geographic information systems applications in natural resource management
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Geographic Information Systems Applications in Natural Resource Management. Chapter 1 Geographic Information Systems. Michael G. Wing & Pete Bettinger. Chapter 1 Objectives. Why GIS use is prevalent in natural resource management - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Geographic Information
SystemsApplications in Natural Resource Management
Chapter 1
Geographic Information Systems
Michael G. Wing & Pete Bettinger
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Chapter 1 Objectives
Why GIS use is prevalent in natural resource management
Evolution of the development of GIS technology and key figures
Common spatial data collection techniques and input devices that are available
Common GIS output processes that are typical in natural resource management
The broad types of GIS software that are available.
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What is a GIS?
Multitude of definitions and applications are possible
Geographic Information System(s) GIS provides tools for solving specific problems
related to spatial data GIS can also be an acronym for GIScience
the identification and study of issues that are related to GIS use, affect its implementation, and that arise from its application (Goodchild, 1992)
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GIS Definitions
There are various definitions of a GIS that have evolved from different uses and disciplines.
A GIS minimally consists of a database, location information, and a digital link between them. Or, a digital connection that tells us where something is
and what it is Most GIS definitions identify the nature of
geographic or spatial data in making distinctions from other software programs.
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Non-spatial and spatial data
River Length
Nehalem 258761
N. Santiam 128433
Rogue 194639
Gauge Latitude Longitude
1 424210 1244292
2 456889 1238951
3 446867 1230064
4 440157 1241338
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GIS Applications
The digital mapping capabilities of GIS allows us to examine landscapes in ways that would be impossible or nearly impossible with other tools
GIS capabilities that benefit natural resource applications include: Measurements of landscapes or structures Resource mapping Overlays or integration of multiple information layers Modeling resources
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Brief GIS history
Written records of property boundary locations date to 1400 BC
The term “geographic information system” dates to the 1960s
Many associate overlay analysis with modern day GIS
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Stand Types Hydrology Roads Composite LayersTopography
Figure 1.1. GIS theme overlay.
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Overlay analysis history
The integration of multiple sources of information Demonstrated manually in 1854 by Dr. John Snow
in his isolation of cholera sources in London Demonstrated again:
1954, Jacqueline Tyrwhitt, Town & Country Planning Text Book
1969, Ian McHarg, Design with Nature Wouldn’t it be great to do this digitally?
The origin of modern day GIS…
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GIS history 1960s saw the development of spatial databases of land
cover USGS, US NRCS
Mapping programs began to appear IMGRID, CAM, SYMAP
CIA produces World Data Bank Coastlines, major rivers, political borders through out the world
US Census Bureau produces method for linking census information to locations for the 1970 census Based on respondent addresses
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GIS history
Roger Tomlinson drives the creation of the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) in 1964 First national GIS system
Land Use and Natural resource Inventory System LUNR, New York 1967
Minnesota Land Management System MLMIS, Minnesota 1969
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GIS history
The genesis of ArcGIS: Odyssey Produced by Harvard University in 1977 Graduate student Jack Dangermond worked on
Odyssey ArcInfo introduced in 1981
First major commercial GIS venture MapInfo corporation appears in 1986 The personal computer concept progresses
during the 1980s and becomes standard during the 1990s
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Why GIS and natural resources?
The origins of modern day GIS are with initial databases that described natural resource conditions CGIS LUNR MLMIS
Managing natural resources is a complicated business and GIS is particularly well suited as a mapping and analytical tool to support management decision-making Spatial considerations are paramount for natural resource monitoring and
management Software and hardware developments have brought GIS to the desktop of
many natural resource personnel Many employees now need to be at least conversant about GIS and related
technology Technological developments (GPS, LiDAR, Satellite imagery) make spatial
data availability much more affordably and readily than in the past Educational opportunities for GIS and related tools training is now widely
available
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Data collection processes & input devices Technology is constantly on the move Enhancements in digital technology for
measurement applications are frequent A multitude of tools are available for
spatial data capture but two important data considerations must always be taken into account regardless of the sophistication of the tool: accuracy and precision
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Accuracy and precision: two different animals Accuracy
The ability of a measurement to describe a landscape feature’s true location, size, or condition.
Accuracy is typically described in terms of a range or variance that details a threshold within which we would expect to find the likely value.
Precision Relates to the degree of specificity to which a
measurement is described. Can also describe the relative consistency among a
set of measurements.
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A B
DC
Figure 1.2. Examples of accuracy and precision.
Part A shows accurate and precise locations of data around the circle center;
Part B shows precise but not very accurate data;
Part C shows accurate, but not very precise data, and
Part D shows neither precise, nor accurate data around the circle center.
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Digitizing Many sizes from laptop to desk-sized ($200 -
$1500) Board has sensors that record instructions from
a “puck” Typically digitize from a hard-copy medium Need at least four points of known locations These are transferred to board as a series of
“tics” or registration points (Quad example) Puck is used to record points, lines, or
polygons
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Digitizer
Figure 1.3. Modern digitizing table.
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Scanningof images
Figure 1.4. Small format scanner.
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Aerial photography
Digital camera
On-boardcomputer
Camera fieldof view
Figure 1.5. Digital camera mounted on airplane.
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0 50 100
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
Laserscanner
Number of laser shots
Hei
ght (
m)
Figure 1.6. LIDAR system on aircraft (courtesy Dr. Jason Drake, U.S. Forest Service).
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Figure 1.8. Aerial photograph.
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Figure 1.9. Mirror stereoscope.
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Figure 1.10. Stereoplotter.
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Figure 1.11. Laser range finder.
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Digital Total Station
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Handheld Data Collectors
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Figure 1.12. GPS schematic.
Satellite
Satellite
Satellite
Satellite
Receiver
Earth
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Figure 1.13. GPS receiver and antenna.
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Figure 1.14. Example of multipath error in data collected through GPS.
Traillocation
Multipath error
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Figure 1.15. Screen display.
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Figure 1.16. Graphic image.
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GIS software
Several major packages ArcGIS, MGE Microstation, ERDAS Imagine
Many smaller, less featured programs MapInfo, Geomedia, ArcView 3.2
Evaluating a program is complicated Prices, capabilities, compatibility, support, user groups are all
factors that need to be carefully considered Bernard, A.M., & Prisley, S.P. 2005. Digital mapping
alternatives: GIS for the busy forester. Journal of Forestry, 103(4), 163–8. Examined nine GIS software packages costing less than $500