geo11 03 minerals
TRANSCRIPT
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MINERALS
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1. Define what a mineral is
2. Differentiate mineral from a rock
3. Identify mineral properties useful foridentification
4. Identify common rock-forming minerals
5. Name the mineral resources of the Philippines
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DEFINITION
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Homogeneous Solid
Definite chemical composition
Solid ordered internal structure
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Mga nagpapanggap na
minerals (MINERALOID)naturally occurring, inorganic material
that is amorphous
Ex. glass, opal
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POLYMORPHISM
ability of a specific chemical substance tocrystallize in more than one configuration, which is
dependent upon changes in temperature,pressure, or both
Marcasite
FeS2
Pyrite
http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/4/F/graphite.jpg
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CarbonGraphite Diamond
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIESOF MINERALS
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Color
caused by the absorption, or lack of absorption,of various wavelengths of light
malachite fluorite sulfur
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May also be due to impurities = not a gooddiagnostic property
citrine
amethyst smoky qtz
quartz corundum
Color
milky qtz
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Streak
- the color of a mineral in powdered form
- not always identical to the color
- Metals: usually dark streak
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resistance of mineral to abrasion or
scratching
Mohs Scale of
Hardness1. Talc
2. Gypsum
3. Calcite
4. Fluorite
5. Apatite6. Orthoclase7. Quartz
8. Topaz9. Corundum
10. Diamond
Hardness
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Talc Gypsum Calcite
Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase
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Quartz Topaz
Corundum Diamond
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TheGeologistCan
FindAnOrdinaryQuartz (that)TouristsCallDiamond
Mohs Scale of Hardness
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Crystal Habit
the shapes and aggregates that a certain mineral islikely to form
fibrous acicular platy
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rhomboid
cubic
tabular
rosette
dodecahedron
Crystal Habit
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Crystal Form
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Cleavage
the tendency of amineral to breakin particulardirections due to
zones ofweakness in thecrystal structure
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Cleavage
Fractures or irregular breakages occur when bondstrengths in a crystal structure is equal in all directions.
conchoidalfracture
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Luster
the ability of minerals to reflect light
non-metallic
glassy
earthy
pearly
resinous
metallic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg -
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Specific Gravity
Ratio of volume of a substance and theweight of the same volume of water
Graphite = 2.0 g/cm3
Gold = 15 19.3 g/cm3
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Other properties
1. Magnetism ex. Magnetite (Fe3O4)
2. Fluorescence ex. Fluorite (CaF2)
3. Reaction to chemicals ex. CaCO3
4. Taste ex. NaCl
5. Odor ex. Sulfur
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CLASSIFICATION OFMINERALS
Bases for Classification
1. Composition
2. Crystal structure
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Chemical composition
Single element (e.g. Cu, Au, S)
2 elements (e.g. halite, pyrite)
Greater number of different kinds of atoms(e.g. Colemanite (CaB3O4(OH)3H2O))
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Relative Abundance of the MostCommon Elements in the Crust
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Abundance of minerals in the crust
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The Silicate Group
- largest group of minerals
- compounds containing silicon and oxygen
- building block: silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO4)-4
Si+4
O-2
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1. Native metals single element
e.g. gold (Au), silver (Ag),iron (Fe), graphite (C)
The Non-silicate Group
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2. Oxides oxygen plus metal
e.g. hematite (Fe2O
3), magnetite (Fe
3O
4),
corundum (Al2O3)
The Non-silicate Group
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3. Sulfides metal(s) plus sulfur, w/outoxygen
opaque with distinct colors
e.g. pyrite (FeS2), galena (PbS)
The Non-silicate Group
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4. Sulfates metal(s) plus sulfate (SO4)
e.g. barite (BaSO4), anhydrite (Ca SO4)
The Non-silicate Group
5. Carbonates metal(s) plus carbonate(CO3)
e.g. calcite (CaCO3)
CarbonatesSulfates
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6. Phosphates metal(s) plus phosphate(PO4)
e.g. apatite (Ca5(PO4)3F)
The Non-silicate Group
7. Halides metal(s) plus halogen element(Cl, F, I)
e.g. halite (NaCl), fluorite (CaF2)
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8. Hydroxides metal(s) plus hydroxyl(OH)
e.g. gibbsite (Al(OH)3)
The Non-silicate Group
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THE MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS
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Feldspar
Quartz
Olivine
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Pyroxene
Amphibole
Mica
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Clay
Calcite
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Economic importance
Non-renewable resource processes thatcreate the resources are so slow (takesmillions of years to accumulate)
Mineral resources sources of metalsand other materials
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Economic importance
1. Ores useful metallic(and some nonmetallic)minerals that can beextracted and whichcontain usefulsubstances
2. Gemstones
METAL ORE
Al Bauxite
Cr Chromite
Cu Bornite
Chalcopyrite
Au Native gold
Fe Hematite
Zn Sphalerite
P t ti l d d it
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12
43
6
78
9
1012
5
11
Potential areas and deposits:
1. Luzon Central Cordillera Au,Cu, Fe, Mn
2. Northern Sierra Madre Cr, Ni,Cu
3. Zambales Cr, Ni, Co, Pt, Cu, Au
4. Vizcaya-Aurora Cu, Au
5. Bicol Au, Fe, Cu
6. Southern Tagalog Cu, Au, Ni,Co
7. Central Visayas Cu, Au, Mn
8. Samar-Eastern Mindanao Au,Cu, Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Pt, Mn
9. North Central Mindanao
Cr,Cu, Au
10. Zamboanga Peninsula Au, Cu,Cr, Fe
11. Southern Mindanao Cu, Au
12. Palawan Cr, Ni, Co, Pt, Au
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Gold in the Philippines
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Copper in the Philippines
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Trivia
Luzonite
Composition Cu3AsS4
Locality Mankayan,Luzon Island
(1874)
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