geo-environmental investigation of the...

`

GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DABKA WATERSHED NORTH-WEST NAINITAL WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PROBLEMS OF

MASS MOVEMENT AND WATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

A thesis submitted to the Kumaun University, Nainital

For the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

GEOLOGY

By

KUMAR ABHISHEK

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

KUMAUN UNIVERSITY, NAINITAL, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

2012

Estelar

`

Estelar

`

This Thesis is Dedicated

to My beloved

Father Sh. Sachida Nand Sinha

& Mother

Smt. Rekha Sinha

Estelar

`

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel greatly honored to express my deep sense of gratitude and appreciation

for my supervisor, Prof. Charu C. Pant, Head of the Department, Dept. of

Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital. His wide knowledge, dynamic

supervision, zealous co-operation, logical way of thinking and encouraging

behavior has been of great value for me and provided a good basis for the

present thesis.

The author wishes to put on record his special thanks to Department of Science

and Technology (DST), New Delhi, for the financial assistance provided under

the project “ Geo-environmental Appraisal of the Dabka watershed, Kumaun

Lesser Himalaya, District Nainital : A Model for sustainable Development”

sanctioned to Prof. Charu C. Pant.

I am also thankful to Prof. A.K. Sharma, Department of Geology, Kumaun

University, Nainital for his valuable suggestions, help and kind insistence on

the timely completion of this work.

My sincere gratitude to Prof. P.D. Pant, Department of Geology, Kumaun

University, Nainital, for his valuable guidance in the field and laboratory. I

would like to gratefully acknowledge the suggestion and help extended by Prof.

Pradeep Goswami, Department of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital and

support during the course of the investigation.

I owe my most sincere gratitude to Prof. M.K. Jain, Dept. of Hydrology and

Prof. U.C. Kothyari, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Dr. K.G. Ranga

Raju, IIT Mumbai for providing some of the data and guidance in running the

software pertaining to USLE model. Prof. S.K. Mishra, WRDM, IIT Roorkee,

Dr. S. K. Bartarya, Senior scientist Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology,

Dehradun provided some literature from his personal collection, for which I am

indebted to him.

Estelar

`

Estelar

`

CONTENT

Acknowledgement

List of Figures i-v

List of Tables vi-vii

Chapter- I: Introduction 1-22

1.1 General 1-2

1.2 Objective of the present investigation 4

1.3 Previous work 4-5

1.4 Location and approach 6

1.5 Data collection 8

1.6 Methodology 8-9

1.7 Demography 9

1.8 Soil type 11

1.9 Climate 13

1.10 Vegetation 15

1.11 Structural set-up of the area 15-16

1.12 Geological set-up 17-22

1.12.1 Nagthat Formation 19

1.12.2 Blaini Formation 19-20

1.12.3 Krol Formation 22

1.12.4 Tal Formation 22

Chapter-II: Geomorphology 23-48

2.0 General 23-24

2.1 Methodology 27

2.2 Drainage analysis 29

2.2.1 Channel system 29

Estelar

`

2.2.1.1 Stream order 29

2.2.1.2 Stream number 29

2.2.2 Branching relationship 31-33

2.2.2.1 Stream length 31

2.2.2.2 Stream length ratio 32

2.2.2.3 Mean stream length 32

2.2.2.4 Bifercation ratio 32

2.2.2.5 Length of over land flow 32

2.2.3 Drainage basin system 33

2.2.4 Basin shape 33-34

2.2.4.1 Form factor 33

2.2.4.2 Circularity ratio 33

2.2.4.3 Elongation ratio 34

2.2.4.4 Unity shape factor 34

2.2.5 Basin texture 34-35

2.2.5.1 Drainage density 34

2.2.5.2 Stream frequency 35

2.2.5.3 Constant of channel maintenance 35

2.2.6 Infiltration number 35

2.2.7 Basin relief 35-36

2.2.7.1 Relief ratio 36

2.2.7.2 Relative relief 36

2.2.7.3 Ruggedness number 36

2.3 Land use/ land cover 38-48

2.3.1 General 38

2.3.2 Methodology 38

2.3.3 Land use/Land cover analysis 41

2.3.4 Land use/Land cover dynamics 41-42

Estelar

`

2.4 Observation and discussion 47-48

Chapter-III: Geohydrology 49-59

3.1 General 49

3.2 Methodology 49

3.3 Spring hydrology 51

3.3.1 Types of springs 51

3.3.2 Control of spring 53


Chapter-IV: Rain water harvesting 60-78

4.1 General 60-61

4.2 Methodology for Rainwater harvesting 61-62

4.3 Site selection for harvesting 62-64

4.4 Roof top rainwater harvesting 66-68

4.4.1 Component of roof top rainwater harvesting 66

4.4.2 Methodology for roof top rainwater harvesting 67

4.4.3 Sample calculation for effective harvesting 67-68

4.5 Observation and Discussion 78

Chapter-V: Mass Movement 79-152

5.1 General 79-80

5.2 Landslide 80

5.2.1 Landslide Hazard Zonation 82

5.2.2 Classification of landslide 82

5.2.3 Methodology 83

5.2.4 Data used 84

5.2.5 Landslide Hazard Zones analysis 96

5.2.6 Village wise landslide analysis 97-103

5.2.7 Landslide hazard zone dynamics 106-107

5.2.8 Discontinuities 107-110

Estelar

`

5.2.9 Preventing measures for landslide hazards 110-112

5.2.9.1 Engineering measures 110-112

5.2.9.2 Vegetal measures 112

5.3 Erosion 114

5.3.1 Data used 115

5.3.2 Mechanism of soil erosion 115-117

5.3.3 Models of watershed hydrology 117-120

5.3.4 Model description 120-122

5.3.5 Description of the maps 122-123

5.3.6 Methodology 124-138

5.3.6.1 Generation of Erosion potential map 136

5.3.6.2 Estimation of Gross soil erosion 138

5.3.7 Analysis of village wise erosion in year 2002 142

5.3.8 Sediment load 142-145

5.3.8.1 Bed load 143

5.3.8.2 Suspended load 143

5.3.8.3 Dissolved load 145

5.3.9 Preventing measures for soil erosion 146


Chapter-VI: Summary and Conclusion 153-161

Reference 162-178

Estelar

` i

LIST OF FIGURES

Page No.

Fig. 1.1: Due to creep on the slopes the school building has been extensively damaged. Locality- Ghughukhan 3

Fig. 1.2: Large amount of sediment accumulation in the Dabka River near its outlet. Location- Bagjala 3

Fig. 1.3: Location map of the Dabka watershed 7

Fig. 1.4: Village map of the Dabka watershed 10

Fig. 1.5: Soil map of the Dabka watershed 12

Fig. 1.6: Meteorological station established at Aniya 14

Fig. 1.7: Hydrological station established at Ghughukhan. 14

Fig. 1.8: Map showing position of Karol Belt (After Gansser, 1964) 15

Fig. 1.9: Geological map of the Dabka Watershed 18

Fig. 1.10: Lithostratigraphic succession and correlation of the Karol Group rocks of the Nanital Hills (After Valdiya, 1988) 21

Fig. 2.1: Stream order of the Dabka sub-watershed 26

Fig. 2.2: Stream ordering Strahler 1957 (From www.fgmorph.com) 27

Fig. 2.3: The pattern of stream order and Dabka sub-watershed. 28

Fig. 2.4: Stream order map of the Dabka watershed 30

Fig. 2.5: Stream number and length of Dabka watershed 31

Fig. 2.3.1: Land use/land cover between 1998 to 2010 40

Fig. 2.3.2: Land use/ land cover map of year 1998 44



Estelar

` ii

Fig. 3.1: A Spring near Bagjala (perennial) which is being

used for supply of water to the villagers through

pipes 52

Fig. 3.2: Perenneal spring. Location- Near Ghughukhan 52

Fig. 3.3: Spring distribution map of the Dabka watershed 54

Fig. 3.4: Hydrographic pattern of the springs of the Dabka

watershed 56

Fig. 3.5: Monthly hydrograph pattern of the Dabka

watershed and their sub-watershed 58

Fig. 4.1: A sample of Shaugel pond 63

Fig. 4.2: Proposed locations for water harvesting structures

in Dabka watershed 66

Fig. 4.3: Sample of roof top rain water harvesting for hilly

area 67

Fig. 5.1: Landslide in Krol group rocks. Note the large

landslide fan developed in the river channel.

Location – Chhara 81

Fig. 5.2: Landslide in highly jointed Quartzite. Location-

Near Baghni 81

Fig. 5.2.1: Geological map (weightage) showing distribution

of rocks 85

Fig. 5.2.2: Weathering map (weightage of the Dabka

watershed 86

Fig. 5.2.3: Slope map (weightage) showing distribution of

slope 87

Fig. 5.2.4: Soil Depth map of the Dabka watershed 88

Fig. 5.2.5: Land use/land cover year 1998 map (weightage)

of the Dabka watershed 89

Estelar

` iii





Fig. 5.2.8: Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) map year

1998 92


2002 93


2010 94

Fig. 5.2.11: Landslide Hazard Zonation map overlay with Landslide map of the area year 2010 95

Fig. 5.2.12: Relation between classification and change in area in year 1998, 2002 and 2010 97

Fig. 5.2.13: Graph showing village wise Landslide Hazard Zones in year 1998 (On the basis of classification) 99



Fig. 5.2.16: Area of Landslide Hazard Zone change in 1998, 2002 and 2010 106

Fig. 5.2.17: A huge rock fall near Dhiriya Pather (Rock-Slate and Quartzite). 108

Fig. 5.2.18: A rock fall near Dhiriya Pather. View from a distance. 109

Fig. 5.2.19: Proposed preventing measures for landslides hazard (Engineering measures) 111

Estelar

` iv

Fig. 5.2.20: Proposed preventing measures for landslides hazard (Vegetal measures) 113

Fig. 5.3.1: The relationship between mean annual sediment yield and annual defective precipitation proposed by Langbein and Schumm (1958). 115

Fig. 5.3.2: Development of Gully erosion in an area devoid of vegetation. Location-Near Bansi. 117

Fig. 5.3.3: Discretized grid cells in the Dabka watershed 120

Fig. 5.3.4: Digital Elevation Model (Dem) map of the Dabka

watershed 125

Fig. 5.3.5: Flow Direction map of the Dabka watershed 126

Fig. 5.3.6: Flow Accumulation map of the Dabka

watershed 127

Fig. 5.3.7: Upslope contributing area map of the Dabka

watershed 128

Fig. 5.3.8: Specific area map of the Dabka watershed 129

Fig. 5.3.9: Slope map of the Dabka watershed 130

Fig. 5.3.10: L-factor map of the Dabka watershed 131

Fig. 5.3.11: S-factor map of the Dabka watershed 132

Fig. 5.3.12: LS-factor map of the Dabka watershed 133

Fig. 5.3.13: C-factor map of the Dabka watershed 134

Fig. 5.3.14: Soil Erodibility factor (K-factor) map of the

Dabka watershed 135

Fig. 5.3.15: Potential Erosion (KLSCP) map of the Dabka

watershed 137

Fig. 5.3.16: Gross Soil erosion map of the Dabka Watershad 139

Fig. 5.3.17: Comprision between Bed load, Suspended load,

Dissolved load and Total load in mini-

microwatershed 143

Estelar

` v

Fig. 5.3.18: Sample mini-microwatershed 144

Fig. 5.3.19: Proposed preventing measures for Soil erosion

in Dabka watershed 147

Fig. 5.3.20: Road induced landslide on a slope comprising of

ancient landslide deposits. Location: Newly

constructed Saur-Katabagh road 148

Fig. 5.3.21: Agricultural land damaged by the landslide

induced. Location- Along Saur-Katabagh road 149

Fig. 5.3.22: Large amount of sediment being carried away

by small stream during rainy season. 150

Fig. 5.3.23: The Western Dabka showing extensive sedimentation in the channel. 150

Fig. 5.3.24: Road induced landslide. Location- near Ghughukhan. 151

Fig. 5.3.25: Road induces landslide along Saur-Katabagh road. 152

Estelar

` vi

LIST OF TABLES

Page No.

Table 1.1 Tectonostaratigraphic set-up of the Nainital Hills 17

Table 1.2 Lithostratigraphic set-up of the Titkhet Hills, Nainital 20

Table 2.1 Stream order of the Dabka sub-watershed 25

Table 2.2 Drainage order of the Dabka watershed 31

Table 2.3 Morphometric parameters of the Dabka watershed 37

Table 2.3.1 Land Use/land Cover interpretation key 39

Table 2.3.2 Land Use/land Cover during 1998-2010 40

Table 2.3.3 Land Use/land Cover Dynamics during 1998-2010 43

Table 3.1 Location and geological control of sample springs with their population

feeding capacity 50

Table 3.2 Average monthly 22 spring discharge during 2006 to 2008 55

Table 3.3 Monthly stream Discharge of the Dabka watershed 57

Table 4.1 Run off co-efficient of various surfaces 68-69

Table 4.2 Availability of Rainwater through Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting 70

Table 4.3 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting in Bansi village 71

Table 4.4 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting in Ghughukhan village 72

Table 4.5 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting in Sigri village 73

Table 4.6 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting in Saur village 74

Table 4.7 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting in Dola village 75

Table 4.8 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting in Baghani village 76

Table 4.9 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting in Jalna village 76

Table 4.10 Village wise analysis for Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting 77

Table 5.2.1 Types of landslide, Abbreviated version of Varnes classification

of slope movement (Varnes, 1978) 82

Table 5.2.2 Landslide Hazard Rating System 83

Estelar

` vii

Table 5.2.3 Area of landslide hazard zone with respect to classification 96

Table 5.2.4 Village wise landslide hazard zone in year 1998 98



Table 5.2.7 Area of landslide hazard zone change in sq km between 1998, 2002 and 2010 106

Table 5.3.1 Cover management (c) factor for Dabka watershed 138

Table 5.3.2 Soil map unit property and computed K value 140

Table 5.3.3 Analysis of village wise erosion in year 2002 141

Table 5.3.4 Annual sediment load in different land use pattern year (2006-2008) 142

Estelar

geo-environmental investigation of the...

Documents