deter-mining the routes by which aircraft can enter andexit an AO. When integrated with aircraft attackprofiles, GEOINT helps determine the potentialaircraft approach routes to the target areas and themost effective deployment positions for air de-fense weapons and radars. Also, GEOINT can as-sist in determining the most likely positions forhelicopter landing zones (HLZs), drop zones(DZs), forward arming and refueling points(FARPs), and the most likely approaches to theseareas.

Through terrain-masking analysis, GEOINT helpsprovide the framework for mission planning sys-tems by determining where aircraft can ingress atarget while screened from enemy air defenseweapons and radar. This analysis also helps deter-mine where air defense radars and weapons arerendered ineffective by terrain and weather im-pacts. GEOINT helps the commander maximizebattlespace air interdiction efforts and plan andcounter airborne and air assault operations.

e. Logistics One of the primary considerations in planning op-erations is the extent and general nature of thetransportation network. Planners must considerthe entire pattern of transportation infrastructure.

GEOINT support to logistic operations includesthe transportation infrastructure analysis of an ar-ea (i.e., road networks, railways, and waterwaysover which forces and supplies can be moved).

The importance of a particular facility will de-pend on the units involved and the type of opera-t ion . For example , an a rea wi th a densetransportation network is usually favorable formajor operations. An area crisscrossed with ca-nals and railroads but with few roads will limit theuse of wheeled vehicles and the maneuver of ar-mor and motorized convoys. Railroads extendingalong the axis of advance will assume greater im-portance than those perpendicular to the axis, andthe direction of major highways and waterwaysassumes similar significance. When preparingGEOINT studies and data bases in support ofMAGTF operations, planners must carefully eval-uate all transportation capabilities and limitationsto determine their effect on possible COAs.

1005. Multilevel GEOINT Support Operations

a. Marine Expeditionary Force GEOINT support operations for the MAGTF aretopographic platoon-centric and revolve aroundthe MAGTF intelligence operation center (IOC)and the supporting CIS network to provide apush/pull information management capability toall levels of the MAGTF. The topographic pla-toon is connected to the Global Command andControl System (GCCS) to support intensificationand integration of all-source geospatial databases. Topographic platoon (topo plt), intel bn,MEF headquarters group (MHG), providesMAGTF general support and establishes the tacti-cal geospatial information library (TGIL). TheTGIL ensures MAGTF intelligence sections anddivision, wing, and support group intelligence di-rect support teams have access to GEOINT. TheTGIL allows GI and GEOINT to be pushed downto or pulled up by commands throughout theMAGTF.

1-10 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

Close coordination between topo plt and MAGTFmeteorological and oceanographic (METOC) per-sonnel is important for comprehensive GEOINTsupport. The MEF senior weather officer withinthe G-2 division and the intelligence support co-ordinator (ISC) in the intel bn coordinate meteo-rological support to intelligence and impacts onMAGTF operations. The meteorological mobilefacility, located in the aviation combat element(ACE), is the hub for meteorological support tothe MAGTF. This facility can process GCCSoverlays for use by the topographic unit and intel-ligence analysts. (See MCWP 3-35.7, MAGTFMeteorology and Oceanography [METOC] Sup-port, for further information on MAGTF METOCsupport operations.)

b. Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) Within the Marine expeditionary unit (MEU)(special operations capable [SOC]) command ele-ment, GEOINT is produced by the geographic in-telligence team (GIT) that is task-organized fromthe topo plt and under the staff cognizance of theMEU intelligence officer. The GIT is connectedto the internal ship communications links givingall elements of the MEU access to the TGIL. Us-ing the ship’s CIS, the GIT is supported in reach-back mode by the parent MEF’s topo plt and theMarine Corps Intelligence Activity (MCIA). Thisprovides the MEU with a robust GEOINT pro-duction capability to integrate, deconflict, and in-tensify the land, air , and water interfaceenvironment.

c. Joint and Theater During joint operations, the topo plt is connectedto theater C2 networks providing access to thetheater and other Services’ geospatial data base.The theater geospatial information library (GIL)provides operational GEOINT, ensuring interop-erability and standardization among all forceswithin the theater of operations. In the event ofcoalition or multinational operations, the GIL pro-vides a common framework for all forces to re-duce information uncertainty and enhanceinteroperability. At the theater level, access to JIC

and JAC GI&S branches provides GEOINT forproduction support and a repository for tacticalproduction to ensure a common framework for vi-sualization throughout the theater.

d. National and Strategic Support The MCIA provides a dedicated geospatial pro-duction support capability to Marine Corps oper-ating forces. A trusted coproducer in the nationaldistributive intelligence production network,MCIA focuses on Marine Corps interests withinthe littoral zones of the world. MCIA maintains aglobal littoral data base and provides GEOINTtailored to mission requirements from a robust cli-ent and server configuration. Forces can accessthis GEOINT via the intelligence link (IN-TELINK), secret internet protocol router network(SIPRNET), nonsecure internet protocol routernetwork (NIPRNET), and the Global BroadcastSystem (GBS) configurations. In addition, MCIAcan rapidly generate an MSDS to supportMAGTFs and link this data set to the NIMA litho-graphic presses for hard-copy production.MAGTFs, via MCIA, will be able to query the na-tional geospatial data base and receive GI andGEOINT from NIMA, Defense IntelligenceAgency, Central Intelligence Agency, other Ser-vices, and commercial sources.

1006. GEOINT Cycle

GI and GEOINT activities occur in all phases ofthe intelligence cycle. GEOINT is interwoventhroughout the cycle to ensure collection, integra-tion, analysis, dissemination, and use of intelli-gence data is tied to the geographic framework.Like the other forms of intelligence, GEOINT is anever-ending process that is continually updatingintelligence studies, evaluations, estimates, anddata bases.

The GEOINT process begins with receipt of thewarning order or initiating directive and continuesbeyond completion of the mission. While afloat ordeployed for operations, the topo plt or GIT be-gins the GEOINT process for identified missions.

Geographic Intelligence ________________________________________________________________________________________ 1-11

Topographic methods of manipulating theGEOINT cycle will vary from unit to unit andwill depend on the mission, commander’s intent,and IRs.

As with the intelligence cycle, the GEOINT cyclehas six phases (i.e., planning and direction, col-lection, processing and exploitation, production,dissemination, utilization). (See figure 1-6.)Through these phases, GI is obtained, assembled,analyzed, and converted into tailored GEOINTproducts, then disseminated to commanders andother users.

a. Planning and DirectionGEOINT planning and direction phase is thespearhead of the GEOINT cycle. It supports—

l Defining the AO and AOI.l Identifying information shortfalls and associat-

ed geospatial and GEOINT requirements.l Accessing and reviewing existing data holdings

and intelligence products.

After a warning order has been issued and com-mander’s intent expressed, IRs are identified andprioritized. During the planning and directionphase, the intelligence staff officer (G-2/S-2) andGI&S staff, in conjunction with the operations

staff officer (G-3/S-3), must identify the com-mand’s AOI and AO. Specific objectives and tar-gets need to be identified as soon as possible toensure requirements are levied for production andintensification.

As the planning and direction phase continues,commanders and planners identify and submit es-sential elements of terrain information (EETI) asan IR. The ISC and the collection managementand dissemination officer (CMDO) coordinatewith the MEF CE intelligence staff, and the pro-duction and analysis (P&A) cell to refine and pri-ori t ize requirements, develop support ingintelligence plans, and then task appropriate col-lection assets against the requirements. Concur-rently, the GI&S staff coordinates GEOINTproduction requirements with the P&A cell OIC.Close integration with the MAGTF CE’s opera-tions and intelligence sections is critical to sup-port COA development and to identify potentialGEOINT issues affecting mission alternatives.

Planning must always address connectivity be-tween intelligence assets and supported users.Plans should call for communications reliability,capacity, redundancy, and speed. The MAGTFCIS officer must always be included whenplanning GEOINT activities’ CIS support (seechapter 5). Accurate management and storage oftheater and MAGTF geospatial and GEOINT databases are critical to ensure availability and in-teroperabili ty with all components of theMAGTF. Ready access to critical battlespaceviews by all commanders and planners requiresadequate communications paths to all MAGTFcommand echelons and other supported units.

b. CollectionCollection is the gathering of intelligence dataand exploitation of sources by intelligence and re-connaissance agencies. GI and GEOINT collec-t i on beg ins w i th t he i den t i f i c a t i on andprioritization of EETIs. The collection phase ofthe GEOINT cycle involves the gathering of GIfrom all available sources. This would includequerying the GIL data base networks for potential

Figure 1-6. GEOINT Cycle.

1-12 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

solutions, source materials, and if required, thedevelopment of a request for intelligence (RFI)for tactical collection support.

Collection planning involves matching the multi-tude of GEOINT and other IRs with a finite poolof collection assets. Collection may include multi-source intelligence reports (e.g., imagery intelli-gence [IMINT], signals intelligence [SIGINT],human intelligence [HUMINT]) and must be ableto access tactical intelligence and reconnaissancereports (e.g., route reconnaissance, bridge studies,engineering reports), as well as information andreports available from non-intelligence sources(e.g., engineer, civil affairs, and military policeunits).

Other collection sources include riverine andoceanographic surveys as well as terrain and im-agery reconnaissance. Organic topographic col-lection activities include tactical geodetic andtopographic surveys, analysis of riverine andoceanographic surveys, and terrain reconnais-sance. Organic MAGTF assets must always beconsidered first due to their advantages in respon-siveness and control. Prior to arrival in the AO,the MAGTF largely depends on external collec-tion resources. After the MAGTF begins opera-tions in the objective area, organic topographic,SIGINT, HUMINT, IMINT, engineer, reconnais-sance, and other assets are used for collection.

c. Processing and ExploitationThe processing and exploitation phase is the con-version of collected GI into a form suitable forGEOINT production and support to other intelli-gence products. It is a continual process generallyaccomplished concurrently during collection and/or production. Processing and exploitation requiretopographic unit CIS connectivity to national, the-ater, JTF, and other geospatial information sourc-es. This phase includes the compilation anddeconfliction of various sources to ensure a sin-gle, accurate geospatial data base to supportMAGTF operations within the theater. The topoplt provides the capability to retrieve, integrate,deconflict, and store multisource GI and GEOINT

into a tailored, seamless data base to meetMAGTF requirements.

d. Production

Production is the conversion of GI into GEOINTand other all-source intelligence products throughevaluation, integration, intensification, analysis,and interpretation. This demands a focused ap-proach for managing, tasking, and operating acollaborative GEOINT production capability toensure all efforts are prioritized and accomplishedaccording to the needs of the MAGTF. (See ap-pendix A for a description of GEOINT productsand reports.)

The topo plt provides the ability to analyze inte-grated data bases for specific applications, addvaluable information or update features andattributes within the data base, and intensify thedata base content to meet tailored mission re-quirements. The GEOINT specialist evaluates all-source terrain, littoral, hydrographic, geodetic,and weather information to support specific mis-sion requirements. Then the GEOINT specialistmust intensify the information with other knowninformation to develop GEOINT estimates associ-ated with the terrain’s military aspects.

Integration is the combining of the geospatial andMETOC elements to develop the framework forthe COP and CTP. Analysis allows the specialistto sift and sort the GI to isolate significant mis-sion-related elements and develop potential im-pacts to MAGTF personnel, systems, weapons,and/or equipment. Interpretation consists of eval-uating the GI, intensifying critical detail andresolution within distinct objective areas, value-adding locally procured tactical intelligence, andanalyzing it to isolate significant elements withrespect to the mission, target, and type of com-mand. Production tailors the GEOINT to formlogical views (or products) and is incorporated inthe TGIL and/or hard-copy products for furtherdissemination throughout the MAGTF and to oth-er organizations. A key GEOINT product is themodified combined obstacle overlay (MCOO),


which becomes the foundation for the IPBprocess and COA development.

e. DisseminationDissemination is the timely conveyance of GI andGEOINT, in an appropriate form and by any suit-able means, to those who need it. GEOINT mustbe effectively disseminated to MAGTF com-mander and planners, MAGTF subordinate ele-ments, and other forces and organizations in timefor decisionmakers to assess and use it to affectCOA development and analysis and other plan-ning and decisionmaking activities.

When determining the GEOINT dissemination re-quirements, the means, timeliness, and pertinenceare the primary considerations. Disseminationdoes not occur automatically. It is a result of si-multaneous efforts at each MAGTF commandechelon to push GI and GEOINT out to thoseneeding it and to pull GI and GEOINT in from ev-ery available source. The ability to rapidly dis-seminate updated GEOINT to all users through asmart push capability will help ensure that criticalGEOINT and other information are made avail-able to the entire MAGTF.

The Marine Corps is using an open technical ar-chitecture supporting the geospatial domain thathas evolved within the United States Imagery andGeospatial Information System (USIGS) architec-

ture. It will support dissemination of geospatialdata external to operational and tactical forcesthrough the GCCS and the GBS.

Primary access to the topographic unit’s TGILthrough the MAGTF’s tactical data network(TDN) ensures each level of command can accessthe tailored GEOINT products necessary to sup-port the mission. The platoon will use redundantCIS capabilities to support electronic dissemina-tion.

Local printer replication (limited copies) will sup-port hard-copy GEOINT products reproduction tosupport units requiring a paper medium. Massproduction will continue to be supported throughNIMA’s digital to lithographic press capabilitiesor from other external sources.

f. Utilization

Utilization is the last and most important step inthe GEOINT cycle. Intelligence officers and thetopographic Marines are responsible for ensuringthe final GEOINT product effectively satisfies allcommanders’ IRs. Only usable GEOINT will pro-vide commanders and staffs the framework neces-sary to visualize the battlespace in two or threedimensions as they develop, analyze, and selectCOAs; develop plans and orders; and make deci-sions and execute.

Chapter 2

Organizations and Responsibilities

The Assistant Chief of Staff (AC/S), Command,Control, Computers, Communication, and Intelli-gence (C4I), Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps(HQMC), is the functional leader for GI&S andGEOINT functions within the Marine Corps com-bat development system. Day-to-day managementof these functions is delegated by AC/S, C4I, tothe Director, MCIA. Marine Corps operatingforces and supporting establishment GI&S andGEOINT missions, functions, organizations, andassigned responsibilities are discussed in thischapter. Organizational points of contact are pro-vided in appendix B. Specific responsibilities andtasks are provided in the appendix C matrix.

2001. Geospatial Information and Services

a. Marine Corps Geospatial Information Management OfficeAs a special staff office under the Director,MCIA, the Geospatial Information ManagementOffice (GIMO) serves as the Marine Corps repre-sentative to the DOD GI&S community. GIMOsupports the operating forces, HQMC, and thesupporting establishment with technical assess-ments, evaluations, and review authority for allMarine Corps GI&S matters.

(1) Mission

GIMO provides GI and GEOINT support to theMarine Corps by coordinating Marine Corps GIImatters including policy; proponency for servicedoctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures(TTP); personnel; technologies; architectures; andstandards required for Marine Corps GI andGEOINT support. This support includes serving

as the Marine Corps representative on appropriateGI&S forums, developing GI&S policies and po-sitions, and staffing joint and Service GI&S docu-ments. It also includes developing, validating,submitting, and advocating proponency of Ser-vice requirements for DOD and national GI&Sproduction support of training bases, emergingsystems, and military intelligence.

(2) OrganizationMCIA established GIMO as a centralized man-agement office to coordinate Marine Corpsgeospatial support (see figure 2-1). By the table oforganization (T/O), the Marine Corps GI&S offic-er is a major, military occupational specialty(MOS) 0202. In addition, the T/O provides for ageneral service (GS)-12 mapping officer and aGS-9 intelligence assistant.

(3) ResponsibilitiesThe GIMO provides a single point of contact forall Marine Corps GI&S and GEOINT issues with-in national, international, DOD, joint, and Serviceforums. This provides an integrated and centrallymanaged approach across all functional aspects ofGI&S and GEOINT within the Marine Corps.

Figure 2-1. GIMO Support.

2-2_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

The GIMO—

l Provides the Marine Corps direct interface tothe NIMA for all new GI development and pro-duction.

l Provides input to the technical design and de-scription of emerging GI and products early intheir development to ensure Marine Corps re-quirements are met.

l Ensures the interoperability of GI and GEOINTstandards to support legacy and emergingMAGTF C2, CIS, weapon delivery, and othersystems.

l Coordinates with the following activities to en-sure that all aspects of GEOINT support are ad-dressed and integrated:

n HQMC (policy, personnel, programs, andresources).

n Marine Corps Combat DevelopmentCommand (MCCDC) (training, educa-tion, doctrine, total force structure, andrequirements).

n Marine Corps Systems Command(MARCORSYSCOM) (all equipment andsoftware generating or using GI).

l Coordinates with Headquarters, Marine CorpsForces (MARFOR), the MEF CEs, intel bnMSCs, and topo plts to ensure interoperability,standardization, and compliance with JointChiefs of Staff (JCS), DOD, and Marine Corpsdirectives.

l Supports the AC/S, C4I, with Service-leveloversight for all Marine Corps GI&S functionalareas, to include—

n Evaluating development of terrain andoceanographic data and systems.

n Developing policy for Marine CorpsGI&S standardization and interopera-bility.

n Validating Marine Corps GI&S require-ment submissions (training, research anddevelopment, and intelligence).

n Ensuring all aspects of the Marine CorpsGI are compatible with doctrine.

(4) Tasks

Refer to appendix C.

b. Marine Corps Forces, GI&S Section

Under the functional control of the AC/S, G-2, theGI&S section serves as the MARFOR command-er’s technical representative with GI&S elements.In addition, the MARFOR GI&S section providesa dedicated point of contact for GI&S and/orGEOINT issues within the commander’s speci-fied theater or operational area. The MARFORGI&S section provides an integrated approach toidentifying, consolidating, and validatingGEOINT production requirements and supportingoperations (see figure 2-2).

(1) Mission

The MARFOR GI&S section coordinates the de-velopment, validation, and establishment ofMARFOR’s requirements for GI&S priorities,standard products, and supporting operations withthe appropriate unified and subordinate com-mands. In addition, the GI&S section representsthe MARFOR in appropriate GI&S forums re-sponsible for validating GI&S resource alloca-t ions and sys tem capabi l i t ies wi th in theMARFOR’s AO.

Figure 2-2. Marine Corps Forces GI&S Support.


(2) Organization

The GI&S section consists of two GEOINT spe-cialists, MOS 0261. These billets require a gun-nery sergeant and sergeant with formal GI&Sstaff officer training by the Defense MappingSchool (DMS), Ft. Belvoir, Virginia. This sectionis under the cognizance of the G-2 intelligenceoperations officer. It assists in the coordination ofgeospatial issues with intelligence plans, collec-tions, production, targeting, dissemination, coun-terintelligence, and other staff sections.

(3) Responsibilities

l Validates requirements and coordinates theproduction of all GI&S, GI, and GEOINT re-quirements for the MARFOR headquarters andsupported commands. This includes the follow-ing requirements:

n Global-sourcing GEOINT personnel withthe MARFOR personnel division (G-1).

n Helping define the area of operations,mission objectives, and force list with theMARFOR operations division (G-3).

n Developing the distribution of hard-copyGI and GEOINT products with theMARFOR logistics and supply division(G-4).

n Identifying production requirements forlong-range objectives with the MARFORfuture plans division (G-5) and intelli-gence production personnel.

n Coordinating GEOINT CIS requirementsfor national, theater, and MAGTF opera-tions with the MARFOR CIS division(G-6).

n Coordinating all national GI andGEOINT production requirements forMarine Corps training areas with theGIMO.

l Provides MARFOR oversight to theater GI&Sfunctions, to include policies, TTP architec-tures, technologies, and personnel. The GI&Ssection will influence the determination and de-velopment of unit and mission profiles to sup-port operations within their operational area toensure tactical requirements are met.

l Ensures the interoperability of GI and GEOINTstandards within the operational area to supporttactical MAGTF systems and weapon deliverysystems.

(4) Tasks


c. MEF CE, G-2 Division, Imagery and Mapping SectionAs a functional staff office under the cognizanceof the MEF G-2 plans officer, the imagery andmapping (I&M) section serves as the MEF com-mander’s technical representative for GI&S activ-ities. This section provides a single point ofcontact for MEF GI&S and GEOINT issues with-in a specified theater or operational area. TheMEF GI&S section coordinates with the ISC toprovide an integrated approach to identifying,consolidating, and validating GEOINT produc-tion and operations requirements (see figure 2-3on page 2-4).

(1) Mission

The MEF I&M section coordinates MEF GI&Smatters, to include determining and developingMAGTF area requirements for GI&S priorities,standard products, and supporting operations withappropriate MARFOR and MSC GI&S offices.This section implements plans, policies, and sup-port to future plans to support collections, collab-orative production, and use of GEOINT. It alsoprovides professional, technical GI&S andGEOINT advice and assistance to subordinatecommanders. The MEF I&M section develops,coordinates, and forwards all recommendationson GI&S product specifications and standardiza-tion agreements to appropriate MARFOR GI&Soffices. In addition, this section represents theMEF in appropriate Service and theater GI&S fo-rums responsible for validating topographic pro-duction resources and system capabilities within atheater of operations.

(2) Organization

Located in the intelligence division’s plansbranch, the MEF I&M section contains a mapping

2-4_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

and imagery officer (MIO) (major, 0202) and twogeographic intelligence specialists (MOS 0261).The billets call for a gunnery sergeant and a staffsergeant with formal DMS GI&S staff officertraining. The I&M section is under the cognizanceof the intelligence plans officer. It assists the ISCand other intelligence personnel in the coordina-tion of geospatial issues with intelligence plans,collections, all-source production, dissemination,targeting, and other support.

(3) Responsibilities l Validates requirements and coordinates the

production of all GI and GEOINT requirementsand supporting operations for the command el-ement and subordinate elements with appropri-ate GI and GEOINT organizations. TheseGI&S requirements include—

n Global-sourcing personnel with the MEFG-1.

n Assisting the G-2, G-3, and future plan-ners with defining the area of operations,mission objectives, and force list.

n Assisting the ISC and MEF G-4 with de-veloping the distribution of hard-copyGEOINT and GI products.

n Identifying production requirements forlong-range objectives with the MEF G-5and intelligence personnel.

n Assisting the ISC and MEF G-6 with co-ordinating CIS requirements for national,

theater, and MAGTF GEOINT and GIdistribution.

l Coordinates the development and submissionof all GI&S requirements from all MEF CEstaff divisions during garrison and actual oper-ations.

l Coordinates the validation, prioritization, andtasking of all GI&S requirements submitted byMEF subordinate units during garrison opera-tions.

l Coordinates all standard NIMA GI&S produc-tion requirements with the MARFOR GI&Sstaff for validation to the GIMO (for trainingareas) or to the appropriate combatant com-mand (for contingency planning and operation-al areas).

l Provides coordinated oversight of all MEFGI&S functions, to include policies, architec-tures, technologies, and personnel.

l Assists the G-2 plans officer and ISC with thedetermination and development of unit andmission profiles to support operations withinthe operational area to ensure MEF require-ments are satisfied.

l Assists the ISC with oversight to the MAGTF’sGII and TGIL to ensure compatibility with theintelligence concept of operations and support-ing plans as well as MEF operations and CISconcepts of operations and plans.

(4) TasksRefer to appendix C.

Figure 2-3. MEF Imaging and Mapping Section Support Relationships.


d. Major Subordinate Commands The Marine division, Marine aircraft wing(MAW), and force service support group (FSSG)do not have organic GI&S and GEOINT per-sonnel within their command. Instead, each MSCG-2 must designate a single point of contact forGI&S and GEOINT issues. This helps provide anintegrated approach to identify, consolidate, andvalidate GI&S and GEOINT production require-ments from the MSC and the planning and execu-tion of supporting operations (see figure 2-4).

(1) MissionThe G-2 designated GI&S representatives coordi-nate the command’s GI&S requirements, opera-tions, and support to include determining anddeveloping area requirements for GI&S prioritiesand standard products with intel bn, the ISC, andthe MEF I&M section. In conjunction with theMEF I&M section, these representatives imple-ment plans, policies, procedures, and programs tosupport a collaborative process for GEOINT col-lection, production, dissemination, and use. Theyalso develop and forward to the MIO (garrisonoperations) or ISC (actual operations) all recom-mendations on GI&S product specifications and

standardization agreements. In addition, they rep-resent their command in appropriate GI&S fo-rums responsible for validating GI&S resourceallocations, system capabilities, and operationswithin their theater of operations.

(2) Organization

The MSC AC/S G-2 shall designate a GI&S rep-resentative within the G-2 section. Generally,this GI&S representative is under the control ofthe G-2 intelligence operations officer. The indi-viduals assigned this responsibility are trained atthe DMS.


l Provides the command with a single point ofcontact for validation and development of allGI&S and GEOINT requirements and support-ing operations from other MSC staff divisionsand subordinate commands (e.g., regiments,groups, battalions, squadrons).

l Plans, directs, and coordinates GI and GEOINToperations in support of the command’s re-quirements, including direction of any attachedor direct support geographic intelligence sup-port team (GIST).

l Develops unit and mission profiles necessary toacquire MSDS for tactical operations (seechapter 4).

l Provides guidance and assistance to support thecommand request for GI&S products andGEOINT production.

(4) Tasks


2002. Geographic Intelligence

a. Key MEF Intelligence Staff Planning and Direction Responsibilities

(1) Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2

The AC/S G-2 has staff responsibility for intelli-gence and intelligence operations, to includeGEOINT. The commander r e l i e s on theintelligence officer to provide the necessary

Figure 2-4. MSC GI&S and GEOINTSupport Relationships.

2-6_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

information on the weather, terrain, and enemycapabilities, status, and intentions. Through theintelligence operations plan and supporting intel-ligence and R&S plans, the MEF AC/S G-2 vali-dates and plans IRs, coordinates intelligencepriorities, integrates collection, production anddissemination activities, allocates resources, as-signs specific intelligence and reconnaissancemissions to subordinate elements, and supervisesthe GEOINT and overall intelligence and recon-naissance efforts. Specific all-source and keyGEOINT responsibilities include—

l Developing and answering outstanding MEFand subordinate units’ PIRs and IRs by plan-ning, directing, integrating, and supervising or-ganic GEOINT and multi-discipline MEF andsupporting intelligence operations.

l Preparing appropriate GEOINT and other intel-ligence plans and orders for the MEF and re-viewing and coordinating the GEOINT and all-source intelligence plans of JTFs, theaters, andother organizations.

l Submitting and coordinating all-source andGEOINT collection, production, and dissemi-nation requirements beyond the capability ofthe MEF to satisfy to higher headquarters forJTF, theater or national GEOINT systems sup-port.

l Ensuring GEOINT and other intelligence infor-mation is rapidly processed, analyzed, and in-corporated where appropriate in all-sourceintelligence products, and rapidly disseminatedto all MEF and external units requiring these.

l Evaluating JTF, theater, and national GEOINTand all-source intelligence support and adjust-ing stated IRs, if necessary.

l Identifying and correcting deficiencies inGEOINT and other intelligence and reconnais-sance personnel and equipment resources.

l Incorporating exercise GEOINT in training ex-ercises in order to improve MEF individual,collective, and unit readiness.

l Facilitating understanding and use of GEOINTand other intelligence in support of the plan-ning and execution of MEF operations.

(2) G-2 Operations Officer

The G-2 operations officer, under the direction ofthe MEF AC/S G-2, has primary responsibility forintelligence support to the CG and the remainderof the MEF CE in support of current operationsand future operations. Specific all-source and keyGEOINT-related duties include (see figure 2-5)—

l Coordinating and providing intelligence sup-port (to include key GEOINT support) to theCG, the G-3 operations section, and the rest ofthe MEF CE’s battlestaff.

l Serving as the G-2 representative to the MEFCE crisis action team (CAT).

l Coordinating, providing and supervising intel-ligence support to the MEF CE current opera-tions center (COC), future operations center(FOC), and force fires.

l Planning, directing, and supervising the RedCell.

l Providing recommendations on PIR and IR val-idation, prioritization, and taskings to the AC/SG-2 and the ISC.

l Coordinating and supervising the transition ofintelligence planning and operations from G-2plans to G-2 future operations, and from G-2future operations to G-2 current operations, inorder to effectively support the MEF’s “singlebattle” transition process.

l Planning, directing, and supervising MEF liai-son teams to external commands (e.g., the JTFand joint functional components headquarters)and intelligence organizations.

l Coordinating with the ISC and MEF MSCs’G-2 operations officers to ensure unity of effortof MEF intelligence operations.

l Provide intelligence input and other support toMEF warning and fragmentary orders and tooperations related reporting (e.g., periodic situ-ation reports).

l Coordinating intelligence training for the MEFG-2 section and providing G-2 oversight forand integration of the entire MEF intelligencetraining program.

l Accomplishing other intelligence support andtasks as directed by the AC/S G-2.


(3) G-2 Plans OfficerThe G-2 plans officer, under the direction of theMEF AC/S G-2, has primary responsibility for in-telligence support to the MEF CE’s future planscell. Specific all-source and key GEOINT-relatedduties include (see figure 2-5)—

l Planning the MEF concept of intelligence oper-ations for approved by the AC/S G-2 and sub-sequent implementation by the ISC based uponthe mission, threat, commander’s intent, guid-ance, and concept of operations. This conceptof intelligence operations will include a sup-porting GEOINT concept of operations.

l Leading, coordinating, and providing intelli-gence support to MEF G-5 future plans section.

l Planning and coordinating intelligence supportrequirements for and the deployment of intelli-gence elements and resources into the AO.

l Providing recommendations on PIR and IR val-idation, prioritization, and taskings to the AC/SG-2 and the ISC.

l Coordinating, in conjunction with the ISC, G-2development of Annex B (Intelligence) andAnnex M (Geospat ia l Informat ion and

Services) to MEF operations plans (OPLAN),their supporting appendices, and all intelli-gence input to other annexes of OPLANs.

l Keeping the G-2 section, other CE staff sec-tions, intelligence liaison personnel, augment-ees, and others as appropriate apprised of MEFintelligence planning actions and requirements.

l Identifying requirements and providing recom-mendations to the G-2 operations officer forMEF intelligence liaison teams to externalcommands (e.g., the JTF or other components’headquarters) and intelligence agencies.

l Coordinating and developing policies for MEFintelligence, CI, and reconnaissance operations.

l Planning, directing, and supervising the MEFG-2’s imagery and mapping, CI/HUMINT,SIGINT, and weather sections.


(4) Intelligence Battalion Commander/Intelli-gence Support Coordinator The intelligence battalion commander is responsi-ble for planning and directing, collecting,processing, producing and disseminating

Figure 2-5. MEF G-2 Division Principal Staff Officers and Relationships.

2-8_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

intelligence, and providing counterintelligencesupport to the MEF, MEF MSCs, subordinateMAGTFs, and other commands as directed.

(a) Garrison In garrison, the principal task of the intel bn com-mander is to organize, train, and equip detach-ments that support MAGTFs or other designatedcommands to execute integrated collection, intel-ligence analysis, production and dissemination ofintelligence products. The composition of intel bnis shown in figure 2-6.

(b) Actual OperationsDuring operations, the intel bn commander is du-al-hatted as the ISC1, serving under the directstaff cognizance of the MEF AC/S G-2. The intelbn’s S-3 section with the operations center ele-ment of the MEF G-2 forms the core of the ISCsupport effort, with planning, direction, and C2conducted within the IOC’s support cell. ISC isresponsible to the MEF AC/S G-2 for the overallplanning and execution of MEF all-source intelli-

gence operations. Specific all-source and keyGEOINT responsibilities of the ISC during actualoperations include—

l Implementing the concept of intelligence oper-ations (and the supporting GEOINT concept ofoperations) developed by the G-2 plans officerand approved by the AC/S G-2.

l Establishing and supervising operation of theMEF intelligence operations center (IOC),which includes the support cell, the surveil-lance and reconnaissance cell (SARC), and theP&A cell (see figure 2-7.). Generally, the IOCwill be co-located with the MEF CE’s mancommand post.

l Developing, consolidating, validating, and pri-oritizing2 recommended PIRs and IRs to sup-port MAGTF planning and operations.

l Planning, developing, integrating, and coordi-nating MEF intelligence collection, production,and dissemination plans, to include the effec-tive organic and external integration and em-ployment of MAGTF GEOINT as well as MEF

1. During garrison operations, many of the tasks listed here are the responsibility of the G-2 operations officer.

2. The ISC is tasked to perform PIR and IR validation only during actual operations when the IOC is activated.During routine peacetime operations the PIR/IR validation and prioritization tasks are the responsibility ofthe MEF CE’s G-2 operations officer.

Figure 2-6. Intelligence Battalion.


IMINT, SIGINT, counterintelligence (CI),HUMINT, ground remote sensors, ground re-connaissance, and tactical air reconnaissanceintelligence collections, production, and dis-semination operations.

l Developing and completing Annex B (Intelli-gence) and Annex M (Geospatial Informationand Services) to MEF operations orders(OPORD), their supporting appendices, and allintelligence input to other annexes of OPORDsin conjunction with the G-2 plans officer andG-2 operations officer.

l Planning, developing, integrating, and coordi-nating intelligence and CI support to the com-mander’s estimate, situation development,indications and warning, force protection, tar-geting, and combat assessment.

l Managing and fusing the threat (or red) COP/CTP inputs from subordinate units and externalcommands and intelligence agencies into theMEF CE's threat COP/CTP.

l Providing intelligence support to the MEF CEG-2 section and the MSCs.

l Preparing the intelligence and CI estimates tosupport G-2 plans.

l Planning, developing, and coordinating intelli-gence communications and information sys-tems architecture, to include its integration with

and support of MEF GEOINT and other intelli-gence and reconnaissance requirements.

l Coordinating and integrating MEF GEOINTand all-source intelligence operations with oth-er service components, JTF joint intelligencesupport element (JISE), theater JIC or JAC, andnational intelligence agencies and operations,to include all aspects of intelligence reach-backsupport.

l Assisting with the evaluation and improvementof MEF GEOINT and all-source intelligenceoperations.


See table 2-1 on page 2-10 for a summary of theprincipal responsibilities of the AC/S, G-2’s,three principal staff subordinate officers.)

(5) Collection Management/Dissemination Officer

The CMDO is sourced from the intel bn’s S-3section and is key subordinate to the intel bn com-mander/ISC during operations. The CMDO is re-sponsible for formulating detailed intelligencecollection requirements (ICRs) and intelligencedissemination requirements (IDR) and taskingand coordinating internal and external operations

Figure 2-7. Intelligence Operations Center.

2-10 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

to satisfy these. The CMDO receives validatedPIRs and IRs and direction from the ISC, and thenplans and manages the best methods to employorganic and supporting collection and dissemina-tion resources through the intelligence collectionand dissemination plans, which includes GEOINTelements.

The CMDO is also responsible for validating andforwarding national and theater GEOINT and oth-er collection requests from the MEF and MSCstypically using appropriate intelligence tools andTTP. The CMDO also is responsible for coordi-nating intelligence CIS requirements and main-taining awareness of available CIS connectivitythroughout the MAGTF and with key external or-ganizations. During operations, the CMDO workswithin the support cell.

In coordination with the P&A cell OIC, the SARCOIC, G-2 operations officer, GEOINT-relatedunit COs/OICs, and the MEF G-6, the CMDO isresponsible to the ISC for the fol lowingGEOINT-related tasks.

l Determining and coordinating the collection ef-fort of PIRs/IRs that may be collected viaGEOINT and supporting resources (i.e., forcereconnaissance company, UAVs, engineerunits).

l Determining of PIRs/IRs and preparation of re-quests for intelligence (RFI) that are beyond or-ganic capabilities and preparing submissions tohigher headquarters and external agencies forsupport.

l Recommending dissemination priorities, devel-opment of intelligence reporting criteria, andadvising on and selecting dissemination means.

l Developing and coordinating GEOINT and all-source intelligence collection plans, coordinat-ing and integrating these with MEF, other com-ponents, JTF, theater, and national intelligenceproduction operations.

l Developing and coordinating GEOINT and all-source intelligence dissemination operationalplans and supporting architectures for bothvoice and data networked communications andcoordinates and integrates these with MEF,other components, JTF, theater, and nationalintelligence CIS and dissemination operations.

Table 2-1. AC/S G-2’s Principal Subordinate Staff Officers and Their Responsibilities.

ISC G-2 OPS O G-2 PLANS O

Plan and execute of intel ops to support all MEF IRs

Intelligence support to MEF CE battlestaff and current ops cen-ter agencies

Intelligence support to theG-5 future planning team for future planning IRs

Establish and direct the IOC (P&A cell, SARC, and sup-port cell)

Coordinate support to higher and adjacent headquarters and agencies

Recommends IR validation, prioritization, and tasking to AC/S G-2

IR management (collection, production, and dissemina-tion) validation, prioritization, and tasking per AC/S G-2 direction

Recommends IR validation, prioritization, and tasking to AC/S G-2

Establish and direct the G-2 future planning intelligence element

Intel ops command of intel bn and staff cognizance over SIGINT, CI, HUMINT, MAS-INT, IMINT, and air-ground recon (includes staff cogni-zance of designated G-2 elements)

Establish and direct intelli-gence elements and support to the COC, FOC, tgt intel sec, force fires, red cell, and MEF intelligence liaison teams

G-2 section’s imagery and mapping, CI/HUMINT, SIGINT, and weather sec-tions (less that under staff cognizance of the ISC)


l Monitoring the flow of GEOINT throughoutthe MAGTF and ensuring that it is delivered tointended recipients in a timely fashion and sat-isfactorily meets their needs.

l Evaluating the effectiveness of MEF and sup-porting GEOINT collection and disseminationoperations.

(6) Surveillance and Reconnaissance Cell OIC

The SARC OIC is also an immediate subordinateof the ISC and is responsible for supervising theexecution of the integrated organic, attached, anddirect support intelligence collection and recon-naissance operations (see table 2-1). The SARCOIC is responsible to the ISC for accomplishingthe following specific GEOINT-related responsi-bilities include—

l Coordinating, monitoring, and maintaining thestatus of all ongoing GEOINT collection opera-tions. This includes—

n Missions, tasked ICRs, and reporting cri-teria for all collection missions.

n Locations and times for all pertinent firesupport control measures.

n Primary and alternate CIS plans for bothroutine and time-sensitive requirements,both for GEOINT collectors as well as be-tween the collectors or the SARC and keyMEF CE and MSC C2 nodes, in order tosupport ongoing C2 of GEOINT collec-tion operations and dissemination of ac-quired data and intelligence.

l Conducting detailed GEOINT collection, plan-ning, and coordination with the MSCs andGEOINT organizations planners, with empha-sis on ensuring understanding of the collectionplan and specified intelligence reporting crite-ria.

l Ensuring other MAGTF C2 nodes (e.g., thecurrent operations center, force fires) are ap-prised of ongoing GEOINT and other intelli-gence and reconnaissance operations.

l Receiving routine and time-sensitive GEOINT-related reports from deployed collection ele-

ments; cross-cueing among intelligence collec-t o r s , a s app rop r i a t e ; and t he r ap iddissemination of GEOINT reports to MAGTFC2 nodes and others in accordance with intelli-gence reporting criteria and dissemination plan.

(7) Production and Analysis Cell OIC

The P&A cell OIC is the third principal subordi-nate to the ISC, with primary responsibility formanaging and supervising the MEF’s all-sourceintelligence processing and production efforts(see table 2-1).

Key all-source and GEOINT-related responsibili-ties include—

l Planning, directing, and managing operationsof the all-source fusion platoon (to include thefusion, order of battle, IPB, and target intelli-gence and/or battle damage assessment teams),the topographic platoon, the imagery intelli-gence platoon (IIP), the direct support teams(DST), and other analysis and production ele-ments as directed.

l Maintaining all-source automated intelligencedata bases, files, workbooks, country studiesand other intelligence studies,

l Planning and maintaining imagery, mapping,and topographic resources and other intelli-gence references.

l Administering, integrating, operating, andmaintaining intelligence processing and pro-duction systems, both unclassified general ser-vice (GENSER) and SCI information systems(e.g., the topographic production capability,image product library, JDISS, IAS).

l Analyzing and fusing GEOINT with other in-telligence into tailored all-source intelligenceproducts to satisfy all supported commanders’stated or anticipated PIRs and IRs.

l Developing and maintaining current and futureintelligence situational, threat, and environ-mental assessments and target intelligencebased upon all-source analysis, interpretation,and integration.

2-12 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

b. Key GEOINT Producers Responsibilities

(1) Geospatial Analysis Branch, MCIA

The Geospatial Analysis Branch (GAB), MCIA,provides a dedicated Marine Corps Service-levelproduction capability focused on producing andmaintaining GI and GEOINT. This branch pro-vides GEOINT production support to the operat-ing forces, HQMC, MCCDC, the Marine CorpsUniversity (MCU), and other supporting estab-lishment organizations.

Through web-based technologies, the GAB pro-vides a l imited reach-back capabil i ty forMAGTFs and other organizations requiring GIand tailored GEOINT. This capability is expand-ing. It will provide a dedicated production envi-ronment that supports deliberate and crisis query,receipt, analysis, production, and dissemination ofGI and GEOINT for MAGTF requirements with-in the littoral regions of the world. The GEOINTmust be detailed enough to support tactical analy-sis, planning, and decisionmaking. In addition, itmust serve as the frame of reference for the fusionof information and intelligence from other sourc-es (e.g., environmental, logistical, operational, in-telligence, diplomatic). Further, the GEOINT willsupport rapid intensification with even greaterdensity to meet the mission specific requirementsof deployed MAGTFs (see figure 2-8).

(a) Mission

The GAB provides GI and GEOINT support tooperating forces’ contingency planning and otherGEOINT requirements which are not satisfied byorganic, theater, other Service or nationalGEOINT research and analysis capabilities. It al-so provides tailored GI and GEOINT support tothe Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC), thestaff and the supporting establishment. The GABmaintains the Marine Corps Geospatial Informa-tion Library (MCGIL) and provides a validationand standardization point of entry into the nation-al GEOINT distributive and collaborative produc-tion network.

(b) Organization

The GAB is under Intelligence Production Divi-sion, MCIA. The branch consists of five civilians(GS-14 to GS-07) and two staff sergeants, geo-graphic intelligence specialists, (MOS 0261). Allproduction requirements are established, tracked,and coordinated with Operations/ProductionManagement, MCIA.

(c) Responsibilities

Through prioritized production tasking from theCMC, the operating forces, and the supporting es-tablishment, the GAB—

l Queries, retrieves, integrates, deconflicts, andanalyzes multisource GI from national, interna-tional, joint, coalition, and other Services toproduce timely, relevant GEOINT in support ofvalidated requirements.

l Supports the rapid integration of national databases and products to support forward de-ployed MAGTFs by providing access to theMCGIL for a smart push/pull capability. TheMCGIL client and server is connected to multi-ple communication paths (e.g., INTELINK,SIPRNET, GBS, MAGTF TDN) to support thetopo plt and all deployed GITs with access tothe national production network. Future imple-mentations will establish GAB as a NIMA-trusted coproducer with the commensuratecapability to access and insert data in the na-tional repositories.

Figure 2-8. GAB GEOINT Support Relationships.


l Supports the GIMO in establishing policy andstandards for implementing NIMA and DODdata bases in accordance with USIGS.

l Provides assistance to MAGTFs in establishingand maintaining their TGILs.

l Populates and maintains the Marine CorpsGEOINT repository for all littoral areas withinthe USIGS production network. This MCGILcapability supports the intensification and gen-eration of detailed terrain studies using all-source GI to create GEOINT products such asland use classification, slope, trafficabilitystudies, LOC, and soils and obstacles. Theseproducts are geodetically referenced, producedin soft-copy format, and disseminated in hard-copy, electronic or digital format. Unclassifieddata may be enhanced with digital highresolution video products for the widest possi-ble dissemination.

l Provides a technical forum for evaluatingemerging data bases and new product, system,and software technologies. This evaluation sup-ports interoperability and standardization by fa-cilitating integration and training requirementsbefore new equipment and software are fieldedto operating forces.

(d) Tasks


(2) Topograhic Platoon, Intelligence Battalion

The topo plt, intel bn provides each MEF an or-ganic, GEOINT analysis, production, and dissem-ination capability for tailored geographic viewsand other GEOINT activities in general support ofMEFs or supported commands’ IRs. The topo pltis under the command of the intelligence battal-ion. During operations, intel bn (or its detach-ments) is under the operational control (OPCON)of the supported unit’s commander, with staffcognizance of it being executed by the unit’s in-telligence officer. The topo plt receives its pro-duc t ion r equ i r emen t s f rom the in t e l bncommander/ISC with staff assistance by the G-2GI&S section and the intel bn production andanalysis company (P&A Co.) commander/P&Acell OIC. This coordination ensures availabilityand interoperability of the geospatial data base

within a theater of operations and the overalleffectiveness of MEF GEOINT operations andsupport.

(a) MissionTopographic platoon provides tailored GI andGEOINT products, geodetic and topographic sur-veys, coastal and riverine hydrographic analysis,and other GEOINT products and services insupport of the MEF and other organizations asdirected.

(b) OrganizationThere are three Marine Corps topo plts, one or-ganic to each MEF’s intel bn. The first and secondtopo plts have a T/O of 1 officer and 42 enlisted.The third topo plt T/O has 1 officer and 34 enlist-ed. The topo ply is comprised of enlistedGEOINT specialists (MOS 0261). They providethe expertise necessary to plan, produce, and dis-seminate critical GEOINT. The platoon com-mander is an intelligence officer (MOS 0202).Each topo plt is organized around two separatefunctional areas. The GEOINT section is focusedon integration, value-adding, and production ofGEOINT and the population of the TGIL in sup-port of all elements of the MAGTF. The geodetic/hydrographic survey section is focused on tacticalGEOINT collection for intensification and value-adding new attributes to the GEOINT section’sgeospatial data base. (See figure 2-9.) During tac-tical operations, emphasis is on GEOINT analysisand production to support MAGTF mission-specific requirements and other IRs.

Figure 2-9. Topographic Platoon Organization.

2-14 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

A single topo plt is capable of simultaneouslysupporting three MEU(SOC)S/SPMAGTFs in ad-dition to the MEF. Additionally, the topo plt canprovide the following task-organized capabilitiesto various levels of the MAGTF:

l GISTs are the principal GEOINT support topoplt may provide to MSCs. A GIST is normallya four-Marine team of GEOINT specialistswith specialized equipment. The team may beeither attached to or placed in direct support ofa MAGTF, a MSC or a subordinate unit. Nor-mally, it will operate under the staff cognizanceof the unit intelligence officer. The mission,tasks, and functions of the GIST parallel thoseof the topo plt.

l GITs are the principal GEOINT support topoplt provides to the MEU(SOC). Normally, aGIT is a two-Marine team of GEOINT special-ists with specialized equipment. This team isattached to the MEU(SOC) CE under the staffcognizance of the S-2. The mission, tasks,and functions of the GIT parallel those of thetopo plt.

Note: GITs are sourced from the MEU supportteam section, intel bn [T/O 4717 and 4717M].(When not deployed, these teams will be integrat-ed into topo plt’s operations.)

(c) Responsibilities

l Plans MAGTF GEOINT operations per ISCtasking and provides the following GI&S andtailored GEOINT support to MAGTFs and oth-er commands as directed:

n Provides tailored, mission-oriented topo-graphic map products to supplement stan-dard NIMA maps and charts.

n Coordinates with CMDO, SARC OIC,and P&A cell OIC, and other MAGTFand supporting intelligence, reconnais-sance, and combat units to collect, ana-l yze , syn the s i ze , p roduce , anddisseminate geographic information andintelligence and to assist with all-sourceintell igence production (e.g. , HLZstudies).

n Prepares map substitutes such as overlays,overprints, photomosaics, map revisions,and multicolor charts.

n Revises and reproduces limited quantitiesof combat charts, coastal charts, portcharts, and harbor charts. Products mayinclude three-dimensional terrain mod-els, LOS studies, range fan studies, terrainfactor overlays, hydrographic charts,l and ing zone s tud ies , and s imi la rproducts.

n Prepares coastal hydrographic surveysfrom the 6-fathom depth curve (or fromwhere the Navy ocean survey ends) to thehigh-water line. The survey is extendedbeyond the beach to the first line of com-munications that allows lateral movementbehind the beach.

n Collects coastal data regarding trafficabil-ity, routes of egress, and inland waterbodies.

l Populates the TGIL with data bases to supportall MAGTF requirements.

l Supports specific missions, target areas, andIRs by rapidly integrating and intensifying ad-ditional information.

l Operates the topographic set (TOPOSET).TOPOSET is a multiworkstation, high-end,geographic information system (GIS) that is ca-pable of integrating, deconflicting, analyzing,producing, and disseminating theater, Service,and nat ional geospat ial data bases andGEOINT products (see appendix D). Using theTOPOSET, the topo plt can—

n Provide rapid integration and analysis ofmultispectral, hyperspectral, and nationalimagery with GEOINT and other intelli-gence.

n Provide the commander with a geospatialintelligence capability within a designatedbattlespace.

n Query, retrieve, integrate, deconflict, andanalyze multisource GI provided byGAB, joint, other Services, and coalitionGI&S and GEOINT data bases.


(d) TasksRefer to appendix C.

2003. National Support

a. National Imagery and Mapping Agency

(1) MissionNIMA provides timely, relevant, and accurate im-agery, imagery intelligence, and GI to support na-tional security objectives and to meet national andmilitary operational and training needs.

(2) OrganizationNIMA, the newest DOD combat support agency,was established by the National Imagery andMapping Act of 1996. In recognition of its uniqueresponsibilities and global mission, NIMA is al-so designated a part of the U.S. intelligence com-munity.

(3) Responsibilitiesl Coordinates imagery collection, processing, ex-

ploitation, and dissemination requirementsamong DOD, intelligence community, NationalSecurity Council, and other Federal Govern-ment agencies and departments.

l Serves as the clearinghouse for the acquisitionof commercial imagery collection and GI datasets (see figure 2-10).

l Provides strategic direction support by—n Identifying and obtaining products and

services available from other activitiesthat meet customer needs.

n Establishing an easily accessible database with the information and applica-tions that customers require.

n Transitioning from custom systems toflexible commercial solutions. (Uses in-novative and open systems technology toreduce overhead costs and provides thebest solutions. Develops custom systemsonly when commercial solutions are inad-equate.)

n Defining and leading the USIGS devel-opment, to include defining operational,technical, and systems views of theUSIGS architecture to permit organiza-tions to share data, services, and re-sources.

n Using partnerships with other U.S. andforeign governmental organizations, com-mercial organizations, and schools to le-verage strengths and to share resourcesand the workload.

n Developing policies to facilitate NIMAand USIGS activities. That support NI-MA’s goals to provide information at thelowest possible classification levels, toestablish partnerships, and to purchasecommercial products and services.

(4) Tasks

l Consolidates and deconflicts combatant com-manders’ GI&S requirements and priorities forapproval by the joint staff and Assistant Secre-tary of Defense, C4I; then assign resourcesagainst those requirements for production anddistribution.

l Provides a full range of GI&S data bases, prod-ucts, and services to support missions identifiedby the joint strategic capabilities plan, whilecontinuing to provide required essential sup-port to navigation and flight safety.

l Maintains immediate crisis response capabili-ty to support major regional conflicts, peaceFigure 2-10. NIMA GI&S and GEOINT Support.

2-16 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

operations, intervention, and humanitarian as-sistance operations.

l Coordinates with other agencies or civiliancontractors for surge support for crisis or con-tingency operation production.

l Deploys command support teams at the requestof DOD components to assist in support plan-ning or execution of GI&S support.

l Maintains a command, Service, and agency li-aison program; conducts frequent staff assis-tance visits in an effort to identify and satisfyDOD component GI&S requirements.

l Promotes unified, joint, combined, and coali-tion operations by adopting or promulgatingGI&S standards within DOD, the FederalGovernment, and international military andcivil standard organizations.

l Acquires and assesses foreign generated GI&Sproducts and data bases for use by DOD.

l Acts as the primary DOD executive agent forpurchases of satellite remote sensing data forthe Services, combatant commanders, and de-fense agencies.

l Promotes joint GI&S operations and TTP de-velopment among the Services and federalagencies.

l Develops, maintains, and operates the nationalGI&S data library.

l Conducts or requests Service GI&S assets toconduct collection of conventional geodetic,satellite geodetic, astronomic, gravimetric, to-pographic, hydrographic, bathymetric, and geo-magnetic data, as well as aerial cartographicphotography.

b. Marine Corps Customer Support Team, NIMA

(1) Mission

The Marine Corps customer support team(COTM), NIMA, is the focal point for MarineCorps customer support and ensures GI&S re-quirements are identified and satisfied.

(2) Organization

The COTM is part of the NIMA customer supportoffice. NIMA, Operations Directorate, controls

the customer support office and NIMA’s produc-tion resources.


l Understands and coordinates NIMA resourcesand support to meet Marine Corps needs.

l Assesses, defines, and tasks customer needsinto NIMA production actions.

l Provides single point of accountability toMarine Corps for requirements satisfaction.

l Prioritizes Marine Corps needs into NIMA’sbusiness plans.

l Manages the execution of Marine Corps pro-grams approved for development.

l Evaluates Marine Corps satisfaction withNIMA GI&S programs.

l Communicates and accounts to the MarineCorps GIMO for the level and quality of ser-vice provided.

l Provides feedback on status of Marine Corpsproduction requirements.

l Provides GI&S production expertise to Marineoperating forces.

c. NIMA Customer Liaison Officer

(1) Mission

NIMA’s customer liaison officer (CLO) to theMarine Corps facilitates the exchange of imageryand GI policy and procedural issues; planning,programming, and budgeting issues; requirementsmanagement; and other activities of common in-terest.

(2) Organization

The CLO is assigned to the NIMA COTM but re-sides in the Marine Corps GIMO, MCIA. TheCLO executes all tasks in coordination withCOTM and the GIMO.


l Represents the Director, NIMA, within theMarine Corps GIMO and other Marine Corpscommands.

l Establishes, conducts, and maintains liaisonwith HQMC, MARFORs, and other MarineCorps staffs.


l Informs COTM and GIMO of activities, plans,and issues relevant to mutual organizational in-terests and responsibilities. This includes, butare not limited to, major changes in perfor-mance, operating policy, staffing, and daily op-erations. The CLO will ensure items of mutualinterest are fully developed, well-coordinated,and effectively executed or addressed. In addi-tion, the CLO coordinates activities and re-quests for support through COTM.

l Develops functional knowledge of MarineCorps responsibilities, missions, goals, needs,and requirements while enhancing NIMA’s un-derstanding and appreciation of Marine Corpsoperational capabilities.

l Coordinates with HQMC, MARFORs,MAGTFs, intel bn, subordinate commands, andother Marine Corps activities to enhance theirunderstanding of NIMA's missions, functions,capabilities, responsibilities, and combat sup-port operations.

l Provides the status of Marine Corps imagery,geospatial, and GEOINT requirements.

l Assists and trains Marine Corps customersin the imagery and GI product acquisitionprocess.

l Coordinates with COTM, GIMO, and NIMAtechnical representatives on all issues that af-fect Marine operating forces.

d. NIMA Geospatial Technical Representatives

(1) Mission

The geospatial technical representatives (GTRs)train and work with the MEF intelligence person-nel to integrate GI&S and future USIGS capabili-ties into the MEF operations. They also evaluatethe use of GI&S and USIGS concepts and prod-ucts supporting the MAGTF mission.

(2) Organization

The GTRs are an extension of the COTM andCLO collocated with the topo plt. The GTRs pro-

vide direct access to the NIMA geospatial librar-ies and support interoperability between the topoplt and NIMA GI. The GTRs execute all tasks incoordination with guidance provided by COTM,CLO, and the MEF GI&S chief.


l Serves as the focal point for NIMA GI&S ac-tivity within each MEF.

l Assists each MEF in the identification of GI&Srequirements.

l Installs and maintains NIMA application soft-ware and new NIMA prototype and products asthey become available; familiarizes topo pltpersonnel with the software application.

l Trains topo plt and MEF intelligence personnelin the use of NIMA data use and applicationsfor planning and integration into organizationalsystems.

l Develops, maintains, and presents demonstra-tions of current and projected GI&S capabili-ties.

l Evaluates GI&S software and data and reportsfindings to COTM, CLO, GIMO, MEF, intelbns, and topo plts.

l Coordinates all actions affecting MAGTFswith COTM, CLO, GIMO, MEF, intel bns, andtopo plts.

l Provides technical support for NIMA productsused in MAGTF systems.

l Assists in development of TTPs for rapid gen-eration of new data or intensification of exist-ing data sets.

l Assists in technical reviews of developmentaldata sets, products, systems, and associateddocuments to ensure standard NIMA data isused and new GI&S products requirements arepromptly identified.

l Assists the topo plt in the technical use ofGI&S and USIGS products.

l Assists technically with the integration ofNIMA’s USIGS concept in MAGTF architec-tures and migration plans.

Chapter 3

Planning

All aspects of MAGTF operations require the ca-pability to plan for, receive, and visualize relevantGEOINT to assist the commander’s planning anddecisionmaking processes. Both GI and GEOINTmust be timely, complete, current, geolocationallyaccurate, integrated, and deconflicted throughoutall phases of an operation. This chapter serves asGEOINT planning guide to support MAGTFoperations. It gives an overview of the planning

process and explains the GEOINT roles and re-sponsibilities in deliberate and crisis planning. Italso defines the GI and GEOINT available to sup-port the planning process. In addition, the chapteraddresses sources of GEOINT and provides guid-ance on the identification and acquisition ofGEOINT at various unit levels in a theater ofoperations.

Section I. Planning Process

3101. Marine Corps Planning Process

The MCPP helps organize the thought processesof commanders and their staffs throughout theplanning and execution of MAGTF operations. Itfocuses on the threat and mission and is based onthe Marine Corps warfighting philosophy of ma-neuver warfare. It capitalizes on unity effort andhelps establish and maintain tempo. MCWP 5-1,Marine Corps Planning Process, provides de-tailed MCPP doctrine and TTP.

Performing the MCPP steps can be as detailed oras abbreviated as time, staff resources, experi-ence, and the situation permit. It applies to com-mand and s t a f f ac t ions a t a l l e che lons .Commanders and staff members from the MarineCorps component headquarters to the battalionand squadron level must master the MCPP to par-ticipate fully in integrated planning. In addition,the MCPP complements deliberate or crisis actionplanning (CAP) as outlined in the Joint OperationPlanning and Execution System (JOPES).

The MCPP establishes procedures for analyzing amission, developing and analyzing COAs againstthe threat and environment, comparing friendly

COAs against the commander’s criteria and eachother, selecting a COA, and preparing orders forexecution. The MCPP organizes the planning pro-cess into six steps (see figure 3-1 on page 3-2).

This planning process provides the commanderand staff a means to organize their planning activ-ities and convey the plan to subordinates and sub-ordinate commands. Through this process, alllevels of command can begin the planning effortwith a common understanding of the mission andcommander’s guidance. Interactions among plan-ners during the various steps ensures a concurrent,flexible, coordinated effort that efficiently usestime available and promotes information sharing.

a. Mission Analysis As the first step in planning, mission analysisdrives the MCPP. The purpose of mission analy-sis is to review and analyze orders, guidance, andother information provided by higher headquar-ters and to produce a unit mission statement.

b. COA DevelopmentIn this step, planners use the mission statement(which includes higher headquarter’s tasking andintent) and their commander’s intent and plan-ning guidance to develop the COA(s). Each

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prospective COA is examined to ensure it com-plies with the current and anticipated situation,the mission, and the commander’s intent.Commander-approved COAs are then developedin greater detail.

c. COA(s) War GameCOA(s) wargaming involves a detailed assess-ment of each COA as it pertains to the enemy andthe battlespace. Each friendly COA is war gamedagainst selected threat COAs. COA wargaminghelps the planners identify strengths and weak-nesses, associated risks, and asset shortfalls foreach friendly COA. In addition, COA wargamingwill identify branches and potential sequels thatmay require additional planning. Short of actuallyexecuting the COA, COA wargaming providesthe most reliable basis for understanding and im-proving each COA.

d. COA Comparison and DecisionIn this MCPP step, the commander evaluates allfriendly COAs and selects the COA that he deemsmost likely to accomplish the mission. Eachfriendly COA is compared against established cri-teria and then against each other.

e. Orders DevelopmentUsing the mission statement and the command-er’s COA decision, intent, and guidance, the staffdevelops orders to direct the actions of the unitand supporting forces.

f. Transition Transition is an orderly handoff of a plan or orderto those tasked with execution of the operation.This step provides those who will execute theplan or order with the situational awareness andrationale for key decisions necessary to ensure acoherent shift from planning to execution.

3102. Joint Planning Processes

Joint Publication (JP) 5-00.2, Joint Task Force(JTF) Planning Guidance and Procedures, pro-vides a detailed discussion of the joint planningprocesses.

a. Joint Deliberate Planning The deliberate planning process is used by thejoint staff and CINCs to develop plans in sup-port of national strategy. The Joint Strategic

Figure 3-1. Marine Corps Planning Process.


Capabilities Plan (JSCP) assigns forces and re-sources to the combatant commanders and theirService component commanders for use duringdeliberate planning. Figure 3-2 illustrates how theMCPP fits within and supports the joint deliberateplanning process.

b. Crisis Action PlanningCAP is conducted when national interests arethreatened and a military response is being con-sidered. The time available for CAP planning atthe national level may be as little as a few days.CAP procedures promote the logical, rapid flowof information and the timely preparation of cam-paign plans or joint OPORDs. Figure 3-3 on page3-4 illustrates how the MCPP fits within and sup-ports the joint crisis action planning process.

3103. Roles of GI and GEOINT in the MCPP

The emerging DOD and Marine Corps GI willsupport the MAGTF’s requirements for accurate,

high-resolution, mission-focused GI. GEOINTand GI in the planning process provides—

l Consistent and documented set of FD with nearglobal coverage.

l FD intensification capability to meet specificmission information and intelligence needs.

l Consistent data quality information (positionalaccuracy, currency, completeness, correctnessof attribution) to support more informed ex-ploitation by users.

l Improved access to digital information usingweb-based technologies.

l GI interoperability across diverse systems andamong coproducers.

l Robust analytical capabilities. l Integrate and deconflict data capability from

multiple sources. l Tactical or exploit data from other providers

adding capability to create tailored views. l Additional information to support and enhance

collaborative planning throughout the MAGTF.

Figure 3-2. The MCPP and the Joint Deliberate Planning Process.

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3104. GEOINT Planning Considerations

a. Essential Elements of Terrain Information During initial planning, GEOINT will identifygaps in EETIs that must be answered to completean accurate view of the battlespace. These EETIswill help planners generate IRs for submission tothe MAGTF intelligence officer. The CMDO andthe MIO must identify tactical, theater or nationalsources to fill these EETIs and IRs. In many cas-es, the GI will also support a collaborative all-source GEOINT production capability able tosupport deployed forces EETIs and IRs.

b. Coordination Requirements

The MEF I&M section and intelligence battal-ion’s topographic platoon, support cell, and P&Acell are the focal points for coordination of

GEOINT and GI requirements. Coordinationwithin the MEF command element must be estab-lished as part of the staff planning process. Thiscoordination ensures GI and GEOINT identifica-tion, prioritization, analysis, collection, produc-tion, and dissemination is provided to all MAGTFelements. In addition, coordination within theMarine Corps GI supports collaborative planningand production.

c. Position and NavigationThe MAGTF must be prepared to conduct opera-tions in air, land, and sea environments. Duringpeacetime, MAGTF units and platforms mustconform to applicable national and internationalagreements for controlled airspace, coastal, andinland areas. The MAGTF’s position and naviga-tion systems must have access to global GI cover-age, effective real-time response, and commongrid and map datum information and accuracy.Increased emphasis within urban environments

Figure 3-3. The MCPP and the Joint Crisis Action Planning Process.


will require more information content and resolu-tion to provide a stable and accurate geospatialframework.

d. Preferred Geodetic Datum A datum is any numerical or geometrical quantityor set of quantities which may serve as a referenceor base to measure other quantities. In geographicterms, a datum is a mathematical model of theEarth’s shape used as a basic reference to calcu-late position coordinates, heights, and distancesand also to make maps. The datum is the origin orpoint of reference. Many countries have devel-oped their own datums, which usually differ fromthose of neighboring countries. The DOD stan-dard datum is the WGS-84. All NIMA productsand data bases are, or will be, developed and builtusing this datum.

e. Global Positioning SystemsGEOINT is an integral part of every navigation,C2, mission planning, fire support, intelligence,weapons, and logistic operation and system. All

must be linked by a common reference system.The default geodetic reference system used by theglobal positioning system (GPS) is the WGS-84datum. In some operations, the mapping datummust be shifted to local datum (such as Tokyo da-tum) for combined or multinational support.When using the GPS system, the user mustchange the datum setting to ensure common coor-dinates are being reported amongst all forces in-volved in the operation.

f. Product Accuracy

The accuracy of both soft- and hard-copyGEOINT maps and other products depends on thescale, resolution, and sources used to producethem. This accuracy level must be consideredwhen comparing map coordinates to those de-rived by GPS or high resolution imagery. NIMA’sdigital point positioning data base (DPPDB) is theonly authorized source for deriving coordinatesfor precision weapons.

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Section II. Support to the Planning Process

Given today’s nature of joint operations and thebroad scope of operational and warfighting func-tional requirements, MAGTF GI&S and GEOINToperations, products, and services must occur ear-ly in the joint deliberate and crisis action planningprocesses to facilitate timely and effective forceplanning.

3201. Deliberate Planning

Deliberate planning is a longer-term, step-by-stepprocedure (see figure 3-4). The planning effortmust be responsive to the commander’s require-ments and to the requirements of subordinateunits and/or elements. The G-2 plans officer,MEF G-2 I&M section and intel bn must coordi-nate and share information with the intelligenceofficer, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-6, and all subordinatecommanders. Deliberate planning requires—

l Commander’s intent and guidance.l Mission development.l Commander’s estimate and intelligence esti-

mate (including the GEOINT estimate). See ap-pendix E).

l Force list identification.

l Development of the concepts of operations andintelligence.

l Annex M (GI&S) to the supporting OPLAN orOPORD.

The G-2 plans officer, I&M section, the intelli-gence battalion, and the topographic platoon sup-port the deliberate planning process by preparingfor a possible contingency based on the best infor-mation and intelligence available. This effort re-l ies heavily on the poli t ical and mil i tarycircumstances that exist when planning begins.Conducted primarily in peacetime, the deliberateplanning process can engage the entire DOD GIin the development of plans for contingencies.These contingencies are identified in MCIA-1586-001-97, Marine Corps Midrange Threat Es-timate—1997-2007: Finding Order in Chaos (U),and in other strategic and operational planningdocuments.

During deliberate planning, the G-2 plans officer,I&M and the ISC section work closely with sub-ordinate command’s GI&S representatives, ap-propriate combatant commander’s and JTF GI&Sofficers, MCIA, and NIMA to develop a strategyfor future operations GI&S and GEOINT support.All must be fully engaged in the five phases to thedeliberate planning process. (Appendix F pro-vides the MAGTF staff sections general guidanceand considerations to aid with deliberate GI&Splanning activities.)

The following paragraphs discuss GI&S andGEOINT planning from an integrated MCPP and/or joint deliberated planning process perspective.

a. InitiationDuring phase I, the Services provide informationto the supported commands on available GI&S-capable forces and GI&S requirements needed tosupport the plan. The Services accomplish thistask by maintaining a current GI&S planning fac-tors data base (PFDB). The PFDB provides plan-ners with geospatial data requirements for allFigure 3-4. The Deliberate Planning Processes.


weapons, C2, CIS officer, and other systems. ThePFDB also provides the G-2 plans, GI&S andGEOINT planners with an estimate of productquantities needed to support the forces. Duringthis phase, the G-2 plans officer, I&M section andthe ISC should carefully review the PFDB to en-sure all units and weapons systems are included.It is also important to maintain a constant dialogwith the appropriate NIMA customer supportteam to inform them of emerging plans or existingplans modifications.

b. Concept DevelopmentDuring phase II, the supported commander’s con-cept of the operation is developed and document-ed as part of the combatant commander’s strategicconcept. The combatant commander’s staff pre-pares an alternative COA. During this phase, theG-2 plans officer I&M section and the ISC shouldconduct the following actions:

l Submit planning information to the primarystaff to be included in the COA development.

l Work closely with all MEF sections and subor-dinate units’ intelligence officers during theIPB process to provide input on available andrequired geospatial data.

l Prepare the initial GI&S estimate (see appendixE of this publication) and a GI&S concept ofoperations.

l Develop a preliminary geographic footprint(i.e., size) of the AO for the plan. Early AO de-termination is critical information for NIMA,GAB, and the topo plt to begin assessment ofavailable GI&S source materials, data, EETIs,IRs, and production assets.

l Identify and receive combatant commander’s(or JFC’s) guidance on any datum issues. Al-though Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffInstruction (CJCSI) 3900.01, Position Refer-ence Procedures, establishes WGS-84 as thejoint operations standard, this standard may notbe achievable in the short term to support theplan. Many large-scale standard NIMA prod-ucts still exist using other local datums. Theproduction effort to change these products toWGS-84 may not be attainable in the near term.The GI&S section and the ISC must explain da-

tum differences in detail to the MEF and subor-dinate commanders and staffs and their impacton operations. In addition, it must work closelywith the combatant commanders, pertinent JTFcommanders, and subordinate units’ command-ers to provide recommended COAs.

l Identify possible issues that may arise with thedisclosure and release of limited distributionand classified GI&S products and data tomultinational forces. The G-2 plans officer,I&M section and ISC must coordinate these is-sues with the combatant command and NIMA.

c. Plan DevelopmentThe commander’s intent and guidance providesthe basis for plan development by the MEF staff.During phase III, the staff develops annexes andappendices to the basic OPLAN. During thisphase, the G-2 plans officer and ISC, assisted bythe I&M section, should conduct the followingactions:

l Determine existing shortfalls in GI&S cover-age. In conjunction with the combatant com-mand and pe r t i nen t JTF , de t e rmine aproduction strategy to eliminate or reduce therisk of those shortfalls. Also, determine the ap-propriate priority for the production or updateof required geospatial data and products.

l Determine existing shortfalls in GI&S-capableand supporting forces in the MEF. This infor-mation is forwarded to either the HQMC orcombatant command’s GI&S officer for assis-tance.

l Develop Annex M (Geospatial Information andServices) to the basic OPLAN (see appendix Gof this publication for example format).

l Update and produce Appendix 15 (GeographicIntelligence Estimate) to Annex B (Intelli-gence) and Annex m (Geospatial Informationand Services) to the basic OPLAN (see appen-dix E to this publication).

l Assist the P&A cell OIC with development ofAppendix 11 (Intelligence Estimate) to AnnexB of an OPORD and the following tabs to Ap-pendix 8: Tab A (Tactical Study of the Ter-rain), Tab B (Beach Studies), and Tab E(Helicopter Landing Zone and Drop Zone

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Studies). (See appendices H, I, and J of thispublication for formats.)

l Ensure that MEF GI&S assets and products areincluded in the time-phased force and deploy-ment list (TPFDL) to ensure proper movementof critical personnel, equipment, and GI&Sdata and products into the area of operations.For smaller MAGTFs or MEF MSCs, responsi-bility for building the TPFDL records restswith the unit’s intelligence officer. Continuouscoordination with the MEF G-2 and componentand subordinate GI&S sections is required.

d. Plan ReviewDuring this phase, a detailed analysis of theOPLAN supportability is conducted. The MEFmay request the NIMA Marine Corps COTM andthe GIMO to assist in the review. The G-2 plansofficer, with the assistance of the ISC, topo pltand MSC GI&S representatives, conducts the fol-lowing actions:

l Determine the appropriate level of readiness re-quired for the plan. The likelihood of executionand calculation of preparation times is based onI&W. This assessment is forwarded to the com-batant command for input to the final readinesslevel assigned to the OPLAN.

l Review the current status of topographic equip-ment, personnel, training, and MEF and MSCGI&S education and SOPs necessary to supportdeployment and execution of the OPLAN. Lo-cal unit training plans and SOPs will be modi-fied as necessary.

e. Supporting PlansThis phase deals with mobilization, deployment,employment, sustainment, and redeployment offorces and resources in support of the concept de-scribed in the approved plan. During this phase,the G-2 plans officer and ISC should conduct thefollowing actions:

l Ensure support planning identifies the quantityof supplies, equipment, distributive productionsupport, and replacement personnel required tosustain and move the force into theater.

l Task subordinate units to determine their GI&Sbasic load and war reserve stocks (WRS).

l Task subordinate units to provide automaticdistribution requirements to support basic loadand planning stock requirements.

l Ensure subordinate units have included GI&Srequi rements (people , equipment , andproducts) in their time-phased force deploy-ment data (TPFDD) records.

l Ensure subordinate units have included GI&SCIS requirements in their supporting plan.

l Determine locations for WRS storage and coor-dinate for facilities and maintenance plan.Maintenance of the WRS will be accomplishedby either the CINC, NIMA, MEF CE, MAGTFCE or another Service component. The CINC’sOPLAN will delineate responsibilities. In somecases, a memorandum of understanding (MOU)will be prepared to assign maintenance respon-sibilities.

l Plan to implement MAGTF reach-backGEOINT production support from the GABand other sources if necessary.

l Coordinate formal agreements or MOUs tosupport other aspects of the GI&S plan. Exam-ples include provisions for support from hostnations, logistics and distribution support, andthe role of multinational units in GI&S opera-tions.

l Coordinate GI and GEOINT product disclosureand release issues so assigned multinationalforces have access as required.

l Develop a plan for residual unclassified GI&Sstocks that may remain in theater after opera-tions cease. This plan may call for the stocks’destruction, turnover to host nation forces(once proper release and disclosure have beengranted) or shipment back to theater or conti-nental United States (CONUS) depots.

l Dispose of classified GI&S data and productsin accordance with Department of Defense Di-rective (DOD Dir) 5200.1, DOD InformationSecurity Program.

l Develop a plan for documenting lessonslearned and implementing and ensuring allGI&S data, GEOINT, and products arescrubbed, validated, and posted to the GABMCGIL.


3202. Crisis Action Planning

The basic MCPP and joint deliberate planningprocess is adapted to execute operations in crisissituations. CAP procedures provide GI&S plan-ners with an abbreviated process for determiningGI&S support to a rapidly developing MAGTFoperation where no deliberate plan exists or forquickly updating and developing an OPORDbased on a previously developed OPLAN. Al-though all crisis situations cannot be anticipatedfully, detailed analysis and coordination accom-plished during the deliberate planning period willgreatly expedite CAP. The requirements to planGI&S support for crisis operations depends great-ly upon the scope of the mission, how much canbe adapted from existing deliberate plans, and thetotal time available for the CAP process in a givensituation. In some cases, phases may be skipped.To better prepare for this eventuality, commandGI&S staffs and representatives should createtheir own crisis GI&S planning checklists andregularly exercise them.

GI&S support planning for CAP should alwaysbegin with a thorough examination of relevant de-liberate plans (see figure 3-5). CAP and executionare accomplished with a framework of the follow-ing six phases.

a. Situation DevelopmentProper situation development demands staffs beable to provide immediate advice to commanders.The MAGTF I&M section and the ISC must beable to provide the principal staff with thoseGEOINT products, services, and data necessaryfor planning assessments. During this phase, aprimary task of intelligence and GI&S planners isto develop a commander’s situation assessmentand GI&S estimate for GI support. This must pro-vide current and accurate assessments of the com-mand’s GI&S preparedness to execute MAGTFoperations in the AO. The MAGTF G-2 plansofficer and I&M section should make this assess-ment in conjunction with the appropriatecustomer support team from NIMA. The follow-ing data and products must be assessed:

l Geographic footprint of the AO.l GI&S requirements based on the mission, in-

tent, IRs, concept of operations, and forcestructure. The PFDB can be used to determinewhat GI is needed by specific weapons, com-mand and control, and other systems.

l Availability and currency of GI and GEOINTproducts. This requires off-the-shelf CONUS-available products and data or CONUS-basedtopographic assets and depots.

l Preliminary recommendation for GI&S-capa-ble forces to be included in the MAGTF’s taskorganization and the recommended C2 relation-ships.

l Initial CIS requirements estimate in coordina-tion with the G-6. CIS is needed to transmitdigital geospatial data between forward de-ployed units, CONUS production centers, digi-tal data repositions, theater-level data servers,and to multinational forces.

l GI and GEOINT products to be developed orupdated based on prioritized requirements andtime available. The ISC must consider the useof interim products such as satellite imagemaps in lieu of topographic line maps (TLMs),and FD in lieu of MSDS. NIMA can assist indetermining what data can be made available inthe time required.Figure 3-5. Crisis Action Planning Process.

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b. Crisis Assessment The G-2 plans I&M section and ISC continue torefine the MEF GI&S assessment completed inphase I. It begins to consider requirements fortransporting and disseminating required geospa-tial data throughout the MEF. The crisis assess-ment phase ends with the commander’s decisionto develop COAs for consideration and possibleuse. The MAGTF G-2 plans officer, I&M section,and ISC are responsible for conducting the fol-lowing actions during phase II:

l Coordinate with NIMA to ensure they are in-formed of pertinent guidance.

l Identify datum to be used for the operation. l Coordinate with NIMA to place a hold on dis-

tribution of hard-copy products and AO digitalmedia. This will allow GI&S planners to priori-tize the distribution of the required data andproducts to the units involved in the immediateoperation. Units obtaining 15 or fewer productsfor planning purposes will not be restricted bythis delay.

l Coordinate with the JTF to develop and pro-vide NIMA, subordinate and supporting GI&Sstaffs, representatives, supply units, and appro-priate forces with special procedures to usewhen requisitioning products for the AO. Dis-tribution limits and unit priorities must be es-tablished early to prevent depletion of stocksand to ensure priority needs are satisfied.

l Coordinate with the G-4/S-4 and G-6/S-6 earlyin the planning process to determine the effecttransportation and CIS infrastructure status willhave on deployment and dissemination forGI&S products, data, and GI&S production-capable unit operations.

l Coordinate with the MARFOR component andNIMA for GI&S personnel and equipment aug-mentation. NIMA has crisis response teamstrained in requirements planning, GI&S pro-duction, distribution, and map depot warehous-ing operations. When requested by CINC, theseteams can be deployed to theater. NIMA’sDMS may provide technical assistance to jointforces. In addition, global sourcing of Marinepersonnel and equipment may be required toprovide the MAGTF necessary GI&S support.

The following questions should be answeredwhen requesting staff augmentation:

n What is the justification for the request?n What expertise is needed? n Where will teams be located? n When will the teams need to be in place? n What critical hardware or software defi-

ciencies exist, and who needs these? l Coordinate early GI collection and production

priorities and activities with the G-2 operationsofficer, the ISC, the CMDO, and the P&A cellOIC. Coordinate with subordinate and support-ing GI&S-capable units to include those unitsfrom multinational forces, other Service assets,and NIMA to accomplish critical actions whilereducing duplication of effort.

l Coordinate with the G-2, G-3, and G-4 to iden-tify GI&S requirements and/or requests frommultinational forces. Coordinate requests forforeign disclosure and/or release with NIMA.

l Establish points of contact with multinationaland subordinate forces for supply and receipt ofGI&S products and data.

c. COA Development Phase III implements the commander’s guidanceand commences development of the selectedCOA(s). The MAGTF commander analyzes eachCOA and provides recommendations to the JFC.This phase ends with submission of the com-mander’s estimate, which includes the GI&S staffestimate. In this phase, the G-2 plans officer, theI&M section, and the ISC section coordinate withthe JTF, subordinate units, and NIMA for analysisof each COA. Then the section determines the ad-vantages and disadvantages of each COA from aGI&S perspective.

d. COA Selection In phase IV, the MAGTF commander reviews andevaluates staff estimates and decides on a COA.Warning orders may be promulgated with suffi-cient detail to allow subordinate commanders toconduct detailed planning. The focus of the GI&Splanning shifts to the selected COA.


The following actions must be conducted:

l Review the GI&S planning checklist in appen-dix F of this publication for issues to consider.

l Ensure all subordinate GI&S personnel under-stand the organizational structures, command,support, and multinational relationships estab-lished for the mission. Brief subordinate forcesand supporting command intelligence officersand GI&S personnel on key command andcontrol relationships affecting their specificmissions.

l Coordinate with the G-6 to finalize CIS supportfor the MAGTF CE, subordinate units, andsupporting GI&S element. Ensure adequatecommunications bandwidth exists to transmitdigital GI from GEOINT production elementsthroughout the MAGTF. Develop backup pro-cedures for maintaining support to subordinateunits if primary communications are degradedor disrupted.

l Ensure requests for GI&S personnel and equip-ment augmentations are formally submittedand track responses. Coordinate logisticalpreparations for receiving and supportingaugmentees with the MAGTF headquarterscommandant.

l Coordinate final personnel, systems, supply,and equipment requirements with the subordi-nate GI&S sections and representatives. Ensurethese requirements are integrated withinJOPES and the TPFDD.

l Resolve foreign GI disclosure and/or releasepolicies. Finalize requirements to sharegeospatial data. Identify specific products ordata to be shared with allied forces in AnnexM of the OPORD. Inform subordinate GI&Spersonnel of procedures for handling disclo-sure and/or release of geospatial data to for-eign nations. Coordinate with NIMA forsupport being provided to multinational forcesthrough the United Nations or other interna-tional organizations.

l Obtain the status of the crisis production planfrom NIMA and external supporting intelli-gence production centers to cover GI&Sshortfalls.

l Coordinate intra-theater and intra-AO map de-pot establishment and dissemination require-ments with G-4.

e. Execution PlanningPhase V begins with receipt of the alert, warningor planning order from the combatant commanderor JFC. The approved COA is transformed into anOPORD. Detailed planning occurs throughout thejoint planning community. The MAGTF com-mander develops the OPORD by modifying anexisting OPLAN, expanding an existing conceptplan, or developing a new plan. This phase endswith a decision to implement the OPORD. Theplanning emphasis during this phase shifts to fo-cused GEOINT production and to transportationand dissemination requirements. The followingactions must be conducted during this phase:

l Brief and coordinate continuously with subor-dinate units’ intelligence and GI&S staffs re-garding GEOINT priorities and ongoingoperations.

l Finalize any remaining actions that were com-pressed due to the rapid development of the cri-sis situation.

l Revise, complete, and publish Annex M(Geospatial Information and Services) to theOPORD. Refine Appendix 15 (Geographic In-tel l igence Estimate) to Annex B of theOPORD.

l Ensure all subordinate GI&S personnel under-stand the MAGTF’s and supporting units’GI&S support operations concept.

l Ensure C2 relationships have been defined andCIS plans developed for all MAGTF and sup-ported units.

l Apprise the commander of the current status ofGI&S capabilities and limitations and the statusof crisis GI production.

l Brief personnel on the completed OPORD.

f. Execution Once a COA is selected, the JFC issues an exe-cute order to begin phase VI. The execute orderdirects the employment and deployment of forces,defines the timing for initiation of operations, and

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conveys guidance not provided in earlier CAP or-ders and instructions. This phase continues untilthe crisis or mission ends and force redeploymenthas been completed. If the crisis is prolonged, theprocess may be repeated continuously as circum-stances change and missions are revised. If thecrisis expands to a major conflict or war, CAPwill evolve into planning for the conduct of thewar. As soon as the deployment begins, the MEFG-2 plans officer and I&M section coordinate thedeployment of requested GI&S augmentation ofpersonnel and/or equipment to the theater. Theyalso assist the ISC with developing GEOINT pro-duction guidance or all supporting GI&S andGEOINT organizations and elements.

3203. Collection Planning

Intelligence collection planning requires the G-2plans officer and MEF I&M section to coordinatewith the ISC and CMDO, and the G-3/S-3 futureoperations officer to ensure GI EETIs and IRsshortfalls are identified, prioritized, and includedin the MAGTF collection plan. In most cases, theneed for mapping imagery is critical to support in-tensification and value-adding of features and at-t r ibu tes wi th in the TGIL as we l l a s thedevelopment of other GEOINT products. Gener-ally, to support amphibious operations, significanthydrographic collection support will be required.MAGTF collection assets will provide tactical in-formation that supports identification and posi-tioning of essential features and attributes to assistin populating the TGIL for tailored MSDS withindefined targets and/or objective areas. When de-veloping the GEOINT requirements for the col-lection plan, the GI&S planners must evaluate thefollowing information:

l Type of units conducting the operation (e.g., in-fantry, long-haul truck, reconnaissance, avia-tion, civil affairs).

l Type of environment where the unit will be op-erating (e.g., urban, amphibious).

l Type of mission being conducted (e.g., raid,humanitarian, amphibious landing, maneuverwarfare).

l Types of information and resolution necessaryto support the mission (normally established inthe unit and mission profiles).

l GI and GEOINT data base shortfall.

l Best available sources and prioritization basedo n t h e M A G T F c o m m a n d e r ’ s i n t e n t ,commander’s critical information require-ments (CCIRs), and concept of operations.

3204. Processing, Exploitation, and Production Planning

The most critical factors in GEOINT processing,exploitation, and production planning are thecommander’s PIRs and the GEOINT productionactivities adjustments to keep abreast of changingconditions within the battlespace. This planningwill require the ISC and I&M section to be en-gaged with the G-2/S-2, G-3/S-3, G-4/S-4, andG-5 to keep abreast of requirements and to keepthe GEOINT production assets updated. The ISChas principal responsibility for coordinating withthe G-2 operations and plans officer and the P&Acell OIC and topographic platoon commander toprioritize GEOINT and all-source intelligenceproduction requirements. In addition, the ISC isresponsible for ensuring the GEOINT productionschedules are maintained to support MAGTF re-quirements.

3205. Dissemination Planning

The ISC must coordinate GI and GEOINT elec-tronic and hard-copy dissemination with the G-2/S-2 dissemination manager, G-6/S-6, and otherpertinent staff officers. CMDO will lead this ef-fort. The topo plt will require access to supportelectronic dissemination requirements across theGCCS and MAGTF TDN.


The ISC is responsible for—

l Identifying standard MAGTF GI&S productrequirements prepared by NIMA or other exter-nal producers.

l Coordinating the prioritization of these require-ments with the G-2 plans and operations officerand subordinate units’ intelligence officers.

l Coordinating TPFDD development to transportthe products with the MAGTF G-4/S-4 andsupply officer for movement into theater.

l Coordinating CIS support by the CMDO withthe MAGTF G-6/S-6 to ensure satisfactoryconnectivity and support.

l Coordinating the CMDO with the G-1/S-1 forlimited hard-copy GEOINT products dissemi-nation to subordinate units.

l Coordinating with the MAGTF G-4/S-4 supplyofficer for intra-theater and AO bulk distribu-tion of GI&S products (e.g., maps) throughoutthe MAGTF using standard supply requisitionprocedures.

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Section III. GI and GEOINT to Support Planning

3301. Geospatial Foundation Data

Foundation data forms the base of the geospatialframework. It is one of the principal componentsof the DOD GI&S readiness strategy designed tomeet joint and MAGTF GI&S requirements. Fu-sion of FD with other sources of GI will providenear worldwide coverage to support planning re-quirements independent of mission type or loca-tion. It provides specific accurate, standardizedGI. This data is geopositioned to the WGS-84standard DOD datum to provide interoperabilityand commonality across services, mission areas,systems, and forces. The basic components of FDcan be fused to create a map-like view that is usedfor planning and some operations. FD will alsosupport three-dimensional visualization and someanalytic activities. In addition, FD serves as thebase for densification and for integration of newcategories of information. Normally, FD consistsof the following information.

a. Digital Terrain Elevation Data, Level 2 Digital terrain elevation data, level 2 (DTED L2),is a uniform matrix of terrain elevation values. Itprovides basic quantitative data for all MAGTFsystems requiring terrain elevation, slope, and/orsurface roughness information. DTED L2 has apost spacing of approximately 30 meters (1 arcsecond) and provides the macro relief necessaryto support most mission planning. The informa-tion content is approximately equivalent to thecontour information represented on a 1:50,000scale map.

b. Digital Bathymetric Data BaseDigital bathymetric data base (DBDB) was devel-oped by the Naval Oceanographic Office. Distri-bution of this data base is controlled by the Navy.Depths are given in uncorrected meters (it doesnot include tidal references) for the post spacing

of the data base. The bathymetric data is used forbeach studies, contour charts, planning graphics,and digital displays.

c. Foundation Feature Data Foundation feature data (FFD) is selected featuredata (e.g., road, stream, lake), with some addition-al attribution arranged in relational thematic lay-ers. Feature density depends on the specificgeographic region; generally, it will look like atraditional TLM. FFD shows—

l Transportation and drainage networks.l Geodetic control points. l Populated places.l Boundaries. l Vegetation. l Natural and cultural features of high interest.

d. Controlled Image Base Controlled image base (CIB) is an unclassifieddata set of geodetically controlled, orthorectified,monoscopic imagery at a 5-meter resolution.

CIB supports—

l Various C2 and weapons systems.l Theater battle management. l Mission planning.l Digital moving map.l Terrain analysis. l Simulation. l Intelligence systems.l CIS.

e. Digital Point Positioning Data BaseThis is a classified, deployable set of geodeticallycontrolled, stereoscopic imagery with associatedsupport data. DPPDBs are developed by NIMA. Itprovides users the capability to derive accuratepositional data for any identifiable feature withina specified area. The DPPDB requires specificsoftware and hardware for exploitation.


f. Qualified DataQualified data (QD) includes other data sets ofknown quality and accuracy that have not been in-tegrated or deconflicted with FD and MSDS.NIMA standard digital products (see appendix A)are a core component of QD. Available nationaland international government data bases that sat-isfy identified requirements will be assessed andintegrated as QD. The assessment will be basedon established standards for accuracy, currency,resolution, content, and format.

A data source of growing importance to theMAGTF is commercially available products anddata bases. Commercial geospatial productiontools have opened the door to the wealth of GIworldwide. Those products and data bases withdocumented accuracy and quality that help tomeet unfulfilled requirements can be procuredand integrated to meet mission requirements. Val-ue-added data collected by tactical units can beassessed and integrated as QD to support tacticaloperations.

3302. Geographic Intelligence

An FD analysis determines the intensification lev-el required to develop the MSDS. The resultingMSDS forms the next layer of the geospatialframework. Each MSDS is developed by enhanc-ing the information contained in the FD. This in-formation includes high-resolution controlledimagery, elevation and/or bathymetric informa-tion, and high-resolution, heavily-attributed, vec-tor features needed to meet defined missionrequirements. Analysis and production ofmission-specific GEOINT is conducted to supportthe following requirements.

a. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace IPB is a systematic, continuous process and ana-lytical method employed to reduce WET uncer-tainties for all types of operations. IPB builds anextensive intelligence products and data base for

each potential area in which a unit may be re-quired to operate. These are analyzed in detail todetermine the impact of WET on MAGTF opera-tions. That analysis is incorporated into graphicand other intelligence product forms. GEOINTprovides a stable geopositional framework thatsupports the integration and analysis of WET ef-fects on specific COAs.

GEOINT IPB data base support development islabor-intensive. It requires the dedicated efforts oftopographic specialists and staff personnel, the di-rection and focus of the MAGTF staff, and the co-operation of numerous elements within andexternal to the MAGTF. GEOINT IPB supportuses FD to define the AOI. Definition of the AOIis followed by efforts to intensify and value-addcritical features within the AO. Further intensifi-cation of identified targets and objectives in theAO may occur to meet tactical requirements forlower echelon units. The primary function ofGEOINT within the IPB process is to reduce theuncertainties regarding natural and manmade ter-rain features on MAGTF operations.

Military Aspects of the Terrain GEOINT focuseson the following military aspects of the terrain—key terrain, observation and fields of fire, con-cealment and cover, obstacles, and avenues of ap-proach and mobility corridors (KOCOA).

(1) Key Terrain.

Key terrain is any feature or area in which the sei-zure or control of it offers a marked tactical ad-vantage. Key terrain is echelon, mission, enemy,and situation dependent. Any terrain that increas-es or decreases the capability of either the friendlyor enemy force to apply combat power may bekey terrain. The same is true of terrain which per-mits or denies maneuver. Key terrain that has anextraordinary effect on mission accomplishmentmay be designated as decisive terrain. Mission ac-complishment normally depends on the seizure orcontrol of decisive terrain. Examples of key ter-rain include—

l Bridges. l Fording sites.

3-16 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

l High ground. l Choke points. l Road junctions.

(2) Observation and Fields of Fire.

Observation involves the influence of terrain onreconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition,and direct fires capabilities. In an IPB context, itrefers to optical and electronic (LOS). MAGTFsystems including radios, radar, laser range find-ers, directed energy systems, electronic interceptand direction finders, jammers, and direct fireweapons require LOS to function effectively.Aided and unaided human vision from groundand air observers also requires LOS. Air defensetarget acquisition systems and weapons requireLOS from their positions to the primary air ave-nues of approach. The anticipated target flight al-titude relative to the adjacent terrain elevationalso must be considered. LOS affects aerial sys-tems from the aircraft flight route to the AOI for-ward limits. Generally, the effects of LOS onground-based systems is limited to the immediateAO. The commander’s ability to see the bat-tlespace is influenced by the effects of terrain andweather on these systems.

Fields of fire involves the effects of terrain onweapons effectiveness. The effectiveness of directfire weapons is heavily influenced by the terrainwithin the target area. These weapons requireLOS to the target. Through LOS analysis, the to-pographic specialist determines how terrain af-fects optic and electronic LOS. LOS views cangraphically portray these effects for various typesof systems. A horizontal visibility view, or fieldsof fire view, combines the effects of vegetationand slope on LOS. When this information is por-trayed graphically, the relative capabilities of di-rect fire weapons, communications, collection,and target acquisition systems becomes apparent.This view also assists in identifying key terrainwith greater precision.

(3) Concealment and Cover.

Concealment is protection from enemy air,ground, and space observation. Cover is protec-

tion from the effects of weapon fire. Concealmentis vital to operation security and deception. Bothare vital for protection from hostile fire. Conceal-ment and cover are closely related to observationand fields of fire. The GEOINT specialist helpsdetermine the concealment and cover the terrainoffers to both friendly and enemy forces.

Rotary-wing aircraft attempt to use terrain,smoke, and obscurants to conceal their activitiesfrom ground observation. These attempts includeloitering on the reverse slopes of hills and usingvegetation as a backdrop to enhance the air-craft’s camouflage. High-speed, low-altitude,nap-of-the-earth flights enhance helicopter andfixed-wing aircraft survivability by reducing en-emy ground force and air defense weaponsreaction times.

Concealment is critical in the rear area. Vulnera-ble rear area C2 facilities, support units, and lo-gistic facilities must be protected from enemy airand ground observation. Cover can be consideredin terms of protection from enemy long-rangeweapons systems, its effect on the enemy securitymission, and the protection it offers to enemyforces operating in the rear area.

(4) Obstacles (Natural and Manmade).

Obstacles are natural and synthetic terrain fea-tures that stop, impede or divert military move-ment. The impact of obstacles on mobility makesthem an important consideration during produc-tion of GEOINT studies and all-source intelli-gence studies and estimates. The GEOINTspecialist must also determine how obstaclesaffect air defense weapon systems and rear areacombat and service support unit placement. Theeffects of weather on soil trafficability are alsoa primary consideration when obstacles arebeing analyzed.

(5) Avenues of Approach and MobilityCorridors.

Air and ground avenues of approach are routesby which a force may reach key terrain or anobjective.


Avenues of approach (AAs) are evaluated interms of—

l Maneuver support potential (i.e., the size ortype of force that may use an AA).

l Access to key terrain and AAs.

l Degree of canalization; concealment and cover.

l Observation and fields of fire.

l Obstacles.

Air and ground mobility corridors are subsets ofair and ground AAs. Mobility corridors are areaswithin the AA which permit movement and ma-neuver. They permit friendly and enemy forces toadvance or withdraw in doctrinal configurationand to capitalize on the principles of mass, mo-mentum, shock, and speed. Identification andanalysis of AAs and mobility corridors are essen-tial to effective IPB development. They are key tointegrating WET. They describe the area whereprojected enemy activity is likely to occur anddictate the routes an attacking force must take totheir initial, subsequent, and final objectives. Ene-my and friendly AAs are projected through thebattlespace to known or expected objectives. Theavenues are depicted and prioritized from themost to the least likely and are analyzed based onthe largest enemy and friendly force they can doc-trinally support.

b. Modified Combined Obstacles Overlay

The MCOO is an intelligence product used to de-pict the battlespace’s effects on military opera-tions. Normally, it depicts all mobility obstacles.In addition, MCOO may depict the following:

l Cross-country movement classifications (i.e.,restricted).

l Objectives.

l AAs and mobility corridors.

l Defensible terrain.

l Likely engagement areas.

l Key terrain.

This information may be depicted using either tra-ditional maps and overlays or an electronicGEOINT data base that renders within CIS re-sources the battlespace’s effects on military oper-a t ions . The MCOO is the f ramework forbattlespace analysis and is the basic view of thebattlespace area evaluation, GEOINT production,and weather analysis activities of the IPB process.Most other IPB products are based on this frame-work.

Although the MCOO is a graphic geospatial anal-ysis, it differs from the other views within the IPBprocess. It presents information that is normallyincluded on the combined obstacle overlay, theavenue of approach overlay, and the friendly op-erational graphic (i.e., friendly boundaries for theAO and AOI, objectives, and battle positions).The MCOO also depicts key terrain and known orpotential enemy objectives. The MCOO is one ofthe two IPB templates or overlays (the other is theG-2/G-3 coproduced decision support template)that is normally prepared at all MAGTF com-mand echelons.

The actual degree of detail depicted on theMCOO depends on the echelon where it is pre-pared, the command echelons it will support, andthe time available for its preparation. The detaildepicted on the MCOO also depends on the mis-sion requirements, the type of unit preparing theMCOO and, most importantly, the commander’sguidance. At a minimum, the MCOO will containdescriptions for—

l Severely restricted terrain.

l Restricted terrain.

l Built-up areas.

l Rivers and water obstacles.

Chapter 4

Geographic Intelligence Operations

GEOINT describes the integrated air, land, andsea character of the battlespace. It includes analy-sis of natural and manmade features affecting mil-itary operations. The ability to use, understand,and exploit GEOINT can mean the difference be-tween victory and defeat.

MAGTF maneuver requires accurate, current GIto support planning as well as intensification andanalysis of that information to support operationaland tactical maneuver. Effective employment oflethal and nonlethal fires relies on our force’sability to find and geolocate targets accurately, aswell as to maintain C2 with the knowledge offriendly forces’ locations within the battlespace.Force protection requires an understanding of vul-nerabilities obtained through superior knowledgeof the battlespace, to include the position of andpotential threat from enemy forces. MAGTF lo-gistic operations require a shared framework ofGEOINT to provide locations and routes essentialto planning and execution.

To effectively accomplish these warfighting func-tions, MAGTF GEOINT operations must providerapid query, processing, analysis, production, anddissemination of all-source, tailored GEOINT toall MAGTF command echelons. High-resolution,mission-focused GEOINT provides the geospatialframework essential for a COP and CTP of thebattlespace (see figure 4-1).

GEOINT supports every phase of a military oper-ation. It must be considered during each phase tolimit potential environmental effects on friendlyforces while exploiting potential impacts to ene-my forces. Terrain, inland and coastal waters, andweather factors are so interrelated that they mustbe considered together with intelligence on theenemy when planning MAGTF operations.Weather elements are capable of drastically alter-ing terrain features and trafficability. Conversely,terrain features, such as mountains and ridgelines, exert influence on local weather and ocean-ographic elements. This relationship of terrain,

Figure 4-1. GEOINT Common Operational Picture.

4-2_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

oceanography, and weather must be carefully cor-related in all operations to ensure an accurate de-scription of environmental factors pertinent tomission success.

The GEOINT concept of employment serves as aguide in the analysis, production, dissemination,and use of GEOINT. It defines and explains therequirements for integrating, deconflicting, anddisseminating a seamless geographic frameworkfor all types of missions. Full employment of GIand GEOINT is based on the following assump-tions:

l Topo plt provides the MAGTF with thegeospatial framework necessary for fusion ofCOP and CTP elements (e.g., friendly order ofbattle, enemy situation, logistical layout,weather).

l Increasing numbers of MAGTF systems requir-ing GI and GEOINT will continue to demandincreases in GI functions and GEOINT applica-tions and the time lines and detail of neededGEOINT. (See appendix L.)

l Geospatial foundation data will be available tosupport the defense information infrastructureand MAGTF mission requirements in a timelymanner.

l GI and GEOINT reproduction and replicationcapabilities will be available to supportMAGTF operational and tactical requirementsfor hard-copy products.

l Marine Corps and joint doctrine, tactics, tech-niques, and procedures and supporting operat-ing forces’ SOPs and theater TTPs willinstitutionalize and support collaborative anddistributive development of GI and GEOINT.

4001. MAGTF GI&S Support

The MEF G-2, via the ISC and the I&M section,oversees the planning and direction, collection,production, and dissemination of GI and GEOINTto Marine units. It employs the intel bn, topo plt,task-organized elements (GISTs and GITs), andother supporting forces within each MEF to pro-vide tailored support to all command levels. This

includes virtual staffing or collaborative reach-back production employment to support allMAGTFs operations.

During garrison operations the I&M section is thefocal point for assisting the G-2 operations andplans officers in developing GEOINT collection,production, and dissemination requirements, invalidating GI and GEOINT requests, and in prior-itizing the production requirements of organic andsupporting topographic assets. The ISC, throughkey officers in the IOC, is the focal point for allGEOINT operations and activities during tacticaloperations. To establish and monitor the distribu-tion production network and to maintain interop-erability with supporting forces or agencies, theISC and I&M section must have access to GCCS,INTELINK, JWICS, SIPRNET, and NIPRNET.

The following functional capabilities must rou-tinely be maintained by the I&M section, intel bn/ISC, and other key intelligence personnel.

a. Staff Coordination Comprehensive coordination with all elements ofthe MEF CE staff is necessary to ensure that re-quirements are identified early in the planningprocess. It must be ensured that frequent evalua-tion of current and future requirements are identi-fied to support deliberate planning, crisisplanning, as well as current and future operations.Comprehensive coordination includes—

l G-2 staff (operations and plans) and intelli-gence battalion elements (support cell, CMDsection, P&A cell).

l G-3 staff (e.g., future and current operations,fires).

l G-4 staff (e.g., engineering, transportation, sup-ply).

l G-5 staff future plans division.l G-6 staff (e.g., CIS plans, systems control).

b. User Profile DevelopmentThe I&M section and ISC, with assistance fromall command echelons’ intelligence officers, is re-sponsible for maintaining active PFDB user


profiles for all units within the MAGTF. Userprofiles are established to identify the types ofGEOINT products support each MAGTF unit andsection requires. The profile identifies—

l Dissemination methods available to the unit.l Types of views or products normally used and

standard quantities needed.l Communication links and information systems

resources.l Points of contact.

c. Mission Profile Development The ISC and topographic platoon develop andmaintain the mission profiles in the PFDB. Themission profile identifies the critical features andattributes necessary for a unit to conduct an oper-ation. The profile will change as the unit’s mis-sion changes. Basic profiles are identified withinthe PFDB for easy access and modification tomeet tailored requirements. When used in con-junction with the user profile, the mission profilewill rapidly identify tactical forces’ requirementsfor tailored GEOINT views and products.

d. Requirements IdentificationIR identification is conducted at all levels of theMAGTF. IRs are forwarded through intelligencechannels for validation, prioritization, and task-ing. During garrison operations, the G-2 opera-tions officer, with assistance from the MAGTFMIO, must validate, prioritize, and task all re-quirements to the intel bn for follow-on action bythe topo plt or to the external distributive networkfor GEOINT production. During actual opera-tions, the ISC is responsible for such validation,prioritization, and tasking consistent with theAC/S G-2’s direction. In both cases, the topo pltcommander is responsible to the P&A cell or theintel bn commander/ISC for quality control andfor meeting production requirements time lines.

During peacetime operations, the topo plt pre-pares and provides a monthly GEOINT produc-tion report (see appendix K of this publication) tothe intel bn commander and MEF G-2 I&M sec-tion via intelligence channels. This report identi-

fies ongoing and completed operations. The MEFI&M section ensures production time lines and re-sources are prioritized and used adequately. Dur-ing tac t ica l opera t ions , the topo p l t anddetachments prepare and forward this report tothe ISC.

e. Production PrioritizationThe ISC and the I&M section use the PFDB to de-velop the list of GEOINT production require-ments necessary to suppor t the miss ion.Coordinating with the G-3 and focusing on thecommander’s intent, they develop a list of pro-duction requirements, establish priorities, and setproduction requirement deadlines. To completethis function, information on the force list,TPFDL, and mission objectives is required. Afterthe ISC prioritizes the requirements, he then tasksintel bn organic and supporting topographic assetsto begin GEOINT analysis and production.

The ISC may request support from theater and na-tional production assets via the operational chainof command. The distributive, collaborative pro-duction network will provide the MAGTF withenhanced production support and allow tacticaltopographic assets to focus on intensification ofobjectives for mission-specific views.

f. Data Base Management The intel bn commander/ISC is responsible forproviding oversight and management for theTGIL. This oversight includes identification of in-formation requirements, production prioritization,view or product development, and CIS connectiv-ity. The GIMO, MCIA, is responsible for TGILand MCGIL data base design, specifications stan-dards, and interoperability with joint and otherServices’ data bases. The topo plt commander isresponsible for oversight of the productionprocess within the platoon.

g. Dissemination Management The IOC serves as the consolidated center for GIand GEOINT dissemination management. Fol-lowing the priorities established by the MEF in-telligence officer and coordinating with the G-2

4-4_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

operations and plans officers and subordinateunits’ intelligence officers, the ISC’s CMD sec-tion establishes the dissemination procedures andpriorities for MEF GI and GEOINT. The clientand server configuration within the TGIL pro-vides the CMD section with easy access to a pushand pull configuration within the GCCS andMAGTF TDN. Electronic and/or hard-copy me-dia dissemination is tasked to organic topographicassets or distributive support facilities via theCMD section.

4002. Topographic Platoon Support

The topo plt provides an accessible GI andGEOINT data base to support all levels of theMEF. This data base provides MAGTFs with anintegrated, intensified, deconflicted, and seamlessGI and GEOINT framework. Development andsustainment of a common, near-real-time, inte-grated framework supports battlespace situationalawareness, planning, and decisionmaking.

In conjunction with MCIA and the P&A cell, thetopo plt will integrate, deconflict, and tailor aseamless geographic view of the battlespace. Thisview must be detailed enough to support tacticalanalysis and production. It will serve as the frameof reference for the fusion of information fromother sources (i.e., environmental, logistical, op-erational, intelligence, and diplomatic). In addi-tion, this information must support updates andmodifications to meet the mission-specific re-quirements of a high tempo battlespace. Throughthe topo plt, the MAGTF will have access to the-ater and national GI and GEOINT sources for de-velopment of a CTP tailored to MAGTF missions.

a. Mission and Tasks

The topo pl t provides tai lored GI&S andGEOINT to MAGTFs and other commands as di-rected. To support MAGTF operations, the topoplt will—

l Provide tailored, mission-oriented topographicmap products to supplement standard NIMAmaps and charts.

l Coordinate with the MEF G-2, the ISC, CMDsection, and rest of the P&A cell to collect, ana-lyze, synthesize, and disseminate terrain infor-mation and intelligence.

l Prepare map substitutes such as overlays, over-prints, photomosiacs, map revisions, and multi-color charts. Revise and reproduce combatcharts, coastal charts, port charts, and harborcharts in limited quantities. Products may in-clude electronic three-dimensional terrain mod-els, line of sight studies, range fan studies,terrain factor overlays, hydrographic charts,landing zone studies, etc.

l Prepare coastal hydrographic surveys from the6-fathom depth curve (or from where the Navyocean survey ends) to the high-water line.

l Collect coastal data and prepare GEOINTproducts regarding trafficability, routes ofegress, and inland water bodies.

l Prepare second-order horizontal and verticalgeodetic and topographic surveys that encom-pass astronomic, geodetic, and satellite posi-tioning (i.e., global precise positioning). Alsoprepare geodetic and magnetic azimuth sur-veys.

l Prepare or assist in preparing additional intelli-gence products, including those that depictcross-country movement, cover and conceal-ment, observation and fields of fire, avenues ofapproach, flooding and drainage, stream andriver gauging, lines of communications, andobstacles.

l Assist with all-source intelligence productspreparation.

b. Mission Effectiveness Criteria The topo plt’s ability to perform the followingfunctions will determine the GEOINT mission ef-fectiveness:

l Collect, query, access, validate, receive, pro-cess, store, manage, integrate, exploit, intensi-fy, analyze, visualize, produce, and disseminateall-source GI and GEOINT.


l Develop, store, retrieve, display, and dissemi-nate the geospatial framework at varying reso-lutions and data density to support COAdevelopment and mission planning.

l Prepare, store, retrieve, display, print, and dis-seminate tailored, timely GEOINT views (e.g.,overlays with various resolution and data den-sity) to support all MAGTF command eche-lons’—

n Command and control. n Current and future operations. n Intelligence. n Logistics. n Engineering.n Aviation. n Communications and information sys-

tems. n Navigation.

l Exchange information across communicationnetworks following GCCS, MAGTF, and jointmarit ime command information system(JMCIS) protocols and standards.

l Provide and acknowledge data receipt and de-livery status in a client and server, smart pushand pull configuration.

l Provide import, integration, deconfliction, anddissemination of available data from NIMAand other sources (e.g., vector product format,raster product format, text product standard,object-oriented grid, software applications, vid-eo formats).

l Produce and display two- and three-dimension-al graphic GEOINT, imagery, and all-sourceintelligence models to support visual walk- andfly-throughs with a rapid terrain and featureidentification capability. This capability en-hances battlefield situational awareness andprovides the baseline for data base analysis andproduction as well as MAGTF planning.

l Display, analyze, and generate stereoscopic GIimages and import hard-copy products by scan-ning and digitizing.

c. Command and Control The topo plt is a subordinate unit of intel bn’sP&A company, with the intel bn commander

maintaining full command of its operationsthrough the company commander. When support-ing smaller MAGTFs or MSCs, the topo plt or itsdetachments will operate under the C2 of eitherthe intel bn detachment OIC or the supportedunit’s G-2/S-2.

(1) MEF CE Staff Cognizance

The MEF commander will exercise C2 over theintel bn elements, to include the topo plt , via theMEF AC/S G-2. The AC/S G-2 in turn exercisesthis authority via staff cognizance of the ISC. Thisallows for the effective centralized direction andeffective integration of topo plt operations withother MEF GEOINT operations and the broaderall-source intelligence operations.

(2) Support Relationships

(a) General Support

The topo plt will typically operate in general sup-port of the MEF. Under general support, the MEFcommander, through the AC/S G-2 and his ISC,determines priorities of intelligence collectionsand production activities and support; the task or-ganization and locations of GEOINT supportnodes; and GEOINT and all-source intelligencedissemination. The ISC in turn exercises C2 of to-po plt via the P&A cell OIC.

(b) Direct Support and Attached

Depending upon METT-T considerations, the to-po plt or its elements may be employed in directsupport of or attached to a particular unit or MSC/MSE of the MEF. Such support relationships maybe used to focus GEOINT support to a subordi-nate commander for a particular phase of an oper-ation or to create enhanced GEOINT or all-sourceintelligence nodes in support of subordinate ele-ments or units.

Direct support or attachment may consist ofplacement of topo plt assets (e.g., a GIST or GIT)with the supported unit, dedicated GEOINT pro-duction support or simply establishing anGEOINT node to provide direct dissemination ofGEOINT to the supported unit’s intelligencesection or current operations center. In the latter

4-6_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

relationship, a topo plt liaison element may beemployed to assist the supported unit.

When direct support or attachment is used, thescope of the supported commander’s C2 authorityover assigned topo plt elements will usually bespecified to ensure effective support to his opera-tions while allowing the MEF commander tomaintain effective C2 of broader intelligence andGEOINT operations. The supported commanderwill exercise this authority via his intelligence of-ficer. Whenever possible, continuing relationshipsbetween GEOINT elements and supported unitsshould be established in order to develop cohe-sion and refine integrated SOPs.

d. Concept of Employment and Task Organization

A single topo plt is capable of supporting simulta-neously three MEU(SOC)s and special purposeMarine air-ground task forces (SPMAGTFs) inaddition to the MEF. Topo plt elements can betask-organized into GISTs or GITs to supportsmaller MAGTFs, MSCs, or other designatedforces. The intel bn command configures GISTsand GITs according to the G-2/S-2 priorities inorder to support MAGTF-wide operational re-quirements. These teams provide tailoredGEOINT support during operations.

(1) MEF

Support will be provided by the entire topo plt (toinclude possible reinforcement/global sourcingfrom other MEFs’ or Marine Corps resources)

(2) Division, MAW or FSSG

Generally, support will be provided by a GIST. AGIST consists of two to six geographic intelli-gence specialists.

(3) MEU or SPMAGTF

Support typically will be provided by a GIT. AGIT generally consists of two geographic intelli-gence specialists.

e. Distribution and Production Systems

The concept of employment and task-organizationis capable of using a distributive production net-work within the MAGTF to smartly pushGEOINT down to multiple levels of the com-mand. The Topographic Production Capability(TPC) is a network of geographic informationsystems (GIS) that provides the topo plt with thecapability to support the MAGTF with near-real-time direction, control, and coordination ofMAGTF GI and GEOINT production operations.Full TPC operational capability is projected forthe year 2001.

The TPC is capable of accessing NIMA, theater,MCIA, and other Services’ GEOINT productioncenters. (See figure 4-2.) During garrison opera-tions, the topo plt will maintain all TPC equip-ment and personnel to standardize training andmaintenance requirements. With the modular de-sign of the TPC, the topo plt’s organizationalstructure and support detachments can be modi-fied to provide distributive and collaborative pro-duction support to MAGTF operations. Forexample, GISTs support to MSCs and other forc-es with either dedicated or tailored support from aconsolidated production center. (See appendix Dto this publication for additional information onthe TPC).

The following major systems comprise the topoplt’s production and analysis network:

l Geospatial information and replication system(GIRS) is organic to GITs attached to aMEU(SOC) command element.

l Digital Terrain Analysis Mapping System(DTAMS) is organic to GISTs supportingMSCs and/or to other topo plt elements (e.g., atopo plt element supporting the G-2 intelli-gence plans team supporting the MEF futureplans element.)

l TOPOSET is located with the MEF CE withintopo plt’s area within the P&A cell.


f. Communications and Information Systems Configurations Topo plt Marines and equipment can be employedto perform a variety of missions while remainingfully integrated with naval systems and forcesafloat as well as joint, supporting, and allied forc-es within and external to the joint operating area.Using a client and server design, topo plt connects

to GCCS, JMCIS, and the MAGTF TDN. Thehighly modularized nature of the topo plt and itsequipment provides a flexible, wide range of em-ployment options. The options depend on theMAGTF mission, the threat, operating environ-ment, and other mission, enemy, terrain andweather, troops and support available-time avail-able (METT-T) factors.

Figure 4-2. Topographic Production Capability.

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(1) MEF

Normally, the entire TOPOSET, with the full cli-ent server, will deploy with a MEF. To supportthe MEF CE’s lead echelon, four to six geograph-ic intelligence specialists with a single cluster(i.e., multiple workstations) from the TOPOSETcan be deployed.

(2) MSC

A GIST and a single DTAMS will generally de-ploy with an MSC. GIST GEOINT capabilitiesparallel those of the TOPOSET.

(3) MEU(SOC) or SPMAGTF

A GIT with a single GIRS will generally deploywi th a MEU(SOC) or a SPMAGTF. GITGEOINT capabilities parallel those of theTOPOSET and DTAMS.

4003. MCIA Support

MCIA develops prepositioned GEOINT databases to provide tailored views, mission-specificintensification for intelligence areas of interest,nonstandard views for future operations, andGEOINT and all-source product development.With direct access to the national production net-work, MCIA can support GEOINT requirementsfor specific MAGTF missions across the fullrange of operations.

In addition, MCIA provides virtual reach-backsupport to deployed MAGTFs. It also supports thedistributive and collaborative production networkwith tailored, mission-intensified views within thelittorals. This includes the integration, intensifica-tion, and distribution of tailored amphibiousviews to support MAGTF expeditionary opera-tions. Further, MCIA maintains the MCGIL toprovide prepositioned data bases to deployingforces.

The MCGIL is a global littoral data warehouseconnected to multiple communication networksfor easy query, retrieval, and processing by topo-graphic assets. It provides standard and nonstand-

ard GEOINT views based on user requirements.In addition, MCIA provides a Service-levelGEOINT production capability focused on futurerequirements for—

l Integration of diverse data sets (e.g., national,commercial, scientific, academic).

l Deconfliction of information content.l Intensification of MAGTF-specific features

and attributes. l Analysis of environmental factors. l Storage of information in the MCGIL to sup-

port MAGTF deployments.

4004. Geospatial Analysis Branch Support

Emerging Marine Corps operational concepts re-quire an integrated, deconflicted, and seamlessview of the battlespace that is capable of beingoperated from a variety of ships and commandposts ashore. Under these concepts, various ele-ments will provide virtual staff and reach-backsupport. Some elements may remain sea-based,while others will go ashore to better supportMAGTF maneuver, sustainment, and other opera-tions. Within the context of a support structure,the GAB, MCIA, provides a Service-level pro-duction and repository for GI and GEOINT.

The GAB provides the operating forces access tothe national network. It also provides expedition-ary support to forces conducting deliberate plan-ning for contingency and operational plans,expeditionary training and exercises, and intelli-gence production requirements. GAB provides aready source of GI and GEOINT focused on theglobal littoral environment by integrating theland, air, and sea GI and GEOINT that expedi-tionary forces require. During crisis support,GAB can support MAGTFs in a virtual staffingand reach-back mode by providing emphasis onGEOINT production requirements. GAB is fo-cused on supporting Marine Corps geospatial in-terests within the world’s littoral environment.


All requests for GAB support will be submittedthrough intelligence command channels to the Di-rector, MCIA, (attn: Operations Officer). Supportto deployed MAGTFs under CINC or JTF opera-tional control must be submitted via the opera-tional chain of command and validated by thecombatant commander prior to submission toMCIA. Prior identification and coordination ofproduction requirements with the GAB is recom-mended.

4005. National Production Network Support

The GAB is the Marine Corps Service-level par-ticipant within the national production network(see figure 4-3). This network is a distributive,

collaborative production infrastructure that sup-ports the planning, prioritization, and develop-ment of GI and GEOINT based on productionstandards and specifications. It allows the MEF’stopo plt to receive GI and GEOINT data sets sup-porting a defined mission area using a single que-ry into the network.

The network consists of, but is not limited to, thefollowing:

l NIMA. l Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). l Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). l National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). l Civil, academic, and Service production cen-

ters. (e.g., the National Ground IntelligenceCenter).

Figure 4-3. National Production Network.

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4006. Support to MAGTF Operations

During operations, topo plt provides the MAGTFwith the ability to integrate and deconflict GI andto develop a seamless GEOINT data base for theframework of a COP and CTP and other planningand decisionmaking needs. Organic topographicresources can be task-organized to perform a vari-ety of GI and GEOINT missions while remainingfully integrated with naval systems, forces afloat,and joint and allied forces. Virtual staffing andcollaborative reach back provide a robust produc-tion capability, reducing the deployed footprint.Topographic assets aboard naval ships en route tothe objective area are used primarily for planningand data base development. Software applicationsand collaborative production will help with bat-tlespace command and control planning, terrainand weather effects analysis, visualization, andlogistics planning. In addition, they will help de-velop the COA and COP framework.

a. Operational Maneuver From the SeaThe conduct of amphibious operations requiresdetailed studies of a littoral area’s terrain, inlandand coastal hydrography, weather, and other envi-ronmental factors. These environmental condi-tions are analyzed for their effects on—

l Potential beaches, HLZs, and DZs. l Tides. l Beaching and unloading conditions. l Speed of vessels. l Air support and visibility. l Beach trafficability. l Ingress and egress obstacles and routes.

Operational maneuver from the sea (OMFTS) us-es the sea as maneuver space to rapidly supportthe landing force’s maneuvers from ships to ob-jectives ashore. Excessive seas and swells, hiddenreefs, and marshes behind the beach may impedeor jeopardize the entire operation. GEOINT pro-vides the detailed geospatial framework critical

for integrating and deconflicting a seamless land,air, and sea operation within the littorals.

Generally, a task-organized topo plt detachmentwill be provided to forward deployed MAGTFs.For example, in most cases, a GIT deployed withthe MEU(SOC) CE S-2 will provide the MAGTFwith the geospatial framework necessary to sup-port each phase of the mission. Within OMFTS,the GIT will be supported through distributive,collaborative production cells in a reach-backmode (e.g., back to the parent intel bn andMCIA’s GAB). This CONUS-based, reach-backcapability will support the planning and direction,collection, integration, analysis, production, anddissemination of the geospatial frameworkGEOINT and forward it to the GIT. The GIT willintegrate and analyze it and other tactical infor-mation and intelligence to support the MAGTF’sobjectives and IRs. The reach-back assets andGITs operate in a distributive production modethat reduces the equipment and personnel neces-sary to support deployments.

b. Sustained Operations Ashore Sustained operations ashore (SOA) are extendedoperations in which a MAGTF fights predomi-nately as a land force with naval and other sup-port. MAGTF operations in a SOA situation willrequire a subsequent buildup of MAGTF capabili-ties ashore and establishment of a MAGTF areaof operations. The SOA force size will usually re-quire that the MAGTF use several geographicallyseparated sites for logistic points, airfields, portfacilities, and other purposes.

The complexity and demands of operating in aSOA environment often requires that the MAGTFemploy a full topo plt. In this scenario, topograph-ic assets may operate as multifunctional GEOINTnodes afloat and as specialized GEOINT nodesashore. Principle topographic nodes (i.e., GISTsand GITs with networked TOPOSET, DTAMS,and GIRSs) will be located within the MAGTFAO based upon METT-T and the intelligenceconcept of operation to provide direct support toMAGTF forces ashore.


Some topographic nodes will be forward de-ployed. These forward-deployed nodes will con-duct and coordinate geospatial data basemanagement, battlespace COA and tactical deci-sion aid and visualization support, as well as ter-rain analysis production functions. Otherprincipal nodes located elsewhere will orchestratethe fusion, integration, value-adding, and intensi-fication of GI and GEOINT production and sup-port to all-source intelligence production ingeneral support of the MAGTF.

By adding modules and personnel, these nodescan support increased mission requirements. Forexample, a specialized node ashore within theground combat element (GCE) headquarter’s in-telligence section can provide direct support toGCE operations while concurrently a robust nodewithin the MAGTF CE intelligence section afloatcan operate in general support of the MAGTF.

The topo plt’s ability to organize to meet missionrequirements allows for the exchange of high vol-umes of information and GEOINT with CONUS-based and other external production facilities.This exchange creates a common geospatialframework covering all MAGTF missions. With-in the MAGTF, the task organization and likelydispersion of topographic assets will require theestablishment of a centralized management ele-ment with a TGIL within the MAGTF CE’s IOC.This functional element would facilitate GEOINTflow both within the theater and to CONUS-based, reach-back support facilities.

c. Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain

Military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT)require an accurate, detailed understanding of thebattlespace for planning and executing operations.Knowledge of the key characteristics of urban ar-eas is also important in the conduct of civil af-fairs, intelligence, CIS, logistics, and forceprotection operations. The amount of detail re-quired in urban GEOINT necessitates a substan-tial intelligence collection and production effort.

Urban GEOINT analysis and production consistsof acquiring data and developing focused prod-ucts on individual aspects of the area’s—

l Terrain (physical composition, vulnerability,accessibility).

l Productive capacity. l Military resources. l Road and communication networks. l Water and sewer systems.l Building structures and layout. l Cultural centers. l Physical dimensions. l Geographic location. l Economic and political importance in the na-

tional structure.

4007. Predeployment Requirements

Upon receipt of a warning order, several process-es begin concurrently and are interdependent.Functions may be separated by command levelsand by differing MAGTF, naval, and JTFGEOINT requirements. Intel bn and G-2 person-nel should use the GI&S planning checklist (seeappendix F) to ensure that all areas of support areaddressed during advance force and preassault op-erations. This ensures all GEOINT operations andproduction requirements are identified and priori-tized to support the various missions within theoperation.

a. Planning Requirements IPB is the principal analytical methodologyemployed to reduce enemy and environmental un-certainties for all operations. By analyzing the ef-fects of the battlespace on both enemy andfriendly forces, GEOINT provides the frameworkfor the IPB process and critical support to all-source intelligence assessments (see figure 4-4on page 4-12).

4-12 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

The following five GEOINT functions supportthe IPB process:

l Defining the battlefield environment. l Analyzing military aspects of the terrain. l Providing the framework for integrating threat

COAs.l Analyzing effects of terrain on specific COAs. l Supporting visualization of COAs for wargam-

ing and rehearsals.

b. Product Requirements To support initial MAGTF planning needs, thefollowing types of GEOINT products are general-ly required to conduct mission analysis, situationdevelopment, and COAs development, analysis,and wargaming. Initially, the topo plt will query

local, Service, and national networks for all avail-able GI and GEOINT within the AO and AOI.Then it begins the process to intensify and gener-ate the following tailored views to support allMAGTF operations. In most of these cases, how-ever, GEOINT products are fused with other in-telligence to create all-source intelligenceproducts.

(1) Foundation Data FD provides an initial level of information resolu-tion (normally equivalent to medium scale maps)to allow planning to begin. It provides theMAGTF with an overview of the AOI to beginidentification of mission specific data require-ments. FD will support some missions without in-tensification, but for most MAGTF operations,the ISC will task topo plt for production of

Figure 4-4. MAGTF GEOINT Planning Requirements.


tailored views to support MAGTF tactical opera-tions within the AO. FD is the sole product listedin this section that is a GEOINT pure intelligenceproduct.

(2) MSDS

The topo plt must integrate and intensify specificobjective or target areas within the AO to gener-ate tailored MSDS views for tactical forces.MSDS may range from simple road networks forthe MAGTF CSSE to a detailed TLM for aninfantry platoon conducting patrols. The informa-tion content of the TGIL must support an end-us-er’s ability to pull individual coverage layers oran integrated view based on the commander’spreference and mission.

(3) Tactical Study of the Terrain

The topo plt must analyze the AO GI to determineeffects to planned missions and enemy capabili-ties. This analysis supports both the MAGTF CEand subordinate commands, although each eche-lon may require different resolutions of the analy-sis. Initial production requirements are focused onthe IPB process to support COA development andanalysis by the CE.

Analysis of the AO is accomplished through com-prehensive study to determine the effects of theterrain on both enemy and friendly operations.Analysis of weather, terrain, and other factorsthroughout the commander’s AO and AOI servesas a basis for developing specific MAGTF COAsand for determining enemy capabilities in supportof commander’s and staff’s estimates. The studyallows commanders and planners to see the bat-tlespace in width, depth, height (airspace), andtime dimensions. The P&A cell will produce TabA (Tactical Study of the Terrain) to Appendix 11(Intelligence Estimate) to Annex B (Intelligence)to an OPLAN. See appendix H of this publicationfor the format and an example of a tactical studyof the terrain.

(4) Beach Studies

Beach studies are a comprehensive effort to deter-mine the environmental effects of the terrain,

coastal ocean, riverine, and weather effects onbeaches. Each beach study is analyzed with re-spect to the environmental effects on a specificpoint within the littoral. A beach study could in-clude traditional beaches, rivers or any suitableplace capable of supporting the force using it.

A beach study includes critical intelligence affect-ing mobility, enemy defenses, exits, vegetation,gradients, obstacles, surface materials, and urbanproximity to support the mission. The analysisprovides commanders and planners with criticalGEOINT that affect the battlespace in width,depth, height, and time dimensions. The P&A cellwill produce Tab B (Beach Studies) to Appendix11 (Intelligence Estimate) to Annex B (Intelli-gence) to an OPLAN. See appendix I of thispublication for an example format of a beachstudies tab.

(5) Helicopter Landing Zone and Drop ZoneStudies

HLZ and DZ studies provide the commander andstaff with intensified information and analysiscovering potential landing for air operations. Thisincludes analysis for potential obstacles, enemydefenses, and the identification of exits to supportmovement of forces in the objective area. TheP&A cell will produce Tab E (HLZ and DZ Stud-ies) to Appendix 11 (Intelligence Estimate) to An-nex B (Intelligence) to an OPLAN. See appendixJ of this publication for an example of a HLZ andDZ study format.

(6) Port and Harbor Studies

Ports and harbors are related, but distinct, land-scape features. Harbors are the sheltered sea areasin which ports are constructed. Harbors may benatural or manmade. Within harbors, ports arebuilt to handle the loading and unloading ofgoods. Information on ports and harbors is essen-tial for estimating their capacity, capability, vul-nerability, and other items to support and sustainMAGTF operations. Large-scale modern warfareusually requires control of harbors and ports forthe post-amphibious assault and follow-on phasesof a campaign. Ports are easily damaged by aerial

4-14 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

bombing, artillery, mortars, missiles, sappers, andother forms of ground attack. Port and harborstudies are prepared by the P&A cell and may beincluded as a tab to the intelligence estimate ordisseminated in other ways.

(7) Airfield StudiesSeizure, construction, operation, and control ofairfields is critical to most MAGTF operations. Ingeneral, airfields are situated near cities, large fa-cilities, and/or along strategic air routes. Normal-ly, they are located on elevated terrain, somewhatremoved from the natural and cultural impedi-ments to flight. Airfields, like ports, can be dis-rupted easily, to the point of nonoperation. Anysurface degradation or parked disabled aircraftcan impede air operations.

Military and civilian airfields are closely linked toa nation’s transportation system. Airfields are ofvital importance during every phase of a militaryoperation. The size and features of an airfield de-termine its military and other capabilities. Airfieldstudies focus on the type, physical dimension,construction material, condition, and the nature ofan airfield’s support facilities. They are producedby the P&A cell and may be issued either as a tabto the intelligence estimate or as separate intelli-gence products.

4008. Operations Support Requirements

To provide the tailored view of the battlespaceand the GI and GEOINT necessary to support thevarious missions within MAGTF operations, thetopo plt must satisfy the following requirements.

a. Query RequirementsThe topo plt deploys with prepositioned databases consisting of FD. As a mission develops,the platoon uses the USIGS to query the nationalproduction network for new or updated GEOINTwithin the area of interest. To conduct a query,the topo plt must access the national and theatermilitary, civil, and academic data bases. This

capability usually will require connectivity withthe GCCS, INTELINK, JWICS, SIPRNET,NIPRNET, and GBS.

b. Retrieval RequirementsOnce the topo plt has identified available databases to support GEOINT operational require-ments, it must be able to pull robust data basesthrough the CIS networks to update the FD. Theplatoon then stores the data bases in the TPC foradditional processing and production, or for directaccess by subordinate commands.

These data bases should be developed duringpeacetime to support contingency plans and thenprepositioned for timely operational support. Forexample, a MEU(SOC) should deploy with prep-ositioned GI and GEOINT covering its anticipat-ed AO. The GIT would then be able to pullupdated GEOINT to value-add to the existingprepositioned data base information to supportmission specific needs. During tactical operations,command echelon data bases below the CEshould be preloaded with GI and GEOINT databases to preclude the need to pull large data basefiles from the TGIL.

c. Integration RequirementsThe topo plt will begin to integrate all data baseinformation it has collected during the query andretrieval processes with the prepositioned FD topopulate additional features and attributes. Thisprocess will include integrating the oceanographicand land form data bases from NIMA and othersources into a single, seamless data set to supportMAGTF requirements.

d. Deconfliction RequirementsIn most cases, the integration and deconflictionprocesses are completed concurrently. When dif-ferent data bases represent the same feature (e.g.,a building) in two different locations, topo pla-toon must use another source to determine the ac-curate location or if there is more than onebuilding in the area. This ensures that duplicationof prominent features, such as the shoreline froman oceanographic data base (lowest water level)


and the shoreline from a land form data base(mean sea level), are properly annotated as thesame features with differences in location at-tributes.

e. Intensification RequirementsIntensification occurs at three different levels tosupport combat operations: tactical, theater, andnational. The topo plt is focused primarily on theintensification of information collected by tacticalforces. This information can include the followingreports from organic and supporting intelligenceand reconnaissance collectors as well as other in-formation sources:

l Engineer and ground reconnaissance reports.l Bridge reports.l Surf reports.l Lines of communications reports.l HUMINT, SIGINT, and IMINT reports. l Imagery. l Civil affairs teams’ report.l BDA reports.

Tactical intensification can include informationand intelligence provided by combat forces to up-date existing data (e.g., bridges or buildings beingdestroyed, new roads being built, or rice paddiesbeing flooded). These changes are forwarded tothe topo plt via the MAGTF network. The platoonvalidates and modifies the changes and updatesthe TGIL.

f. Analysis RequirementsThe topo plt conducts an analysis to evaluate theenvironmental impacts to MAGTF missions andenemy capabilities. This analysis is centeredaround the military aspects of the terrain orKOCOA. The AO is evaluated with respects toKOCOA and then analyzed against each COAwithin an objective or target area. The analysisidentifies potential environmental impacts tofriendly forces. In addition, the analysis identifiesspecific environmental factors that could hinderenemy forces within the objective area and couldprovide an advantage to the MAGTF. When con-

ducting a mission-specific analysis, topo plt andthe P&A cell must consider—

l KOCOA. l Commander’s intent and guidance. l IRs. l Scheme of maneuver and the types of units

conducting the operation. l Weapon platforms associated with the units. l Types of systems available in the units to ex-

ploit the information.

g. Production RequirementsThe topo plt is the only organic GI and GEOINTproduction asset within the MAGTF. Using high-end geographic information systems, the platooncan exploit all-source GI, value-add tactical infor-mation, and analyze this data for mission-specificcriteria. The platoon produces tailored views andproducts of the battlespace for specific types ofunits (e.g., logistic, maneuver, close air support,amphibious). It can disseminate this analysis isseveral media formats based on the user’s require-ments. Production requirements are prioritized bythe ISC, with assistance from the CMDO and theP&A cells OIC, based on the ACIS G-2’s direc-tion and priorities. Prioritization is focused on thecommander’s intent and IRs within the AO.

h. Storage Requirements

(1) TGIL

The topo plt establishes, updates, validates, andmaintains the TGIL for the MAGTF AOI. TheTGIL will include the raw data coverages for theentire AOI, to include the intensified informationwithin the AO and objective areas. Topo platoonmay post tailored views for each functional areaof the MAGTF on the TGIL. The TGIL providesthe end user with a robust data store for easy ac-cess to query for additional information, requestupdates, or identify new production requirement

(2) Information Management

Tactical management of GEOINT must allow allusers to define their view of the battlespace.MAGTF and subordinate commanders must be

4-16 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

able to provide updated information, knowledge,and understanding to higher headquarters, tosubordinates, and to adjacent units. Preposition-ing relevant GEOINT that commanders requirei s c r i t i ca l to p lann ing and success fu l lyaccomplishing a mission. This prepositioning willcomprise the initial FD and all MSDS availablewhen deployment occurs. As the operationprogresses, the baseline data base will be re-freshed and supplemented using either an auto-matic push or an intentional pull within thetactical infosphere.

i. Dissemination Requirements The topo plt can employ any of three GI andGEOINT dissemination methods.

(1) MAGTF Tactical Data Network

The TGIL is a smart push and pull, client andserver capability that allows all MAGTF echelonsto access directly specific views tailored to theiroperational and functional requirements. It allowsthe topo plt to value-add information and push it

to subordinate command echelons. The TGIL isincorporated into the MAGTF TDN to support allMAGTF systems.

(2) Electronic Media

The topo plt can generate electronic views/prod-ucts from the TGIL on compact disc-read onlymemory, floppy disks, and 8 mm tape for dissem-ination to subordinate units. This provides addi-tional security and backup systems in the event ofTDN failure.

(3) Hard-Copy Media

The topo plt can produce limited (50 copies orless) hard-copy GEOINT products for dissemina-tion to units requiring them. Hard-copy output canalso be supported at all command echelons by us-ing the intelligence analysis system (IAS) or tacti-cal combat operations (TCO) printers for smallquantity output of views generated on the TGIL.This will allow distribution to occur at the lowestlevel possible without interruption to productionrequirements.

Chapter 5

Communications andInformation Systems

Recent shifts in DOD policies regarding GI&Soperations have changed the way MAGTFs willaccess and use GI and GEOINT. NIMA is transi-tioning their production processes to populatedigital geospatial data libraries and has initiated amultiyear phaseout of traditional hard-copy map-ping products. NIMA’s intent is for tactical com-manders and other users to digitally access thesedata libraries, retrieve basic data, value-add to itlocally, and tailor the view of the battlespace to fittheir particular MSDS and other intelligence re-quirements (see chapter 1).

This change presents new challenges to theMAGTF, particularly in the way the topo plts aresupported by MAGTF’s CIS networks. The dis-semination of geospatial data files (ranging in sizefrom hundreds of megabytes to gigabytes)through MAGTF communications systems andTDN requires careful planning to effectively sup-port MAGTF GI and GEOINT CIS requirementswhile simultaneously maintaining CIS support toall other MAGTF operations and warfightingfunctions.

GI&S planners must coordinate carefully with theCIS staff under the G-6/S-6. This coordination isnecessary to ensure connectivity between theMAGTF and supporting JTF, theater, national,and Service GI and GEOINT producers. In addi-tion, data management functions must be coordi-nated early in the planning phases to precludemismanagement of the control and dissemina-tion of GI and GEOINT. The CMD section, un-der the ISC, is responsible for coordinating withthe G-6/S-6 to ensure that the MAGTF’s subordi-nate units are capable of using the same geospa-tial data base. This data base helps form thegeospatial framework of the COP and CTP within

the joint operations area battlespace. (See MCWP6-22, Communications and Information Systems,for additional doctrinal guidance on MAGTF CISoperations.)

5001. Communications and Information System Requirements

a. Capability to Command and Control Subordinate Topographic Units The intel bn commander, P&A cell OIC, SARCOIC, and topo plt commander must be able tocommand and control subordinate units and inte-grate topographic units’ operations with broaderintel bn, MAGTF, and external intelligence andoperations command and control. In most cases,topographic elements will be collocated with sup-ported units’ intelligence sections, allowing it touse the wide range of CIS capabilities servicingthe supported headquarters.

In semistatic situations, the telephone or secureelectronic mail via local area networks (LANs)and wide area networks (WANs) may be used asthe primary connectivity method. In highly fluidor mobile scenarios, methods of connectivity usedmay be cellular telephones, satellite communica-tions, and very high frequency (VHF) and highfrequency (HF) radios. The CIS architecture mustprovide connectivity among—

l MAGTF CE topo plt and GISTs and GITs sup-porting subordinate units.

l MAGTF GEOINT elements, JTF, and other ex-ternal all-source intelligence and GEOINT pro-duction centers.

5-2_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

l MAGTF GEOINT elements and supported in-tel bn and MAGTF operations, intelligence,and other C2 centers.

b. Ability to Receive Collected GI Data and Information MAGTF topographic elements require access tothe high capacity JWICS, SIPRNET, and NIPR-NET. Generally, topographic elements supportingthe MAGTF CE will require access to all threenetworks. Topographic elements supportingMAGTF subordinate units generally require ac-cess only to SIPRNET and NIPRNET. This con-nectivity allows MAGTF topographic Marines toaccess a wide range of GEOINT data bases, coor-dinate planning, and to conduct analyst-to-analystexchanges and GEOINT dissemination.

The CIS architecture must support topographic el-ements’ timely receipt and exploitation of infor-mation collected by a wide range of intelligenceand combat units (e.g., IMINT, ground and air re-connaissance, engineer). This architecture mustbe capable of transmitting collection reports, files,and GEOINT product reports digitally via fiber,wire, radio, and intelligence broadcasts. This in-formation must be transmitted in formats that arereadily usable by the topo plt and by all-sourceanalysts for the production of intelligence.

c. Ability to Provide GEOINT Products Effective GEOINT operations require the timelydissemination of foundation data and tailored, ac-curate GEOINT products to commanders andfunctional planners at all command echelons.MAGTF command echelons’ intelligence andGEOINT personnel must be capable of employ-ing all available communications. Such CIS re-qu i r emen t s mus t suppor t push and pu l lcapabilities.

5002. Support to C2 Nodes

The topo plt is the only organic MAGTF assetwith the mission, personnel, equipment, training,

and capabilities to support GI and GEOINT users.Each CE staff division and MAGTF major subor-dinate element (MSE) has unique functional re-quirements for tailored GEOINT views andproducts of the battlespace. These views are criti-cal to the development of a COP and CTP sup-porting the commander’s requirement forsituational awareness and to most other planningand decisionmaking needs. These views will beaccessed through the MAGTF CE’s TOPOSETTGIL. MAGTF subordinate units’ ability to ac-cess, query, retrieve, and use GEOINT dependson the TGIL’s integration into the MAGTF com-munications and TDN architectures.

a. MEF Command Element Intelligence C2 Nodes—Combat Intelligence Center and Intelligence Operations Center

The CIC and its subordinate elements is the prin-cipal MAGTF intelligence C2 node that providesthe facilities and infrastructure for the centralizeddirection for the MEF’s comprehensive intelli-gence, CI and reconnaissance operations (see fig-ure 5-1). Since the CIC must effectively supportthe entire MAGTF, it must remain responsive tothe requirements of all elements of the MAGTF.

In supporting this objective, the CIC supportsboth G-2 section and intelligence battalion opera-tions. While integrated, the organizational ap-proach differs some for each of these.

(1) G-2 Section

The key G-2 nodes are organized to effectivelyalign and support the MEF CE’s staff cross-func-tional cellular staff organization and concept ofoperations. The G-2 plans branch is aligned toprovide intelligence support the MEF CE’s futureplans cell efforts. The G-2 operations branch,however, is aligned to provide intelligence sup-port to the MEF CE’s COC, FOC, force fires cen-ter and to direct and manage the G-2’s Red Celland the MEF’s external intelligence liaison teams(see figure 5-2 on page 5-4).


Combat Intelligence Center (CIC)—overarching intelligence operations center estab-lished within the MEF main command post. Encompasses the primary functions of theMEF intelligence section and Intelligence Battalion. It includes the sub-elements listedbelow.

G-2 Plans—main element of the G-2 section for coordinating and providing intelli-gence support to the MEF CE future plans team; and leadership and direction of theG-2 section’s imagery and mapping, SIGINT, and weather sections.

G-2 Operations—main element of the G-2 section for coordinating and providing in-telligence support to the MEF CE CG, battle staff and current operations center ele-ments; target intelligence support to the force fires and future operations; G-2 sectionintelligence requirements management activities; Red Cell support; and MEF intelli-gence liaison with external commands and organizations.

Intelligence Operations Center—principal MEF intelligence operations and C2 cen-ter that is established by intelligence battalion. Performs intelligence requirementsmanagement, staff cognizance of ongoing organic and supporting collection opera-tions, intelligence analysis and production, and intelligence dissemination.

l Support Cell—primary element for conducting MEF-wide intelligence require-ments management; weather support; collections and dissemination planning anddirection; and intelligence staff cognizance of MEF organic and supporting intelli-gence and reconnaissance operations.

l Production and Analysis Cell—primary analysis and production element of theMEF. Processes and produces all-source intelligence products in response to re-quirements of the MEF. Additionally, principal IMINT and GEOINT production el-ement of the MEF.

l Surveillance and Reconnaissance Cell—primary element for the supervision ofMEF collection operations. Directs, coordinates, and monitors intelligence collec-tion operations conducted by organic, attached, and direct support collection assets.

CI/HUMINT Company Command Post—primary element for conducting CI/HUMINT planning and direction, command and control, and coordination of MEFCI/HUMINT operations with external CI/HUMINT organizations.

Operations Control and Analysis Element (OCAC)—main node for the C2 of radiobattalion SIGINT operations and the overall coordination of MEF SIGINT operations.Processes, analyzes, produces, and disseminates SIGINT-derived information and di-rects the ground-based electronic warfare activities of the radio battalion.

Reconnaissance Operations Center (ROC)—Main mode for the C2 of force recon-naissance company’s operations and the overall coordination of MEF ground recon-naissance operations. Processes, analyzes, produces, and disseminates groundreconnaissance-derived information in support of MEF intelligence requirements.

Figure 5-1. MEF CE’s Combat Intelligence Center and IntelligenceBattalion and Intelligence Operations Center Key Elements.

5-4_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

(2) Intelligence Operations CenterThe IOC is the other principal MEF CE intelli-gence node. It provides the facilities, CIS and oth-er support to allow the ISC and intel bn toperform the following tasks:

l Provide centralized direction for MEF intelli-gence operations under the staff cognizance ofthe AC/S G-2. The IOC is the core for this task,with key assistance from the G-2 plans and G-2operations elements.

l Consolidate, validate, and prioritize IRs of theentire force consistent with the commander’spriorities. The key CIC element providing forthis is the CMD section within the IOC’s sup-port cell. Intelligence specialists from all disci-plines, to include GEOINT, generally areorganic to this section.

l Plan, develop, and direct the MEF collection,production, and dissemination plans and opera-tions. The key CIC elements providing for thisare the CMD section within the IOC’s supportcell and the P&A cell.

l Submit consolidated requests for external intel-ligence support through the Marine componentheadquarters to appropriate agencies. The keyCIC element providing for this is the CMD sec-tion within the IOC’s support cell, with assis-tance from the P&A cell.

l Allow the ISC to exercise, per AC/S G-2 cogni-zance, principal staff cognizance of MEF or-ganic and supporting intelligence, CI andreconnaissance operations, to include SIGINT,IMINT, HUMINT, MASINT, ground recon-

naissance, and aerial reconnaissance opera-tions.

l Coordinate and manage the employment ofMEF organic collection assets through theIOC’s SARC. Within the SARC will be repre-sentatives from most organic and supportingintelligence and reconnaissance units to pro-vide C2 and reporting of ongoing intelligenceoperations.

l Maintain a consolidated, all-source intelligenceproduction center in the MEF in IOC’s P&Acell. The other node with significant intelli-gence production involvement is the radio bat-talion’s OCAC. Similar to the CMD section,intelligence specialists from all intelligencedisciplines generally are organic to the P&Acell.

l Link the MEF CE to national, theater, joint,other-Service, and multinational intelligenceassets and operations. All intelligence intel bnand G-2 section nodes have common andunique capabilities to perform critical taskswithin the function. In addition to MEF CEcommon communications pathways providedby the communications battalion, the IOC gen-erally will also have unique intelligence com-munications capability, such as Trojan Spirit II.

(3) CIS Support

CIS support to CIC and IOC operations may varyfrom operation to operation based upon METT-T.Generally all nodes will have or will have accessto IAS and JDISS (each with COLISEUM andother specialized applications) and connectivitywith the full range of communications (JWICS,SIPRNET, NIPRNET, DSN, DMS, voice, video-teleconferencing, etc.) via either MEF CE com-mon communications or unique intel bn CIScapabilities. Examples of unique intelligence CIScapabilities are those integral to the VMU squad-ron remote receive station (RRS), the radio bntechnical control and analysis center (TCAC) andthe AN/MSC-63A special security communica-tions central, the GSP’s tactical remote sensorsystem, the IIP’s tactical exploitation group(TEG), the VMAQ squadrons tactical electronicreconnaissance processing and evaluation system(TERPES), the CI/HUMINT automated tool set

Figure 5-2. MEF CE Cross-Functional Cellular Organization and Intelligence Support.


(CHATS), manpack secondary imagery dissemi-nation system (Manpack SIDS), Trojan Spirit II(TS-II), and the Joint STARS common groundstation. See figure 5-3 for a notional depiction of aMEF overarching intelligence CIS architecture.

The MEF G-2 section and intelligence battalionsoverall command and control relationships andresulting all-source intelligence support flowthroughout the MEF are indicated in figure 5-4 onpage 5-6.

b. GEOINT CIS Support

(1) MEFWithin the CIC, the primary interfaces for GI andGEOINT access and retrieval are the IAS, theTOPOSET, and the IIP’s TEG. When connectedto MAGTF LANs, WANs, and the comprehen-sive MAGTF TDN, these systems support anintegrated production concept (IPC). Supportedby GEIONT specialists, IMINT analysts, and

Figure 5-3. Notional MEF Intelligence Communications and Information Systems Architecture.

5-6_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

all-source intelligence analysts in the P&A cells,the IPC provides a collaborative production envi-ronment for IMINT, GEOINT, and all-source in-telligence products. This IPC is a basic principleof NIMA’s emerging production processes tosupport the combatant commands, JTFs, and theServices.

Connectivity between the TGIL and the TEG im-agery product library (IPL) mirrors national GIand IMINT operations. This connectivity leverag-es the technologies and standards developed forcollaborative planning, production, and dissemi-nation. The ability of intelligence analysts toprovide all-source intelligence products to com-manders, their staffs, and subordinate units de-pends on the fundamental, common picture of theenvironment. GEOINT specialists and IMINTand all-source intelligence analysts’ intelligenceproduction collaboration is a key factor in devel-

oping and sustaining the COP/CTP and satisfyingMAGTF IRs.

Efficient and effective GI and GEOINT supportto the MAGTF staff depends on the connectivityof their C2 systems and supporting CIS to theTGIL. (See appendix L for a list of current andemerging MAGTF systems requiring GI andGEOINT support.) Linking each of these systemsthrough the MAGTF TDN will support GI andGEOINT distribution. In addition, it will providea collaborative environment to support hyperlink-ing critical information and intelligence to andfrom the topo plt geospatial data base. Commonusage of this geospatial data base across allMAGTF systems will support the development ofa COP and CTP and will provide an integratedstructure for battlefield visualization.

Figure 5-5 notionally depicts the integration ofkey topo p l t e l emen t s i n to MAGTF CE

Figure 5-4. MEF G-2 and Intelligence Battalion C2 Relationships and MEF Intelligence Support Flow.


intelligence operations and key CIS connectivitywith subordinate units. (2) Naval Forces During amphibious operations, amphibious taskforce (ATF) and the MAGTF CE’s intelligence

sections generally will integrate their operations.The principal intelligence C2 node is the Amphib-ious Task Force Intelligence Center (ATFIC) lo-cated aboard the ATF flagship. The ATFIC iscomposed of designated shipboard spaces with

Figure 5-5. Notional MEF CIC CIS Architecture and Topographic Elements.

5-8_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

installed CIS systems that support the intelligenceoperations of both the ATF and LF while reduc-ing duplicative functions and producing morecomprehensive and timely intelligence for theentire naval task force (NTF). Standard CIS con-nectivity is available—JWICS, SIPRNET, NIPR-NET, DMS, DSN. Access is provided via theflagships GENSER communication center and thespecial intelligence communications center withinthe ATFIC’s ship’s signals exploitation space(SSES). Similar support may be available to otherLF elements embarked on other amphibiousships.

GI and GEOINT support is provided to the navalamphibious task force intelligence center and oth-er C2 centers via the JMCIS network. EmbarkedGEOINT specialists and their equipment must beintegrated into the ship’s CIS network to receiveand disseminate GI and GEOINT. The integrationof GEOINT assets must be coordinated with theship’s communication officer and the amphibioustask force’s CIS officer. This coordination is nec-essary for access to the national production net-work and distributive production support. Accessis necessary for pulling GI and GEOINT fromafloat and NTF external intel l igence andGEOINT support facilities and for pushing tai-lored mission views forward to support land-based MAGTF operations in a virtual staffingconfiguration. This communication configurationwill also support split-based ATF/LF operationswith focused support from reach-back facilitieswhen shipboard topographic assets are limited ornot available.

(3) National

(a) National Intelligence Support Team

All-source national intelligence level GEOINTand other intelligence assets may deploy in sup-port of JTF (and even directly in support ofMAGTF) operations as well as providing criticalsupport via reach-back and collaborative capabili-

ties. The national intelligence support team(NIST) is the most typical method used. TheNIST is a task-organized unit generally consistingof DIA, National Security Agency, Central Intel-ligence Agency, and, as appropriate, NIMA per-sonnel and equipment. Its mission is to provide atailored, national level all-source intelligenceteam to deployed commanders (generally at theJTF headquarters level, but support could be pro-vided to other commands) during crisis or contin-gency operations. Depending upon the supportedunit’s requirements, a NIST can be task-organizedto provide coordination with national intelligenceagencies, analytical expertise, I&W, special as-sessments, targeting support, streamlined and rap-id access to national intelligence data bases andother products, and assistance facilitating RFImanagement. (See figure 5-6.)

DIA, through the joint staff J-2, controls the NISTfor deployment and administrative purposes. Dur-ing operations a NIST will be in direct support ofthe JFC, who exercises C2 of it via the JTF J-2.Once deployed, any of the intelligence agenciescan provide NIST leadership. The basic C2 rela-tionships between the NIST and the JTF (or othersupported commands) command relationship isdirect support. The NIST will be under the staffcognizance of the JTF J-2, performing intelli-gence support functions as so designated. The ba-sic NIST concept of operations is to take the J-2’srequest for intelligence and collection and pro-duction requirements, discuss and deconflict theseinternally within the NIST to determine which el-ement(s) should take these for action. Each NISTelement leader, and as coordinated by the NISTteam chief, will conduct liaison with their parentnational intelligence organization. All intelligencegenerated by the NIST is available to the J-2 orga-nization, the JFC, and other elements of the JTFwith the usual restriction based on clearance andprograms. (See figure 5-7.)


Figure 5-7. National Intelligence Support Team Capabilities.

Figure 5-6. Notional Composition of a National Intelligence Support Team.

5-10 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

Each NIST deployment is unique based on mis-sion, duration, team composition, and capabilitiesrequired. A NIST is not a totally self-containedelement. Rather it requires logistic and other ele-ment. Rather it requires logistic and other supportfrom the supported command. Its organic capabil-ities generally encompass only intelligence andunique CIS support.

NIST CIS capabilities are also task-organized. Itmay range from a single agency element voiceconnectivity to a fully equipped NIST with JDISSand JWICS video teleconferencing (VTC) capa-bilities. Current methods of operation continue torely on both agency and supported command-provided communications paths to supportdeployed NIST elements. The systems that eachelements are capable of deploying are discussedin greater detail in appendix C of JP 2-02, Nation-al Intelligence Support to Joint Operations.

(b) NIMA

The Director, NIMA, coordinates national CISsupport to military and intelligence agencies. NI-MA established CIS interoperability standardsand data formats for all GI&S operations. Militaryforces and intelligence agencies use these stan-dards and data formats to support interoperableplanning and direction, production and dissemina-tion of GI and GEOINT.

A NIMA customer support response team(CSRT) may be integrated into a NIST or may bedeployed in direct support of a military force. TheCSRT will typically contain a deployable imag-ery/geospatial server known as the quick responsesystem (QRS). The QRS is self-contained andgenerally requires only satellite communications(SATCOM) channel access support from the JTFor other supported unit. The JTF J-2 will coordi-nate SATCOM channel and COMSEC supportthrough the J-6. Additionally, depending upon thesituation, other CIS and related support that aNIST may require from the supported unit in-cludes information systems technical support andan access controlled secure area (generally within

the supported unit’s tactical sensitive compart-mented information facility, or TSCIF).

During operations, the CSRT QRS can provide aMAGTF with a wide range of imagery and GI&Ssupport. In garrison, NIMA’s geospatial technicalrepresentatives within each MEF’s command ele-ment will assist with NIMA coordination, specialassessments, access to databases, request for in-telligence, etc. Finally, NIMA can provideMAGTFs temporary specialized equipment tomeet unique operational needs or to satisfy criti-cal deficiencies (such as the Modular RemoteReplication Systems that have been provided todeploying MEU(SOC)s to provide a reproductioncapability until the Marine Corps acquires an or-ganic capability).

(c) JTF J-2

The JTF J-2 organizational structure will be situa-tion and mission dependent as determined by theJFC. The JISE is the principal intelligence C2node within the JTF J-2. The JISE is the focus forJTF intelligence operations, providing the JFCand component commanders with situationalawareness and other intelligence support regard-ing adversary air, space, ground and maritime ca-pabilities and activities.

If a NIST is provided in support of the JTF, it gen-erally will integrate its operations within the JISE.Key JISE functions and capabilities include col-lection management support, order of battle(OOB) analysis, identification of threat centers ofgravity and critical vulnerabilities, and intelli-gence support to targeting and force protection.All GI&S and GEOINT collection, productionand dissemination activities will be conductedwithin the JISE. Once initial basic and currentGI&S and GEOINT products and support havebeen provided to a JTF and its components, up-dates will be accomplished by the JISE usingpush/pull dissemination techniques. IntelligenceCIS based on the JDISS/JWICS functionality pro-vide the JTF with the ability to query theater andnational GEOINT servers and databases for themost current intelligence.


(4) Multinational Combined and multinational operations will gen-erally require the sharing of GI and GEOINT be-tween the MAGTF and allies critical. Combatantcommands and subordinate JTFs can request fromNIMA the authority to disclose or release GI tocoalition and/or allied nations.

A JTF must be interoperable with, and have ac-cess to, theater geospatial data bases, as well asallied and/or coalition force data bases and GI&Sdissemination systems. For example, GI andGEOINT may be stored on systems such as theLinked Operational Intelligence Centers Europe.This is the primary automated system for ex-changing information with North Atlantic TreatyOrganization allies.

5003. Joint Communications and Information Systems

A wide range of national, theater, and componentCIS is available to joint force and subordinatecommanders. The continuing evolution of nation-al and DOD CIS technologies and architecturesprovides a robust, flexible capability that can be

leveraged by the MAGTF (see figure 5-8). Whilethese systems are designed and used primarily forthe transfer of traditional intelligence and opera-tional information, they can also be used for thedissemination of basic, current, and estimative GIand GEOINT. However, the existence of these ca-pabilities does not ensure that GI and GEOINTcan be disseminated without significant planningand coordination with all command echelons.

a. Planning

When planning CIS requirements, the combatantcommand, JTF GI&S officer and MEF ISC iden-tify the mission and tasks, formulate/coordinatethe concept of operations, consider joint and Ser-vice doctrine and capabilities, and then determinethe specific mission requirements. Each mustwork closely with all force intelligence and CISstaffs and subordinate commanders to determineGI&S data bandwidth requirements and datatransmission priorities and to develop primaryand alternate CIS plans. Supporting communica-tions paths will require connectivity with the De-fense Information Systems Network to allow forthe transmission of large GI and GEOINT files.

Figure 5-8. Joint CI&S Communications Architecture.

5-12 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

b. Mission Objectives

As specific mission objectives of the JFC andeach of the subordinate component commandersare developed, intelligence and GEOINT plannersdevelop a list of the subordinate joint force GI&Sand GEOINT assets and those assigned fromnational and Service sourcing. Following thespecific time lines for planned operations, theseplanners will produce an estimate of the databandwidth and other CIS requirements necessaryto fill shortfalls in geospatial data transmissions.

c. CIS Plans

The JTF and MEF J-6/G-6/S-6, assisted by theJ-2/G-2/S-2, determines the specific CIS plan tosupport GI and GEOINT CIS interoperability anddissemination to the MAGTF and to adjacent andhigher commanders. The plan generally shouldinclude a node-to-node layout of existing andplanned CIS transmission routes and modes andthe identification of all organizations or units tobe included in the CIS architecture.

5004. MAGTF Communications and Information Systems

a. Architecture Planning

The transmission and dissemination of GI andGEOINT is evolving. The DOD GI&S communi-ty is involved in ongoing research to develop new,faster, and more effective ways to transfer thelarge data files associated with GI and GEOINT.The MAGTF I&M and CIS staffs and intel bnmust carefully plan and coordinate CIS architec-ture requirements with the combatant command’sand other Services’ intelligence and CIS officers,JTF, NIMA, and other CONUS GI&S support ac-tivities, as well as, the G-2/G-3/G-6 of subordi-nate units.

Units should deploy with the most current GI andGEOINT on electronic media such as digital tape,compact discs read only memory (CD-ROMs), or

removable disks. Prepositioned geospatial databases will be the single most important factor forreducing MAGTF TDN bandwidth requirementsfor the transmission of GI and GEOINT through-out the MAGTF.

The ISC, in coordination with the MEF G-2, G-6,and I&M section, must plan for and establish ade-quate GI&S CIS support for higher, adjacent, andsubordinate commands prior to operational de-ployment.

b. System Planning MAGTF communications links include satellite,microwave, radio, land line, LANs, and WANs.After the G-2/S-2 and ISC identify and coordinateintelligence CIS operational requirements withthe G-6/S-6, the system planning and engineeringprocess is used to determine the type and numberof circuits required, circuit routes, and frequencyand bandwidth management communications pro-tocols (e.g., bit rate, parity). The process also de-termines network protocols and security,management requirements, and other consider-ations required to make the MAGTF CIS archi-tecture function properly. Concurrently, the ISC/intel bn’s systems administrators must design ormodify intelligence data bases to meet situationrequirements, ensuring understanding of thesethroughout the MAGTF. Usually, the MAGTFwill require CIS connectivity with—

l Subordinate commanders. l JTF headquarters. l Other Service components headquarters and

key subordinate units. l NIMA.l Marine Corps geospatial information libraries.l Other national assets with geospatial data base

holdings.l Coalition forces’ geospatial data bases.

The MAGTF G-6/S-6 may request Defense Infor-mation Systems Agency leased or nonorganic the-ater communications resources.


The G-6/S-6 will require the following detailedinformation from the ISC for formal request doc-umentation:

l Type(s) of telecommunications support.l Planned location(s). l Operational activation and duration times.l CIS equipment to be used at all locations.l Estimated digital geospatial traffic volumes,

precedence, and security levels. l Recommended establishment and restoration

priorities. l Funding.

c. Planning Considerations

(1) Client and Servers

GEOINT operations are rapidly advancing to-wards more effective push and pull capabilities.The pull concept allows forces to browse throughgeospatial data files and acquire—pull—relevantinformation based upon their specific needs. Datamay reside on a distributed network that remainsvirtually transparent to users, but the data is ac-cessible to many servers on a global basis. Thepush concept requires that national- or theater-level producers of GI and GEOINT automaticallysend updated data or data required for navigationsafety to all nodes in the force or to a special dis-tribution list of known users.

(2) Data Base Management

The ISC, assisted by the MEF I&M section, mustidentify the requirements for data base manage-ment for the operation. It is anticipated that manyusers will have the capability to value-add or up-date the geospatial data base with more current ormore detailed information. It is critical that thisupdated data be disseminated to all pertinent usersin the AO, to the theater data base, and to NIMAfor inclusion in the DOD GI warehouse. TheMIO, in coordination with subordinate commandGI&S representatives, the ISC, and the CMDOshould identify a single point of contact for allMAGTF in-theater data base management ac-tions. This data base manager reviews and vali-da te s any va lue -added da ta be fo re i t i s

disseminated. Normally, this point of contact willreside either with the intel bn CMDO, P&A OICor the topo plt commander.

(3) Alternate Methods of Dissemination

The ISC and CMDO must also identify and evalu-ate alternate methods of GI and GEOINT productdistribution (i.e., CD-ROM, tape, or disk). Thisdissemination method may be necessary to sup-port the distribution of GI and GEOINT to subor-dinate units that have insufficient bandwidthconnectivity. Distribution of such products viacourier must be coordinated with the G-1/S-1 andsubordinate units’ intelligence offices. Dissemi-nation of bulk GI and GEOINT products such asmaps must be coordinated with the G-4/S-4 sup-ply officer to ensure that standard supply distribu-tion support is available. See MCWP 6-22 foradditional information on MAGTF CIS planningand operations.

5005. United States Imagery and Geospatial Information System

The USIGS is a NIMA-developed architecturecompatible with the joint technical architectureand defense information infrastructure commonoperating environment. The USIGS provides aclient and server capability for the storage anddissemination of imagery, imagery intelligence,GI, and GEOINT. File servers or GI libraries willexist at different command echelons and intelli-gence agencies to support these mission needs.

The largest library—the National InformationLibrary—stores national imagery, selected tacti-cal imagery, and thematic layers of GI andGEOINT. Combatant command GI libraries willmaintain theater-specific data to support theirmission.

Connectivity between national, theater, andtactical geospatial libraries is crucial to leveragethe collaborative and distributed productioncapability inherent in the design of the USIGSarchitecture.

5-14 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

5006. Marine Corps Planning Factors Data Base

The Marine Corps PFDB provides a digital pro-cess for I&M section and intel bn staff to identifyand prioritize MAGTF GI and GEOINT require-ments. The PFDB allows developing and submit-ting digital and hard-copy area requirements inthe deliberate and crisis planning process. ThePFDB uses selectable user profiles, system databases, quantity matrix, and mission profiles to es-tablish required features and attributes to supportcurrent or future operations. The PFDB usesMarine Corps common hardware and softwareand is interoperable with theater and national re-quirements analysis systems. It uses standardLAN and WAN networks to access NIPRNET,SIPRNET, and JWICS architecture via theMAGTF TDN.

Each user and mission profile, with associated re-quirements list, will be forwarded to GIMO,MCIA, for updating the Marine Corps PFDB.Submissions on geographic area requirementswill be forwarded to the appropriate combatantcommand, via the operational chain of command.

5007. Operations and Supporting Communications and Information Systems

For any given operation, the task organization,command relationships, and supporting CIS perti-nent to MAGTF GEOINT operations will bespecified within Annexes B, C, and K of theOPORD or in a subsequent fragmentary order.Figure 5-9 captures the broad nature of interrelat-ed GEOINT operations. It notionally depicts fivekey aspects of MAGTF GEOINT operations:

l The task organization and command and sup-port relationships of MAGTF GEOINT units.Topo plt is collocated with the MEF CE G-2/S-2 and other intel bn elements. It operates ingeneral support of the MAGTF, with GISTsand GITs either attached to or in direct supportof MSC/MSE headquarters as required.

l Principal GEOINT systems (e.g., TOPOSET,DTAMS, GIRS) employed within and in sup-port of the MAGTF.

l Communications connectivity, communica-tions pathways, means, and level of securityclassification.

l Key information systems (e.g., TCO, IAS) thatGEOINT supports.

l Principal GEOINT activities and productreports disseminated via communicationspathways.


Figure 5-9. MAGTF GEOINT Operations and Supporting CIS.

Chapter 6

Security

This chapter provides guidance governing securi-ty classification, disclosure, release, and destruc-tion of GI, GEOINT, and related data.

6001. Responsibilities

DOD and NIMA have the primary responsibilityfor all DOD GI&S activities, to include security.Marine Corps personnel preparing, storing, dis-tributing, and using GI and GEOINT and relateddata are responsible for ensuring security, classifi-cation, and proper release authority complies withDOD Dir 5200.1. The administration of the GI&Sclassification management program is the respon-sibility of the unit’s security manager and is exe-cuted by its classified material control center. Allpersonnel must safeguard appropriate GI andGEOINT and related data at a security classifica-tion level commensurate with its sensitivity.

6002. Classification

NIMA GI&S products and related data will beclassified only to the degree required to assure ad-equate protection against unauthorized disclosure.

Security classification and control marking re-quirements for GI&S products and data are basedon the same criteria as for other military intelli-gence products and data. However, the followingunique security requirements should be consid-ered when handling GI&S products and data:

l Foreign government desires, GI&S informa-tion, and GI&S bilateral agreements must behonored. Some bilateral agreements specifythat the GI&S products prepared or obtainedunder the agreement shall be classified. NIMAprefers, however, to publish unclassified GI&S

products whenever possible to facilitate theirstorage, handling, and distribution.

l Most NIMA medium- and large-scale GI&Sproducts of foreign areas are normally not re-leasable outside the U.S. Government withoutprior approval even though they are unclassi-fied. Likewise, most GI&S products preparedor obtained under bilateral agreements are re-stricted from release outside the U.S. Govern-ment without prior approval from NIMA.

l GI&S products of foreign areas release is oftengoverned by international agreements and byinternational policy considerations.

l National security policy may direct that certainGI&S products covering areas of strategic ortactical importance that are prepared from sen-sitive source materials be classified commensu-rate with the security classification guidance ofthe primary sources used in their preparation.

l the source that has the lowest classificationand/or least restrictive requirements should beused as the cover source when several sourceshaving different classification and release re-strictions are equally available for production.

6003. Classification Guidance for New GI and GEOINT

Subject to the direction of the intel bn commanderand the P&A cell OIC, the topo plt commander isresponsible for assigning the classification leveland duration the classification must remain inforce for all MAGTF-generated GI and GEOINTproducts and data bases. The topo plt commanderfollows the classification guidance established byMEF, JTF or other authority. The topo plt mustdevelop local security procedures for preparingand monitoring production and disseminationplans and for project specifications based on

6-2_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

guidance from the MEF AC/S G-2, intel bn com-mander, and command security manager.

a. GI&S Products and Data Base

The following factors must be considered whenmaintaining GI&S products and data bases withinthe MAGTF:

l Maintenance, recompilation, value-adding, in-tensification or revision of planimetric and re-lief features previously compiled will requirereview of security classification based on thenew sources used.

l Product and data base must be classified withthe same classification as the revision sourcesif classified features are added or identified.

l Marginal information on the GI&S products ordata base will not reveal, by date or other perti-nent information, that classified sources wereused in its revision.

b. Guide Preparation Considerations

The following factors must be considered whenpreparing a security classification guide or beforeproviding final security classification guidancefor new or revised GI&S products and data bases.

(1) Bilateral Agreements

These agreements provide for classification ofGI&S products and data bases. Some bilateralagreements stipulate that GI&S products and databases resulting from sources subject to the termsof the agreements must be classified. As a resultof the agreement, large- and medium-scale GI&Sproducts and data bases covering certain countriesmust be classified to protect our relations withthese nations.

(2) International

Security classification requirements of an interna-tional organization such as NATO must beconsidered in the production of GI&S products

and data bases covering an International PactOrganization.

(3) Military Installations

A large-scale GI&S product or data base thatidentifies military installations must be classifiedunless public knowledge of the installation and itslocation is readily available in the news media orother open sources. The minimum level of classi-fication required to protect sensitive installationsis confidential. If the source information is classi-fied higher and there is no requirement for sanitiz-ing , then the product must be c lass i f iedcommensurate with the source. The following cri-teria should be considered in determining theclassification of installations:

l An installation is considered sensitive if itserves a critical military function and theknowledge of its existence or location wouldmake it a primary target during wartime.

l For products prepared under cooperative agree-ments, the security classification indicated bythe country involved will be honored and allsensitive installations so indicated will be ap-propriately protected.

(4) International Boundaries

Security classification and control of GI&S prod-ucts and data bases portraying internationalboundaries should conform to these factors:

l If one of the portrayed nations participates withthe United States in a bilateral agreement thatrequires security classification of products anddata bases prepared under that agreement, thesecurity classification must be honored unlessthe nation waives the requirement for similarlyprotected border sheets.

l If the security classification on any of the pre-viously prepared GI&S products or data baseswas based on sensitive sources or sensitive in-stallations, these products should be examinedfor the current sensitivities and declassified ifappropriate.


6004. Disclosure and Release of NIMA Classified Products and Data Bases

Only NIMA or the combatant commander candisclose and release classified NIMA products,data bases, and related data to requesters not affil-iated with the Marine Corps or DOD. The ISCsection must provide detailed justification in allsuch cases.

a. NIMA Policy Disclosure may be made only with the approvalof NIMA. Classified NIMA products and databases may be shared with foreign countries andinternational organizations only when there is aclearly defined advantage to the United States.Disclosure of classified GI&S products and databases must be in conformance with the guidanceset forth in the JTF’s security guidance.

b. Disclosure ProceduresHandling a request for disclosure should be doneexpeditiously to maintain good relations and toensure good treatment for U.S. disclosure re-quests. All requests for GI&S products or databases to support war plans and combat operationsshould be forwarded thorough appropriate GI&Schannels to the theater combatant command’sGI&S officer for action. The ISC or unit G-2/S-2is responsible for this within MAGTF units.

Processing a request for release of NIMA GI&Sproducts and data bases may be approved if itmeets the requirements outlined in appropriateNIMA directives. All disclosures and denialsmust be approved by an authorized NIMA disclo-sure official. Requests that do not meet the statedrequirements must be denied or an exception tonational defense policy must be obtained.

c. Release of NIMA Classified MaterialThe physical release of NIMA classified materialto a representative of a foreign country can be au-thorized only by the Director, NIMA. Physical re-lease must be in concert with current directives as

implemented by DOD Dir 5230.11, Disclosure ofClassified Military Information to Foreign Gov-ernments.

6005. Release of NIMA Unclassified Products and Data Bases

It is the policy of NIMA to provide unclassifiedGI&S products and data bases to U.S. Govern-ment agencies, the general public, and domesticcommercial firms to the maximum extent possi-ble. These products and data bases are providedwithout compromising DOD plans, programs, andoperations that require protection in the interest ofnational security. NIMA products and data basesare the property of the DOD and are to be used inthe best interest of the U.S. Government.

a. Release CategoriesRelease of unclassified NIMA GI&S productsand data bases is divided into the following threecategories.

(1) Fully Releasable

Those products and data bases normally offeredfor public sale as listed in pertinent NIMA direc-tives and catalogs.

(2) Releasable at the Option of NIMA

NIMA products and data bases including medi-um- (1:250,000) and large-scale (1:100,000,1:50,000, and larger) materials covering foreignterritories may carry cautionary notes or handlingwarnings as set forth in DOD Dir 5230.24, Distri-bution Statements on Technical Documents.

(3) Not Releasable

Certain unclassified NIMA products and databases may not be releasable to requesters outsideof the DOD because of existing bilateral agree-ments that preclude further dissemination or dis-tribution. These products or data bases willnormally carry cautionary notes or release warn-ings reflecting the specific restrictions.

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b. Release Guidance

GI&S products and data bases are technical infor-mation packages prepared to meet DOD require-ments. The release of this information depends onnational security policy considerations. Whenpossible, NIMA products and data bases are pro-duced, stored, and distributed on an unclassifiedbasis to facilitate their use by military forces.However, their release to private or internationalusers is subject to review by a designated NIMAofficial. This review ensures that national securitypolicy considerations and/or certain provisions ofbilateral and international agreements are notcompromised.

In general, NIMA products and data bases atsmall scales (1:500,000 resolution or smaller) arereleasable to the general public. Exceptional cir-cumstances preclude some special or specificproducts from release. Request for release ofGI&S products or data bases must be confirmed(through appropriate GI&S channels) with thetheater combatant command or GIMO prior torelease.

6006. Disposal of GI&S Products and Data Bases

NIMA GI&S products will, in time, become ob-solete, surplus or superseded and therefore requiredisposal. The appropriate manner of disposal ofthese products is determined by the security clas-sification level or affixed handling warnings.

a. Disposal of Classified Products and Data Bases

Classified GI&S products and related data mustbe destroyed in accordance with the regulationsgoverning the destruction of classified materialsas stated in the current version of Chief of NavalOperations Instruction (OPNAVINST) 5510.1H,Department of the Navy Information and Person-nel Security Program Regulation, and appropriateNIMA directives.

b. Disposal of Unclassified Products and Data Bases The NIMA policy for the disposal of supersededor obsolete products and data bases that are notauthorized for public sale may be implementedwith the following provisions:

l Recycling process requires excess stock be cutand bound for use as memo pads, calendars,scratch pads, and similar use items.

l Recycling process (cutting and intermixing) ofexcess stock must be done within a U.S. Gov-ernment or military facility by personnel as-signed to the respective agency or facility.

l Recycling must be accomplished in such amanner so that users cannot easily reconstructthe original product.

l Recycled products may only be made availableto personnel assigned to such facilities withspecific instructions that will preclude furtherdistribution. The recycled products are not tobe made available for public sale.

l Maximum pad size produced from excess lim-ited-distribution stock must not exceed onefourth the size of the original product.

l Disposal of unclassified GI&S products anddata bases at scale densities of 1:500,000equivalent and smaller may be used for pulp-ing, reclamation, destruction or any ecological-ly compatible manner that precludes resale.The products may be reused as memo pads,forms, calendars, etc., for any requirements ofthe U.S. or local government.

l Disposal of unclassified GI&S products anddata bases at scale densities of 1:250,000equivalent and larger (such as 1:50,000 or citygraphics), must be destroyed by pulping, shred-ding, burning, destruction, or other ecologicalcompatible manner that precludes the reuse ofthat product. These products can not be reusedas memo pads, forms, calendars, etc.

l MEF GI&S section must be notified if unclas-sified excess stock cannot be recycled for usewithin a command or properly destroyed to co-ordinate the movement of the excess stock tothe nearest defense property disposal office fordisposition. Disposal will be mutilation byshredding, pulverizing, burning, etc.

Chapter 7

Training

The GIMO, MCIA, through the Training andEducation Division, MCCDC, is responsible forimplementing and maintaining a Marine CorpsGI&S and GEOINT training and education pro-gram in support of Marine Corps forces. Localtraining plans should reflect GI and GEOINTtraining on such topics as datums, coordinate con-versions, requisition procedures, and support ca-pabilities.

7001. Organic Topographic Training

The topo plt commander and chief are responsibleto the intelligence battalion commander for devel-oping and implementing new training require-ments necessary for effective GEOINT operationsand for maintenance of all organic equipment.This includes conversion training for operatorswho will use and maintain first and second eche-lon maintenance systems while deployed.

a. RequirementsInitial training for all geographic intelligence spe-cialists (MOS 0261) and intelligence officers(MOS 0202) assigned to GI&S billets is conduct-ed at the DMS, NIMA College, Ft. Belvoir, VA.Follow-on training and advanced training aremanaged by the intelligence occupational fieldsponsor, HQMC, C4I.

Each topo plt will develop an annual training plan(see appendix M) to support and maintain theskills critical to mission success. Copies of theseplans will be maintained by the intelligence bat-talion S-3 and the MEF I&M section. Alternativetraining, such as interactive courseware, DMSmobile training teams, and local civilian schools,can be emphasized to enhance skill levels in allfunctional areas of the platoon.

b. Training ObjectivesTraining for MAGTF geographic intelligence spe-cialists and intelligence officers assigned to GI&Sbillets should include—

l Geodetic survey planning and employment.l Topographic production planning and employ-

ment. l Required MAGTF mission profiles and typical

GEOINT products. l Topographic production orientation and famil-

iarization. l Topographic and airfield survey. l Geodetic survey orientation and familiariza-

tion. l Terrain analysis application training. l Hydrographic analysis training.l Operator training. l Maintenance training. l Geospatial data base management training.l IPB application training.

c. Orientation and Familiarization Training All intelligence personnel will receive instructionon the GI and GEOINT capabilities, limitations,and employment as part of their formal MOSschool training. In addition, GI and GEOINT ori-entation and familiarization should be incorporat-ed into unit intelligence training programs at alllevels. Information on GI and GEOINT capabili-ties, limitations, and employment shall be incor-porated into instruction on organic intelligencecapabilities in formal professional military educa-tion (PME) courses. Unit PME programs shallinclude GI and GEOINT orientation and familiar-ization in any classes covering intelligenceplanning and direction, collection, processing,production, mapping, land navigation, andsurveying.

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d. Planning and Employment Training GI and GEOINT planning and employment train-ing is provided as part of the formal school train-ing for MAGTF intelligence officers (MOS0202), ground intelligence officers (MOS 0203),air intelligence officers (MOS 0275), MAGTF in-telligence chiefs (MOS 0231), and geographic in-telligence specialists (MOS 0261). In addition,training for GI and GEOINT planning and em-ployment is taught at the MC&G officers course(MCGOC) and MC&G staff officers course(MCGSOC) at the DMS. Planning and employ-ment is also addressed in the specialized courseson intelligence collection, processing, production,mapping, land navigation, and surveying.

(1) Operator Training

Geographic intelligence specialists attend a 12-month basic topographic (BTOPO) course. Uponcompletion of this course, graduates receive 6months of intensive on-the-job training with oneof the topo plts. Each topo plt establishes its owntraining cycle to develop and enhance operatorproficiency.

(2) Maintenance Training

First echelon equipment maintenance is includedas part of the BTOPO course. Training in basiccomputer maintenance procedures is provided totechnicians at the Communications-ElectronicsSchool. Further maintenance training is donewithin the topo plt.

(3) Data Base Management Training

Initial training for data base management train-ing is included as part of the BTOPO course.Advanced training will be conducted at DMS,Ft. Belvoir, VA.

e. MAGTF TrainingGI and GEOINT operations and use should be in-corporated into all MAGTF training. The traininggoal is to integrate the intelligence planning anddirection, collection, processing, production, dis-semination, and use of GI and GEOINT into allMAGTF activities. This training should enhancethe MAGTF’s capability to effectively use GI and

GEOINT to support situational awareness andmission success. GI and GEOINT operationshould be conducted under a variety of C2 sup-port relationships during major training exercises.

(1) Command Post Exercise and Staff ExerciseThe production and use of GI and GEOINTshould be included in all command post exercises(CPXs) and staff exercises (STAFFEXs). Train-ing exercises emphasize the planning of GI andGEOINT support requirements and productionprocedures, the dissemination of GI and GEOINTwithin MAGTF CIS systems, and the use ofGEOINT within the MCPP. During a CPX orSTAFFEX, the unit intelligence officer should ex-ercise the planning cycle and develop a realisticGEOINT production plan. GI&S specialistsshould be provided to the exercise control groupto validate the planning and production plan andto simulate the dissemination of MSDS from na-tional and theater production facilities.

(2) Field Training ExerciseField training exercises (FTXs) may be used topractice geodetic and topographic surveys and ter-rain analysis collection, as well as the integration,intensification, production, and dissemination oftailored MSDS to support command, control, in-telligence, fire support, aviation, logistical, andmaneuver operations. The topo plt and intelli-gence personnel at all command echelons mustaggressively seek and use other units’ GI andGEOINT training. Topographic detachments canbe used in exercises down to the regimental andMAG levels. The detachments’ support of boththe exercise force and the opposing forces willprovide maximum training value for all units andpersonnel.

7002. Training Courses

Basic- and advanced-level GI and GEOINT train-ing programs are available by attending DMScourses or requesting mobile training team sup-port. Alternative education GI&S programs could


include correspondence courses, contractor-supported training or an accredited college pro-gram.

The following course descriptions are generic.Changes in NIMA strategic directions, changes inMarine Corps and other Services’ operationalconcepts and individual training standards, andnew technologies that demand different trainingapproaches may lead to dynamic changes incourse curriculums.

a. Basic Level

(1) Introduction to Remotely Sensed Imageryand Geographic Information Systems

This course familiarizes personnel with the fol-lowing topics to enhance their operational capa-bilities and combat effectiveness:

l Theory, concepts, and principles of remotelysensed imagery (RSI) and GIS.

l Digital data extraction.l Digital imagery manipulation.l Geodetic control accuracy. l Data source merging and exploitation.l RIS and GIS link to the GPS.l NIMA digital data formats and structures.

(2) Mapping, Charting, and GeodesyOfficer Course

This instruction trains officers, warrant officers,and foreign military personnel in GI&S technicalskills in a comprehensive, 1-week course. Appli-cation focuses on skills and decision aids provid-ed to commanders and staff in deliberate planningand crisis situations. Graduates possess skills use-ful to commanders, staff planners, and operationsofficers. Technical instruction includes—

l Terrain analysis. l Cartography. l Map revision. l Remote sensing.l Geodesy and survey.l Grid systems, datums, and product accuracy.

l NIMA support. l GPS and precise positioning system (PPS).

(3) Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Staff Officer Course

This course is a week-long introduction to GI&Sstaff officer responsibilities with emphasis on in-teraction with GI&S staff entities. Instruction ex-poses students to a broad range of GI&S entitiesfrom topographic platoons to theater and nationalagency-level commands. Students also useGovernment off-the-shelf software and hardwareto gain technical and analytical insight ofcommand-level GI&S section responsibilitiesand capabilities.

(4) Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy for the Warrior

This instruction provides basic knowledge ofGI&S that impact the warfighter. The 2-daycourse covers the following topics:

l GI&S fundamentals (i.e., datums, product ac-curacy, grids, and projections).

l GPS (i.e., navigation, differential GPS and pre-cise positioning, GPS-related weapon systems).

l Products and services (i.e., exercise and crisissupport, catalogs and distribution, standardproducts).

l Digital (i.e., digital products, GIS, RSI, PPS).

(5) Global Positioning Systemfor the Surveyor

Designed for military personnel and DOD civil-ians who require expertise in precise positioning,this training develops skills in planning, conduct-ing, and postprocessing GPS data in compliancewith NIMA and the Federal Geodetic ControlSubcommittee specifications and standards. Thecurriculum includes the following topics:

l GPS concepts. l Geodetic and three-dimensional coordinate sys-

tems. l Geodetic measurements and accuracy consider-

ations. l Field operations and postprocessing.

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l Specifications and planning.l GPS equipment use.

(6) Basic Cartography Course

This instruction provides entry-level personnelwith the apprentice-level skills and knowledgenecessary to perform the following basic carto-graphic tasks:

l Aerial photo interpretation.l Planimetric revision. l Map montaging.l Map revision. l Photomosaic construction. l Color separation methods.

(7) Basic Geodetic Survey Course

This course provides apprentice-level skill andknowledge necessary to establish ground surveycontrol for military GI&S operations. Field sur-veying and basic computation techniques aretaught. It includes instruction on the operation ofthe precise spirit level, electronic distancemeasuring devices, and 1-second and 0.2-secondtheodolite. Familiarization is provided on satellitesurveying methods, the automatic integrated sur-vey instrument (AISI), and survey computer ap-plications.

(8) Basic Terrain Analysis Course

This instruction provides apprentice-level trainingin the techniques of military geographic analysisrequired to produce military GEOINT. Emphasisis placed on gathering and extracting military sig-nificant data on both natural and manmade terrainfeatures. It also introduces application of comput-er-assisted techniques in digital data manipula-tion.

(9) Basic Topography

This instruction provides training on vector map(VMAP) level I data base production workflowmethods using the ARC/INFO software. Thecourse is divided into two segments: data capture/hardware conversion and ARC/INFO to vectorproduct format conversion. It begins with an over-

view of the production workflow. Data capturetraining includes projection generation, registra-tion of raster files, and data collection techniquesand procedures. Training also covers schema cre-ation and quality control and validation tech-niques. Hands-on work closely simulates aGEOINT production environment to allow stu-dents to obtain experience with the process flowand production software.

b. Advanced Level

(1) Advanced Cartography CourseThis course provides personnel with a workingknowledge of cartographic project reporting, ad-vanced-level cartographic tasks, computerizedcartographic and photomapping applications, pro-duction management methods, and equipment su-pervision techniques.

(2) Advanced Geodetic Survey Course

This training provides a working knowledge ofthe following survey project planning, projectmanagement, project reporting, and advancedgeodetic surveying techniques:

l Satellite and inertial positioning systems.l AISI, computing, and adjusting geodetic fig-

ures, directions, length, and positions.l Survey computer applications.l Precision instrumentation related to high order

surveys.

(3) Advanced Terrain Analysis CourseThis course provides technical skills necessary forsupervising the operations of a geographic intelli-gence team. It includes extensive application ofdigital data, RIS, and GIS. This instruction pro-vides personnel with the advanced-level technicalskills necessary to—

l Perform combat-oriented terrain analysis.l Assess the effects of weather on the terrain. l Integrate GEOINT within the overall intelli-

gence cycle. l Develop graphics that enable the commander to

see the battlefield and use the terrain to maxi-mum advantage.

Appendix A

Geographic Intelligence Products and Reports

This appendix provides basic information on thedifferent types of GI&S, GEOINT, and key all-source intelligence resources and products pre-pared within the intelligence community.

Products

Beach StudyBeach studies provide detailed information onbeaches and other potential points along thecoastline that support amphibious operations. Seeappendix I for an example format.

Helicopter Landing Zone and Drop Zone Study These all-source intelligence studies identify po-tential helicopter landing zones (HLZs) and dropzones (DZs) based on terrain factors. These fac-tors include vegetation, slope, surface materials,and obstacles. The analysis also identifies ap-proach patterns, potential exits, total area, as wellas major and minor axes of the HLZ and DZ. Im-agery and intelligence personnel provide com-manders and planners with additional detailedintelligence analysis of potential HLZs and DZs.See appendix J for an example format.

Hydrographic StudyHydrographic studies focus on rivers and steamswithin the area of operations to support transpor-tation and other requirements. These studies iden-tify potential obstacles and their impacts onmaneuvering forces. Imagery and intelligencepersonnel conduct detailed intelligence analysisof the hydrographic features to support logisticsand operational forces.

Lines of Communications Study All-source lines of communications (LOC) intel-ligence studies provide detailed information onthe transportation infrastructure within the area ofoperations. LOC studies include textual andgraphical information on the roads, railroads,bridges, tunnels, airfields, and by-passes. Imageryand intelligence personnel conduct detailed intel-ligence analysis of the transportation infrastruc-ture to support logistics and operational forces.

Tactical Study of the TerrainThe topographic platoon prepares these detailedstudies by using National Imagery and MappingAgency (NIMA) baseline data sets to analyze theterrain within an area of operations. These studiesfocus on the military aspects of the terrain, re-ferred to as KOCOA: key terrain, observation andfields of fire, cover and concealment, obstacles,and avenues of approach (and mobility corridors).

Initially, the analysis is completed using founda-tion data (FD) that supports the intelligence prep-aration of the battlespace (IPB). Then, theanalysis is intensified to provide mission specificdata sets (MSDS) and fused with operational all-source intelligence to provide detailed informa-tion on mission objective and target areas. See ap-pendix H for an example format of the tacticalstudy of the terrain.

Urban StudyThese are high-resolution specialized studies ofthe urban environment to support MOUT. Theanalysis is completed initially using FD insupport of IPB. It also provides two- and three-dimensional battlespace views to support plan-ning and rehearsal. Intensification of the analysiswithin defined objective and target areas andfusing with other intelligence provides tailored

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information in MSDS and other intelligenceproducts.

Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay The modified combined obstacle overlay(MCOO) is an intelligence product used to depictthe battlespace’s effects on military operations.The MCOO is the graphic terrain analysis onwhich significant IPB products and analysis arebased. It may be portrayed using either actualmaps and overlays or the basic digital data base ofthe battlespace area evaluation, terrain analysis,and weather analysis phases of the IPB process.

Normally, the MCOO depicts all obstacles to mo-bility. At a minimum, this graphic representationwould entail—

l Cross-country movement. l Transportation infrastructure.l Built-up areas. l Rivers and water obstacles. l Key terrain. l Natural and manmade obstacles. l Avenues of approach. l Axes of advance.l Mobility corridors. l Friendly and enemy objectives. l Contaminated areas. l Air avenues of approach.

Data Bases

Controlled Image Base Data BaseControlled image base (CIB) is an unclassifiedseamless data set of orthophotos made from recti-fied gray-scale aerial images. It supports variousweapons, command and control, CIS, missionplanning, digital moving map, terrain analysis,simulation, and intelligence systems. This database provides—

l Rapid overview of areas of operations. l Map substitute for emergencies and crises.l Metric foundation for anchoring other data in

systems or image exploitation.

l Positionally correct images for draping in ter-rain visualization.

l Image backgrounds for mission planning andrehearsal.

Cross-Country Movement Data Base Cross-country movement (CCM) data identify se-verely restricted, restricted, and unrestricted ter-rain that is not improved specifically for vehiculartraffic. It also identifies the types of vehicles thatmay travel across that terrain. Analysis includesfactors such as vehicle and vegetation types aswell as terrain slope, surface, and subsurface ma-terials. The CCM analysis does not imply that aparticular vehicle, or group of vehicles, cannot beoperated in a severely restricted area but identifiesthat maneuver may require modification to tacticsand procedures. Normally, CCM data bases aredeveloped on enemy and friendly forces travelingin main battle tanks, medium-track vehicles,medium-wheeled vehicles, and light-wheeled ve-hicles. CCM data is not developed to reflect footmobile forces because normally they are not re-stricted by any type of terrain environment.

Digital Aeronautical Flight Information File Data Base This is a flight information data base containingairports, heliports, navigational aids, airspace, aswell as high and low en route structures world-wide. The information from this data base is usedin automated flight planning systems, flight simu-lators, geographic information systems (GIS), andflight management computer systems.

Digital Bathymetric Data BaseThe digital bathymetric data base (DBDB) wasdeveloped by the Naval Oceanographic Office.The data base contains gridded bathymetric data.Depths are given in uncorrected meters for thepost spacing of the given data base. Post spac-ings ava i l ab l e i nc lude DBDB 5 minu t e(DBDB5), DBDB 0.5 minute (DBDB.5), andDBDB 0.1 minute (DBDB.1) of latitude andlongitude. The data base information is used todevelop small- and large-scale bathymetriccontour charts, planning graphics, and digital

Geographic Intelligence _________________________________________________________________________________________ A-3

displays. The Navy controls distribution of theseproducts.

Digital Nautical Chart Data Base Digital nautical chart (DNC) data base is a vector-based digital data base containing selected mari-time physical features collected from harbor,approach, coastal, and general charts. The infor-mation is formatted for computerized Marine nav-igation and GIS applications. DNC is used forchart displays, CIS, and GIS.

Digital Point Positioning Data Base Digital point positioning data base (DPPDB) is adeployable set of geographically controlled imag-ery with associated support data. The DPPDB canhelp quickly and accurately identify positional da-ta for any area feature stored in the data base. Thisincludes accurate geodetic latitude, longitude, andelevation.

The DPPDB is a data-only product. The exploita-tion of the data will be defined by each user’shardware and software capabilities. The primarypurpose of the DPPDB is to provide operationaland tactical forces with a data base which is usedin the field. It enables trained personnel to deriveaccurate coordinates for any feature within the da-ta base area. This is a classified product, releas-able to DOD customers based upon validrequirements.

Digital Terrain Elevation Data Base Digital terrain elevation data (DTED) base is auniform matrix of terrain elevation values. It pro-vides a basic quantitative data base for all militarysystems that require terrain elevation, slope, and/or surface roughness information. To support op-erations, this data is produced in the followingmultiple resolutions:

l Level 1 post spacing is 3 arc seconds or ap-proximately 100 meters.

l Level 2 post spacing is 1 arc second or approxi-mately 30 meters.

l Levels 3 through 5 have not been formalizedyet but will be approximately 10 to 1 meter res-olution.

Firefinder Elevation Data Base Firefinder elevation data (FFED) base is digitizedtriaxial coordinates collected on the preferredgeodetic datum, usually World Geodetic System1984 (WGS-84), at 125-meter post spacing in 100x 100 kilometer areas. Values are collected fromDTED and transformed to universal transversemercator coordinates. The vertical values are as-signed within 256 elevation bands defined be-tween minimum and maximum values occurringin the area. The FFED provides high-speed com-putation of mortar and field artillery firing posi-t ions f rom radar in tercepts of project i letrajectories. FFED source tapes are a special-purpose NIMA product that require dubbing ontofield cassettes prior to use by the firefindersystem.

Foundation Data BaseFD is a seamless, integrated geospatial data baseconsisting primarily of imagery, elevation data,and map feature information. The primary focusof FD is to support initial planning and to estab-lish the framework for intensification of datawithin the area of operations necessary to supportplanning and decisionmaking. Predominantly, FDis at a medium-scale resolution (similar to a1:250,000 scale chart).

FD forms the base of a geospatial frameworkfrom which all additional data is referenced. It isone of the principal components of the DODreadiness strategy designed to meet MAGTF re-quirements. FD is relatively stable background in-formation that is mission and force independent,specification compliant, and geopositioned to theWGS-84 datum.

Foundation Feature Data Base Foundation feature data (FFD) is selected featuredata, with some attribution, arranged in relation-al thematic layers. Feature density depends onthe specific geographic region, though it willgenerally approximate that of a traditional topo-graphic line map (TLM). FFD includes transpor-tation and drainage networks, geodetic controlpoints, populated places, boundaries, vegetation,

A-4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

as well as natural and cultural features of high in-terest or visibility.

Mission Specific Data Sets Data Base MSDS data base is any user-defined enhancementof FD required to conduct a mission. It supportsthe DOD responsiveness strategy designed tomeet MAGTF requirements. MSDS is developedby enhancing the information contained in the FDset and includes higher resolution controlled im-agery, elevation and/or bathymetric depth infor-mation, as well as vector features needed to meeta defined mission. MSDS is focused on a specificarea, type force, and mission.

Legacy NIMA Digital Products

Compressed ARC Digitized Raster Graphics Compressed equal arc-second raster chart (ARC)digitized raster graphics (CADRG) is a coordinat-ed common compression of ARC digitized rastergraphics (ADRG) for use in any application re-quiring rapid display of a map image or manipula-tion of a map image in raster form. CADRGachieves a nominal compression of 55:1 overADRG. CADRG is intended for use in a varietyof systems requiring map backgrounds, coordi-nate selection, and perspective view generation.This includes, but is not limited to, mission plan-ning systems, theater battle management systems,and intelligence systems.

Interim Terrain Data and Planning Interim Terrain Data Interim terrain data (ITD) and planning interimterrain data (PITD) are designed to provide digitalterrain analysis data for systems being fielded pri-or to NIMA’s full-scale production of digital to-pographic data (DTOP). It consists of contiguousdigital data sets covering specified geographicareas. These data sets are composed of attributedand unsymbolized feature information with en-hanced transportation files. ITD and PITD arebuilt in the standard linear format to supportArmy mobility models.

ITD and PITD are used by the Army’s Digital To-pographic Support System to provide terrain anal-ys is informat ion that ass is ts operat ions ,intelligence, and logistics planners in the perfor-mance of the following automated tasks:

l Terrain visualization. l Route and site selection.l Mobility and countermobility planning.l Communications planning. l Navigation. l Fire support planning and execution.

Urban Vector Map The urban vector map (UVMAP) program is de-signed to provide vector-based geospatial datawith city graphic content. The VMAP programseparates data into 10 thematic layers with eachlayer containing thermatically consistent data.Data is collected at a density of detail that approx-imates that of NIMA city graphic and militarycity map products. Data coverages are boundaries,elevation, hydrography, industry, physiography,population, transportation, utilities, vegetation,and data quality.

UVMAP is designed to support geographic infor-mation systems. It is used as a data base for vari-ous situation and map background displays aswell as a core data base for the spatial indexing ofother information. The UVMAP will supportMOUT and noncombatant evacuation operations.

Vector Map—Level 1 VMAP level 1 (VMAPL1) is designed to providevector-based geospatial data at medium resolution(e.g., joint operations graphic equivalent informa-tion content and density). The VMAPL1 programseparates data into 10 thematic layers and eachlayer contains thermatically consistent data.Data coverages are boundaries, elevation, hy-drography, industry, physiography, population,transportation, utilities, vegetation, and data qual-ity. VMAPL1 is designed to support geographicinformation systems and is used as a data base forvarious situation and map background displays.


Vector Map—Level 2 VMAP level 2 (VMAPL2) is designed to providevector-based geospatial data at high resolution(e.g., TLM equivalent information content anddensity). The VMAPL2 program separates datainto 10 thematic layers and each layer containsthermatically consistent data. Data coverages areboundaries, elevation, hydrography, industry,physiography, population, transportation, utilities,vegetation, and data quality. VMAPL2 is de-signed to support geographic information sys-tems. It is used as a data base for various situationand map background displays as well as a coredata base for the spatial indexing of other infor-mation.

Vector Product Interim Terrain Data Vector product interim terrain data (VITD) is de-signed to provide digital terrain analysis data forsystems requiring compact disc read only memo-ry. It consists of contiguous digital data sets cov-ering specified geographic areas. These data setsare composed of attributed and unsymbolized fea-ture information with enhanced transportationfiles. VITD is used by the topographic platoons toprovide terrain analysis information that assistsmaneuver, fires, intelligence, and logistics plan-ners in the performance of the following automat-ed tasks:

l Terrain visualization. l Route and site selection. l Mobility and countermobility planning.l Communications planning. l Navigation. l Fire support planning and execution.

Legacy NIMA Hard-Copy Products

City GraphicA city graphic is a large-scale (1:12,500) litho-graphic map of populated places and environsportraying streets and route information. Featuresinclude important buildings, airfields, military in-

stallations, industrial complexes, embassies, gov-ernment buildings, hospitals, schools, utilities,and places of worship. Militarily significant reliefis shown. The city graphic is used to support ad-ministrative and tactical planning and operationsfor urban area operations.

Evasion Chart The evasion chart is composed of 8 to 10 joint op-erations graphic (JOG) charts printed on bothsides of waterproof, tear-resistant material. JOGground charts are the preferred source; JOG aircharts are used where JOG ground charts are notavailable. The chart’s border and open water areascontain supplemental survival information suchas plant identification, land navigation aids, sur-vival techniques, ocean currents, time zones,winds, and weather.

The chart is designed to assist aircrewmendowned in hostile areas to survive, escape, andevade the enemy. It is distributed to aircrew mem-bers as part of standard survival equipment, and itfolds for stowage in a flight suit or survival vest.

Harbor, Approach, and Coastal ChartsHarbor, approach, and coastal charts provide de-tailed navigational information that supports shipsmaneuvering in close-quarter areas. These chartsassist in berthing and anchoring, keeping in thechannel while entering and exiting port or navi-gating in close proximity to dangers associatedwith close shore and harbor approach areas.

Joint Operations Graphic—Air or Ground JOG-air or ground (JOG-A/G) are the standardDOD medium-scale (1:250,000) maps. The JOGseries is produced by several nations using thesame product specification. The JOG-A/Gdisplays topographic data (e.g., relief, drainage,vegetation, populated places, cultural features,coastal hydrography).

The JOG-A includes an aeronautical overprint de-picting obstructions, aerodromes, special-use air-space, navigational aids, and related data. Itsupports tactical and other air activities including

A-6 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

low-altitude visual navigation. The contour lineelevation values on a JOG-A are reflected in feet.

The JOG-G supports ground forces employed injoint air and ground operations. It is used primari-ly for tactical and logistical planning as well assearch and rescue. The contour line elevation val-ues on a JOG-G are reflected in meters.

Operational Navigation ChartThe operational navigation chart (ONC) is thestandard worldwide, small-scale (1:1,000,000)aeronautical chart series. It contains cartographicdata with an aeronautical overprint depicting ob-structions, aerodromes, special-use airspace, navi-gational aids, maximum elevation figures, andrelated data.

The ONC is designed for medium-altitude, high-speed, visual and radar navigation. In the absenceof tactical pilotage charts, ONCs also satisfy enroute visual and radar navigation requirements forlow-altitude operations. It is used for missionplanning and analysis and intelligence briefings.In addition, it is used as a source for navigationalfilmstrips and cockpit and visual display products.

Special Aeronautical Information RequestSpecial aeronautical information requests fill re-quirements for the latest information on airfields.These requests are satisfied usually by airfieldphotography and automated air facilities informa-tion file data.

Tactical Pilotage Chart The tactical pilotage chart is the standard world-wide medium-scale (1:500,000) aeronauticalchart series. It provides essential cartographic da-ta. These charts are overprinted with stable aero-nautical information such as obstructions,aerodromes, special-use airspace, navigationalaids, maximum elevation figures, and related da-ta. Because of the scale, some features are gener-alized (e.g., only the highest obstruction within anurban quadrant is shown). A military grid is over-printed on the chart for interoperability, especiallyin regions without JOG coverage.

These charts are designed for very low-altitudethrough medium-altitude, high-speed, visual, andradar navigation. They are used for mission plan-ning and analysis and intelligence briefings. Inaddition, the charts are used in navigational film-strips and cockpit and visual display products.

Topographic Line Map The TLM is a lithographic map that portrays to-pographic and cultural information. It comes intwo scales, 1:50,000 and 1:100,000. Relief isshown by contours and spot elevations, with val-ues in meters. The map is a true representation ofterrain detail (e.g., drainage, vegetation, populat-ed places, cultural features, roads, railroads, andcoastal hydrography. Primarily, TLMs are usedby land and air forces in support of ground opera-tions for planning and tactical operations.

Software Products

Digital Point Positional Data Base Point Drop ProgramNIMA has developed the DPPDB point drop pro-gram software to use geographic point measure-ments from NIMA’s DPPDB product. Thissoftware provides the capability to access, roam,zoom, and measure NIMA DPPDB image geo-graphic point readings in monoscopic and stereo-scopic modes.

Mapping Datum Transformation Software Mapping datum transformation software (MADT-RAN) is designed to convert map and chart coor-dinates from local geodetic datums to WGS-84datums. MADTRAN is part of the mapping,charting, and geodesy utility software package.

Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Utility SoftwareMapping, charting, and geodesy utility software(MUSE) provides utilities for access to NIMAstandard digital products. In addition to the coreapplications for NIMA data access, MUSE hasdemonstration applications that show the uses of


NIMA digital data. MUSE applications can per-form the following functions: l Import raster and vector files. l Display raster images for demonstrations and

briefings.

l Fuse digital data.l Convert map and chart coordinates from local

geodetic datums to WGS-84 datums. Displayline of sight perspective scenes.

Appendix B

Geographic Intelligence Points of Contact

Organization Mailing Address Primary Billet Phone Number Fax Number

USMC GIMO DirectorMarine Corps Intelligence Activity MCIA 05/GIMO 3300 Russell Rd, Suite 250 Quantico, VA 22134-5011

USMC GI&S officer Mapping officer

(703) 784-6151/2285 DSN: 278-6151/2285

(703) 784-2026

USMC GIMO Director Marine Corps Intelligence Activity MCIA 05/NIMA CLO3300 Russell Road, Suite 250 Quantico, VA 22134-5011

NIMA Marine Corps customer liaison officer

(703) 784-4525DSN: 278-4525

(703) 784-2026

NIMA COTM Director National Imagery and Mapping Agency Attn: COTM 12310 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20191-3449

NIMA COTM (703) 264-3001/4 (703) 264-3133

MARFORLANT Commander Marine Corps Forces Atlantic(Attn: AC/S G-2 GI&S) PSC Box 20115 Camp Lejeune, NC 28542-0115

GI&S chief (757) 836-1611DSN: 836-1611

(757) 836-1609

MARFORPAC Commander Marine Corps Forces PacificAttn: AC/S G-2/GI&S Box 64116 Camp H. M. Smith, HI 96861-4116

GI&S chief (808) 477-8454/5 DSN: 315-477-8454/5

(808) 477-0371

MARFORRES Commanding GeneralAttn: AC/S G-2/ISSB Marine Reserve Forces 4400 Dauphine StreetNew Orleans, LA 70146-5400

Intelligence Sys-tems Support Branch chief

(504) 678-1189 DSN: 678-1189

(504) 678-4118

MARFOREUR Chief of StaffHeadquarters, U.S. Marine Corps Forces Europe CMR 445, Bldg. 2901Panzer KaserneAPO AE 09046

Intelligence chief (49) 703-115-375 DSN: 314- 431-2375

DSN: 314-431-2519

MARCOR SYSCOM

Commanding General Attn: Command Support Marine Corps Systems Command 2033 Barnett Avenue Quantico, VA 22134-5010

GI&S program manager

(703)784-3163ext. 8077 DSN: 278-3163

(703)784-2929 DSN: 278-2929

I MEF Commanding GeneralAttn: AC/S G-2 GI&S Box 555300 I Marine Expeditionary Force Camp Pendleton, CA 92055-5300

GI&S chief GI&S specialist

(760) 725-9121/2 DSN: 365-9121/2

(760) 725-9170 DSN: 365-9170

B-2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

II MEF Commanding GeneralAttn: AC/S G02 GI&SII Marine Expeditionary Force PSC Box 20080 Camp Lejeune, NC 28542-0080


(910) 451-8080 DSN: 751-8080

(910) 451-8597 DSN: 751-8597

III MEF Commanding General Attn: AC/S G-2 GI&SIII Marine Expeditionary Force FPO, AP 96606-5601 Okinawa, Japan


011-81-611722-9325DSN: 315-622-9325

011-81-611722-7769 DSN: 315-622-7769

MCIA GAB Director Marine Corps Intelligence ActivityMCIA 10C/GAB 3300 Russell Road, Suite 250 Quantico, VA 22134-5011

Section chief (703) 784-6173DSN: 278-6173

(703) 784-2026

1ST TOPO PLT Platoon Commander 1st Topographic Platoon 1st Production and Analysis Company, 1st Intelligence Battalion Box 555321 Camp Pendleton, CA 92055-5321

Platoon commander Topo chief

(619) 725-9236/8 DSN: 365-9236/8

(619) 725-9237

2D TOPO PLT Platoon Commander 2d Topographic Platoon 2d Production and Analysis Com-pany, 2d Intelligence BattalionPSC Box 22113 Camp Lejeune, NC 28542-2113

Platoon commander Topo chief

(910) 451-2926 DSN: 750-2926

(910) 451-5522

3D TOPO PLT Platoon Commander3d Topographic Platoon 3d Production and Analysis Company, 3d Intelligence BattalionUnit 35607 FPO, AP 96606-5607

Platoon commanderTopo chief

011-81-611723-4059DSN: 315-623-4059

011-81-6117-23-7362

NIMA TECH REP (I MEF)

Commanding General Attn: AC/S G-2/GI&S (NIMA Tech Rep) Box 555300I Marine Expeditionary Force Camp Pendleton, CA 92055-5300

NIMA technical representative

(760) 725-9133 DSN: 365-9133

(760) 725-9170

NIMA TECH REP (II MEF)

Commanding General Attn: AC/S G-2/GI&S (NIMA Tech Rep) II Marine Expeditionary Force PSC 20080 Camp Lejeune, NC 28542-0080


(910) 451-8557DSN: 751-8557

(910) 451-8597

NIMA TECH REP (III MEF)

Commanding General Attn: AC/S G-2/GI&S (NIMA Tech Rep) III Marine Expeditionary Force FPO, AP 96606-5601 Okinawa, Japan


011-81-611722-9325DSN: 315-622-9325

011-81-611722-7769

Organization Mailing Address Primary Billet Phone Number Fax Number

Appendix C

GI&S and GEOINT Tasks

GI&S GEOINT

No Tasks

GIM

O/M

CIA

MA

RFO

R

ME

F G

-2

MS

C G

-2

ME

U S

-2

Topo

Plt,

Inte

l Bn

GIS

T

GIT

GA

B/M

CIA

1 Coordinate and assist in the recruitment and organization of Marine Corps geospatial information and services (GI&S) assets to conduct two nearly-simultaneous major regional conflicts.

X

2 Determine GI&S support requirements for development, test and evaluation, and training of emerging forces, weapons, and systems in accordance with Department of Defense (DOD) Instruction 5000.56, Programming Unique Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy (MC&G) Requirements for Developing Systems.

X

3 Provide professional and technical advice and assistance to the Headquar-ters, U.S. Marine Corps (HQMC), Assistant Chief of Staff (AC/S), Command, Control, Commuters, Communications, and Intelligence (C4I), Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC), Marine Corps Systems Com-mand (MARCORSYSCOM), Marine Corps University, Marine Corps Warfighting Lab, and Marine Corps Intelligence Agency (MCIA) on matters pertaining to GI&S and the production and usage of geographic intelligence (GEOINT).

X

4 Coordinate doctrine for employment of Marine Corps GI&S assets. X X

5 Assist Marine Corps forces (MARFOR) with identification of procedures and responsibilities for intratheater distribution operations required to support deploying and deployed forces.

X X X

6 Develop and implement a Marine Corps GI&S strategic plan to build, man-age, and disseminate a dynamic master geospatial data base.

X X

7 Evaluate continually command GI and GEOINT requirements. X X X X X X

8 Develop a plan for receiving support from National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), the theater data base manager, other Services, host nation, allied forces, as well as assigned and supporting topographic assets.

X X X X X

9 Coordinate GI&S support plans with the intelligence collection, production, and dissemination plans to facilitate GI&S access to national, theater, and organic imagery systems, as well as other external intelligence assets.

X X X X X X

10 Assign responsibility for management of the Marine Corps geospatial infor-mation library (MCGIL). State how often the data base is updated, how the media will be used, and how the dissemination will occur.

X X X X

11 Coordinate information flow to theater, MARFOR, Marine expeditionary units’, and NIMA’s national library.

X X X X X

12 Coordinate MAGTF’s user evaluations of digital and hard-copy maps, charts, and related products. Provide response to Geospatial Information Manage-ment Office (GIMO), MCIA, for consolidation.

X X X X

C-2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

13 Coordinate with higher, adjacent, and subordinate commands for GI&S pro-duction requirements to reduce duplication of effort and to coordinate the establishment of the geospatial framework for the common operational pic-ture (COP) and common tactical picture (CTP).

X X X X X

14 Coordinate with Geospatial Analysis Branch (GAB), MCIA, to identify require-ments of GEOINT products in support of the intelligence preparation of the battlespace (IPB) process and file structure architecture.

X X X X X

15 Ensure availability of GI&S products to support the command element and subordinate elements during an operation.

X X X X X X

16 Receive, validate, and task requirements for cartographic, geodetic, and ter-rain analysis products from the intelligence operation officer or collection manager.

X X X X X X

17 Coordinate the development and dissemination of GI and GEOINT products with intelligence battalion (intel bn) and topographic platoon (topo plt).

X X X

18 Coordinate with NIMA, other Services, GAB (MCIA), and subordinate topo plts and P&A cell for GI&S to establish production requirements, to reduce duplication of effort, and to coordinate the establishment of the geospatial framework for the COP and CTP.

X X X X

19 Coordinate with higher, adjacent, and subordinate commands for GI&S pro-duction requirements to reduce duplication of effort and to coordinate the establishment of the geospatial framework for the COP and CTP.

X X X X X

20 Determine Marine Corps-specific training, Marine Corps new systems research and development, and Marine Corps intelligence GI&S require-ments in accordance with chairman joint chiefs of staff (CJCS) and NIMA directives and instructions. Assist Marine operating forces with identification of operational requirements for GI&S support.

X X X X X

21 Coordinate with HQMC, Installations and Logistics (I&L), to define procure-ment, storage, and dissemination of hard-copy GI&S products, in accordance with NIMA and Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) instructions.

X X X X

22 Propose selected GI&S programming issues for evaluation in the Marine Corps and DOD program assessments.

X X

23 Coordinate with MARCORSYSCOM for the development and fielding of GI&S systems and software.

X X X

24 Assist data collection programs by clearly prioritizing support needs and deconflicting source requirements with the responsible agency or Service when NIMA identifies GI&S shortfalls in data sources resulting from competi-tion for source (e.g., imagery or ship surveys).

X X X

25 Task the P&A cell and topo plt with development of Tab A, Tactical Study of Weather and Terrain; Tab B, Helicopter Landing Zones; and Tab C, Helicop-ter Landing Zones of Appendix 11 to the intelligence estimate.

X X

26 Maintain a planning factors data base (PFDB) to identify and track MARFOR, systems, and weapons requiring geospatial information (GI) and/or GEOINT.

X X X X

GI&S GEOINT

No Tasks

GIM

O/M

CIA

MA

RFO

R

ME

F G

-2

MS

C G

-2

ME

U S

-2

Topo

Plt,

Inte

l Bn

GIS

T

GIT

GA

B/M

CIA

Geographic Intelligence _________________________________________________________________________________________ C-3

27 Coordinate with HQMC (C4I) to define and establish communications net-work requirements for electronic dissemination of GI and GEOINT throughout the MAGTF.

X X X X

28 Coordinate with MCCDC for the development and integration of Marine Corps GI&S architectures in support of national, DOD, theater, multi-Ser-vice, naval, and MAGTF interoperability.

X X X

29 Define common GI&S standards for the direct transmission and mainte-nance of GI and GEOINT to ensure interoperability between MAGTFs, DOD, federal agencies, and other joint or coalition forces.

X X X X

30 Coordinate and forward the Marine Corps recommendations on GI&S prod-uct specifications and standardization agreements to NIMA.

X

31 Coordinate and submit consolidated Marine Corps evaluations of prototype digital and hard-copy maps, charts, and related products to NIMA.

X

32 Review and comment on GI&S product specifications and standardization agreements.

X X X

33 Identify and validate war reserve stock (WRS) requirements for the com-mand element and subordinate commands.

X X

34 Identify, validate, and maintain the WRS planning allowance for the com-mand element.

X X

35 Coordinate with G2, G3, G-4, G-5, and G-6 to identify requirements of GEOINT products in support of the IPB process.

X X

36 Coordinate and task all production to appropriate joint intelligence center (JIC) and joint analysis center (JAC) or MCIA in accordance with Marine Corps procedures identified in chapter 4 of this publication.

X

37 Coordinate with the G-6/S-6 to establish communication and information sys-tems network requirements for electronic dissemination of GI and GEOINT throughout all levels of the MAGTF.

X X

38 Assist G-4/S-4 in the identification of procedures and responsibilities for intratheater distribution operations required to support deploying and deployed forces.

X

39 Coordinate with the G-4/S-4 for procurement, storage, and dissemination of hard-copy GI&S products, in accordance with NIMA and DLA instructions.

X X

40 Submit and coordinate with the imagery and mapping I&M section, MEF G-2, for review and completion of Appendices 11 and 15 of Annex B and Annex M for each operation plan and contingency plan.

X X

41 Draft Appendix 11 to Annex B, the GEOINT Estimate, and Annex M, GI&S to an operation order.

X

42 Coordinate MARFOR GI&S activities with the appropriate combatant com-mands. This coordination includes, but is not limited to: determining and developing GI&S area requirements; implementing GI&S plans, policies, pro-cedures, and programs; and maintaining liaison with NIMA.

X

GI&S GEOINT

No Tasks

GIM

O/M

CIA

MA

RFO

R

ME

F G

-2

MS

C G

-2

ME

U S

-2

Topo

Plt,

Inte

l Bn

GIS

T

GIT

GA

B/M

CIA

C-4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

43 Coordinate Marine expeditionary force (MEF) GI&S activities with the appro-priate combatant commands. This coordination includes, but is not limited to: determining and developing GI&S area requirements; implementing GI&S plans, policies, procedures and programs; maintaining liaison with NIMA.

X X

44 Determine operational GI&S requirements in accordance with CJCS and NIMA directives and instructions for all operation plans and contingency plans. Forward requirements to MARFOR for submission to appropriate com-batant commands.

X X

45 Provide recommendations to NIMA and MARFOR concerning GI&S plan-ning required to ensure that MAGTFs can support operations.

X X X

46 Provide recommendations to the I&M section concerning GI&S planning and training required to ensure that MAGTFs can support operations.

X X

47 Develop and implement a command GI&S operational plan to build, man-age, and disseminate a dynamic geospatial data base. The plan should include receiving support from the MEF topo plt, NIMA, JIC/JAC, theater data base manager, MCIA, host nation, allied forces, as well as assigned and supporting topographic assets. Assign responsibility for management of the major subordinate command (MSC) GI&S data base. State how often the data base will be updated, how the media will be used, and how the dissemi-nation will occur. Address information flow back to theater, NIMA, and MCIA.

X X X X

48 Provide management oversight for the production of GI covering the Marine Corps global data base based on the Marine Corps Midrange Threat Esti-mate (current year) and priorities input by the MARFOR and MEF intelligence divisions.

X X X X X

49 Collect, integrate, analyze, synthesize, and disseminate terrain information as GEOINT to support MAGTF commanders.

X X X X

50 Validate requirements for GI and GEOINT production, as well as geodetic and topographic surveys. Coordinate and task all production to appropriate topo plt, P&A cell, JIC/JAC, or MCIA in accordance with Marine Corps proce-dures identified in chapter 4 of this publication.

X X X X

51 Manage the MAGTF tactical geospatial information library (TGIL) data base under the authority of the AC/S, Intelligence, and in accordance with direc-tion and guidance from the MAGTF I&M section.

X X

52 Manage Marine Corps geospatial information library (MCGIL) under the authority of the AC/S C4I, and in accordance with direction and guidance from GIMO, MCIA.

X X

53 Conduct topographic surveys in conjunction with geodetic surveys, to accu-rately collect and produce GI.

X

54 Conduct high-order, ground-control surveys in support of geospatial collec-tion, weapons delivery systems, line-of-sight (LOS) communications, and inertial navigation systems.

X

55 Conduct intensification, scale changes, enlargements, or reductions of an existing digital (or hard-copy) product.

X X X X

56 Produce terrain analysis products (i.e., beach studies, port and harbor stud-ies, cross-country movement studies, transportation studies, etc.) to provide GEOINT to the commander.

X X X X

GI&S GEOINT

No Tasks

GIM

O/M

CIA

MA

RFO

R

ME

F G

-2

MS

C G

-2

ME

U S

-2

Topo

Plt,

Inte

l Bn

GIS

T

GIT

GA

B/M

CIA

Geographic Intelligence _________________________________________________________________________________________ C-5

57 Produce a quick map substitute to fill a need where no acceptable product exists, using NIMA data bases (controlled image base and digital terrain ele-vation data) to generate an interim product. (This may require external reproduction support.)

X X X X

58 Develop special beach penetration charts that includes hydrographic approach and topographic data.

X X X X

59 Analyze port and harbor data to support the maritime prepositioned force pier side and in-stream unloading operations.

X X X X

60 Intensify and analyze riverine data to create products using identification of bridging, ferrying, and fording sites and using the river as a line of communication.

X X X X

61 Intensify and analyze coastal hydrographic data to support the MAGTF's operational plan and objectives for ship-to-objective maneuver. Integration of terrain, coastal, and environmental data provides a seamless, deconflicted data base to support amphibious operations within the littorals.

X X X X

62 Provide rapid updated products and information for dissemination to deploy-ing forces.

X X X X

63 Produce, analyze, and integrate port and harbor, coastal, beach, and river-ine survey data in support of imminent and future amphibious landings and subsequent operations ashore.

X X

64 Integrate information from topo plt high-order, ground-control surveys in sup-port of geospatial collection, weapons delivery systems, LOS communications, and inertial navigation systems.

X X X X

65 Manipulate, analyze, supplement, and compliment NIMA GI to create special products for the Marine Corps with tailored, mission-specific views of the area of operations.

X X X X

66 Analyze multi-spectral and hyperspectral data to collect GEOINT features and attributes for intensification and updating NIMA standard products to support a specific mission as an interim or to substitute products when stan-dard geospatial data is unavailable.

X X X X

67 Provide analysis of the littoral zones to reduce the uncertainties regarding the effects of natural and manmade features on military operations.

X X

68 Collect, integrate, analyze, synthesize, and disseminate terrain information as GEOINT to support MAGTFs requirements within the littorals.

X X X X

69 Manipulate and analyze NIMA geospatial data bases to tailor special prod-ucts for the MAGTF commander.

X X X X

70 Provide initial reference points on airfields for Marine aircraft to initialize avia-tion combat element (ACE) on board inertial navigation systems.

X

71 Provide initial baseline survey control within the theater of operations, with azimuth, for ground combat element (GCE) or ACE weapon delivery systems.

X

72 Provide initial survey control points, with azimuth, for Marine air support squadrons to position ACE radars.

X

GI&S GEOINT

No Tasks

GIM

O/M

CIA

MA

RFO

R

ME

F G

-2

MS

C G

-2

ME

U S

-2

Topo

Plt,

Inte

l Bn

GIS

T

GIT

GA

B/M

CIA

C-6 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

73 Provide LOS survey support for command element, GCE, ACE, and combat service support element ground communication equipment.

X

74 Coordinate and assist in the training of Marine Corps GI&S support forces to conduct two nearly-simultaneous major regional conflicts.

X X X

75 Receive and validate standard GI&S products requirements for exercises and consolidate a single requisition to NIMA not later than 3 months prior to required delivery date.

X X X X

76 Receive and validate nonstandard GI&S production requirements for exer-cises. Those products not listed in NIMA catalog (e.g., special exercise products) must be submitted to the I&M section 6 months prior to the required delivery date.

X X X X X

77 Provide airfield surveys to support global positioning system approach requirements for ACE aircraft.

X

78 Assess NIMA responsiveness to Marine Corps needs. X X X X X X X X X

79 Continually evaluate and improve the Marine Corps GI&S and GEOINT requirements and supporting plans and operations.

X X X X X X X X X

80 Notify the MEF G-2 I&M section and intelligence battalion, of all GI and GEOINT requirements (electronic, digital, and hard-copy) necessary to sup-port combat analysis simulations and exercises.

X X X X X X X X X

81 Notify the MEF G-2 I&M section and intelligence battalion, of all GI and GEOINT requirements (electronic, digital, and hard-copy) necessary to sup-port combat analysis planning, and operations.

X X X X X X X X X

82 Coordinate with the MEF G-2 I&M section and intelligence battalion, to establish prioritization for collection, production, and dissemination of GI and GEOINT products, data bases, and services for exercises.

X X X X X X X X X

83 Coordinate with the MEF G-2 I&M section and intelligence battalion, when involved with the procurement, development, or use of GI&S systems or data bases.

X X X X X X X X X

84 Provide professional and technical advice and assistance to the command element/ supported headquarters and subordinate commands on matters pertaining to GI&S and GEOINT.

X X X X X X X

85 Coordinate with the MEF G-2 I&M section when involved with the procure-ment, development, or use of GI&S systems or data bases to support simulations and other analysis

X X X X X X X

86 Request standard NIMA GI&S products and digital GI&S data for local unit training via local units supply office.

X X X X X X X X X

GI&S GEOINT

No Tasks

GIM

O/M

CIA

MA

RFO

R

ME

F G

-2

MS

C G

-2

ME

U S

-2

Topo

Plt,

Inte

l Bn

GIS

T

GIT

GA

B/M

CIA

Appendix D

Topographic Production Capability

The Topographic Production Capability (TPC)provides the MAGTF with integrated, intensified,deconflicted, and seamless geospatial informationand geographic intelligence (GEOINT). These arenecessary to provide the framework for the com-mon operational picture (COP) and the commontactical picture (CTP) required by a wide varietyof missions, systems, and weapons.

The TPC is a network of geographic informationsystems that provides the MAGTF with the abilityto receive, store, retrieve, process, exploit, ana-lyze, produce, disseminate, store, and retrievegeospatial information and GEOINT. Comprisedof state-of-the-art hardware, software, and inputand output devices, the TPC will provide auto-mated access to the geospatial data base and otherGEOINT products. It will be employed in com-mand posts, combat intelligence centers, and theintelligence operation center (IOC), and will beconnected to the MAGTF tactical data network(TDN), the United States Imagery and GeospatialInformation System (USIGS), and the GlobalCommand and Control System (GCCS).

TPC will significantly reduce the physical sizeand logistical footprint of the existing topographicplatoons’ equipment suite. The hardware compo-nents will be modular and man transportable. Thiscapability provides the topographic platoon withthe means to scale up or down, depending on thetype of mission, size of the force, and specifiedgeospatial and GEOINT requirements.

The equipment suite will include robust commu-nications software and compatibility with all mili-tary communications requirements and willprovide access to multi-spectrum data communi-cations. The processing and display modules willuse hardware from the Marine common hardwaresuite and software that is compliant with the de-

fense information infrastructure common operat-ing environment (DII COE).

Marine Corps emerging operational concepts re-quire an integrated, deconflicted, and seamlessview of the battlespace and topographic assets ca-pable of being operated from a variety of shipsand austere bases ashore. Under these concepts,some command and control nodes and elementsmay remain seabased while others go ashore tobetter support MAGTF elements. TPC will allowthe G-2/S-2 to task-organize to perform a varietyof missions while remaining fully integrated withnaval systems, forces afloat, and joint and alliedforces throughout the joint operating area.

Normally used in intelligence centers of support-ed units, the TPC will be employed by accessingexisting communications media (e.g., radio, wire,fiber optic cable, local and wide area networks)and circuit and voice switching systems that forma MAGTF-wide tactical data network and infor-mation grid.

The modularized nature of TPC equipment pro-vides the following employment options:

l Topographic set (TOPSET). The entireTOPOSET will be deployed by intelligencebattalion with the MEF command element. Itwill maintain connectivity to the combatantcommand’s joint intelligence and/or analysiscenters, Marine Corps Intelligence Activity,and other geospatial information and services(GI&S), GEOINT, and intelligence elementsvia the GCCS and MAGTF TDN.

l Digital terrain analysis mapping set (DTAMS).Generally, a DTAMS is organic to a GEOINTsupport team. The team may be attached to orplaced in direct support of the ground combatelement, aviation combat element, and combatservice support element intelligence sections.Connectivity is similar to TOPOSET.

D-2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

l Geospatial information and replication system(GIRS). Generally, a single GIRS is organic tothe GEOINT team. The team is attached to aMarine expeditionary unit (special operationscapable) command element. Connectivity issimilar to TOPOSET and DTAMS.

The TPC will increase the MAGTF’s capabilitiesto—

l Receive, exploit, analyze, and disseminate acommon, near-real-time integrated environ-mental view of the battlespace with the timeli-ness and accuracy necessary to facilitatecommand and control, intelligence, maneuver,fires, and logistics.

l Access theater and national geospatial informa-tion sources to support a COP and CTP tailoredto MAGTF missions.

l Enhance mobility of the TPC nodes and im-prove support for the operational maneuverfrom the sea concept by reducing the physicalsize and increasing the modularity of the TPCequipment.

l Increase interoperability by using an open ar-chitecture and DII COE-compliant systems.

l Increase operational flexibility by using com-mon hardware and software that supports thetask organization and distributed production ofall geospatial information for the MAGTF.

l Participate in a joint, fused GEOINT produc-tion network with multilevel security and accu-rate data.

To provide the MAGTF with battlespace visual-ization and the framework necessary to plan fu-ture tactical operations, the TPC can be brokendown into the following functional roles:

l Geospatial information and GEOINT directionis accomplished through the deliberate plan-ning process. TPC helps identify geospatial re-quirements, access and review existing dataholdings, identify information shortfalls, anddefine the area of responsibility and interest.

l Geospatial information collection begins withthe requisition of essential elements of terrainand hydrographic information. TPC data basenetworks would be queried for potential solu-tions, source materials, and request for infor-mation for tactical collection. The TPC mustsupport the inclusion of environmental infor-mation from multisource intelligence reports(e.g., imagery, signals, and human intelligence)In addition, it must be able to access tactical re-connaissance reports (e.g., route reconnais-sance, bridge studies, engineering reports).Further, the TPC must be able to store and ma-nipulate tactical geodetic, topographic, andoceanographic surveys, terrain reconnaissance,and photo reconnaissance imagery, includingvideo.

l Geospatial information processing provides thecapability to retrieve, integrate, deconflict, andstore multisource geospatial information into aseamless data base.

l GEOINT analysis and production provides thecapability to analyze integrated data bases forspecific applications, to value-add informationor to update features and attributes within thedata base, and to intensify the data base contentto meet a tailored mission requirement. End-state production will include the geospatial in-formation data set covering the world’s littoralsfor the framework of a COP and CTP, the mod-ified combined obstacle overlay (foundation forintelligence preparation of the battlespace), andthe mission-specific views (e.g., cross-countrymovement, helicopter landing zones, and beachstudies) critical for providing tailored GEOINTrequirements.

l GEOINT dissemination uses an open technicalarchitecture that has evolved within the USIGSand the joint technical architecture. TPC willdisseminate geospatial data external to MarineCorps forces through the GCCS and the GlobalBroadcast System. It will disseminate MarineCorps forces geospatial data within and exter-nal to a theater using the MAGTF TDN and lo-cal and wide area networks. The TPC mustmaintain redundant communication capabilitiesto support electronic dissemination. Local rep-lication (limited copies) and National Imageryand Mapping Agency lithographic reproduction

Geographic Intelligence _________________________________________________________________________________________ D-3

(large quantity) will be used for disseminationof hard-copy GEOINT products to units not ca-pable of receiving geospatial data digitally.This approach reduces development and main-tenance costs and achieves interoperability

within all functional system requirements forvisualization.

l Information systems and data base manage-ment.

Appendix E

GEOINT Estimate(Appendix 15 to Annex B to OPLAN/OPORD)

The GEOINT estimate is a major contributor tothe intelligence estimate and a key foundation forthe MAGTF’s selection of a course of action(COA) and follow-on planning. The MEF G-2 fu-ture plans section, I&M staff, and intelligencebattalion complete an appraisal of available GI&Son a specific situation or mission and addressthose in the operation plan (OPLAN) or operationorder (OPORD). This GEOINT is used to helpdetermine the supportability of COAs. COA war-gaming and selection depends on the MAGTF’sGI&S and GEOINT requirements for planningand execution. The GEOINT estimate alsoprovides a detailed format to support develop-ment of the collection, production, and dissemi-nation plans for geospatial information andMAGTF GEOINT operations. The followingkey points are emphasized for GEOINT estimatedevelopment.

Analysis of COA

The GEOINT estimate provides the MAGTF in-telligence officer a focus to evaluate variouscourses of action against available geospatial in-formation sources and to identify critical short-falls within the scope of the operation. Theestimate identifies essential elements of terrain in-formation (EETIs) and intelligence requirements(IRs) that could negatively affect planned opera-tions to the MAGTF commander and staff. Theestimate also identifies GI&S personnel andequipment shortfalls and unique GEOINT collec-

tion, production, and dissemination requirementsto meet mission objectives.

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace

The GEOINT estimate will support initial intelli-gence estimates and collections, production, anddissemination planning for the IPB process duringinitial planning. Identification of the area of oper-ations (AO) and area of interest (AOI) is criticalfor prioritization, intensification, and value-adding to meet mission-specific requirements.The IPB process analysis and production timelines require that the estimate identify potentialobjectives, intelligence requirements (IR), andspecific EETIs. This ensures that tailored prod-ucts are available to support all MAGTF planningand decisionmaking requirements.

Distributive and Collaborative Production Network

The GEOINT estimate will provide critical intel-ligence to support the development of the geospa-tial information infrastructure in support of theMAGTF. This will allow the MAGTF plans staffand intelligence battalion to identify key MAGTFcommunications and information systems require-ments and to coordinate collaborative supportfrom other GEOINT assets (e.g., geospatial analy-sis branch) as well as the national productionnetwork.

E-2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

Risk Mitigation and Assessment

Within the joint GI&S community, risk mitigationencompasses activities accomplished early in de-liberate planning. Only when an operation plan isactivated will National Imagery and MappingAgency (NIMA) conduct a risk assessment to ap-prise the supported combatant commander of thepertinent GEOINT production plans and activitiesstatus.

The GEOINT estimate provides a process for theMAGTF G-2 staff and intelligence battalion toperform a risk assessment for each COA based onavailable GEOINT. Mission success or failure de-pends on the types of GI&S data available forspecific missions and systems used in theMAGTF. Availability of GI&S products is evalu-ated based on the following priorities and readi-ness levels.

Priorities This process is used to determine an appropriatelevel of readiness required for the plan based onlikelihood of execution and calculation of prepa-ration times based on MAGTF IRs and indica-tions and warning.

l Priority 1. GEOINT data and product unavail-ability will prevent performance of mission.

l Priority 2. GEOINT data and product unavail-ability will significantly impact performance ofmission.

l Priority 3. GEOINT data and product unavail-ability will have minor impact on performanceof mission.

Readiness Level The GEOINT estimate is a planning tool whichthe MEF G-2 and intelligence battalion uses to

determine how much effort is required for a par-ticular OPLAN to meet MAGTF requirements.This information is articulated to the joint taskforce or combatant command’s GI&S officer andother intelligence personnel using the followingGI&S readiness levels:

l C-1. All required products and informationmust exist as standard or substitute productsand information. All products can be made ade-quate and delivered within the time required forthe plan.

l C-2. All priority 1 and 2 products and informa-tion must exist as either standard or substituteproducts and information, or interim productsand information can be generated and deliveredwithin the command’s required time line. Defi-ciencies exist in the coverage of priority 3products and information. Priority 1 and 2products and information can be made ade-quate within the required time line based oneach plan. Existing priority 3 products and in-formation cannot be made adequate within therequired time for each plan.

l C-3. All priority 1 products and informationmust exist as either standard or substitute prod-ucts and information, acceptable interim prod-ucts and information or can be generated anddelivered within the command’s required time.Significant deficiencies exist in the coverage ofpriority 2 and 3 products and information. Ex-isting products and information cannot be madeadequate within the required time for each plan.

l C-4. Major deficiencies may exist for priority1, 2 or 3 products.

l The following sample GEOINT estimate for-mat is provided to support MAGTF intelli-gence estimate and follow-on planning anddecisionmaking.

Geographic Intelligence_________________________________________________________________________________________ E-3

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The following sample GEOINT estimate format is provided to support MAGTFintelligence estimate and follow-on planning and decisionmaking.

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Copy no. ___ of ___ copiesIssuing UnitPLACE OF ISSUEDate/time groupMessage reference number

APPENDIX 15 (GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE) TO ANNEXB (INTELLIGENCE) TO OPERATION ORDER (U) REFERENCES

(a) Unit standing operating procedures for intelligence and counter-intelligence(b) (List those NIMA maps, charts, related products, and other forms of GI&S data references required for an understanding of this appendix.)(c) (List other documents that provide guidance required for the planning functions relevant to GI&S and supporting operations.)

1. (U) Mission. (State the assigned task and its purpose. The mission of the command is taken from the commander’s mission analysis, planning guidance, or other statement.)

2. (U) Situation.

a. (U) Definition of the AO and AOI. (Describe the limits of the AO and AOI in terms of natural or cultural features and/or latitude and longitude co-ordinates. If the AO limits are difficult to describe, a map with the appropri-ate boundaries should be appended.)

b. (U) Assigned MAGTF Organic and Supporting GI&S Assets. (Identify those organic and supporting forces which perform the following GI&S functions. A unit may perform more than one function.)

(1) (U) Map and chart distribution.

(2) (U) Digital dissemination of data.

(3) (U) Battlespace analysis.

(4) (U) Paper map or chart production.

E-4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

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(5) (U) Digital data production.

(6) (U) Geodetic surveying.

(7) (U) Command and control (C2) of GI&S assets.

(8) (U) Geospatial data base management.

(9) (U) Value-adding to GI&S data sets.

(10) (U) Construction of modeling and simulation data bases.

c. (U) Facts and Assumptions. (State facts and assumptions generated dur-ing the mission analysis process. These may include items pertaining to re-lease and disclosure of GI&S products to multinational forces, transportation availability, and available digital communications.)

d. (U) GI&S Considerations

(1) (U) Datum determination.

(2) (U) Standard GI&S product and data availability.

(3) (U) Data currency.

(4) (U) Availability of national source imagery and commercial im-agery.

(5) (U) GI&S support to and from multinational forces.

(6) (U) Existing GI&S agreements between foreign countries.

(7) (U) War reserve stock (WRS) and basic load considerations.

(8) (U) Sustainment of geospatial data.

(9) (U) Sustainment of GI&S assets and personnel.

(10) (U) Creation and manning of forward map depots.

(11) (U) Other considerations which impact this OPLAN or OPORD.

Geographic Intelligence _________________________________________________________________________________________ E-5

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3. (U) Analysis of Course of Action. (List factors the intelligence officer and his three key subordinate officers—the G-2 plans officer, G-2 operations of-ficer, and the intelligence support coordinator—can use to weigh COAs for a given OPLAN or OPORD. Develop a separate analysis for each COA being considered.

a. (U) GI&S Forces and Functions. (Discuss employment of forces to cov-er the GI&S functions.)

b. (U) Datums and Interoperability. (Compare forces and systems to the actual geographic footprint of the AO and its associated data.)

c. (U) Allied and Coalition Operations

(1) (U) (Discuss allied and/or coalition operations.)

(2) (U) (State the release authority.)

(3) (U) (Discuss reduced system capability.)

(4) (U) (List datum differences.)

(5) (U) (Identify global positioning system capability.)

d. (U) Geospatial Information Coverage. (List the available geospatial da-ta for the AO.)

e. (U) NIMA Surge and Crisis Production Supportability. (Discuss NI-MA’s surge print ability and production operations to support MAGTF re-quirements within the COA.)

f. (U) MCIA Surge and Crisis Production and Analysis Supportability. (Discuss MCI’s surge analysis ability and production operations to support MAGTF requirements within the COA.)

g. (U) GI&S Distribution and Digital Dissemination. (Discuss the alterna-tives for distributing paper products, digital media, and electronic dissemi-nation for each COA.)

h. (U) C2 of GI&S Assets. (Discuss the following aspects of the plan from the C2 perspective.)

E-6 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

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(1) (U) Integration and synchronization of the theater production and analysis plan across all forces in support of MAGTF requirements.

(2) (U) Distributive and collaborative production support.

(3) (U) Tasking and prioritization authority.

i. (U) Unit Basic Loads and WRS. (Discuss operational forces’ require-ments for paper and digital geospatial data and available stocks.)

4. (U) Comparison Courses of Action. (Using the stated factors and other in-formation, either the G-2 plans officer or the ISC compares the COAs to advise the G-2/S-2 and commander if GI&S capability will support execution of the OPLAN or OPORD.)

5. (U) Conclusion. (Once the analysis is complete, the G-2 plans officer or the ISC either recommends to the G-2/S-2 a single COA or states that none of the COAs are impacted by the current GI&S situation.)

6. (U) Planning Requirements. (Provide a clear, concise statement of the GI&S planning requirements to support the plan.)

7. (U) Execution Requirements. (Provide a clear, concise statement of the GI&S operations execution requirements to support the plan.)

/s/

TABS: (As appropriate.)

Appendix F

GI&S Planning Activities

The following list identifies key actions of the MAGTF command element (CE)staff and geospatial information and services (GI&S) actions of the intelligencesection, the G-2 I&M staff, and intelligence battalion during each phase of theMarine Corps Planning Process (MCPP). NOTE: The following columns list allkey actions associated with the column title. There is, however, no directlinkage between, for example, the third item listed under each—all actions areinterrelated as influenced by METT-T.

Mission Analysis

MAGTF Staff Actions GI&S Action

Identify the higher headquarters and supported headquarters intent.

Identify tasks.

Determine the area of operations (AO) and area of interest (AOI).

Review available assets and identify personnel and equipment resource shortfalls.

Determine constraints and restraints.

Determine commander’s recommended critical information requirements (e.g., priority intelligence requirements, friendly force information requirements, essential elements of friendly information).

Identify requests for information.

Determine assumptions.

Draft the mission statement.

Present a mission analysis brief.

Draft the warning order.

Begin staff estimates.

Refine the commander’s intent.

Develop the commander’s planning guidance.

Review higher headquarters and MAGTF standing intelligence plans (e.g., Annex B to the OPLAN) and GI&S plan (e.g., Annex M to an OPLAN), pertinent memorandums of understanding, etc.

Help determine the MAGTF AO and AOI. Assess NIMA, combatant commands, and other external organizations’ geospatial coverage of the AO and AOI.

Provide maps, charts, digital data, and other GI and GEOINT products to ensure subordinate commanders’ initial planning support needs are met.

Determine specified, implied, and essential GI&S tasks.

Develop proposed GI&S mission statement; coordinate with intelligence battalion; obtain G-2/S-2 approval.

Identify organic and supporting GEOINT elements and subordinate units’ GI&S representatives; acquire an operational status report from each representative; determine personnel and equipment deficiencies. Pay special attention to data management, value-adding, production, and distribution.

Determine if datum issues exist; provide recommendations.

Identify joint task force (JTF) and multinational GI&S interoperability issues; provide recommendations.

Establish, review, and/or update the MAGTF tactical geospatial information library (TGIL) to—

• Assess foundation data (FD) availability and deficiencies.

• Determine mission specific data set (MSDS) requirements.

• Determine initial GI&S information requirements; coordinate with intel bn’s collections management and dissemination (CMDO) officer.

• Identify other GEOINT product substitutes. Identify external organizations’ GEOINT production plans and assess against MAGTF’s initial requirements; determine deficiencies; initiate augmentation requests; coordinate with support coordinator and the production and analysis (P&A) cell IOC.

F-2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

Mission Analysis - Continued

MAGTF Staff Actions - Continued GI&S Action - Continued

Assign and task-organized organic GEOINT elements (e.g., geographic intelligence support teams to major subordinate elements; geographic intelligence team to the MAGTF future plans team), stipulate C2 relationships.

Validate and update JTF GI&S TTP, and MAGTF GI&S standing operating procedures; coordinate with higher headquarters and subordinate units.

Validate and prioritize GI&S and GEOINT requirements; focus on requirements for developing COA and wargaming.

Begin development of GEOINT estimate; issue orders to GEOINT production elements; coordinate with P&A cell OIC.

Coordinate preparation of initial modified combined obstacle overlay; coordinate with P&A cell OIC.

Determine initial GEOINT communications and information systems (CIS) requirements and dissemination plan; identify deficiencies; coordinate with CMDO and G-6/S-6.

Validate GI&S data base management procedures; coordinate with JTF.

Ensure subordinate units’ GI&S representatives are kept advised of pertinent actions and developments.

Course of Action Development

MAGTF Staff Actions GI&S Actions

Continue intelligence preparation of the battlespace through-out all steps of the planning process.

Array friendly forces.

Assess relative combat power.

Analyze centers of gravity and critical vulnerabilities.

Brainstorm possibilities.

Develop rough course(s) of action (COAs).

Review commander’s input.

Refine COA(s).

Validate COA(s).

Develop graphic and narrative COA(s).

Prepare and present COA(s) briefing.

Select and/or modify COA(s) (commander’s action).

Help to develop and continue to update the intelligence esti-mate (appendix 11 to annex B); emphasize the following GEOINT and all-source intelligence products: • Tactical study of the terrain.• Hydrographic, beach, HLZ, DZ, port and harbor, airfield, and LOC

studies. • Modified combined obstacle overlays.

Assist the MAGTF CE intelligence section, other staff sec-tions, and the ISC/IOC with COA development.

Develop a GI&S concept of operations for each COA; con-tinue to prepare and update— • Appendix 15 (GEOINT Estimate) to Annex B.• Annex M (Geospatial Information and Services).

Help the intell section develop other portions of Annex B.

Determine the need and plan for the establishment of map depots within the joint operation area; determine the use of war reserve stocks (WRS); coordinate with JTF and other service and functional components.

For each COA—• Determine GI&S capabilities required.• Identify limitations. • Coordinate production of necessary GEOINT products. • Continue development of GI&S estimate of supportability.

Ensure subordinate units’ GI&S representatives are kept advised on pertinent actions and developments.

Geographic Intelligence _________________________________________________________________________________________ F-3

Course of Action Development - Continued

MAGTF Staff Actions Course of Action Analysis

Conduct COA analysis wargaming.

Refine staff estimates and estimates of supportability.

Develop concepts based on warfighting functions.

Prepare COA analysis brief.

Complete GI&S estimates of supportability.

Help the G-2/S-2 and ISC complete the intelligence estimate and the friendly intelligence estimate of supportability.

Continue to monitor and update GEOINT collections, production, and dissemination operations.

Ensure subordinate units receive necessary GEOINT products; verify understanding; identify and update subordinates current and new GEOINT intelligence requirements (IR).

Validate, update, and prioritize GI&S and GEOINT IRs.


Course of Action Comparison and Decision


Evaluate of each COA.

Compare COAs.

Decide on COA (commander’s action).

Issue warning order.

Help the IOC and the MAGTF CE intelligence section evaluate and compare each COA.

Continue development of Annex M and Appendix 15 to Annex B consistent with the selected COA.

Validate, update, and prioritize GI&S IRs and GEOINT collection, production, and dissemination requirements for the selected COA; issue appropriate orders to GEOINT elements.

Coordinate GEOINT element task-organization and C2 based on the selected COA.

Continue coordination with the G-6/S-6 regarding GI&S CIS requirements; coordinate with G-1/ S-1 for couriering of GEOINT products to subordinate units.

Continue coordination with the G-4/S-4 regarding GI&S supply and transportation requirements.

Review actions for satisfying GI&S personnel and equipment deficiencies associated with the selected COA.

Ensure subordinate units receive pertinent GEOINT products; verify understanding; identify and update subordinates current GEOINT IRs.

Validate and prioritize MAGTF GI&S and GEOINT IRs.


F-4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

Orders Development


Refine commander’s intent.

Convert concept of operations into an operations order or a fragmentary order.

Update and convert staff estimates and other planning docu-ments into operations order (OPORD) annexes and appendices.

Approve OPORD (commander’s action).

Complete development of Annex M and Appendix 15 to Annex B; provide copies to subordinate units and ensure they understand the order.

Update, validate, and prioritize GI&S IRs and associated collection operations.

Monitor ongoing GEOINT production operations; update and issue orders to GEOINT elements.

Ensure pertinent GEOINT products are disseminated to all subordinate units.

Complete actions associated with map depots, WRS, per-sonnel and equipment augmentation, datum interoperability issues, multinational dissemination, etc.

Complete GI&S-related CIS, transportation, and supply actions.

Maintain coordination with external GI&S elements.

Transition


Give transition brief.

Conduct drills.

Plan required refinements.

Assist MAGTF CE intelligence section and the IOC with the transition brief.

Modify GI&S plans.

Monitor ongoing GEOINT collection and production opera-tions; update and issue orders to GEOINT elements.

Ensure subordinate units’ GI&S representatives and GI&S officers in JTF and other components understand plans and standing requirements; and ensure they receive necessary GEOINT products.

Participate in drills.

Remain engaged in MAGTF future plans activities.

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Appendix G

Geospatial Information and Services Annex to Operation Plans and Orders

The following sample format provides notional information and guidance forthe development of Annex M to an operation plan (OPLAN) or an operation or-der (OPORD). The annex format will be used by all Marine Corps operatingforces to ensure commonality and interoperability during deliberate and crisisaction planning.

CLASSIFICATION

Copy no. ___ of ___ copiesOFFICIAL DESIGNATION OF COMMANDPLACE OF ISSUEDate/time groupMessage reference number

ANNEX M TO OPERATION ORDER XXX (U) GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND SERVICES (U)

(U) REFERENCES:

(a) (List unit SOPs for intelligence and counterintelligence.)(b) (List joint task force, naval task force, other components, theater and national intelligence and counterintelligence plans, orders and tactics, tech-niques, and procedures, as well as multinational agreements pertinent to MAGTF intelligence operations.)(c) (List those NIMA maps, charts, and related products, and other forms of GI&S data references required for an understanding of this Annex.)(d) (List other relevant documents that provide guidance required for the necessary planning functions relevant to GI&S and supporting operations.)(e) Appendix 15 (Geographic Intelligence Operations) to Annex B (Intel-ligence).

1. (U) Situation

a. (U) Geospatial Information and Services (GI&S) Requirements. (List the types of hard-copy and digital GI&S products required to support this OPORD.)

G-2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

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(1) (U) Aerospace Products

(2) (U) Hydrographic Products

No. Nomenclature Abbreviation Scale

a. Global navigation chart GNC 1:5,000,000

b. Jet navigation chart JNC 1:2,000,000

c. Operational navigation chart ONC 1:1,000,000

d. Tactical pilotage chart TPC 1:500,000

e. Joint operations graphic - Air JOG-A 1:250,000

f. Flight information publications FLIP Documents

g. Escape and evasion charts EVC Various


a. General nautical charts NC Various small

b. Coastal nautical charts CC Various medium

c. Harbor and approach charts HAC Various large

d. Sailing directions SD Publications

e. Combat charts Cmbt 1:50,000

f. Tide tables TT Publications

g. Miscellaneous ____ Publications

Geographic Intelligence ________________________________________________________________________________________ G-3

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(3) (U) Topographic Products

(4) (U) Target Material Products

(5) (U) Digital Data


a. Topographic line map TLM1 1:100,000

b. Topographic line map TLM5 1:50,000

c. City graphics CG Various

d. Tactical terrain analysis data base TTADB 1:50,000

e. Road map RD Various

f. LANDSAT image map (interim) LIM Various

g. Water resource overlay WRO 1:50,000


a. Joint operations graphic—radar JOG-R 1:250,000

b. Gridded airfield photo GAP Various

c. Gridded installation photos GIP Various


a. Vector interim terrain data VITD 1:50,000 density

b. Digital point positioning data base DPPDB Digital imagery (classified)

c. Vector map—level 2 VMap2 1:250,000 density

d. Vector map—level 3 VMap3 1:50,000 density

e. Digital topographic data DTOP 1:50,000 density

f. Littoral warfare data LWD 1:5,000 density

g. Digital nautical chart DNC Various densities

G-4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

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b. (U) Enemy GI&S Capabilities. (Refer to Annex B [Intelligence] of this OPORD for the basic enemy situation. List enemy GI&S capabilities and limitations, to include distribution points, production capabilities, accuracy of products, data collection capabilities, and deception capabilities.)

(1) (U) Enemy Distribution Capabilities and Points

(2) (U) Enemy GI&S Production Capability

(3) (U) Accuracy of Enemy GI&S Products

(4) (U) Enemy Data Collection Capabilities

(a) (U) Satellite Collection

(b) (U) Aerial Photography Collection

(5) (U) Enemy Deception Capabilities

c. (U) Friendly Support. Refer to Annex C (Operations) of this OPORD. (List the GI&S forces or agencies that are not assigned or attached to the unit but that will be required to provide GI&S support for the implementa-tion of this order. Specify the type of command relationship desired for each agency or command and the type and duration of support required.)

(1) (U) National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)

(2) (U) Marine Corps Intelligence Activity (MCIA)

(3) (U) Combatant Command’s Joint Intelligence Center/Joint Analy-sis Center

d. (U) Assumptions. (List any assumptions on which this annex is based. State expected conditions pertinent to GI&S support over which the com-mander has no control. Describe planning and early deployment assump-tions concerning the availability of basic loads and NIMA’s ability to meet crisis demand.)

(1) (U) GI&S requirements represent available classified and unclas-sified aeronautical, hydrographic, topographic, and air target materials. (These include, but are not limited to digital data, standard maps and charts, and other data both graphic and textual formats. Requirements


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must be specified as hard copy or digital. Digital requirements should identify formats required if different than NIMA standard formats.)

(2) (U) The combatant command’s GI&S officer will coordinate all requirements for out-of-theater support, including generation of precise points for targeting support. Within the MAGTF, this task will be han-dled by the intelligence support coordinator (ISC), assisted by the MEF G-2 future plans officer and the mapping and imagery officer (MIO).

(3) (U) The combatant command’s GI&S officer will appoint the the-ater data base manager and will publish requirements for reports gener-ation, information requests, and tasking authority. The ISC will do the same for the MAGTF.

(4) (U) Component commanders and planning staffs will have re-quired operational quantities of maps, charts, and digital data to conduct operational-level planning. MAGTF commanders and staffs will have required quantities of operational and tactical maps, charts, and digital products.

(5) (U) Rapidly generated maps, charts, and digital data at the tactical scales will be available within 72 hours for a 90 by 90-kilometer area and within 12 days for a 300 by 300-kilometer area.

(6) (U) Sufficient warning prior to execution will allow NIMA to meet increased requirements through crisis support systems.

e. (U) Available GI&S Products. (Provide a general statement regarding the availability and adequacy of the listed GI&S data, products, and related material required to support the OPORD and refer to the GI&S WRS Plan for detailed accounting in regard to GI&S product availability and adequa-cy. Refer to Appendix 1 [ Requirements List] of this Annex.) Complete cov-erage consisting of topographic, hydrographic, and aeronautical products exists to support this OPORD. In some areas 1:100,000 scale imagery may be used to support operations.

G-6 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

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MissionProducts Available

Product Types

Product Datum

Coverage Adequate

Currency Date

Command and control

Yes ONC,JOG-A, TLM,

City graphic (CG)

WGS-84 Yes JUN 89FEB 92JAN 94AUG 73

Intelligence Yes ONC,JOG-A, TLM, CG


C2 of aircraft Yes ONC,JOG-A, TLM, CG


Antiair warfare

Yes ONC,JOG-A, TLM, CG


Direct fire & maneuver



Fire support Yes ONC,JOG-A, TLM, CG


Amphibiouslanding

No Combat chart TOKYO No MAY 58

Close air support



Supply and maintenance




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f. (U) Available Services. (Describe any special geospatial services that will be provided for the operation, e.g., precise point production, data trans-formations, commercial imagery purchase and orthorectification, survey-ing. Identify those GI&S units assigned or attached in theater. List information concerning other forces or agencies outside theater that may af-fect the provision of GI&S products.)

Engineering Yes ONC,JOG-A, TLM, CG


Electronic warfare



Transporta-tion

Yes ONC,JOG-A, TLM, CG,


Health services



Urban operations



MissionProducts Available

Product Types

Product Datum

Coverage Adequate

Currency Date

G-8 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

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(1) (U) Geospatial Services. (In-theater)

(2) (U) Special Geospatial Services. (Outside theater)

g. (U) Capabilities

(1) (U) (List those GI&S forces organic, assigned, or attached to the unit. Show latest arrival date at point of departure for each GI&S unit contained in the TPFDD, and list information concerning other forces or agencies that may affect the provisions of GI&S products required to support the OPORD.)

Type Service Unit TaskedType

Support Tasking Chain

Precise points NIMA technical representative

Direct MEF G-2/GI&S

Datum transformation NIMA technical representative

Direct MEF G-2/GI&S

Hard-copy replication Topographic platoon Direct MEF G-2/GI&S

Terrain studies Topographic platoon Direct MEF G-2/GI&S

Surveying 320th engineer co. (USA)

Direct MEF G-2/GI&S

Type Service Unit TaskedType

Support Tasking Chain

Precise Points NIMA CST General MARFOR G-2

Datum Transformation NIMA CST General MARFOR G-2

Commercial Imagery MCIA GID General MARFOR G-2

Orthorectification MCIA GID General MARFOR G-2

Printing NIMA General MARFOR G-2


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(2) (U) COMMARFOR will advise and support the JTF commander concerning requirements for GI&S products and support for all Marine Corps forces. Coordination between service and functional components and other supporting organizations will be conducted through the MARFOR G-2 section and/or the MEF G-2/S-2’s intelligence opera-tions center (IOC).

(3) (U) COMMARFOR/MEF G-2 or ISC will coordinate with NIMA in conjunction with the JTF to provide the full range of GI&S products to support intelligence and operational requirements.

(4) (U) Coastal hydrographic survey ships and deep ocean bathymet-ric survey ships are expected to be transferred to the combatant com-mand for use by operating forces under conditions of national emergency. At such time this OPORD is implemented the survey ships will be used in assignments involving hydrographic data collection and chart production as appropriate to the operation or to the overall mission of the command.

GI&S Forces Point of DepartureLatest

Arrival DateAssigned or

Attached Unit

MEF GI&S (MEF CE lead echelon)

Norton AFB, CA 30 Mar XX MEF Staff G-2

MEF GI&S (complete) Norton AFB, CA 15 Apr XX MEF Staff G-2

Topo Plt (MEF CE lead echelon)

Norton AFB, CA 30 Mar XX MEF Staff G-2

Topo Plt (2nd cluster) Norton AFB, CA 9 Apr XX MEF Staff G-2

Topo Plt (3d cluster) Norton AFB, CA 15 Apr XX MEF Staff G-2

Topo Plt (complete) Norton AFB, CA 30 Apr XX MEF Staff G-2

GIST (GCE) Norton AFB, CA 5 Apr XX Div Staff G-2

GIST (ACE) Norton AFB, CA 10 Apr XX Wing Staff G-2

GIST (CSSE) Norton AFB, CA 20 Apr XX FSSG Staff G-2

GIST (G-3) Norton AFB, CA 5 Apr XX MEF Staff G-3 (Future ops)

NIMA Tech Rep Norton AFB, CA 15 Apr XX MEF Staff G-2

MCIA Dep. Package McGuire AFB, VA 30 Mar XX MARFOR Staff G-2

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2. (U) Mission. (Provide a clear, concise statement of the GI&S mission in support of the OPORD.) COMMARFOR and/or MEF will direct, coordinate, validate, and provide GI&S products and services as required in support of this OPORD.

3. (U) Execution

a. (U) Concept of GI&S Operations

(1) (U) General. (Provide a broad statement of how the command will provide the GI&S support necessary to meet the commander's overall mission requirement. Include the organic topographic and supporting units involved; the time-phasing of operations; the general nature and purpose of GI&S operations to be conducted; the interrelated or cross-Service support; and support provided by agreements, coordination, and cooperation necessary for the successful implementation of this OPORD. Describe the scope and extent of host nation support [HNS] available to enhance MAGTF GI&S operations in support of the OPORD.)

(a) (U) Forces deploying in support of this OPORD are required to arrive with a 15-day basic load of GI&S products.

(b) (U) Resupply or sustainment stocks and follow-on supplies of maps and charts will be provided via normal supply channels.

(c) (U) Substitute products and quick response products may be provided by NIMA and other Service agencies to supplement available coverage.

(d) (U) Subordinate units with GI&S assets retain primary re-sponsibility for their own quick response products.

(e) (U) Marine expeditionary units (MEUs) are required to de-ploy with 100 percent of their topographic requirements.

(f) (U) Follow-on requirements will be coordinated with COM-MARFOR and/or MEF ISC, with information copies to the JTF and combatant command intelligence section.

Geographic Intelligence _______________________________________________________________________________________ G-11

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(g) (U) Supporting plans will specify the required maps, charts (including series, sheet number, and total quantities), and digital data bases; geographic intelligence and terrain analysis require-ments; cartographic and geodetic survey requirements; procedures for requesting standard and/or non-standard topographic produc-tion support; and guidance for hard-copy and electronic distribu-tion. Requirements for special products and materials will also be included in supporting plans.

(h) (U) Full-time, GI&S points of contact (POC) will be estab-lished at each major subordinate command who are responsible for requirements and capabilities. Provide POC name, SIPRNET, and NIPRINT e-mail addresses and telephone number in writing to MEF command element (G-2/S-2) and the IOC (attn: ISC) as changes occur and/or within 30 days of receipt of this OPORD and its updates.

(2) (U) Deployment. (Summarize the requirements for deploying or-ganic GI&S forces and necessary depot activities from their normal peacetime locations to the area of operations. Pay particular attention to the time-phasing of these deployments in order to effect an orderly transition from current to planned organizational configurations.)

(a) (U) Intelligence battalion’s topographic platoon will inte-grate and develop the MAGTF tactical geospatial information li-brary (TGIL) for the MAGTF area of responsibility (AOR) and area of interest.

(b) (U) Subordinate units will ensure communications connec-tivity for attached geographic intelligence support teams (GIST) and geographic intelligence teams (GIT) to support GEOINT oper-ations.

(c) (U) Subordinate units will maintain and deploy with a 15-day basic load of GI&S stocks.

(d) (U) Automatic distribution change requests and updates for validation will be forwarded to the MEF G-2 (attn: ISC).

(e) (U) (U) All subordinate units will update list of deployment and GI&S basic load requirements and submit these to the MEF G-2 (attn: ISC).

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(f) (U) Basic load airlift or sealift transportation from CONUS to the port of entry will be arranged per established time-phased force and deployment list procedures and transportation priorities established by the MEF G-3.

(g) (U) Transportation and movement of WRS or sustainment stocks to subordinate units will be coordinated with the MEF G-4 supply.

(3) (U) Employment. (Describe in general terms how MAGTF and supporting GI&S forces are to be employed in the conduct of GI&S op-erations.)

(a) (U) Intelligence battalion’s topographic platoon will main-tain the MAGTF GIL within the joint operating area and MAGTF area of operations and area of interest according to ISC direction.

(b) (U) Establishment and operation of a forward map depot to distribute hard-copy and digital media products will be coordinated with MEF G-4 supply.

(4) (U) Interoperability. (Provide specific technical guidance and procedures to ensure interoperability of GI&S operations and materi-als, particularly the proper sources, datum documentation, and use of coordinates derived from GI&S products. Provide guidance to ensure that MAGTF sources, methods, and procedures deliver the required ac-curacy.)

b. (U) Tasks. (In separate numbered subparagraphs, list the GI&S tasks assigned to each element of the MAGTF and to those supporting external units or agencies. For each of the tasks, provide a concise mission statement to be performed in further planning or execution of the OPORD. Provide sufficient details in these task assignments to ensure that essential elements to the concept of the operation are described properly.)

(1) (U) MARFOR G-2 GI&S BRANCH

(a) (U) Act as the point of contact for all Marine component GI&S issues.

(b) (U) Coordinate all validated GI&S collection, production, and dissemination requirements with the JTF, combatant com-mand, and other external organizations.


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(c) (U) Coordinate all production requirements tasked by higher headquarters affecting MARFOR topographic assets.

(2) (U) MEF GI&S BRANCH

(a) (U) Identify specific GI&S needs which are not included in Appendix 1 of this Annex.

(b) (U) Identify specific services required from MAGTF topo-graphic units, NIMA, MCIA, or other organizations to support the MAGTF mission.

(c) (U) Identify the distribution of the GI&S basic load to all MAGTF units.

(d) (U) Identify distribution, storage, and management of GI&S depot stocks.

(e) (U) Identify the priorities for GI&S collection, production, and dissemination.

(f) (U) Identify procedures for the transmission of geographic coordinates.

(g) (U) Identify responsibilities for GI&S data base systems ad-ministration, management, and replication.

(h) (U) Identify command and control, administration, and maintenance of the GI&S depot.

(i) (U) Identify releaseability of GI&S products and information to host nation, media, and multinational forces.

(j) (U) Maintain an updated, prioritized list of required GI&S products and data bases. Provide this list to COMMARFOR/MEF (G-2/GI&S) within __ days of receipt of this OPORD and its up-dates.

(k) (U) Identify prioritized GI&S requirements for maps, charts, and digital data bases currently not in production to COMMAR-FOR/MEF (G-2/GI&S) annually, or within 60 days of receipt of this OPORD and its updates.

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(3) (U) INTELLIGENCE BATTALION. Plan and direct, collect, process, produce and disseminate intelligence, and provide counterin-telligence support to the MEF, MEF MSCs, subordinate MAGTFs, and other commands as directed.

(a) (U) Intelligence Battalion Commander/Intelligence Support Coordinator

1 (U) Plan and, upon AC/S G-2 approval, implement a con-cept of intelligence operations based upon the mission, threat, commander's intent, guidance, and concept of operations. This concept of intelligence operations will include a support-ing GEOINT concept of operations.

2 (U) Establish and supervise operation of the MEF IOC, which includes the support cell, the surveillance and recon-naissance cell, and the production and analysis cell. Task-or-ganize and integrate GI&S elements within the IOC and other elements of the MEF CE's combat intelligence center as ap-propriate. Collocate the IOC with the MEF CE's main com-mand post.

3 (U) Develop, consolidate, validate, and prioritize recom-mended PIRs and IRs to support MAGTF planning and opera-tions for AC/S G-2 approval.

4 (U) Plan, develop, integrate, and coordinate MEF intelli-gence collection, production, and dissemination plans, to in-clude the effective organic and external integration and employment of MAGTF GI&S and GEOINT as well as MEF imagery intelligence, signals intelligence, counterintelligence, human resources intelligence, ground remote sensors, ground reconnaissance, and tactical air reconnaissance operations.

5 (U) Plan, develop, and coordinate intelligence communica-tions and information systems architecture, to include its inte-gration with and support of MEF GI&S and GEOINT requirements.

6 (U) Coordinate and integrate MEF GI&S and GEOINT operations with the MARFOR HQ, other service components, JTF, theater, and national intelligence operations, to include all aspects of reach-back support.


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7 (U) Monitor the flow of GI&S throughout the MAGTF and ensure that it is delivered to intended recipients in a time-ly fashion and satisfactorily meets their needs.

8 (U) Evaluate the effectiveness of MEF and supporting GI&S operations and support; initiate and/or recommend to the AC/S G-2 necessary corrective actions and improvements.

(b) (U) Support Cell OIC

1 (U) Develop and coordinate GI&S and supporting GEOINT and all-source intelligence collection plans, coordi-nating and integrating these with MEF, other components, JTF, theater, and national intelligence production operations.

2 (U) Identify and prepare of GI&S and GEOINT requests for intelligence that are beyond organic capabilities and pre-paring submissions to higher headquarters and external agen-cies for support.

3 (U) Plan, coordinate, conduct, and supervise geodetic and topographic survey's as required.

4 (U) Plan, coordinate, conduct, and supervise collection of coastal data regarding trafficability, routes of egress, inland water bodies, and similar information as required to support MAGTF operations.

5 (U) Develop, coordinate, and maintain GI&S and GEOINT dissemination priorities, intelligence reporting crite-ria, and dissemination means.

6 (U) Develop and coordinate GI&S dissemination opera-tional plans and supporting architectures for voice and data network communications, coordinating and integrating these with MEF, other components, JTF, theater, and national GI&S and intelligence CIS and dissemination operations.

7 (U) Disseminate throughout the MAGTF terrain informa-tion and intelligence and other GI&S and GEOINT products to support requirements.

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(c) (U) Production and Analysis Cell OIC

1 (U) Develop, administer, and maintain the geospatial framework to support MEF planning, intelligence, C2, ma-neuver, fires, logistics, and other operations and processes.

2 (U) Maintain all-source automated GI&S and intelligence data bases, files, workbooks, country studies, and other intelli-gence studies to support MAGTF requirements.

3 (U) Analyze, synthesize, and produce terrain information and intelligence, and other GI&S and GEOINT products to support MAGTF requirements.

4 (U) Prepare GI&S, GEOINT, and all-source intelligence products to support MAGTF requirements, to include modi-fied combined obstacle overlays, terrain models (three-dimen-sional models), line-of-sight studies, range fan studies, terrain factor overlays, hydrographic charts, landing zone studies, and similar cartographic and digital products.

5 (U) Prepare map substitutes such as overlays, overprints, photomask, map revisions, and multicolor charts.

6 (U) Revise and reproduce in limited quantities combat charts, coastal charts, port charts, and harbor charts. Products may include terrain models (three-dimensional models), line-of-sight studies, range fan studies, terrain factor overlays, hy-drographic charts, landing zone studies, and similar products.

(4) (U) Major Subordinate Commands

(a) (U) Establish full-time, GI&S POC at each major subordi-nate command who are responsible for requirements and capabili-ties. Provide POC name and phone number in writing to MEF G-2/GI&S and the ISC/IOC as changes occur and/or within __ days of receipt of this OPORD and its updates.

c. (U) Coordinating Instructions. (Reference Appendix 15 [GEOINT Esti-mate] to Annex B [Intelligence]. List in separate numbered subparagraphs the instructions applicable to two or more elements of the MAGTF and sup-porting units/agencies that are necessary for proper coordination of the GI&S support. Specify the points of contact within the command that can


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authorize the release of WRS held or that can resolve command GI&S prob-lems. Also, include a brief description of how notification of forces and agencies will be accomplished and time sequencing of notifications.)

(a) (U) The U.S. Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) will be used for operations involving or in support of ground forces. Ensure the map, chart, or digital data base datum information is in-cluded when passing coordinates.

(b) (U) The MGRS prescribed for use by ground forces in the ar-ea will become the standard when aviation forces are providing close air support.

(c) (U) The geographic coordinates may be used in operations which do not directly involve ground forces.

(d) (U) The World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) is the datum of preference for all U.S. operations. The combatant or JTF com-mander will designate another datum only when necessary to sup-port multinational operations.

4. (U) Administration and Logistics

a. (U) Supply and Storage. (Provide instructions regarding GI&S supply and storage procedures and responsibilities. Include the planned locations of command and noncommand storage sites and facilities. Refer to the com-mand GI&S WRS Plan to define detailed packaging and activation instruc-tions at storage facilities. Specify the types and quantities of products or timeframe (e.g., 15 days of maps and charts) required to be held by the sup-porting command's units or agencies. Outline the intra-theater distribution plan to be implemented by unit logistic organizations.)

(1) (U) Maps and charts for bulk distribution to MEF units are stored at (identify location).

(2) (U) CG MEF will requisition planning stock and the 15-day basic load (unit- held WRS) directly from NIMA.

(3) (U) The ISC will coordinate with the MEF G-4 to establish quan-tity requirements and storage location for bulk resupply.

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b. (U) Transportation. (Provide general instructions regarding GI&S ma-terial transportation requirements. Use a separate appendix to list detailed transportation requirements and procedures.)

(1) (U) The ISC will coordinate with the MEF G-4 to establish trans-portation requirements for bulk and individual unit resupply.

(2) (U) Detailed transportation information is included in Appen-dix 2.

c. (U) Support. (Provide instructions and procedures for obtaining logis-tics in support of GI&S missions. Identify priorities, times required, and oth-er necessary information.)

(1) (U) Requests for bulk-map stock replenishment will be forwarded via normal supply channels to MEF G-2/ ISC for validation of quanti-ties.

(2) (U) Request for theater resupply will be forwarded via normal supply channels to MEF G-2/ISC for validation and submission.

(3) (U) Requests for GI&S products and services (other than requisi-tions of stocked products) which exceed the the MEF’s capabilities will be submitted to the ISC for validation, prioritization, and submission to COMMARFOR (or JTF) for follow-on action.

5. (U) Command and Control

a. (U) Priorities. (Provide guidance for establishing command GI&S sup-port priorities.)

b. (U) Command Relationships. (Include primary and alternate locations of organic GI&S units and specify the C2 relationships among the MAGTF GI&S support structure and external GI&S units or agencies if not previ-ously addressed. Refer to Annex B and Annex J (Command Relations) of this OPORD.) All requests for GI&S support and GEOINT production will be coordinated through the MEF G-2 and the ISC.

c. (U) Communications and Information Svstems (CIS). (Reference Annex K [Communications and Information Systems]. Identify CIS requirements, priorities, and other pertinent information to support unit GI&S opera-tions.)


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d. (U) Reports. (Specify organizations and elements responsible for GI&S reports. Include the format for preparation and times, methods, and classifi-cation of submission. Add necessary instructions for updating maps, charts, and digital data bases. This information can be added here or in Appendix 3 [Geospatial Information and Services Reports] of this Annex.)

ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT

GERALD C. THOMASLieutenant General, USMC

CommandingAPPENDICES:

1 - Geospatial Information and Services Requirements List 2 - Geospatial Information and Services Transportation Requirements 3 - Geospatial Information and Services Reports

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APPENDIX 1 TO ANNEX M TO OPORD XXX (U) GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND SERVICES REQUIREMENTSLIST (U)

1. (U) Requirements List. (Identify the known-to-date GI&S products re-quired for the execution of this order. Include the scale, national stock number, quantity on hand, and status.) The lists of series and sheet numbers encompass the total number of requirements submitted by the Marine expeditionary force and validated by COMMARFORPAC, the JTF and combatant commanders.

a. (U) Command Element Requirements

b. (U) Ground Combat Element Requirements

ProductScale

National Stock Number Quantity On Hand Status

ProductScale


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c. (U) Air Combat Element Requirements

d. (U) Combat Service Support Element Requirements

ProductScale


ProductScale



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APPENDIX 2 TO ANNEX M TO OPORD XXX (U) GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND SERVICES TRANSPORTATION RE-QUIREMENTS (U)

1. (U) General. (Provide general transportation requirements that pertain to deploying forces. This may include a listing of transportation shortfalls [e.g., re-duced stock requirements] in required support of GI&S operations if full trans-portation requirements cannot be provided.)

a. (U) Defense Logistics Agency provides transportation of GI&S prod-ucts and data from NIMA depots to the points of embarkation, or other CONUS locations designated by Service component commanders.

b. (U) Units will deploy with a 30-day (or as directed) basic load of GI&S and GEOINT products.

c. (U) GI&S products are a Class IIE supply item. United States Transpor-tation Command provides assets per the TPFDD to push additional GI&S and/or GEOINT products to deployed forces. Shipping priority is the same as Class VIII (medical) unless -prioritized higher by the MEF G-3.

2. (U) Personnel. (List movement requirements of GI&S personnel in the TPFDD; include in-place GI&S personnel and shortfalls. List any transporta-tion shortfalls in required support of GI&S operations if full transportation re-quirements cannot be provided.)

3. (U) Equipment. (List movement requirements of GI&S equipment in the TPFDD; include in-place GI&S equipment and shortfalls. List any transporta-tion shortfalls in required support of GI&S operations if full transportation re-quirements cannot be provided.)

4. (U) Map Stocks. (List movement requirements for map stocks held and WRS GI&S holdings in the TPFDD. Include future transportation requirements for GI&S sustainment. List any transportation shortfalls in required support of GI&S operations if full transportation requirements cannot be provided.)

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APPENDIX 3 TO ANNEX M TO OPORD XXX (U) GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND SERVICES REPORTS (U)

(Provide a detailed description and format for each report. Identify transmis-sion methods and point of contact to receive each report.)

1. (U) Safety of Navigation Reports

2. (U) Marine Information Reports

3. (U) Port Information Reports

4. (U) Product Discrepancy Reports

5. (U) Beach Reports

6. (U) Low Stockage Reports

7. (U) Request for GI&S and/or GEOINT Support

Appendix H

Tactical Study of the Terrain

Analysis of the area of operations is a comprehen-sive study to determine the effects of the terrainon enemy and friendly operations. It includes ananalysis of weather, terrain, and other factors(e.g., economy, sociology, religion) throughoutthe commander’s area of interest and serves as abasis for developing specific friendly courses ofaction and for determining enemy capabilities andin commander and staff estimates. The analysisallows the commander and staff to see and assessthe battlespace in width, depth, height (airspace),and time dimensions.

The intelligence officer has staff responsibility forinitiating, coordinating, and ensuring completionand dissemination of the analysis of the area ofoperations. A key product resulting from this isTab A, “Tactical Study of the Terrain,” to Appen-dix 11 (Intelligence Estimate) to Annex B (Intelli-gence) of an OPLAN. Other staff sectioncontribute within their respective fields so the fi-nal analysis represents a coordinated effort. Typi-cal contributions include—

l The topographic platoon’s terrain and infra-structure studies.

l The production and analysis cell all-source in-telligence estimates (to include on sociological,political, economic, technological, and relatedconditions). The staff weather officer’s opera-tional weather forecasts and other weather andclimatic information, to include meteorologicaleffects decisions aids. For additional informa-

tion, see Annex H (Meteorology and Oceanog-raphy Services) to the OPLAN or OPORD.

l The engineer’s analysis of route reconnaissanceinformation and other information on rear areaactivities.

l The psychological operations officer’s infor-mation on the psychological environment.

Graphic representations of weather and terrain da-ta developed during the IPB process are includedas part of this tab. An abbreviated analysis willusually be included as part of the intelligence esti-mate. The latter is more common at lower levelsof command when a previously prepared analysisis updated in conjunction with an ongoing opera-tion or time does not permit preparation of a de-tailed study.

In preparing the analysis of the area of operations,the intelligence officer uses other sources of in-formation and intelligence including national in-telligence surveys and locally-produced studiesand periodicals. When possible, the intelligenceofficer prepares a tactical study of the terrain andan analysis of the area of operations based on ananticipated mission before the actual mission hasbeen received. On receipt of the mission, the in-telligence officer reevaluates the analysis in termsof the area of interest and area of operations andthe commander’s initial mission analysis, initialplanning guidance, and intelligence requirements.As the operation progresses, changes in these fac-tors will require revision of the terrain analysis.

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The following sample format of Tab A (Tactical Study of the Terrain) to Appen-dix 11 (Intelligence Estimate) to Annex B (Intelligence) to an operation orderprovides instructions and notional information to support the development ofthis analysis.

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Copy no. ___ of ___ copiesISSUING UNIT PLACE OF ISSUE Date/time groupMessage reference number

TAB A TO APPENDIX 11 TO ANNEX B TO OPERATION ORDER XXXTACTICAL STUDY OF THE TERRAIN (U)(U) REFERENCES:

(a) (List unit SOPs for intelligence and counterintelligence.)(b) (List maps, documents, and other forms of GI&S and GEOINT data or sources that provide guidance relevant to the construction of this tab.)(c) (List those NIMA products and data bases and other forms of GI&S data references required for an understanding of this tab.) (d) (List other documents that provide guidance required for the neces-sary planning functions relevant to GI&S and supporting operations.)

1. (U) Purpose. (State the assigned task and its purpose.) To analyze the ter-rain within the I MEF’s Area of operations (AO) for Operation Yakima.

2. (U) Mission. (The mission of the command is taken from the commander’s mission analysis, planning guidance, or other statement.) Defend in sector west of the Columbia River. Be prepared to attack and/or counterattack enemy forces within the MEF AO.

3. (U) General Description of the Area

a. (U) Climatic Weather Conditions. (Provide a general description of the AO’s climatic weather conditions for a defined timeframe.)

(1) (U) Timeframe. Weather forecast for period 1-30 April 2000.

(2) (U) Climatic Summary

(a) (U) Precipitation. Precipitation is sparse during the month of April, averaging less than ½ inch. The absolute maximum is only 1

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½ inches. Almost all precipitation falls in the form of rain. Thun-derstorms occur on less than one day per month; while snow, if it occurs at all, is only a trace.

(b) (U) Temperature. During the month of April, temperatures are usually moderate. The mean monthly maximum is 64 °F with the mean monthly minimum being 34 °F. Temperatures can be ex-pected to dip below freezing 13 days of the month.

(c) (U) Wind. During the month of April, prevailing winds are westerly throughout the area of operations. Wind speeds of 5-12 mph are normal, occurring an average of 16 days throughout the month. Wind speeds of greater than 20 mph can be expected on 6 days during the month.

(d) (U) Ceiling and Visibility. If present, clouds are generally high, thin cirrus. Visibility is generally greater than 5 miles. During the month of April, visibility is greater than 3 miles with ceilings greater than 1,000 feet on an average of 24 days. Visibility of less than ½ mile occurs on an average of only 1 ½ days during April and is usually associated with blowing dust or an isolate thunder-storm. Lowest visibility usually occurs between the hours of mid-night and 0900.

(e) (U) Illumination. (Use local standard time to list beginning of morning nautical time [BMNT], end of evening nautical time [EENT], sunrise [SR], sunset [SS], moonrise [MR], and moon set [MS].)

(f) (U) Moon Phases: New moon 4 April 1st quarter 11 April Full moon 19 AprilLast quarter 27 April

BMNT EENT SR SS MR MS

1 April 0435 1938 0542 1831 2130 1000

11 April 0413 1954 0522 1844 0243 1722

21 April 0352 2010 0504 1858 1115 2145

1 May 0332 2027 0447 1911 1750 0315

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(3) (U) Atmospheric Pressure. Average pressure is _______.

b. (U) Terrain. (Provide a general description of the terrain within the area of operations.)

(1) (U) Relief and Drainage Systems. The area of operations is drained by two major, north to south flowing rivers, the Yakima River to the west and the Columbia River to the east. Drainage within the MEF’s AO consists primarily of east-west flowing streams and canals. Most drainage systems within the area of operations have high, steep banks with slopes greater than 30 percent. The area is dominated by nu-merous parallel ridges running principally from the northwest to the southeast. This area is heavily eroded and dissected by steep valleys, canyons, and wadies.

(2) (U) Vegetation. Natural vegetation within the area of operations consists of arid and semiarid rangeland. Grasses and shrubs are the pri-mary vegetative cover with some scattered trees found along stream bottoms. Cultivated vegetation in the area consists primarily of food crops such as short grain and vegetables in the northwestern corner of the MEF’s AO, and orchards, vineyards, and short grain crops in the southwestern corner of the MEF’s AO.

(3) (U) Surface Materials. Surface materials within the low and high plains consist primarily of alkaline silty loam with small scattered de-posits of sandy loam along larger streams. Surface materials within hills, mountains, and ridges consist of shallow, stony soils mixed with silt. Soils are less than 1 meter thick with multiple layers of basalt in the bedrock.

(4) (U) Manmade Features. The two principle east-west roads through the area are Interstate 90 (a four-lane divided highway) in the north and Highway 24 (a two-lane paved road) in the south. Two princi-pal north-south roads are located within the MEF’s rear. They are Inter-state 82 (a four-lane divided highway) and Highway 821 along the east bank of the Yakima River. Two single-track, standard-gauge railroads are located within the area of operations. One runs east-west in the north and one runs north-south in the MEF’s rear. The major built-up areas are YAKIMA, population of 45,588 (FG9164) and ELLENS-BURG, pop. unknown (FH8607). There are two major airfields; one lo-cated 2 kilometers west of YAKIMA and the other located 3 kilometers north of ELLENSBURG. Numerous smaller paved and unpaved air-strips and landing strips are located within the area of operations.

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4. (U) Military Aspects of the Area. (Provide a general description of terrain effects on military operations within the area of operations. Focus on the MAGTF mission and address KOCOA.)

a. (U) Key Terrain

(1) (U) RYEGRASS MOUNTAIN (Vicinity GH272014). This ter-rain feature is located in the center of mobility corridor 1a and controls movement along the major east-west road in the MEF’s AO.

(2) (U) SADDLE MOUNTAIN (Vicinity GG261930). This terrain feature controls movement along mobility corridor 1b and the east-west railroad lying therein.

(3) (U) HILL 530 (Vicinity GG258825). This hill controls movement along mobility corridor 3.

(4) (U) HILL 811 (Vicinity GG197856). This hill is located between mobility corridors 2 and 3 and provides excellent observation and fields of fire.

(5) (U) HILL 952 (Vicinity GG253682) and 949 (Vicinity GG251659). These hills are located in mobility corridor 4 and control the east-west movement along the secondary road network.

(6) (U) HILL 739 (Vicinity GG230573). This hill mass controls movement on mobility corridor 5 and Highway 24.

(7) (U) VANDERBILT GAP (Vicinity FG962950). Controls move-ment along Interstate 82 in the MEF’s rear area.

(8) (U) Interstate 82 Bridges

(a) (U) Over Squaw Creek (Vicinity GH015683).

(b) (U) Over Selah Creek (Vicinity FG956747).

(9) (U) Bridges Over Yakima River (Railroad). Vicinity FH907971, FG936801, FG920730, and FG923653.


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(10) (U) Bridges Over Yakima River (Vehicle). Vicinity FG919724, FG934643, FG940559, and FG955532. NOTE: Interstate 82 and Highway 821 bridges cross Yakima River off existing maps at approxi-mately FG900675.

b. (U) Observation and Fields of Fire

(1) (U) Weather Conditions. Limited restrictions to visibility are most likely to occur between the hours of midnight and 0900 due to blowing dust and haze. Prevailing winds favor friendly use of smoke and chemicals.

(2) (U) Relief. Good to excellent observation, as well as excellent long-range fields of fire, exist from the dominant ridges and hills. High ground along the west bank of the Columbia River provides excellent observation and fields of fire at all possible crossing sites. Observation and fields of fire within mobility corridors will be fair to good with nu-merous features providing the majority of the cover and concealment.

(3) (U) Vegetation. Isolated orchards and vineyards east of Yakima. Other vegetation will not significantly limit observation and fields of fire.

(4) (U) Manmade Features. Manmade features will not be a limiting factor except in the built-up areas of YAKIMA and ELLENSBURG.

c. (U) Cover and Concealment

(1) (U) Relief. The rolling, dissected terrain within the area of opera-tions will provide good to fair cover from direct fire weapons and good to fair concealment from ground observation. Cover from indirect fires and concealment from aerial observation will be poor throughout the entire sector.

(2) (U) Vegetation. No cover or concealment will be provided within the area of operations due to the lack of significant vegetation.

(3) (U) Manmade Features. With the exception of the built-up areas around YAKIMA, there are no significant manmade features which will afford cover or concealment.

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d. (U) Obstacles

(1) (U) Relief. Terrain favors the defense because of the numerous micro-relief features such as gullies, canyons, and steep stream banks. Most micro-relief features will not stop vehicle off-road movement, but these features will significantly slow or impede vehicle advance. Very little engineer effort will be required to make these linear obstacles im-passable. Both the Columbia and Yakima Rivers are major natural ob-stacles and are not fordable. Major engineer effort will be required to cross at sites where bridges do not exist.

(2) (U) Vegetation. Vegetation is not a significant limiting factor ex-cept in the vicinity of YAKIMA, where vineyards and orchards will re-strict the movement of wheeled vehicles.

(3) (U) Surface Materials. The surface materials within the area of operations are extremely stable in the existing arid climate. Within the valleys, shallow excavation is possible with the use of hand tools. Soils may permit easy ditching and expansion of existing natural obstacles. Soils on the ridgelines are more shallow and course and can be used as minefields.

(4) (U) Manmade Features. Numerous cuts and fills are located on the major roads and railroads within the area. Most of the bridges across the Yakima River are located in the vicinity of the built-up area which will force most traffic into, or near the city of Yakima. Movement through Yakima will be restricted to the existing road network.

e. (U) Avenues of Approach. (Provide a general description of terrain ef-fects on available avenues of approach and mobility corridors within the ar-ea of operations.) There are five avenues of approach from the Columbia River into and through the MEF’s sector.

(1) (U) Corridors Available to Enemy for Movement into Our Posi-tion

(a) (U) Axis GH280027 to GH910047 (Interstate 90).

(b) (U) Axis GG280840 to GG960990.

(c) (U) Axis GG280820 to GG000790.


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(d) (U) Axis GG290660 to FG940700.

(e) (U) Axis GG290550 to FG950610.

(2) (U) Corridors Available to Us for Movement into the Enemy’s Position.

(a) (U) Axis GG080030 to GG100963 (BOYLSTON MOUN-TAIN) to GG084916 (BADGER GAP) to GG040670 (YAKIMA RIDGE) .

(b) (U) Axis FG910990 to FG920700 (Interstate 82).

f. (U) Combat Service Support Aspects. (The following subparagraphs would be completed under the intelligence officer’s direction as a coordinat-ed effort between the GEOINT analyst, intelligence analysts, weather ana-lysts, and other combat, combat support, and combat service support staff members.)

(1) (U) Personnel.

(2) (U) Logistics.

(3) (U) Civilian-Military Operations.

5. (U) Effects of Area Characteristics.

a. (U) On Enemy Courses of Action

(1) (U) Enemy Defense.

(2) (U) Enemy Attack.

(3) (U) Enemy Air.

(4) (U) Enemy Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction.

b. (U) On Friendly Course of Action

(1) (U) Friendly Defense.

(2) (U) Friendly Attack.

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(3) (U) Friendly Air.

(4) (U) Friendly Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction.

/s/

Appendix I

Beach Studies

The geographic intelligence specialist within theintelligence section and/or intelligence battalionoften has staff responsibility for initiating, coordi-nating, and ensuring completion and dissemina-tion of analysis for beaches within the area ofoperations. Other staff sections contribute withintheir respective fields so the final analysis pro-vides a coordinated fused, intelligence product.Typical contributions include imagery, groundand air reconnaissance reports, sea-air-landteams’ reports, and all-source intelligence analy-sis and data bases.

High resolution graphic views developed duringthe IPB process are attached to this study. An ab-breviated analysis may be prepared as part of theintelligence estimate. The abbreviated analysis ismore common at lower levels of command. It isused when a previously prepared analysis is up-dated in conjunction with an ongoing operation or

when time does not permit preparation of a de-tailed study.

The intelligence battalion’s production and analy-sis (P&A) cell within the intelligence operationscenter (IOC) uses a variety of sources (e.g., na-tional intelligence surveys, locally-produced stud-ies, periodicals) to prepare the analysis of the areaof operations. Analyses prepared by other head-quarters are also valuable sources of informationand intelligence.

When possible, an analysis of the beaches withinthe area of operations is prepared before the actu-al mission has been received. On receipt of themission, the G-2 I&M officer and the intelligencebattalion intelligence support coordinator (ISC)reevaluate the analysis in terms of the command-er’s area of interest, area of operation, and intelli-gence requirements. As the operation progresses,changes in the mission and the commander’s re-quirements will require revision of the analysis.

I-2 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1


Geographic Intelligence__________________________________________________________________________________________ I-3

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The following sample format of Tab B (Beach Studies) to Appendix 11 (Intelli-gence Estimate) to Annex B (Intelligence) to an operation order is provided tosupport the development of this analysis.

CLASSIFICATION

Copy no. ___ of ___ copiesISSUING UNIT PLACE OF ISSUE Date/time groupMessage reference number

TAB B (BEACH STUDIES) TO APPENDIX 11 (INTELLIGENCE ESTI-MATE) TO ANNEX B (INTELLIGENCE) TO OPERATION ORDER

(U) REFERENCES

(a) List unit SOPs for intelligence and counterintelligence(b) List those NIMA products and data bases and other forms of GI&S data references required for an understanding of this TAB.(c) FM 34-130/FMFRP 3-23-2, Intelligence Preparation of the Battle-field (IPB) and FM 5-33, Terrain Analysis list other relevant documents that provide guidance required for the necessary planning functions rele-vant to GI&S and supporting operations, to include pertinent maps.

1. (U) BEACH 1. Provide the information indicated in the attached form. Where appropriate, reference should be made to associated graphic views gener-ated to support visualization of specified beaches, landing areas, and landing sites.

2. (U) BEACHES 2 through X, as required.

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1. COUNTRY 2. CHARTS/MAP REFERENCE

3. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE WGS-84 4. MILITARY GRID COORDINATES OF CENTER

5. DISTANCE AND DIRECTION FROM PROMINENT LANDMARK

6. LEFT FLANK (Describe briefly; give compass direction from center, latitude and longitude, and grid coordinates. Reference appropriate geospatial view or annotated photo; if available.)

7. CENTER (Describe briefly; reference the appropriate geospatial view or annotated ed photo, if available.)

8. RIGHT FLANK (Describe briefly; give compass direction from center, latitude and longitude, and grid coordinates. Reference the appro-priate geospatial view or annotated photo, if available)

9. TOTAL LENGTH 10. USABLE LENGTH 11. CONFIGURATION

12. UNUSABLE PARTS (Obstruction, Separations, Interruptions)

LOCATION DESCRIPTION EXTENT

a.

b.

c.

13. PENETRATION POINT WIDTHS AND GRADIENTS

LOCATION LOW WATER HIGH WATER GRADIENTS REMARKS

LEFT FLANK

CENTER

RIGHT FLANK

OTHER CRITICAL REFERENCE POINTS (Reference appropriate geospatial view or annotated photo, if possible.)

14. MATERIALS

LOCATION LOWER SHORELINE HIGH WATER ZONE BACKSHORE REMARKS

P W T CBR P W T CBR P W T CBR

LEFT FLANK

CENTER

RIGHT FLANK

OTHER CRITICAL REFERENCE POINTS (Reference appropriate geospatial view or annotated photo, if possible.)

Geographic Intelligence __________________________________________________________________________________________ I-5

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15. TRAFFICABILITY(Rate trafficability of personnel [P], wheeled vehicle [W], and tracked vehicle [T] as good [G], fair [F] or poor [P]. Give the compression bearing rations [CBR].)

LOCATION LOW WATER FORESHORE

HIGH WATER ZONE BACKSHORE REMARKS

LEFT FLANK

CENTER

RIGHT FLANK

OTHER CRITICAL REFERENCE POINTS

16. EXITS

LOCATION NATURE HEIGHT GRADIENT SURFACE MATERIAL

USABLE UNTIL

a.

b.

c.

17. PROXIMITY OF BEACH TO DEVELOPED AREAS (Reference appropriate geospatial view or annotated imagery, if available.)

18. LOCAL USE OF BEACH

19. DISTANCES TO NEAREST COVER OR CONCEALMENT

LOCATION LOW WATER LINE HIGH WATER LINE TYPE OF CONCEALMENT

REMARKS

LEFT FLANK

CENTER

RIGHT FLANK

OTHER CRITICAL REFERENCE POINT (Reference appropriate geospatial view or annotated imagery, if available

20. TERRAIN BEHIND BEACH

LANDFORM TYPE

COASTLINE TYPE

BLUFFS, CLIFFS

OTHER IRREGULARITIES

MANMADE TERRAIN (e.g., seawalls, road berms, dikes)

PRIMARY SOIL TYPE SECONDARY SOIL TYPE

OFF-ROAD TRAFFIC (good, fair, poor, very poor)

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21. VEGETATION

LOCATION TYPE DENSITY INHIBIT MOVEMENT REMARKS

LEFT FLANK

CENTER

RIGHT FLANK

22. APPROACHES

NEAR SHORE OBSTRUCTIONS (including icing, if applicable) DEGREE OF OBSTRUCTION (slight, moderate, total)

NEAR SHORE DISTANCE FROM HIGH WATER LINE TO REFERRED DEPTHS

(in meters)

BOTTOM GRADIENT BOTTOM MATERIAL REMARKS

2 4 6 10

OTHER CRITICAL REFERENCE POINTS (Reference the appropriate geospatial view or annotated photos, if available.)

23. SURF CONDITIONS

DATE/TIME HEIGHT TYPE WIDTH OF SURF ZONE

NUMBER OF LINES OF BREAKERS

CREST TO CREST LENGTH/PERIOD

DIRECTION OF APPROACH

INCIDENT ANGLE

EXCEPTIONS

24. TIDES

TYPE HIGHEST HIGH WATER LOWEST LOW WATER DATUM

MAXIMUM RANGE AVERAGE RANGE MINIMUM RANGE EQUIPMENT USED

25. CURRENTS

DIRECTION VELOCITY

AVERAGE WINTER WATER TEMPERATURE AVERAGE SUMMER WATER TEMPERATURE

ICE PRESENT IN WATER RIP TIDES OBSERVED

Geographic Intelligence __________________________________________________________________________________________ I-7

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26. ROADS AND ROUTES OF COMMUNICATION

MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYS-

TEM (MGRS)

ROUTE NUMBER SURFACE MATERIAL

WIDTH OF TRAV-ELED WAY

CONDITION REMARKS

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

ORIENTATION SKETCH (Reference the appropriate geospatial view or annotated photo, if available.)

27. CRITICAL TERRAIN

LOCATION (MGRS)

VISIBLE INDICATIONS PHOTOGRAPHIC REFERENCE

REASON CRITICAL DESCRIPTION

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

ORIENTATION SKETCH (Reference the appropriate geospatial view or annotated photo, if available.)

28. GEOSPATIAL VIEW/PHOTOGRAPHIC LOG

DESIGNATION TYPE LOCATION DESCRIPTION

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

29. GEOSPATIAL VIEW OF BEACHES

(Show principal features and annotated photo locations, if available.)

Appendix J

Helicopter Landing Zone and Drop Zone Studies

Helicopter landing zone (HLZ) and drop zone(DZ) studies are detailed intelligence studies usedto determine the environmental effects of poten-tial HLZ and DZ sites. These studies include criti-cal information and intelligence affectingmobility, exits, vegetation, gradients, obstacles,surface materials, urban proximity, and the mili-tary aspect of the terrain to support the mission.The analysis provides the commander and staffwith critical geographic intelligence that affectsthe battlespace in width, depth, height (airspace),and time dimensions to support the decisionmak-ing process and final site selection by the com-mander.

The production and analysis (P&A) cell, intelli-gence battalion, intelligence operations center hasprincipal MEF responsibility for the preparationof HLZ and DZ studies. Generally, the topograph-ic platoon leads the development of these studies,with key support from the imagery intelligenceplatoon and all-source intelligence analysts. Theintelligence battalion commander/intelligencesupport coordinator has staff responsibility forinitiating, coordinating, and ensuring completionand dissemination of HLZ/DZ studies of the areaof operations. Other staff sections may contributewithin their respective fields so the final analysisrepresents a coordinated effort. Typical contribu-

tions include imagery, air and ground reconnais-sance reports, engineer reports, and variousintelligence data bases.

High resolution graphic views developed duringthe IPB process are attached to this study. An ab-breviated analysis may be prepared as part of theintelligence estimate. The abbreviated analysis ismore common at lower levels of command. It isused when a previously prepared analysis is up-dated in conjunction with an ongoing operation orwhen time does not permit preparation of a de-tailed study.

P&A cell analysts use a variety of sources (e.g.,national intelligence imagery, surveys, locally-produced studies, periodicals) to prepare HLZ andDZ studies.

When possible, an analysis of the HLZ and DZswithin the area of operations is prepared beforethe actual mission has been received. On receiptof the mission, the ISC reevaluates the analysis interms of the commander’s AO, AOI, and intelli-gence requirements (IRs). As the operationprogresses, changes in the mission, the command-er’s intent and guidance, and IRs will require revi-sion of the analysis.

J-2_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1


Geographic Intelligence_________________________________________________________________________________________ J-3

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The following sample format of Tab E (Helicopter Landing Zone/Drop ZoneStudies) to Appendix 11 (Intelligence Estimate) to Annex B (Intelligence) to anoperation order is provided to support the development of this analysis.

CLASSIFICATION

Copy no. ___ of ___ copiesISSUING UNITPLACE OF ISSUEDate/time groupMessage reference number

TAB E (HELICOPTER LANDING ZONE/DROP ZONE STUDIES) TO AP-PENDIX 11 (INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE) TO ANNEX B (INTELLI-GENCE) TO OPERATION ORDER(U) REFERENCES

(a) Unit SOP for intelligence and counterintelligence.(b) (List NIMA products and data bases and other forms of GI&S data references required for an understanding of this TAB.) (c) (List other relevant documents that provide guidance required for GI&S and supporting operations planning functions.)

1. (U) Helicopter landing zone/drop zone. (Identify the information indicated in the attached form. Where appropriate, reference should be made to associated graphic views generated to support visualization of each HLZ and DZ.)

2. (U) Helicopter landing zone/drop zone 2. (Provide the information indicat-ed in the attached form.)

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HELICOPTER LANDING ZONE/DROP ZONE

DESIGNATION: DATE:

LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE MILITARY GRID COORDINATES CHARTS/MAP REFERENCE

1. TERRAIN

DESCRIPTION USAGE SUITABILITY

LANDING OBSTRUCTIONS SHAPE SIZE

REMARKS SLOPE ELEVATION

2. SURFACE DESCRIPTION

MATERIALS TRAFFICABILITY CONDITION COMPRESSION BEARING RATIO

EXITS COVER AND CONCEALMENT

LANDMARKS REMARKS

3. VEGETATION

LOCATION(Point of Origin)

TYPE DENSITY DIRECTION FROM POINT OF ORIGIN

DISTANCE FROM POINT OF ORIGIN

4. HLZ/DZ ORIENTATION PHOTOGRAPH/SKETCH

(Show principal features and, if available, provide annotated photographs.)

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Appendix K

GEOINT Production Report Sample Format

The following sample format defines the critical elements of a GEOINT produc-tion report. During peacetime and garrison operations, a monthly production re-port should be compiled by the topographic platoon and forwarded via theintelligence battalion commander to the MEF G-2 imagery and mapping sectionto ensure GEOINT production time lines and resources are being adequatelyidentified, prioritized, and employed. During tactical operations, the topograph-ic platoon and/or detachment will provide this report to the MAGTF CE intelli-gence officer via the intelligence battalion commander/intelligence supportcoordinator.

CLASSIFICATION

GEOINT Production Report

Issuing CommandDate/time group

1. (U) Current production tasks. (Provide a listing of current production tasks. Include completed tasks for one cycle to identify final production status.)

2. (U) Total man hours expended. (Detail total number of man-hours used during this reporting period.)

3. (U) Equipment issues. (Describe equipment issues or malfunctions identi-fied during this reporting period.)

TaskNumber

Date Received

Priority Description RequestingUnit(s)

POC(s) Due Date

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4. (U) Personnel issues. (Describe personnel issues identified during this re-porting period.)

5. (U) Communications and information systems issues. (Describe issues dealing with communications and information systems, electronic dissemina-tion, or related queries identified during the reporting period.)

6. (U) Anticipated GEOINT production delays. (Describe anticipated produc-tion delays for identified tasks; give the reason for each delay (e.g., equipment, personnel, communication, source.)

7. (U) Remarks. (Provide additional remarks or comments.)

/s/

Appendix L

Marine Corps SystemsRequiring GI&S Support

This appendix displays fielded and emerging command and control, intelli-gence, maneuver, fires, logistics, and communications and information systemswithin the operating forces that require GI&S and GEOINT support. These sys-tems are listed in the Marine Corps planning factors data base (PFDB) main-tained by the Geospatial Information Management Office, Marine CorpsIntelligence Activity. The PFDB will be continuously updated to reflect all sys-tems with GI&S requirements.

System Acronym

ACTIVE LASER COUNTERMEASURE SYSTEM ALCS

ADVANCED AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT VEHICLE AAAV

ADVANCED COUNTERMINE SYSTEM ACS

ADVANCED DEMOLITIONS KIT ADK

ADVANCED FIELD ARTILLERY TACTICAL DATA SYSTEM AFATDS

ADVANCED LOW ALTITUDE AIR DEFENSE WEAPON ALAAD

ADVANCED ROCKET SYSTEM ARS

ADVANCED TOWED CANNON SYSTEM ATCS

AGILE GROUND LASER EYE PROTECTION SYSTEM AGLEPS

AIR DEFENSE COMMUNICATIONS PLATFORM ADCP

AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT VEHICLE 7A1 AAV7A1

AMPHIBIOUS VEHICLE MINE NEUTRALIZATION SYSTEM AVMNS

ANTENNA TOWER SYSTEM ATS

ANTIPERSONNEL OBSTACLE BREACHING SYSTEM APOBS

ASSAULT COUNTERMINE WARFARE CAPABILITY ACWC

ASSET TRACKING FOR LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY SYSTEM ATLASS

AUTOMATED NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL HAZARD INFORMATION AND WARNING SYSTEM NBC HAZWARN

BATTLEFIELD COMBAT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM BCIS

BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATES B&CD

BIOLOGICAL DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEM BDWS

CLOSE QUARTER BATTLE WEAPON CQBW

CLOSED LOOP ARTILLERY SIMULATION SYSTEM CLASS

L-2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

COASTAL BATTLEFIELD RECONNAISSANCE AND ANALYSIS COBRA

COMBAT BREACHER VEHICLE CBV

COMBAT MOBILITY VEHICLE CMV

COMBAT VEHICLE APPENDED TRAINER CVAT

COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATION TERMINALS CSCT

COMMON AVIATION COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM CAC2S

COMMUNICATIONS AND SPECIAL SIGNALS ANALYSIS CAPABILITY COSSAC

COUNTERINTELLIGENCE/HUMAN RESOURCES INTELLIGENCE EQUIPMENTPROGRAM CIHEP

DATA AUTOMATED COMMUNICATIONS TERMINAL DACT

DEPLOYABLE CAPABILITY FOR INFORMATION DISSEMINATION ANDEXCHANGE DECIDE

DEPLOYABLE FORWARD OBSERVER TRAINING CAPABILITY SIMULATIONSYSTEM DFOTCSS

DIGITAL TECHNICAL CONTROL DTC

DIGITAL TERRAIN ANALYSIS MAPPING SET DTAMS

DIGITAL WIDEBAND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DWTS

DIRECT AIR SUPPORT CENTER DASC

DIRECT AIR SUPPORT CENTER—HYBRID MOBILE DASC-HYBRID

FUTURE LIGHT COMBAT VEHICLE FLCV

GAP ASSAULT CROSSING SYSTEM GACS

GLOBAL BROADCAST SERVICE GBS

GLOBAL COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM GCCS

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM—HANDHELD/VEHICLE MOUNTED GPS-PLGR

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM—SURVEY GPS-Survey

GROUND-BASED AIR DEFENSE FIRE UNIT C2 SYSTEM GBADFUC2

GROUND-BASED AIR DEFENSE INTEGRATED C2 AND EARLYWARNING GBADIC2&EW

GROUND MARKING SYSTEM GMS

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY CAPABILITY HYDRO SURVEY

IMPROVED ASSAULT SUPPORT, COMBAT UTILITY CAPABILITY IAS-CUC

IMPROVED DIRECT AIR SUPPORT CENTRAL IDASC

IMPROVED MARITIME PREPOSITIONING FORCE CAPABILITY IMPFC

IMPROVED RIGID RAIDING CRAFT IRRC

INDOOR SIMULATED MARKSMANSHIP TRAINER ISMT

INFANTRY SQUAD TRAINER SIMULATOR ISTS

INITIAL FIRE SUPPORT AUTOMATION SYSTEM IFSAS

Geographic Intelligence ________________________________________________________________________________________ L-3

INTEGRATED INFANTRY COMBAT SYSTEM IICS

INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS SYSTEM IAS

INTELLIGENCE BROADCAST RECEIVERS IBR

JOINT BIOLOGICAL POINT DETECTION SYSTEM JBPDS

JOINT MARITIME COMMAND INFORMATION SYSTEM—UNIFIED BUILD JMCIS UB

JOINT NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL RECONNAISSANCESYSTEM—LIGHTWEIGHT JNBCRS-LWT

JOINT SERVICE IMAGERY PROCESSING SYSTEM JSIPS

JOINT SURVEILLANCE TARGET ATTACK RADAR Joint STARS

JOINT TACTICAL INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM JTIDS

LIGHT ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER LAPC

LIGHT ARMORED VEHICLE LAV

LIGHT STRIKE VEHICLE LSV

LIGHTWEIGHT STANDOFF CHEMICAL AERIAL DETECTOR LSCAD

MAGTF TACTICAL WARFARE SIMULATION SYSTEM MTWS

MARINE AIRBORNE COMMAND AND CONTROL CONSOLE MAC2C

MARINE COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT COMMAND AND CONTROL MCSSC2

MARINE CORPS AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM MCAEWS

MARINE CORPS AVIATION COMPUTER-BASED TRAINING INSTRUCTORSYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT MCACBTISD

MARINE CORPS CONFLICT SIMULATION SYSTEM MCCSS

MARINE CORPS MODELING AND SIMULATION CENTERS MCMSC

MARINE FLEXIBLE FIRE SUPPORT SYSTEM FIREFLEX

MEDIUM TACTICAL VEHICLE REPLACEMENT MTVR

METEOROLOGICAL DATA SYSTEM MDS

METEOROLOGICAL MEASURING SET MMS

MOBILE ELECTRONIC WARFARE SUPPORT SYSTEM MEWSS

MODELING AND SIMULATION CONCEPTS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN M&SCA&D

MODELING AND SIMULATION TOOLS IN SUPPORT OF OPERATIONS M&STSO

NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL RECONNAISSANCE SYSTEM NBCRS

POSITION LOCATION REPORTING SYSTEM (PRODUCT IMPROVEMENTPROGRAM) PLRS (PIP)

PRECISE LIGHTWEIGHT GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM RECEIVER PLGR

RADIO RECONNAISSANCE EQUIPMENT PROGRAM RREP

REPLACEMENT AIR-MOBILE DIRECT AIR SUPPORT CENTER RAMDASC

SECONDARY IMAGERY DISSEMINATION SYSTEM SIDS

L-4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

SYSTEMS PLANNING, ENGINEERING, AND EVALUATION DEVICE SPEED

TACTICAL AIR COMMAND CENTER TACC

TACTICAL AIR OPERATIONS CENTER TAOC

TACTICAL AIR OPERATIONS MODULE TAOM

TACTICAL AIRCRAFT MISSION PLANNING SYSTEM TAMPS

TACTICAL COMBAT OPERATIONS TCO

TACTICAL ELECTRONIC RECONNAISSANCE PROCESSING ANDEVALUATION SYSTEM TERPES

TACTICAL HIGH ENERGY LASER—AIR DEFENSE THEL-AD

TACTICAL REMOTE SENSOR SYSTEM TRSS

TEAM TARGET ENGAGEMENT SIMULATOR TTES

TECHNICAL CONTROL AND ANALYSIS CENTER (PRODUCT IMPROVEMENTPROGRAM) TCAC-PIP

THEATER MISSILE DEFENSE TMD

THREE-DIMENSIONAL LONG RANGE RADAR TDLRR

TOPOGRAPHIC PRODUCTION CAPABILITY TPC

TROJAN SPECIAL PURPOSE INTEGRATED REMOTE INTELLIGENCETERMINAL II TROJAN SPIRIT II

UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE—CLOSE RANGE UAV-CR

UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE—LONG RANGE UAV-LR

UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE—MID RANGE UAV-MR

Appendix M

Geographic Intelligence UnitAnnual Training Plan

This appendix provides a recommended training subjects list and annual plansformat for the Marine expeditionary force (MEF) command element G-2’s im-agery and mapping section, and a second tailored list for intelligence battalion’stopographic platoon. The MEF-level plan identifies training criteria for otherHeadquarters staff personnel, as well as a more detailed requirement for head-quarters staff and MEF intelligence personnel and covers the planning and useof geospatial information and geographic intelligence. The topographic platoontraining program focuses on collection, exploitation, and production of geo-graphic intelligence using standard equipment suites.

M-2 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

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Geographic Intelligence __________________________________________________________________________________ M-3

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Appendix N

Glossary

Section I. Acronyms and Abbreviations

AA.......................................................................................... avenue of approachAAAV........................................................ advanced amphibious assault vehicleACE ............................................................................... aviation combat elementAC/S....................................................................................assistant chief of staffADRG ....................................................................ARC digitized raster graphicsAFP ................................................................................all-source fusion platoonAISI......................................................... automatic integrated survey instrumentAO............................................................................................. area of operationsAOI ...............................................................................................area of interestAOR .....................................................................................area of responsibilityARC ......................................................................... equal arc second raster chartATF.................................................................................... amphibious task forceATFIC..................................................amphibious task force intelligence center

BTOPO ..................................................................................... basic topographic

C2........................................................................................command and controlC4I ................. command, control, communications, computers, and intelligenceCADRG .................................................. compressed arc digitized raster graphicCAP..................................................................................... crisis action planningCAT ...........................................................................................crisis action teamCCIR ........................................ commanders’s critical information requirementsCCM............................................................................... cross country movementCD-ROM ........................................................... compact disc read only memoryCE ............................................................................................ command elementCG ......................................................................................................city graphicCHATS .............................................................. CI/HUMINT automated tool setCI ............................................................................................ counterintelligenceCIA........................................................................... Central Intelligence AgencyCIB..................................................................................... controlled image baseCIC.............................................................................. combat intelligence centerCINC......................................................................................commander in chiefCIS ......................................................communications and information systemsCJCSI ....................................... Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff instructionCLO .................................................................................. customer liaison officeCMC................................................................Commandant of the Marine CorpsCMD .................................................collections management and dissemination

N-2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

CMDO .................................. collections management and dissemination officerCOA............................................................................................. course of actionCOC ...............................................................................current operations centerCOE ........................... concept of employment; common operating environmentCONPLAN................................................................................. contingency planCONUS......................................................................... continental United StatesCOP.......................................................................... common operational pictureCOTM........................................................ Marine Corps customer support teamCPX................................................................................ command post exercisesCSRT ................................................................. customer support response teamCSSE...................................................................combat service support elementCST .................................................................................. command support teamCTP ................................................................................. common tactical picture

DAFIF.................................................digital aeronautical flight information fileDBDB ..................................................................... digital bathymetric data baseDIA ........................................................................ Defense Intelligence AgencyDIGEST ................................. digital geographic information exchange standardDII ...................................................................defense information infrastructureDII COE......defense information infrastructure common operating environmentDISA .........................................................Defense Information Systems AgencyDISN ....................................................... Defense Information Systems NetworkDLA ............................................................................ Defense Logistics AgencyDMS..............................................................................Defense Message SystemDNC ......................................................................................digital nautical chartDOD................................................................................. Department of DefenseDODIIS.................................................... DOD Intelligence Information SystemDPPDB............................................................ digital point positioning data baseDST.........................................................................................direct support teamDTAMS ............................................. Digital Terrain Analysis Mapping SystemDTED .......................................................................digital terrain elevation dataDTED L2 .....................................................digital terrain elevation data, level 2DTOP ...............................................................................digital topographic dataDTSS...........................................................Digital Topographic Support SystemDZ ..........................................................................................................drop zone

EEI ................................................................... essential elements of informationEETI......................................................essential elements of terrain information

FARP ............................................................ forward arming and refueling pointFD .................................................................................................foundation dataFFD .................................................................................. foundation feature dataFFED............................................................................... firefinder elevation dataFMFM........................................................................ Fleet Marine Force manualFOC..................................................................................future operations center

Geographic Intelligence _________________________________________________________________________________________ N-3

FSSG..........................................................................force service support groupFTX................................................................................... field training exercises

G-1 ............................................................... manpower or personnel staff officerG-2 .................................................................................. intelligence staff officerG-3 .................................................................................... operations staff officerG-4 ....................................................................................... logistics staff officerG-5 .................................................................................................... plans officerG-6 .......................................... communications and information systems officerGAB .............................................................................geospatial analysis branchGBS...............................................................................Global Broadcast SystemGCCS ....................................................... Global Command and Control SystemGCE .................................................................................ground combat elementGENSER....................................................................................... general serviceGEOINT........................................................................... geographic intelligenceGI ...................................................................................... geospatial informationGID ......................................................Geographic Intelligence Division, MCIAGII ...............................................................geospatial information infrastructureGIL.........................................................................geospatial information libraryGIMO.............................................. Geospatial Information Management OfficeGIRS ............................................ geospatial information and replication systemGI&S.............................................................geospatial information and servicesGIS .......................................................................geographic information systemGIST........................................................... geographic intelligence support teamGIT.......................................................................... geographic intelligence teamGML............................................................................... geospatial master libraryGNC ..................................................................................global navigation chartGOTS ............................................................................. government off the shelfGPS .............................................................................. global positioning systemGS ................................................................................................. general serviceGSP .................................................................................. ground sensors platoonGTR ............................................................... geospatial technical representative

HAC ................................................................ harbor approach and control chartHF ................................................................................................. high frequencyHLZ.................................................................................. helicopter landing zoneHPT...........................................................................................high-payoff targetHQ..................................................................................................... headquartersHQMC ..................................................................... Headquarters, Marine CorpsHUMINT ................................................................................ human intelligenceHVT ........................................................................................... high-value targetHWL ..............................................................................................high water line

IAS ............................................................................ intelligence analysis systemICR............................................................... intelligence collection requirements

N-4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

IDR......................................................... intelligence dissemination requirementsIIP............................................................................. imagery intelligence platoonI&M ....................................................................................imagery and mappingIMA.............................................................. individual mobilization augmenteesIMINT................................................................................... imagery intelligenceintel bn ................................................................................. intelligence battalionINTELINK...................................................................................intelligence linkIOC......................................................................... intelligence operations centerIPB ......................................................intelligence preparation of the battlespaceIPC ......................................................................... integrated production conceptIPL ...................................................................................imagery product libraryIR ....................................................................................intelligence requirementISC ..................................................................... intelligence support coordinatorITD.......................................................................................... interim terrain dataITS .......................................................................... individual training standardsI&W ................................................................................ indications and warning

JAC ........................................................................................joint analysis centerJCS ........................................................................................ Joint Chiefs of StaffJFC .................................................................................... joint force commanderJIC.................................................................................... joint intelligence centerJISE.................................................................. joint intelligence support elementJMCIS ............................................ joint maritime command information systemJNC .........................................................................................jet navigation chartJOG ..................................................................................joint operations graphicJOG-A/G....................................................... Joint operations graphic air/groundJOPES .......................................Joint Operation Planning and Execution SystemJP................................................................................................. joint publicationJSCP................................................................... Joint Strategic Capabilities PlanJTA.............................................................................. joint technical architectureJTF .................................................................................................joint task forceJTTP.......................................................joint tactics, techniques, and proceduresJWICS............................Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System

KOCOA ..............................key terrain, observation and fields of fire, cover andconcealment, obstacles, and avenues of approach

LAN ......................................................................................... local area networkLCAC.............................................................................landing craft, air cushionLF..................................................................................................... landing forceLOC ............................................................................... lines of communicationsLOS.................................................................................................... line of sightLPA.................................................................................. littoral penetration areaLPP..................................................................................littoral penetration pointLWD ...................................................................................... littoral warfare dataLWL................................................................................................low water line


MADTRAN .......................................... mapping datum transformation softwareMAGTF .................................................................. Marine air-ground task forceMARCORSYSCOM....................................... Marine Corps Systems CommandMARFOR..............................................................................Marine Corps forcesMAW ................................................................................... Marine aircraft wingMCCDC .....................................Marine Corps Combat Development CommandMCDP ........................................................... Marine Corps doctrinal publicationMC&G ...............................................................mapping, charting, and geodesyMCGIL............................................Marine Corps geospatial information libraryMCGOC........................................................................... MC&G officers courseMCGSOC..................................................................MC&G staff officers courseMCI................................................................................... Marine Corps InstituteMCIA............................................................ Marine Corps Intelligence ActivityMCOO ........................................................ modified combined obstacle overlayMCPP.................................................................. Marine Corps Planning ProcessMCRP ...........................................................Marine Corps reference publicationMCTSSA ............................... Marine Corps Tactical Software Support ActivityMCU ..............................................................................Marine Corps UniversityMCWP ......................................................Marine Corps warfighting publicationMEF ...........................................................................Marine expeditionary forceMETOC ......................................................... meteorological and oceanographicMETT-T.......................mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support

available-time availableMEU(SOC) .................... Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable)MGRS ................................................................... military grid reference systemMHG ..............................................................................MEF headquarters groupMIO......................................................................... mapping and imagery officerMOS..................................................................... military occupational specialtyMOU ................................................................... memorandum of understandingMOUT.................................................... military operations on urbanized terrainMPF .......................................................................maritime prepositioning forceMRC...........................................................................major regional contingencyMSC ........................................................................major subordinate commandMSDS..............................................................................mission specific data setMSE ............................................................................major subordinate elementMSI .................................................................................. multi-spectrial imageryMSL ............................................................................................... mean sea levelMSR ..........................................................................................main supply routeMUSE .............................................. mapping, charting, geodesy utility software

NCA.................................................................... National Command AuthoritiesNEO ............................................................. noncombatant evacuation operationNIMA.....................................................National Imagery and Mapping AgencyNIPRNET.......................................... nonsecure internet protocol router networkNIST................................................................ national intelligence support teamNOE ..............................................................................................nap of the earth

N-6 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

NRO................................................................... National Reconnaissance OfficeNSA ............................................................................. National Security AgencyNTF.............................................................................................. naval task force

OCAC .................................................... operations control and analysis elementOIC.............................................................................................. officer in chargeOMFTS .......................................................... operational maneuver from the seaONC ..........................................................................operational navigation chart OOB ................................................................................................order of battleOPCON................................................................................... operational controlOPLAN ...........................................................................................operation planOPNAVINST............................................Chief of Naval Operations InstructionOPORD......................................................................................... operation order

P&A .................................................................................production and analysisP&A Co............................................................production and analysis companyPDE&A...........................................planning, decision, execution, & assessmentPFDB ...........................................................................planning factors data basePIR .....................................................................priority intelligence requirementPITD.........................................................................planning interim terrain dataPME .....................................................................professional military educationPOC.............................................................................................. point of contactPOD ..........................................................................................point of departurePPS.............................................................................. precise positioning system

QD....................................................................................................qualified dataQRS....................................................................................quick response system

rep ................................................................................................... representativeRFI ....................................................................................request for intelligenceRPF ......................................................................................raster product formatRRS.................................................................................... remote receive stationRSI .................................................................................remotely sensed imagery

S-2................................................................................... intelligence staff officerS-3..................................................................................... operations staff officerS-4........................................................................................ logistics staff officerS-6........................................... communications and information systems officerSARC .......................................................... surveillance and reconnaissance cellSATCOM.......................................................................satellite communicationsSIDS..................................................... secondary imagery dissemination systemSIGINT ..................................................................................signals intelligenceSIPRNET ................................................ Secret internet protocol router networkSITREP ......................................................................................... situation reportSNCO....................................................................staff noncommissioned officerSOA ...........................................................................sustained operations ashore


SOP ....................................................................... standing operating proceduresSPMAGTF .....................................special purpose Marine air-ground task forceSSES .................................................................. ship’s siganls exploitation spaceSTAFFEX .......................................................................................staff exercisesSTOM ........................................................................ship-to-objective maneuver

TA ................................................................................................. terrain analysisTCAC.......................................................... technical control and analysis centerTCO .............................................................................tactical combat operationsTDN ..................................................................................... tactical data networkT&E ................................................................................... training and educationTEG..............................................................................tactical exploitation groupTERPES .................................. tactical electronic reconnaissance processing and

evaluation systemTGIL ........................................... tactical geospatial information library tgttargettgt ................................................................................................................. targetTGTINTEL ................................................................................ target inelligenceTLM .....................................................................................topographic line mapT/O ....................................................................................... table of organizationtopo plt .................................................................................. topographic platoonTOPOSET..................................................................................... topographic setTPC ...............................................................Topographic Production CapabilityTPFDD................................................... time-phased force and deployment dataTPFDL ..................................................... time-phased force and deployment listTRSS.......................................................................tactical remote sensor systemTS-II.............................................................................................. Trojan Spirit IITSCIF................................ tactical sensitive compartmented information facilityTTADB ............................................................. tactical terrain analysis data baseTTP ................................................................ tactics, techniques, and procedures

UAV............................................................................... unmanned aerial vehicleUSIGS...................... United States Imagery and Geospatial Information SystemUVMAP .....................................................................................urban vector map

VHF ...................................................................................... very high frequencyVITD...............................................................vector product interim terrain dataVMAP..................................................................................................vector mapVMAPL1 .................................................................................vector map level 1VMAPL2 .................................................................................vector map level 2VPF .....................................................................................vector product formatVTC .................................................................................. video teleconferencing

WAN........................................................................................ wide area networkWET.......................................................................... weather, enemy, and terrainWGS................................................................................ World Geodetic SystemWRS...........................................................................................war reserve stock

N-8 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

Section II. Definitions

accuracy—The degree of conformity with a standard, or the degree of perfec-tion attained in a measurement. Accuracy relates to the quality of a result, and isdistinguished form precision which relates to the quality of the operation bywhich the result is obtained. The degree of conformity with which horizontalpositions and vertical values are represented on a map, chart, or related productin relation to an established standard. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

aeronautical chart—A specialized representation of mapped features of theearth, or some part of it, produced to show selected terrain, cultural, and hydro-graphic features, and supplemental information required for air navigation, pi-lotage, or for planning air operations. (JP 1-02)

aerospace—Of, or pertaining to, Earth’s envelope of atmosphere and thespace above it; two separate entities considered as a single realm for activityin launching, guidance, and control of vehicles that will travel in both entities.(JP 1-02)

air almanac—A joint publication of the U.S. Naval Observatory and Her Maj-esty’s Nautical Almanac Office. It covers a 6 month period. It contains tabulatedvalues of the Greenwich hour angle and declination of selected celestial bodies,plus additional celestial data used in navigation. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

all-source intelligence—Intelligence products and/or organizations and activi-ties that incorporate all sources of information, including, most frequently, hu-man resources intelligence, imagery intelligence, measurement and signatureintelligence, signals intelligence, and open source data, in the production of fin-ished intelligence. (JP 1-02)

arc—A unit of measurement used in surveys of the earth and for describing dis-tances for an environment encompassing curvature. For example, one arcminute (60 arc seconds) at the equator is equal to one nautical mile (6,080 feet).Therefore, one arc second (100 feet) is approximately 30 meters. (Dictionary ofScience)

area coverage—Complete coverage of an area by aerial photography havingparallel overlapping flight lines and stereoscope overlap between exposures inthe flight line. Complete coverage of a geographical area by maps or othergraphic materials covering all scales available. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

area of interest—That area of concern to the commander, including the areaof influence, areas adjacent thereto, and extending into enemy territory to theobjectives of current or planned operations. This area also includes areas oc-cupied by enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mis-sion. (JP 1-02).


astronomic surveying—The celestial determination of latitude and longitude.Separations are calculated by computing distances corresponding to measuredangular displacements along the reference spheroid. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

automated tactical target graphic—A tactical target materials item which pro-vides aerial photographic coverage of a target and a limited area surrounding itat a scale permitting optimum identification of target detail. Also called ATTG.The ATTG also includes textual intelligence on a sheet separate from the graph-ic portion. Covers a single target and is produced in two forms: a lithographicsheet and a miniaturized version in an aperture card. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

automated initial distribution—A distribution procedure by which requiredGI&S WRS products are provided automatically to all pre-designated GI&SWRS holders in-theater to replace current holdings with new editions, and pro-vide required first time produced products. GI&S WRS AD maintains GI&SWRS holdings current with the latest edition of the particular item. (NIMAMIL-HDBK-850)

avenue of approach—An air or ground route of an attacking force of a givensize leading to its objective or to key terrain in its path. (JP 1-02)

base map—A map or chart showing certain fundamental information, used as abase upon which additional data of specialized nature is compiled or overprint-ed. Also, a map containing all the information from which maps showing spe-cialized information can be prepared. (JP 1-02)

battlespace—All aspects of air, surface, subsurface, land, space, and electro-magnetic spectrum which encompass the area of influence and area of interest.(MCRP 5-12C)

cartography—The art and science of expressing graphically, by maps andcharts, the known physical features of the earth, or of another celestial body;usually includes the works of a man and his varied activities. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

chart—A special purpose map, generally designed for navigation or other par-ticular purposes, in which essential map information is combined with other da-ta critical to the intended use. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

chart base—A chart used as a primary source for compilation or as aframework on which new detail is printed. Also called topographic base.(JP 1-02)

checkpoint—A predetermined point on the surface of the Earth used as a meansof controlling movement, a registration target for fire adjustment, or referencefor location. (JP 1-02)

city products—Large scale maps of populated places and environs, usually por-traying street and through information, important buildings, and other urban fea-tures, airfields, port facilities, relief, drainage, and vegetation when important.

N-10___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

Specifications for these maps vary according to particular military requirements.(NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

coastal chart—A nautical chart intended for inshore coast wise navigationwhen a vessel’s course may carry her inside outlying reefs and shoals, for use inentering or leaving bays and harbors of considerable size, or for use in navigat-ing larger inland waterways. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

collection—In Marine Corps usage, the gathering of intelligence data and infor-mation to satisfy the identified requirements. (MCRP 5-12C)

command and control—1. The exercise of authority and direction by a proper-ly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplish-ment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through anarrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and proce-dures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and con-trolling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. Also calledC2. (JP 1-02) 2. Also in Marine Corps usage, the means by which a commanderrecognizes what needs to be done and sees to it that appropriate actions are tak-en. (MCRP 5-12C)

command graphic—A NIMA standard index graphic upon which is portrayedthe total requirements and priorities for each product that has been validated foran organization. Normally, a command graphic is prepared for each product orproduct series required by a user; however, a computer listing is substituted forsome products (i.e., city maps, ports, etc.). (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

concealment—The protection from observation or surveillance. (JP 1-02)

contour line—A line on a map or chart connecting points of equal elevation.(JP 1-02)

control markings—A caveat used in conjunction with a security classificationto identify special restrictive handling conditions pertaining to the release or dis-closure of classified GI&S products and related information. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

country and regional precedence list—An ordered list of all countries or re-gions based on the importance of expected or planned DOD operations withinthat country or region. A DOD component or federal agency determines the or-der based on its mission needs, not on the status of GI&S support over the coun-try or region. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

cover—Protection from the effects of direct and indirect fires. It can be provid-ed by ditches, caves, river banks, folds in the ground, shell craters, buildings,walls and embankments. (FM 34-130/FMFRP 3-23-2)

crisis support—The provision of an GI&S product or service, including thosenot previously validated, needed on a one-time or first time basis where theurgency of the requirement precludes normal processing and production

Geographic Intelligence _______________________________________________________________________________________ N-11

programming action. GI&S crisis support, as defined herein, is limited to situa-tions directed by the office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff where the possibility ex-ists that United States forces might be deployed. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

cross-country movement study—A graphic or series of graphics and support-ing text or tables portraying off-road movement conditions for specific vehiclesor a group of vehicles. It is usually overprinted on a medium or large scale topo-graphic map. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

data base—Information that is normally structured and indexed for user accessand review. Data bases may exist in the form of physical files (folders, docu-ments, etc.) or formatted automated data processing system data files (JP 1-02).

datum—Any numerical or geometrical quantity or set of such quantitieswhich may serve as reference or base for other quantities. Where the conceptis geometric, the plural form is “datums” in contrast to the normal plural “da-ta.” (JP 1-02)

datum (geodetic)—A reference surface consisting of five quantities: the lati-tude and longitude of an initial point, the azimuth of a line from that point, andthe parameters of the reference ellipsoid. (JP 1-02)

declassification—The determination that in the interests of national security,classified information no longer requires any degree of protection against unau-thorized disclosure, coupled with removal or cancellation of the classificationdesignation. (JP 1-02)

Defense Information Systems Network—Integrated network, centrally man-aged and configured to provide long-haul information transfer services for allDepartment of Defense activities. It is an information transfer utility designed toprovide dedicated point-to-point, switched voice and data, imagery, and videoteleconferencing services. Also called DISN. (JP 1-02).

derivative classification—A determination that information is in substance thesame as information that is currently classified, and the application of the classi-fication markings. (OPNAVINST 5510.1)

displacement—In cartography it is the horizontal shift of the plotted position ofa topographic feature from its true position, caused by required adherence toprescribed line weights and symbol sizes. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

dissemination—Conveyance of intelligence to users in a suitable form.(JP 1-02)

DOD World Geodetic System—A unified world datum based on a combina-tion of all available astro-geodetic, gravimetric, and satellite tracking observa-tions. Current system is the WGS-84. (NIMATR 8350.2)

N-12___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

downgrade—To determine that classified information requires, in the interestsof national security, a lower degree of protection against unauthorized disclo-sure than currently provided, coupled with a changing of the classification des-ignation to reflect such lower degree. (JP 1-02)

drainage—In mapping, all features associated with water, such as shorelines,rivers, lakes, marshes, etc. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

editing—The process of checking a map or chart in its various stages of prepa-ration to ensure accuracy, completeness, and correct preparation from and inter-pretation of the sources used, and to assure legible and precise reproduction.(NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

electromagnetic spectrum—The range of frequencies of electromagnetic radi-ation from zero to infinity. It is divided into 26 alphabetically designated bands.(JP 1-02)

The entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation ex-tending from gamma rays to the longest radio waves and including visible light.Most remote sensing systems are designed to operate within the electromagneticspectrum. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

elevation—The vertical distance of a point or level on or affixed to the surfaceof the Earth measured from mean sea level. (JP 1-02)

enroute chart—A chart of air routes in specific areas that shows the exact loca-tion of electronic aids to navigation, such as radio-direction-finder stations, ra-dio and radar marker beacons, and radio-range stations. (NIMAL 805-1)

escape and evasion graphic—A map, chart or other graphic, usually producedon a light weight durable material, specifically designed to guide personnel tosafety from enemy held territory. Also called EVC. (NIMAL 805-1)

essential elements of terrain information—Those aspects of the terrain, bothnatural and manmade, that are identified as critical to mission success. Alsocalled EETI. (FM 5-33)

estimate—1. An analysis of a foreign situation, development, or trend that iden-tifies its major elements, interprets the significance, and appraises the futurepossibilities and the prospective results of the various actions that might be tak-en. 2. An appraisal of the capabilities, vulnerabilities, and potential courses ofaction of a foreign nation or combination of nations in consequence of a specificnational plan, policy, decision, or contemplated course of action. 3. An analysisof an actual or contemplated clandestine operation in relation to the situation inwhich it is or would be conducted in order to identity and appraise such factorsas available and needed assets and potential obstacles, accomplishments, andconsequences. (JP 1-02).

field of fire—The area which a weapon or a group of weapons may cover effec-tively with fire from a given position. (JP 1-02)


flat stock—Charts or maps which are not folded and kept for filling official andsales orders. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

flight information and air facilities data—Data concerning airfields and sea-plane stations and related information required for the operation of aircraft atthese facilities. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

gazetteer—An alphabetical list of place names giving feature identification andgeographic and/or grid coordinates. (NIMAL 805-1)

general chart—A nautical chart intended for offshore coastal navigation. Ageneral chart is of smaller scale than a coast chart, but of larger scale than a sail-ing chart. (NIMAL 805-1)

geodesy—The science which deals with the determination of the size and figureof the earth; which determines the external gravitational field of the earth and, toa limited degree, the internal structure; and which derives three-dimensional po-sitions for points above, on, and below the surface of the earth. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

geodetic coordinates—The quantities of latitude, longitude, and height (ellip-soid), which define the position of a point on the surface of the earth with re-spect to the reference spheroid. Also imprecisely called geographic coordinates.(NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

geodetic and geophysical (G&G) surveys—G&G surveys are required to sup-port the testing and deployment of DOD weapon systems. G&G surveys includethe acquisition of the following data; geodetic/astronomic coordinates; bathy-metric data; mean gravity anomalies, deflection of the vertical, geoid heights;geodetic datum conversion factors; and magnetic or gravity data. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

geographic—Signifying a basic interrelationship of features on, above, and inthe earth when considered as a globe shaped body. The term geographic is ap-plied alike to data based on the geoid and other spheroids. (NIMA MIL-HDBK850)

geographic coordinates—The quantities of latitude and longitude which definethe position of a point on the surface of the Earth with respect to the referencespheroid. (JP 1-02)

geographic intelligence—The process of collecting, organizing, analyzing,synthesizing, disseminating, and utilizing geospatial information and services(GI&S) with regards to the military aspects of the terrain. Also called GEOINT.GEOINT is the integration and analysis of all-source geospatial information insupport of specific Marine Corps operations. The analysis is focused on a spe-cific mission and includes intensification of information detail and resolution tomeet tactical requirements. GEOINT analysis is focused on the intelligencepreparation of the battlespace (IPB) process and addresses key terrain, observa-tion and fields of fire, cover andconcealment, obstacles, avenues of approach

N-14___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

and mobility corridors. This analysis is commonly referred to as KOCOA foreasy reference.

geoid—The equipotential surface in the gravity field of the earth which coin-cides with the undisturbed mean sea level extended continuously through thecontinents. The direction of gravity is perpendicular to the geoid at every point.(NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

georectification—The process of aligning the feature of a geographical repre-sentation (image or map) to its true location on the Earth within a specified da-tum and coordinate system and to an acceptable accuracy standard. Also calledgeocontrolled. (proposed for inclusion in JP 1-02)

georef—A worldwide position reference system that may be applied to any mapor chart graduated in latitude and longitude regardless of projection. It is a meth-od of expressing latitude and longitude in a form suitable for rapid reporting andplotting. (JP 1-02)

geospatial framework—a consistent set of geospatial information and support-ing services that provides a coherent frame of reference to support the formationof an integrated view of the mission space. (DOD GI Master Plan)

geospatial information and services—The concept for collection, informationextraction, storage, dissemination, and exploitation of geodetic, geomagnetic,imagery (both commercial and national source), gravimetric, aeronautical, topo-graphic, hydrographic, littoral, cultural, and toponymic data accurately refer-enced to a precise location on the earth’s surface. These data are used formilitary planning, training, and operations including navigation, mission plan-ning, mission rehearsal, modeling, simulation and precise targeting. Geospatialinformation provides the basic framework for battlespace visualization. It is in-formation produced by multiple sources to common interoperable data stan-dards. It may be presented in the form of printed maps, charts, and publications;in digital simulation and modeling data bases; in photographic form; or in theform of digitized maps and charts or attributed centerline data. Geospatial ser-vices include tools that enable users to access and manipulate data, and also in-cludes instruction, training, laboratory support, and guidance for the use ofgeospatial data. Also called GI&S. (JP 1-02)

global information infrastructure—The worldwide interconnection of com-munications networks, computers, databases, and consumer electronics thatmake vast amounts of information available to users. The global information in-frastructure encompasses a wide range of equipment, including cameras, scan-ners, keyboards, facsimile machines, computers, switches, compact disks, videoand audio tape, cable, wire, satellites, fiber-optic transmission lines, networks ofall types, televisions, monitors, printers, and much more. The friendly and ad-versary personnel who make decisions and handle the transmitted informationconstitute a critical component of the global information infrastructure. Alsocalled GII. (JP 1-02)


GI&S precedence—A ranking of individual items within a given priority. Theprecedence are used as one of the factors in allocating NIMA production re-sources. (CJCSI 3901.01)

GI&S priorities—The priorities defined by the JCS for indicating the relativeimportance of GI&S geographical area and weapons systems support require-ments. The priorities are used as one of the factors in allocating NIMAproduction resources. Priority definitions are contained in the Joint StrategicPlanning Document. (CJCSI 3901.01)

GI&S product—A specific item (i.e., map, chart, digital tape, report) approvedby NIMA to support military, intelligence, and statutory requirements. (NIMAMIL-HDBK-850)

GI&S requirement—A validated statement of need for an GI&S product orservice identified by a user to support his operational and training requirements,stated in terms of specific geographic areas and installations, and intended usesand/or accuracy’s required. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

GI&S service—A support service such as geodetic and geophysical (G&G)surveys to support the testing and deployment of DOD weapons systems. G&Gsupport includes projects, surveys, and services that provide geodetic/astronom-ic coordinates; bathymetric data; mean gravity anomalies, deflections of the ver-tical, geoid heights; geodetic datum conversions factors; and the earth’s globalgravity and magnetic field models. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

Global Command and Control System—Highly mobile, deployable com-mand and control system supporting forces for joint and multinational opera-tions across the range of military operations, any time and anywhere in theworld with compatible, interoperable, and integrated command, control, com-munications, computers, and intelligence systems. Also called GCCS. (JP 1-02).

global information infrastructure—The worldwide interconnection of com-munications networks, computers, databases, and consumer electronics thatmake vast amounts of information available to users. The global information in-frastructure encompasses a wide range of equipment, including cameras, scan-ners, keyboards, facsimile machines, computers, switches, compact disks, videoand audio tape, cable wire, satellites, fiber-optic transmission lines, networks ofall types, televisions, monitors, printers, and much more. The friendly and ad-versary personnel who make decisions and handle the transmitted informationconstitue a critical component of the global information infrastructure. Alsocalled GII. (JP 1-02)

global navigation chart—A 1:5,000,000 scale series of multicolored charts de-signed for general planning purposes for operations involving long distances orlarge areas of in-flight navigation in long range, high altitude, high speed air-craft. Also called GNC. (NIMAL 805-1)

N-16___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

gradient—1. The rate of inclination to horizontal expressed as a ratio, such as1:25, indicating a one unit rise to 25 units of horizontal distance. (JP 1-02) 2. Arate of rise or fall of a quantity against horizontal distance expressed as a ration,decimal, fraction, percentage, or the tangent of the angle of inclination. Alsocalled the percentage of slope. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

graphic—Any and all products of the cartographic and photogrammetric art. Agraphic may be a map, chart, or mosaic or even a film strip that was producedusing cartographic techniques. (JP 1-02)

grid—1. Two sets of parallel lines intersecting at right angles and formingsquares; the grid that is superimposed on maps, charts, and other similar repre-sentation of the Earth’s surface in an accurate and consistent manner to permitidentification of ground locations with respect to other locations and the compu-tation of direction and distance to other points. 2. A term used in giving the loca-tion of a geographic point by grid coordinates. (JP 1-02)

grid declination—The angular difference in direction between grid north andtrue north. It is measured east or west from true north. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

harbor chart—A nautical chart intended for navigation and anchorage in har-bors and smaller waterways. (JP 1-02)

hydrographic reconnaissance—Reconnaissance of an area of water to deter-mine depths, beach gradients, the nature of the bottom, and the location of coralreefs, rocks, shoals, and manmade obstacles. (JP 1-02) hydrography—1. Thescience which deals with the measurements and description of the physical fea-tures of the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and their adjoining coastal areas, withparticular reference to their use for navigational purposes. (JP 1-02) 2. Also thatpart of topography pertaining to water and drainage features. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

hydrographic chart—A nautical chart showing depths of water, nature of bot-tom, contours of bottom and coastline, and tides and currents in a given sea orsea and land area. (JP 1-02)

hypsography—The science or art of describing elevations of land surfaces withreference to a datum, usually sea level. Also that part of topography dealingwith relief or elevation of terrain. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

hypsometric tinting—A method of showing relief on maps and charts by color-ing in different shades those parts which lie between selected levels. Sometimesreferred to as elevation tint; altitude tint; layer tint. (JP 1-02)

imagery—Collectively, the representations of objects reproduced electroni-cally or by optical means on film, electronic display devices, or other media.(JP 1-02)

intelligence—1. The product resulting from the collection, processing, integra-tion, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of available information concerning


foreign countries or areas. 2. Information and knowledge about an adversary ob-tained through observation, investigation, analysis, or understanding. (JP 1-02)3. Also in Marine Corps usage, intelligence is knowledge about the enemy orthe surrounding environment needed to support decisionmaking. This knowl-edge is the result of the collection, processing, exploitation, evaluation, integra-tion, analysis, and interpretation of available information about the battlespaceand threat. (MCRP 5-12C)

intelligence cycle—The steps by which information is converted into intelli-gence and made available to users. (JP 1-02)

intelligence operations—The variety of intelligence tasks that are carried outby various intelligence organizations and activities. (JP 1-02)

intelligence preparation of the battlespace—1. An analytical methodologyemployed to reduce uncertainties concerning the enemy, environment, and ter-rain for all types of operations. Intelligence preparation of the battlespace buildsan extensive data base for each potential area in which a unit may be required tooperate. The data base is then analyzed in detail to determine the impact of theenemy, environment, and terrain on operations and presents it in graphic form.Intelligence preparation of the battlespace is a continuing process. Alsocalled IPB. (JP 1-02) 2. In Marine Corps usage, the systematic, continuousprocess of analyzing the threat and environment in a specific geographicarea. (MCRP 5-12C)

intelligence requirement—1. Any subject, general or specific, upon whichthere is a need for the collection of information, or the production of intelli-gence. Also called IR. (JP 1-02) 2. In Marine Corps usage, questions about theenemyand the environment, the answers to which a commander requires tomake sound decisions. (MCRP 5-12C)

intensification—The process of increasing the density of information containedin the geospatial data base or increasing the amount of attribute information as-sociated with a known feature. (Approved for inlcusion in next revision ofMCRP 5-12C.)

interoperability—1. The ability of systems, units or forces to provide servicesto and accept services from other systems, units or forces and to use the servicesso exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together. 2. The conditionachieved among communications-electronics systems or items of communica-tions-electronics equipment when information or services can be exchanged di-rectly and satisfactorily between them and/or their users. The degree ofinteroperability should be defined when referring to specific cases. (JP 1-02).

item precedence—A numerical value assigned to an GI&S requirement for aproduct or service based on the relative importance of each item to another with-in a product line or service; and within a country, region, or mission area.(CJCSI 3901.01)

N-18___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

jet navigation chart—A 1:2,000,000 scale, coordinated series of multicoloredcharts, designed to satisfy long range navigation of high altitude, high speed air-craft. Also called JNC. (NIMAL 805-1)

joint force—A general term applied to a force composed of significant ele-ments, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments, operating un-der a single joint force commander. (JP 1-02)

joint intelligence center—The intelligence center of the joint force headquar-ters. The joint intelligence center is responsible for providing and producing theintelligence required to support the joint force commander and staff,components, task forces and elements, and the national intelligence community.Also called JIC. (JP 1-02)

joint operations—A general term to describe military actions conducted byjoint forces, or by Service forces in relationships (e.g., support, coordinating au-thority), which, of themselves, do not create joint forces. (JP 1-02)

joint force commander—A general term applied to a combatant commander,subunified commander, or joint task force commander authorized to exercisecombatant command (command authority) or operational control over a jointforce. Also called JFC. (JP 1-02).

joint intelligence preparation of the battlespace—The analytical process usedby joint intelligence organizations to produce intelligence assessments, esti-mates and other intelligence products in support of the joint commander’s deci-sion making process. It is a continuous process that includes defining the totalbattlespace environment; describing battlespace characteristics; evaluating theadversary; and determining and describing adversary courses of action. The pro-cess is used to analyze the surface, sub-surface, endoatmospheric, exoatmo-spheric, electromagnetic, cyberspace, and human dimensions of the environ-ment and to determine an opponent’s capabilities to operate in each. Jointintelligence preparation of the battlespace products are used by other staff ele-ments in preparing their estimates and are also applied during the analysis andselection of friendly courses of action. All called JIPB. (proposed for inclusionin JP 1-02).

joint operations graphic—The standard 1:250,000 scale DOD cartographicproduct which may be produced to meet the validated U.S. Command’s andMilitary Department’s area requirements. Also called JOG. (NIMAL 805-1)

Joint Operation Planning and Execution System—A continuously evolvingsystem that is being developed through the integration and enhancement of ear-lier planning and execution systems: Joint Operation Planning System and JointDeployment System. It provides the foundation for conventional command andcontrol by national- and theater-level commanders and their staffs. It is designedto satisfy their information needs in the conduct of joint planning and opera-tions. Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) includes jointoperation planning policies, procedures, and reporting structures supported by


communications and automated data processing systems. JOPES is used tomonitor, plan, and execute mobilization, deployment, employment, and sustain-ment activities associated with joint operations. Also called JOPES. (JP 1-02).

Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System—The sensitive com-partmented information portion of the Defense Information System Network. Itincorporates advanced networking technologies that permit point-to-point ormultipoint information exchange involving voice, text, graphics, data, and videoteleconferencing. Also called JWICS. (JP 1-02).

key terrain—Any locality, or area, the seizure or retention of which affords amarked advantage to either combatant. (JP 1-02)

large scale map—A map having a scale of 1:75,000 or longer (JP 1-02).

lines of communications—A route, either land, water, and/or air, which con-nect an operating military force with a base of operations and along which sup-plies and military forces move. Also called LOC. (JP 1-02)

map—A graphic representation, usually on a plane surface and at an establishedscale, of natural or artificial features on the surface of a part or the whole of theEarth or other planetary body. The features are positioned relative to a coordi-nate reference system (JP 1-02)

mapping, charting, and geodesy—Maps, charts, and other data used for mili-tary planning, operations, and training. These products and data support air,land, and sea navigation; weapon system guidance; target positioning; and othermilitary activities. These data are presented in the forms of topographic,planimetric, imaged, or thematic maps and graphics; nautical and aeronauti-cal charts and publications; and, in digital and textual formats, gazetteers,which contain geophysical and geodetic data and coordinate lists. Alsocalled MC&G. (JP 1-02) (Note: see geospatial information and services[GI&S], which is the planned replacement term for MC&G.)

map reference—A means of identifying a point on the surface of the Earth byrelating it to information appearing on a map, generally the graticule or grid.(JP 1-02)

map series—A group of maps or charts usually having the same scale and car-tographic specifications, and with each sheet appropriately identified by produc-ing agency as belonging to the same series. (JP 1-02)

map sheet—An individual map or chart either complete in itself or part of a se-ries. (JP 1-02)

marginal data—All explanatory information given in the margin of a map orchart which clarifies, defines, illustrates, and/or supplements the graphic portionof the sheet. (JP 1-02)

N-20___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

Marine Corps Planning Process—A six-step methodology which helps orga-nize the thought process of the commander and staff throughout the planningand execution of military operations. It focuses on the threat and is based on theMarine Corps philosophy of maneuver warfare. It capitalizes on the principle ofunity of command and supports the establishment and maintenance of tempo.The six steps consist of mission analysis, course of action development, courseof action analysis, comparison/decision, orders development and transition. Al-so called MCPP. Note: Tenents of the MCPP include top down planning, singlebattle concept, and integrated planning.

medium scale map—A map having a scale larger than 1:600,000 and smallerthan 1:75,000 (JP 1-02).

metadata—Information about information; more specifically, informationabout the meaning of other data. (JP 1-02)

meteorology—The study dealing with the phenomena of the atmosphere in-cluding the physics, chemistry, and dynamics extending to the effects of the at-mosphere on the earth’s surface and the oceans. (JP 1-02)

military geography—The specialized field of geography dealing with naturaland manmade physical features that may affect the planning and conduct of mil-itary operations. (JP 1-02)

military geographic documentation—1. Military geographic informationwhich has been evaluated, processed, summarized, and published. (JP 1-02)2. MGD can also include terrain analysis and terrain studies. Also called MGD.(NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

military geographic information—Comprises the information concerningphysical aspects, resources, and artificial features which is necessary for plan-ning and operations. (JP 1-02)

military geographic intelligence—Information concerning physical aspects,resources, and artificial features of the earth which is independently meaningfuland can be utilized directly in support of planning and conducting military oper-ations. It is produced from terrain information interpreted in relation to itseffects on personnel, equipment and material. Also called MGI. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

military grid reference system—A system which uses a standard-scaled gridsquare, based on a point of origin on a map projection of the surface of the Earthin an accurate and consistent manner to permit either position referencing or thecomputation of direction and distance between grid positions. (JP 1-02)

mission specific data set—Further densification of global geospatial founda-tion data. Information created to support specific operations, operation plans,training or system development. Information conforms to established DOD dataspecifications. Also called MSDS. (JP 1-02)


mobility corridor—Areas where a force will be canalized due to terrain restric-tions. they allow military forces to capitalize on the principles of mass and speedand are therefore relatively free of obstacles. (FM 34-130/FMFRP 3-23-2).

modified combined obstacle overlay—A product used to depict the bat-tlespace’s effects on military operations. It is normally based on a product de-picting all obstacles to mobility, modified to also depict the following, whichare not prescriptive nor inclusive: cross-country mobility classifications (such asRESTRICTED); objectives, avenues of approach and mobility corridors; likelylocations of countermobility obstacle systems; likely engagement areas; and keyterrain. Also called MCOO. (MCRP 5-12C)

native map—A map of a foreign country produced by indigenous governmen-tal or private agencies, that may or may not be compiled to National Imageryand Mapping Agency specifications and standards. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

NEOPACK—Preassembled package of selected maps, charts, and other geo-graphic materials of various scales to support the planning and conduct of non-combatant evacuation operations in selected countries or areas. (JP 1-02)

new edition—Contains changes of such importance to map or chart users thatall previous printings are made obsolete. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

national intelligence support team—A nationally sourced team composed ofintelligence and communications experst from either Defense IntelligenceAgency, Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, National Im-agery and Mapping Agency, or any combination of these agencies. Also calledNIST (JP 1-02).

noncombatant evacuation operations—Operations directed by the Depart-ment of State, the Department of Defense, or other appropriate authority where-by noncombatants are evacuated from foreign countries when their lives areendangered by war, civil unrest, or natural disaster to safe havens or to the Unit-ed States. Also called NEO. (JP 1-02)

obsolete chart—A chart which is not considered safe to use for navigation be-cause it does not contain the latest important navigation information. (NIMAMIL-HDBK-850)

observation—The ability to see the threat either visually or through the use ofsurveillance devices. (FM 34-130/FMFRP 3-23-2)

obstacle—1. Any obstruction designed or employed to disrupt, fix, turn, orblock the movement of an opposing force, and to impose additional losses inpersonnel, time, and equipment on the opposing force. Obstacles can exist natu-rally or can be manmade, or can be a combination of both. (MCRP 5-12C) 2. Annatural or manmade terrain feature that stops, impedes, or diverts militarymovement. (FM 34-130/FMFRP 3-23-2)

N-22___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

oceanography—The study of the sea, embracing and integrating all knowledgepertaining to the sea and its physical boundaries, the chemistry and physics ofseawater, and marine biology. (JP 1-02)

operational need—The relative importance of an individual product item or re-quest for service. The DOD component or federal agency uses the service pro-vided guidance for product significance or a product line to a force or systemand applies it to a specific operational situation. (CJCSI 3901.01)

operational risk—The overall risk to the success of the mission, based on thelevel of GI&S support that can be provided at the time of mission execution.Operational risk may be considered to be unacceptable. (CJCSI 3901.01)

operation navigation chart—chart at a scale of 1:1,000,000 which representsthe combined requirements for a graphic to satisfy special military operations aswell as general navigation uses. Also called ONC. (NIMAL 805-1)

original classification—An initial determination that information requires, inthe interest of national security, protection against unauthorized disclosure, to-gether with a classification designation signifying the level of protection re-quired. (OPNAVINST 5510.1)

original classification authority—The authority to determine that informationrequires, in the interest of national security, protection against unauthorized dis-closure, together with a classification designation signifying the level ofprotection required. (OPNAVINST 5510.1)

orthorectifiy—The removal of distortions that may occur in original source im-agery, allowing the imagery to become a true scale representation of the groundand useable in automated systems for measurements of length, width, and azi-muth. (proposed for inclusion in JP 1-02)

orthomorphic projection—A projection in which the scale, although varyingthroughout the map, is the same in all directions at any point, so that very smallareas are represented by correct shape and bearings are correct. (JP 1-02)

overprint—Information printed or stamped upon a map or chart, in addition tothat originally printed, to show data of importance or special use. (JP 1-02)

photomap—A reproduction of a photograph or photomosaic upon which thegrid lines, marginal data, contours, place names, boundaries, and other data maybe added. (JP 1-02)

planning factors data base—Data bases created and maintained by the Mili-tary Services for the purpose of identifying all geospatial information and ser-vices requirements for emerging and existing forces and systems. The data baseidentifies: unit requirements for geospatial data and services; system require-ments for standard DOD geospatial data and services, research, development,test, and evaluation requirements for developmental systems, identified by


Milestone; and initial operating capability and full operating capability foremerging systems. Also called PFDB. (JP 1-02)

priority intelligence requirements—1. Those intelligence requirements forwhich a commander has an anticipated and stated priority in his task of planningand decisionmaking. Also called PIR. (JP 1-02) 2. In Marine Corps usage, an in-telligence requirement associated with a decision that will critically affect theoverall success of the command’s mission. (MCRP 5-12C)

product—The end item produced from GI&S source material for distribution inan appropriate medium, such as lithographic chart/map, video disc, CD-ROM,WORM, magnetic tape, computer printout, etc. The regulations regarding GI&Sproducts are applicable regardless of the medium in which the final product isdistributed. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

profile—A vertical section of the surface of the ground, or of underlying strata,or both, along any fixed line. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

radar intelligence map—An intermediate element in the process of light opti-cal radar simulation and in the production of analytical predictions. Also calledRIM. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

reach back—The ability to exploit resources, capabilities, expertise, etc., notphysically located in the theater or joint operations area, when established(MCRP 5-12C).

recompilation—The process of producing a map or chart that is essentially anew item and which replaces a previously published item. Normally, recompila-tion of a map or chart involves significant change to the horizontal position offeatures, revision of vertical values, improvement in planimeteric or navigation-al data, or any combination of these factors. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

reconnaissance—A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or oth-er detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemyor potential enemy, or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydro-graphic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. (JP 1-02)

reference datum—In GI&S usage, a general term applied to any datum, plane,or surface used as a reference or base from which other quantities can be mea-sured. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

release—The physical issuance of classified or unclassified GI&S informationor released data to a U.S. national, an official representative of a foreign govern-ment or international organization who possesses the necessary clearance andhas the need-to-know. The issuance is to be made in concert with the NDP-1 andis in the best interest of the United States. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

relief—Inequalities of elevation and the configuration of land features on thesurface of the Earth which may be represented on maps or charts by contours,hypsometric tints, shading, or spot elevations. (JP 1-02)

N-24___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-12.1

restricted—A classification indicating terrain that hinders movement. Little ef-fort is needed to enhance mobility through restricted terrain but units may havedifficulty maintaining preferred speeds, moving in combat formations, or transi-tioning from one formation to another. A force can generally use administrativeor march formations through restricted terrain with only minimal delay.(FM 34-130/FMFRP 3-23-2)

road map—A medium or small scale special purpose map, generally showingonly planimetric detail, with emphasis upon the road network and related data.Its main purpose is to furnish pertinent road information for tactical and admin-istrative troop movement. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

sailing chart—A small scale chart used for offshore sailing between distantcoastal ports and for plotting the navigator’s position out of sight of land and ashe approaches the coast from the open ocean. (NIMAL 805-1)

sailing directions—A descriptive book for the use of mariners, containing de-tailed information of coastal waters, harbor facilities, as well as other informa-tion. (NIMAL 805-1) sanitize—Revise a report or other document in such afashion as to prevent identification of sources, or of the actual persons and plac-es with which it is concerned, or of the means by which it was acquired. Usuallyinvolves deletion or substitution of names and other key details. (JP 1-02)

satellite geodesy—The discipline which employs observations of an earth satel-lite to extract geodetic information. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

scale—The ratio or fraction between the distance on a map, chart, or photographand the corresponding distance on the surface of the Earth. (JP 1-02)

search and rescue chart—A chart designed primarily for directing and con-ducting search and rescue operations. (NIMAL 805-1)

severely restricted—A classification indicating terrain that severely hinders orslows movement in combat formations unless some effort is made to enhancemobility. Severely restricted terrain includes manmade obstacles, such as min-efield and cities, as well as natural barriers. Severely restricted terrain general-ly slows or impedes administrative and march formations. (FM 34-130/FMFRP 3-23-2)

situational awareness—Knowledge and understanding of the current situationwhich promotes timely, relevant and accurate assessment of friendly, enemyand other operations within the battlespace in order to facilitate decisionmak-ing. An informational perspective and skill that foster an ability to determinequickly the context and relevance of events that are unfolding. Also called SA.(MCRP 5-12C).

small scale map—A map having a scale smaller than 1:600,000 (JP 1-02).

source materials—A collection term used in this publication to include col-laborative GI&S products and related data of all types. This includes aerial


photography, radar scope photography, maps, charts, graphics, geodetic data,bathymetric data, geomagnetic or gravity data, intelligence reports, and airfielddata. (NIMA MIL-HDBK-850)

staff cognizance—The responsibility and authority over designated staff func-tions assigned to a general or executive staff officer (or their subordinate staffofficers) in his are of primary interest. These responsibilities and authorities canrange from coordination within the staff to the assignment or delegation to thestaff officer by the commander to exercise his authority for a specified warfight-ing function or sub-function. Staff cognizance includes the responsibility for ef-fective use of available resources and may include the authority for planning theemployment of, organizing, assigning tasks, coordinating, and controlling forc-es for the accomplishment of assigned missions. Marine Corps orders and doc-trine provide the notional staff cognizance for general or executive staff officers,which may be modified by the commander to meet his requirements. (Proposedfor MCWP 6-2)

stereoscopic—Two separate images (as opposed to monoscopic) in which theeye views the subject from a different angle through separate optical paths. Dualimages slightly offset allows for the determination of elevation data. (proposedfor inclusion in JP 1-02)

sustained operations ashore—The employment of Marine Corps forces onland for an extended duration. It can occur with or without sustainment from thesea. Also called SOA (MCRP 5-12C).

tactical intelligence—1. Intelligence that is required for planning and conduct-ing tactical operations. (JP 1-02) 2. In Marine Corps usage, tactical intelligenceis concerned primarily with the location, capabilities, and possible intentions ofenemy units on the battlefield and with the tactical aspects of terrain and weath-er within the battlespace. (MCRP 5-12C) terrain analysis—The collection, anal-ysis, evaluation, and interpretation of geographic information on the natural andmanmade features of the terrain, combined with other relevant factors, to pre-dict the effect of the terrain on military operations. (JP 1-02) terrain intelli-gence—Processed information on the military significance of natural andmanmade characteristics of an area. (JP 1-02)

terrain study—An analysis and interpretation of natural and manmade featuresof an area, their effects on military operations, and the effect of weather and cli-mate on these features. (JP 1-02)

thematic layer—A map layer designed to portray a specific set of geographicfeatures (such as transportation, vegetation or drainage features). (This pub willbe the source). (Approved for inclusion in next revision of MCRP 5-12C.)

topographic map—A map which presents the vertical position of features inmeasurable form as well as their horizontal positions. (JP 1-02)

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topography—The configuration of the ground to include its relief and all fea-tures. Topography addresses both dry land and the sea floor (underwater topog-raphy). (JP 1-02)

trafficability—Capability of terrain to bear traffic. It refers to the extent towhich the terrain will permit continued movement of any and/or all types oftraffic. (JP 1-02)

traffic circulation map—A map showing traffic routes and the measures fortraffic regulation. It indicates the roads for use of certain classes of traffic, thelocation of traffic control stations, and the directions in which traffic may move.Also called a circulation map. (JP 1-02)

triaxial coordinates—Any coordinate system that includes values for the x, y& z axis (latitude, longitude, & elevation) of a point. (Approved for inclusion innext revision of MCRP 5-12C.)

unrestricted—A classification indicating terrain that is free of restrictions tomovement. (FM 34-130/FMFRP 3-23-2)

unsymbolized feature—Any feature that is resident within the geospatial infor-mation library that does not have an associated standard symbol for either hardcopy or electronic visualization/display. Such features will be represented aseither a point, line or polygon. (Approved for inclusion in next revision ofMCRP 5-12C.)

value-adding—The capability to develop and integrate new tactical informa-tion into existing geospatial information libraries in order to enhance informa-tion content in support of tactical operations. (Approved for inclusion in nextrevision of MCRP 5-12C.)

warfighting functions—The six mutually supporting military activities inte-grated in the conduct of all military operations are:

1. command and control—The means by which a commander recognizes whatneeds to be done and sees to it that appropriate actions are taken.2. maneuver—The movement of forces for the purpose of gaining an advantageover the enemy.3. fires—Those means used to delay, disrupt, degrade, or destroy enemy capa-bilities, forces, or facilities as well as affect the enemy’s will to fight.4. intelligence—Knowledge about the enemy or the surrounding environmentneeded to support decisionmaking.5. logistics—All activities required to move and sustain military forces.6. force protection—Actions or efforts used to safeguard own centers of gravitywhile protecting, concealing, reducing, or eliminating friendly critical vulnera-bilities. (MCRP 5-12C)war reserve stocks—That portion of total materiel assets which is designated tosatisfy the war reserve materiel requirement. Also called WRS. (JP 1-02)