genus thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) from pakistan with most commonly recorded species

INTRODUCTION

Thrips L. are mostly phytophagous attackingflowers, leaves, buds and fruits. They damage theplant leaves from lower side, especially alongveins. Some of them act as vectors of bacterial, fun-gal and viral diseases to plants. The tomato spott-ed wilt virus is transmitted by T. palmi Karny ingroundnuts in India and watermelons in Japan, byT. setosus Moulton in tomatoes in Japan and by T.tabaci Lindeman in tobacco in central Europe(Zawriska, 1983). Several species of Thrips play animportant role in the pollination of crops. For exa-mple, T. hawaiiensis (Morgan) is probably an effec-tive pollinator for oil and banana palms in the paci-fic region and T. imagines Bagnall and T. obscura-tus (Crawford) in Australia and New Zealand (Kirk,1984). In 1973, thrips appeared on young cottonseedlings in an epidemic form and necessitated theresowing of crop at many places in Sukkur in Paki-stan (Yunus et al., 1980). Bhatti (1980) in his revi-sion of Genus Thrips reported only three speciesfrom Pakistan. Palmer (1992) recorded four speciesof Thrips from Pakistan, which included the alreadydescribed ones by Bhatti (1980) and provided detail-

ed description for these.Keeping in view the importance of these tiny

creatures as pests, disease causing agents, pollina-tors and the scanty work on their systematics inPakistan, the present investigation was undertak-en to provide key for the identification of commonlyoccurring Thrips species of Pakistan along withdescription of those recorded for the first time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adult thrips were collected from different locali-ties of Pakistan falling in four climatic regions viz.,tropical coastal lands, subtropical continental lowlands, subtropical continental high lands andchaghai-kharan regions.

Thrips were dusted on white stiff paper fromcrops, vegetables, fruit trees, ornamentals, weeds,rotting logs, bushes, hedges, foliage, decaying orfungus infested branches and bark of trees. Thenthese were picked up with a moist camel hair bru-sh and preserved in vials containing 70% alcoholand a drop of glycerin and finally labeled.

The entire slide preparation procedure of Palmeret al. (1992) was adapted. However, the specimenshave been finally mounted in Hoyer’s medium andthereafter dried at a temperature of 45�C for 24hours.

* Corresponding authorE--mail: [email protected], Tel: 82--63--270--2528

── 277 ──

Genus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Pakistan with Most Commonly Recorded Species

AKRAM, Waseem*, Jin-Bog KOH1 and Jong-Jin LEE2

Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 1Department of Life Science, Shilla University, Busan, 616-736 Korea;

2Faculty of Bio-Resources Science, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, 561-756 Korea

ABSTRACT Genus Thrips Linnaeus ranks as the most commonly distributed genus in Pakistan and as such, itsmembers largely occur on crops. The species of genus Thrips L. are taxonomically reviewed and keyed. Amongst the 14species recognized, six species T. alatus Bhatti, T. decens Palmer, T. florum Schmutz, T. garuda Bhatti, T.kodaikanalensis Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish and T. unonae Priesner are recorded for the first time from Pakistan.An account on habitat of 14 species presently known, along with detailed description and figures of 6 species is givenfor the future investigation.

Key words : Thrips, Systematics, Pakistan

KOREAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 277~~286, December 2003

Research Paper

Korean J. Entomol., 33(4), December 2003

Identification was done with the help of Swiftmicroscope M3300-D at magnifications of 40×,100× and 400× that was provided with a cameraand a TV. Measurements of different body partswere recorded with an ocular micrometer. Illustra-tions of body parts have been made either freehand or traced after projecting on the butter paper.

Detailed description of the genus Thrips and itsspecies is provided along with differential charac-ters. Information on places of occurrence, plantswith their botanical names and dates when collect-ed have been given. The information on altitude,latitude, longitude, rainfall and average precipita-tion is also provided (table. 1). A single specimen ofeach species collected has been deposited in the In-sectary Museum, Department of Agri-EntomologyUniversity of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan(UAFP).

AbbreviationsAntennal segment (A(n).L.); Anteroangular (Aa);

Anteromarginal (Am); Antiocellar setae (AOS);Campaniform sensilla (CPS); Fore wing (FW) ; Forevein setae number (FVS#); Lower vein setae num-ber (LVS#); Hind wing (HW); Fringe of hairs (FH);Interocellar seta (IOS); Metanotal sculpture (MNS);Median metanotal seta (MMNS); Ocellar triangle(OT); Postocular seta (POS); Posteroangular (Pa);Posteromarginal setae length (Pm (s) L.); Sterna(S(n)); Terga (T(n)).

SYSTEMATICS AND ACCOUNT

Genus Thrips Linneaus 1758

Key to the Species of Genus Thrips ofPakistan

1. Male ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙12- Female ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙22. Accessory setae absent on all abdominal ster-

nites ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙3- Abdominal setae present at least on segments

2-6 ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙73. Campaniform sensilla absent ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙4- Campaniform sensilla present ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙54. Laterotergites with rows of ciliate microtri-

chia; fore wings with 28 costal setae ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙tabaci Lindeman- Laterotergites without rows of ciliate micro-

trichia; fore wings with 20 costal setae ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙garuda Bhatti

5. IOS inside ocellar triangle; fore wings lowervein setae 14 ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙flavus Schrank- IOS outside ocellar triangle; fore wings lower

vein setae never 14 ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙66. Abdomen with brown markings; mouth cone

approaching mid of prosternum; fore wingcostal setae 30 ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙carthami Shumsher- Abdomen without brown markings; mouth

cone approaching base of prosternum; forewing costal setae 23 ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙palmi Karny

7. Sternum seven without accessory setae; MNSpolygonally reticulate, wrinkled; T8 withoutcomb ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙orientalis (Bagnall)- Stenum seven with accessory setae; MNS stri-

ate; T8 with comb ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙88. Predominantly pale yellow ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙9- Dark brown ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙109. Abdomen concolorous with body; laterotergites

with accessory setae present; T8 with comb ab-sent medially ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙apicatus Priesner- Abdomen shaded brown; laterotergites without

accessory setae; T8 with comb complete andwell-developed ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙coloratus Schmutz

10. POS1 very well-developed; MNS with few weakreticulations, internally wrinkled ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙unonae Priesner- POS1 as long as setae 3, 5 and 6; MNS broadly

striate, without wrinkles ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙1111. Scale with basal discal setae longer than the

apical setae; pronotum with one pair of subla-

278

Table 1. Showing Latitude, Longitude, Altitude, Tempera-ture and Rainfall of Different Collection Sites ofPakistan

Locality Latitude Longitude Altitude Tempera- Rainfallture

Chakwal 32-70N 72-38E 0201 22.50 0710.00Chitral 35-51N 71-56E 4917 14.10 0442.80Cholistan 28-25N 70-25E 0083 26.50 0112.00Faisalabad 31-25N 73-06E 0214 24.50 0350.00Islamabad 33-45N 73-13E 0530 20.50 1140.00Kalam 34-50N 72-30E 2137 13.00 1400.00Kalat 29-05N 66-05E 1937 16.50 0240.00Mansehra 34-12N 73-14E 0900 20.00 1000.00Mardan 34-30N 72-10E 0293 23.00 0310.00Multan 30-12N 71-30E 0121 26.50 0168.00Murree 34-10N 73-40E 2300 12.50 1750.00Quetta 30-13N 66-57E 1586 15.50 0340.00Rawalpindi 33-40N 73-15E 0507 21.50 1120.00Sargodha 32-10N 72-47E 0218 24.00 0360.00Sialkot 32-30N 74-32E 0249 23.50 0960.00Sibi 29-28N 67-40E 1276 26.50 0117.00Swat 35-45N 72-25E 0990 18.50 1000.00Zhob 31-20N 69-27E 1384 19.00 0304.00Ziarat 29-33N 67-54E 2277 15.50 1130.00

AKRAM et al. -- Genus Thrips from Pakistan 279

teral setae only better developed ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙florum Schmutz- Scale with basal discal setae shorter than the

apical setae; pronotum with three pairs of bet-ter developed setae i.e., two pairs of anterosub-marginal and one pair of sublateral setae oneither sides ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙hawaiiensis (Morgan)

12. Metanotal companiform sensilla present ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙13-Metanotal companiform sensilla absent ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙14

13. IOS inside the ocellar triangle; T8 with pseudo-comb ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙decens Palmer- IOS outside the ocellar triangle; T8 without

comb ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙orientalis (Bagnall)14. T9 with b1 shorter than b2 and close to one an-

other; T8 with comb absent ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙alatus Bhatti- T9 with b1 equal to b2, former slightly closer to

latter; T8 with comb reduced ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙kodaikanalensis Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish

Thrips alatus BhattiThrips alatus Bhatti, 1980, Syst. Ent. 15: 109-

166.Male. Macropterous; body yellow; mouth cone tip,

apical half of A3 and A4-7 dark brown. All setaeexcept Pa yellow.

Head wider (174.27 µm) than long (114.28 µm);posterior half of dorsum transversely striated; IOSoutside the OT, AOS one pair as long as IOS; POSsix pairs, 2 and 4 minute. Antennae 7-segmented,A3-6 with rows of microtrichia, A3-4 with forkedsense cones, latter with cone longer than former.Mouth cone short, rounded.

Thorax heavily setose, Pa well-developed 57.14µm long, discal, Aa, Am, Pm equal/ sub-equal.Metanotal sculpture with longitudinal striae;MMNS behind anterior margin; CPS present. Forewings with veinal and costal setae of uniform leng-th and their number being 20 costal, FV 4±3±3,LV 10; fringe posterior of FW and HW wavy.

Abdominal tergum 5-8 with ctenidia more defin-ed while T3-4 with few trichia; median setae closeto anterior margin; T8 without Pm comb; T9 with b2

(42.85 µm) shorter than b1 (39.99 µm) and close toone another. Sterna with three pairs of Pm setaeon S3-8, accessory setae absent; S3-7 with trans-verse glandular area nearly oval on posterior ster-na.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 1�, Murree,26-VIII-1996, W. Akram, UAFP.

Habitat. Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon).Discussion. This species has been recorded for

the first time from Pakistan. A single male collect-ed conforms to the published descriptions (Bhatti,1980; Palmer, 1992) of this species.

Thrips apicatus PriesneThrips apicatus Priesner, 1934, Natuurk. Tid-

schr. Ned-Indie 94: 254-290.

Discussion. The collected female largely con-forms to the published description (Ananthakrish-nan and Sen, 1980; Palmer, 1992; Saeed andYousuf, 1994) of this species but differ from that ofBhatti (1980) in the following characters:

IOS well outside the ocellar triangle; MMNS (Fig.1) distinctly away from the anterior margin; trian-gular dentate microtrichia absent on laterotergites;abdominal terga 4-7 without median light brownspot; T8 with posteromarginal comb absent me-dially; laterotergites with three to four accessorysetae.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 3♀, Chak-wal, 7-IV-1996, W. Akram, 2♀, Sibi, 6-VII-1996,M. Nasir, UAFP.

Habitat. Silver cock’s comb (Celosia argentea);Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)

Thrips carthami ShumsherThrips carthami Shumsher, 1946, Indian J. Ent.

7: 147-188.

Discussion. Minor variations have been observ-ed in the collected specimens. Antennae are totallybrown in one of the individual, while in others A1-3

are yellow, the rest totally brown. Variations in thearrangement of campaniform sensilla on metascu-tum have also been observed. MMNS although

Fig. 1. Thrips apicatus metanotal sculpture with medianmetanotal setae away from anterior margin.


away from anterior border but distance from thelatter is varied. This species was reported previ-ously by Bhatti (1980) and Palmer (1992) fromPakistan and has again been recorded during thepresent studies.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 1♀, Lala-zar, 1-VII-1997, W. Akram; 2♀, Paya, 17-VII-1997, W. Akram, UAFP.

Habitat. Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon);Walnut (Juglans regia).

Thrips coloratus SchmutzThrips colorata Schmutz, 1913, Sitz. Akad.

Wissen. Wein 122: 921-1102.Thrips japonica Bagnall, 1914, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. 13(8): 287-297.Thrips melanurus Bagnall, 1926, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. 18(9): 98.114Thrips aligherini Girault, 1927, 36:1-2 Private,

Brisbane.Thrips coloratus coloratus Bhatti, 1980, Syst.

Ent. 5: 109-166.Thrips coloratus japonicus Bhatti, 1980, Syst.

Ent. 5: 109-166.

Discussion. The geographical distribution ofthis species has been limited to upper Punjab. Thespecimens vary largely in colour of antennae, abdo-men and posteromarginal comb on the 8th abdomi-nal tergum. Both conditions i.e., irregular andbroad based microtrichia of comb and regular ones,have been recorded in individuals collected fromthese localities.

The collected female specimen largely conformsto the published description (Ananthakrishnan andSen, 1980; Bhatti, 1980; Sen et al., 1988; Palmer,1992) of this species, but differ in the followingcharacters:

Mouth cone not reaching base of prosternum;eyes with reddish pigmentation; antennal segmentsix not shorter than three; fore wings pale grey tobrown, with 25 costal setae; legs without margindark.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 3♀, Chha-rapani, 26-VIII-1996, W. Akram; 1♀, Chhattar,26-VIII-1996, W. Akram; 1♀, Islamabad, 21-IV-1996, W. Akram; 3♀, Murree, 26-VIII-1996, W.Akram, UAFP.

Habitat. Apple (Pyrus malus); Indian horse ches-tnut (Aesculus indica); Jasmeen (Jasminim sam-bac); Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa sinensis);

Tamarisk (Tamarix dioica).

Thrips decens PalmerThrips decens Palmer, 1992, Bull. Br. Mus. Nat.

Hist. (Ent.). 61(1): 1-76.Male macropterous; brown. A3-5 yellow except

apices; all tarsi, apices of tibiae pale. Head withprominent striations; wider (243±0.81 µm) thanlong (186.17±0.77 µm). IOS inside OT; POS sixpairs, POS2 rudimentary, POS4 shorter than rema-ining (Fig. 2A). Antennae 7-segmented, A2-6 withrows of microtrichia, A3-4 with forked sense cones,A5 (60.30±0.62 µm) decidedly smaller than A3,4,6

(86.12±0.92; 86.12±0.92; 77.86±1.00 µm).Pronotum with a pair of submarginal lateral pro-

minent setae, Pm three pairs; Pa1 (112.08±1.05µm) while Pa2 (86.28±1.19 µm) long. MNS (Fig. 2B)polygonally reticulate, posteriorly elongate, withinternal wrinkles, CPS absent, MMNS behindanterior margin, closer and as long as lateral. Forewings FV almost with complete row of venial setae

280

Fig. 2. Thrips decens. (A) Head with interocellar and postocular setae. (B) Metanotal sculpture with medianmetanotal setae away from anterior margin.

A

B


in upper (7±4±5) and lower (17) veins; fringe pos-terior of FW (# 66) and HW (# 49) wavy.

Abdominal terga3-8 with ctenidia; T3-7 with broadtransverse glandular areas. T8 with comb absent, ifpresent then pseudo-shaped. T9 with b1 (29.25±0.96 µm) longer than b2 (26.17±1.00 µm), the for-mer closer to latter than to one another (Males). T10

with very prominent (112.03±0.96 µm) dark brownsetae placed laterally.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 2�, Faisala-bad, 15-II-1997, W. Akram; 2�, Faisalabad, 12-I-1997, W. Akram, UAFP.

Habitat. Jasmeen (Jasminim sambac).Discussion. This species has been recorded for

the first time from Pakistan, and agree with thepublished description of Palmer (1992) of this spec-ies. Single specimen of a male has been depositedin the Insect Museum, UAFP for future references.

Thrips flavus SchrankThrips flavus Schrank, 1776, 31-33, Jacot Guil-

larmond.Physothrips flavidus Bagnall, 1916, Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist. (8) 17: 397-412.Thrips flavidus Bagnall, 1916, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. (8) 17: 397-412.Thrips clarus Moulton, 1916, Proc. Hawaii Ent.

Soc. 7: 105-134.Thrips nilgiriensis Ramakrishna, 1928, Mem.

Dept. Agric. Ind. Ent. Ser. 10: 217-316.Taeniothrips sulfuratus Priesner,1935, Philipp.

J. Sci. 57: 351-375.Thrips flavus Priesner, Konowia, 1935, 14:323.Taeinothrips rhopalantennalis Shumsher, 1946,

Ind. J. Ent. 7: 147-188.

Discussion. The collected females are similar tothe published description (Ananthakrishnan andSen, 1980; Bhatti, 1980; Sen et al., 1988; Palmer,1992) of this species, however, in one of the speci-men collected (confirmed by Dr. Mound) antennaewere 8-segmented. Thus this species because of itswide distribution has greater diversity.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 1♀, Kaghan,18-VII-1997, W. Akram; 2♀, Kalash, 2-VII-1997,W. Akram; 1♀, Kalat, 20-VII-1996, W. Akram; 1♀, Sialkot, 19-VIII-1996, W. Akram, UAFP.

Habitat. Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemummoratorium); Lucerne (Medicago sativa); Potato(Solanum tuberosum); Tomato (Lycopersicon escu-lentum).

Thrips florum SchmutzThrips florum Schmutz, 1913, Sitz. Akad. Wissen.

Wien. 122: 921-1102.Female macropterous; uniformly brown, with

legs somewhat paler. A3 yellow. Head small, cheeksarcuate. IOS outside the OT; AOS minute, POS1,3

longer than remaining. Antennae 7-segmented, A3,4

with forked sense cones and with six-seven rows ofmicrotrichia. Head with parallel transverse striae.

Pronotum with none of the discal setae well de-veloped except the sublateral which are somewhatprominent; lateromarginal setae similar to discalsetae. Pm1 slightly longer than Pm2,3. Pronotumwith transverse striae occupied by un-sculpturedeight spots. Pa outer 85.85 µm while Pa inner 91.42µm. Mesonotum anteriorly with unsculptured areaaround CPS. Metanotal sculpture longitudinallystriated with MMNS anterior, longer than lateral;CPS present. Fore wings with basal discal setae ofclavus equal to apical venial setae, latter shorterthan subapical venial; base with seta four of radiuslonger than the remaining; costal 28, FV 7±3 andLV 12 setae.

Abdominal sterna3-7 with 12 accessory setaearranged in line medially; Pm setae slightly longerthan accessory setae. T8 with comb complete and ofbroad based microtrichia, ctenidia with dotted mi-crotrichia; T9 with major seta equal to those on T10,latter not completely split and more or less point-ed.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 5♀, Faisala-bad, 15-IX-1996, W. Akram, UAFP.

Habitat. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).Discussion. The characters of pronotum and

wings (Bhatti, 1999) used have been found moreaccurate for separating Thrips florum from T. haw-aiiensis. Five females have been collected whichlargely conform to the published description ofPalmer (1992) of this species, but differ in the fol-lowing characters:

Ocellar setae situated on the outer margin ofocellar triangle; all legs pale yellow; abdominalsternite two with four setae, tergite two with threelateromarginal setae. This species has been record-ed for the first time from Pakistan. A single femalespecimen has been deposited in the Insect Muse-um, UAFP for future references.

Thrips garuda BhattiThrips garuda Bhatti, 1980, Syst. Ent. 5: 109-

166.


Female macropterous; yellow, with conspicuousbrown clouding. A median band in posterior half ofpronotum and anteriorly with a pair of spot; meso-notum with three spots, metanotum with sculptureshaded. Abdominal tergum one entire, T2 medially,T3-7 medially to some what more in anterior and A1

yellow; A2-7 dark brown, fore wings with scaledarker. Fore legs mostly shaded brown.

Head transversely striated, IOS long, prominentand outside the OT; POS eight pairs, POS1 almostas long as IOS but thin, POS2 (Fig. 3A) and POS4

minute. Antennae 7-segmented, A3-6 with rows ofmicrotrichia, A2 with one medial and two subapicaldorsal setae.

Pronotum transversely striated, subapical twopair and submarginal one pair of prominent setae,while all other discal setae uniform. Pa outer 71.42µm, while inner 82.85 µm; Pm1 as long as submar-ginal prominent setae. MNS with widely spacedlongitudinally striations; MMNS behind anteriormargin, closer together than to latter; CPS absent(Fig. 3B). Fore wings with apical venial setae onscale longest, CS 20, FV 4±3±3 while LV with 10setae.

Abdomen tergum1 transversely striate, T2-8 with-out median striation; T1-7 with lateral postero-marginal two-three pointed microtrichia. T8 withcomb fine (Fig. 3C) and complete. Sterna with Pmseta very well-developed, accessory setae absent,S7 with Pm2 longest, Pm1 behind the margin. T10

longitudinally split to less than half; T9 with B2

142.85 µm while B1 and B3 105.70 µm and 128.56µm. T10 with B1 114.28 µm while B2 102.85 µm.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 2♀, Sagar-wal, 19-VIII-1996, W. Akram, UAFP.

Habitat. Cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus).Discussion. The collected material largely tally

with the published descriptions (Bhatti, 1980;Palmer, 1992) of this species, but differs in thefollowing characters: Costa with 20, scale withfour, fore wing with 10 (4±3±3), lower with 10venial setae; abdominal segment eight with combnot dense, 10 not completely dilated.

This species has been recorded for the first timefrom Pakistan and a single specimen has been de-posited in the Insect Museum, UAFP.

Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)Euthrips hawaiiensis Morgan, 1913, Proc. US.

Nat. Mus., 46: 1-55.Thrips parva Schmutz, 1913, Sitz, Akad. Wissen.

Wien. 122: 921-1102Thrips rhodammiae Schmutz, 1913, Sitz, Akad.

Wissen. Wien. 122: 921-1102.Thrips sulphurea Schmutz, 1913, Sitz, Akad.

Wissen. Wien. 122: 921-1102.Thrips albipes Bagnall, 1914, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., 13(8): 287-297.Physiothrips pallipes Bagnall, 1916, Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist., 18(9): 545-560.Thrips versicolor Bagnall, 1926, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., 18(9): 545-560.Taeniothrips hawaiiensis Moulton, 1928, Trans.

Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, 98: 289.Taeniothrips eriobotryae Moulton, 1928, Proc.

282

Fig. 3. Thrips garuda. (A) Ocellar triangle with ocellar se-tae outside the ocellar triangle. (B) Metanotal sculp-ture with median metanotal setae away from theanterior margin. (C) Tergum 8 with posteromarginalcomb made up of long microtrichia.

A

B

C


Hawaii Ent. Soc., 7: 105-134.Thrips exilicornis Hood, 1932, Rev. Ent., 5:15-

199.Thrips florum Var. dunbariae Priesner, 1934,

Natuurk. Tidschr. Ned. India, 94: 254.Taeniothrips pallipes Var. florinatus Priesner,

1938, Treubia, 16: 469-526.

Discussion. It is a widely distributed specieswith high population records on almost all types offlora. According to Bhatti (1980) the ovipositor inthis species does not project distally beyond theend of abdomen and A5-6 are of dark brown color.The specimens from Punjab conform to Bhatti’sdefinition except that some females have their ovi-positor projecting beyond the end of abdomen. It istherefore, concluded that the character of the ovi-positor is variable and only the color of the anten-nal segment seems to be reliable. Recently newcharacters (Bhatti, 1999) for classifying confusedspecies of Thrips (T. hawaiiensis and T. florum)have been used. And it is found that the pronotalanterosubmarginal and sublateral, basal discaland apical venial setae of scale and fore wing setaefour and five of radius are best used in separatingthe two species.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 38♀, Adil-pur, 6-VI-1997, H. Raza; 22♀, Islamabad, 14-I-1996, W. Akram; 50♀, Qadirpur, 5-VI-1997, H.Raza; 18♀, Tando Ghulam Ali, 10-VI-1997, H.Raza, UAFP.

Habitat. Carrot (Daucus carota); Chrysanthe-mum (Chrysanthemum morifolium); Jaman (Sys-gium cumini); Jasmeen (Jasminim sambac); Man-go (Mangifera indica); Maize (Zea mays); Onion(Allium cepa); Petunia (Petunia hybrida); Rose(Rosa indica); Water melon (Citrullus vulgaris).

Thrips kodaikanalensis Ananthakrishnanand Jagadish

Thrips kodaikanalensis Ananthakrishnan andJagadish, 1966, I. Ent. Tidsk., 87: 85-99.

Thrips exhuberans Ananthakrishnan and Jaga-dish, 1968, Dt. Entomol. Zeits., 15: 359-365.

Male macropterous; pale yellow, apical half of A4-5

while A6-7 entire brown.Head with transverse anastomosing striation.

IOS well inside and below fore ocellus. IOS, AOSand POS1,3,5,6 (24.70±0.54; 23.22±0.36; 17.98±0.91; 19.98±0.91 µm) almost equal, POS2, 4 (11.94±0.57; 11.44±0.61 µm) reduced (Fig. 4A). An-

tennae 7-segmented, A2-6 with rows of microtri-chia, A3,4 with sense cones forked and shorter.Pronotum with two subapical and one pair of midlateral prominent and as long as Pm1 setae. Painner and outer 71.42 µm. Mesonotum with un-sculptured apical area. MNS with close longitu-dinal striations, CPS present, MMNS (Fig. 4B)behind anterior margin. Fore wings with CS 24,FV 7±3 and LV 14 setae; posterior fringe of FWand HW wavy.

Abdominal terga2-8 with ctenidia containing dott-

Fig. 4. Thrips kodaikanalensis. (A) Ocellar triangle withinterocellar setae inside. (B) Metanotal sculpturewith median metanotal setae away from anteriormargin. (C) Tergum 9 of male with setae b1 and b2.

A

B

C

b1 b2


ed microtrichia. T8 with comb reduced. T9 (Fig. 4C)with b1 (41.87±0.52 µm) and b2 (43.37±0.46 µm)nearly equal, former slightly closer to latter than toone another. S3-7 with glandular area 62.85, 54.28,48.56 and 39.99 µm; S6-7 with posteromarginalsetae1,2 behind margin.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 1� , Digri,12-VI-1997, M. Nasir; 2�, Kaghan, 18-VII-1997,W. Akram; 1�, Tando Ghulam Ali, 19-XI-1997,H. Raza, UAFP.

Habitat. Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemummorifolium); Mango (Mangifera indica); Wild oat(Avena sativa).

Discussion. This species has been recorded forthe first time from Pakistan and the collectedspecimens are exactly similar to the published de-scription (Bhatti, 1980; Palmer, 1992) of this spec-ies. A single male specimen has been deposited inthe Insect Museum, UAFP for future reference.

Thrips orientalis (Bagnall)Isoneurothrips orientalis Bagnall, 1915, Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist. (8): 15: 315-324.Thrips setipennis Steinweden and Moulton, 1930,

Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 19-31.Thrips hisipidpennis Hood, 1932, Rev. Ent. 5:

159-199.Thrips (isoneurothrips) orientalis Priesner, 1934,

Natu. Tidsk. Ned. 94: 254-290.Thrips (isothrips) orientalis Priesner, 1940, Bull.

Soc. Foud Ent. 1: 46-56.Thrips orientalis Bhatti, 1978, Orient. Ins. 12:

157-199.

Discussion. Another very commonly recordedspecies from central Punjab. The collected maleand female specimens are exactly similar to thepublished description (Bhatti, 1980; Palmer, 1992)of this species. The distribution of this species isnow known to extend to central Punjab.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 43♀, Chhat-tar, 26-VIII-1996, W. Akram; 1�, 56♀, Faisala-bad, 28-I-1996, W. Akram, UAFP.

Habitat. Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia);Brassica (Brassica compestris); Jasmeen (Jasminimsambac); Sunflower (Helianthus annus); Sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea).

Thrips palmi KarnyThrips palmi Karny, 1925, Bull. Deliproef. Me-

dan Samatra, 23: 3-55.

Thrips clarus Moulton, 1928, Proc. Hawaii Ent.Soc. 7: 105-134.

Thrips leucadophilus Priesner, 1936, Bull. Soc.Ent. Egypt. 20: 83-104.

Thrips gossypicola Ramakrishna and Margab-handu, 1939, Rec. Indian, Mus., 41: 21-33.

Chloethrips aureus Ananthakrishnan and Jaga-dish, 1967, Zool, Anz. 178: 374-388.

Thrips gracilis Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish,1968, Ot. Ent. Zty. 15: 359-365.

Discussion. This species despite its occurrencein large numbers and in geographical areas isknow to exhibit minor variations and thus is morestable as compared to other Thrips. Collected fe-males largely conform to the published description(Bhatti, 1980; Palmer, 1992; Palmer et al.,1992) ofthis species, but minor variations in body colorhave been recorded at higher altitudes. The colorvaries from pale yellow to pale yellow clouded withbrown. Maximum population of this has beenrecorded from onion and it is widely distributed allover Pakistan.

Materials Examined. PAKISTAN: 18♀, Chak-wal, 20-VIII-1997, W. Akram; 15♀, Faisalabad,15-IX-1996, W. Akram; 8♀, Islamabad, 14-I-1996, W. Akram; 40♀, Multan, 15-VI-1996, W.Akram; 10♀, Murree, 26-VIII-1996, W. Akram; 3♀, Phail, 12-X-1997, W. Akram; 8♀, Sialkot , 25-V-1996, W. Akram, UAFP.

Habitat. Silver cock’s comb (Celosia argentea);Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica); Cotton (Gossypiumhirsutum); Spinach (Spinacia oleracea); Onion(Allium cepa); Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum);Wheat (Triticum aestivum); Pomegranate (Punicagranatum); Apple (Pyrus malus); West Himalayanfir (Abies pindrow); Chinese parsley (Coriandrumsativum); Lucerne (Medicago sativa); Sugarcane(Saccharum offcinarum); Jaman (Sysgium cumini);Mango (Mangifera sativa); Bitter gourd (Momor-dica charantia); Carrot (Daucus carota).

Thrips tabaci LindemanThrips tabaci Lindeman, 1889, Bull. Soc. Imp.

Nat. Moscou., 1: 9-77.Thrips holoeucus Bagnall, 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., 12(8): 290-299.Ramaswamiahiella kallarensis Ananthakrish-

nan, 1960, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 57: 557-578.Thrips kallari Ananthakrishnan, 1963, Treubia,

26(2): 73-122.

284


Discussion. This widely collected polyphagousspecies is largely similar to the published descrip-tions (Bhatti, 1980; Palmer, 1992) of this species,but differs from that of Stannard (1968) in havingthe antennal segment one pale yellow.

Material Examined. PAKISTAN: 7♀, Balakot,20-V-1997, W. Akram; 8♀, Chichawatni, 30-IV-1997, W. Akram; 3♀, Chitral, 1-VII-1997, W.Akram; 6♀, Cholistan, 23-III-1997, W. Akram; 6♀, Digri, 12-VI-1997, H. Raza; 24♀, Faisalabad,25-XII-1995, W. Akram; 5♀, Mangora, 5-VI-1997, W. Akram; 3♀, Mansehra , 21-V-1997, W.Akram; 2 ♀, Mastung, 17-III-1996, W. Akram; 4♀, Matiltan, 20-VI-1997, W. Akram; 20♀, Sheik-hupura, 28-I-1996, W. Akram; 4♀, Sialkot, 19-VIII-1996, W. Akram; 8♀, Tando Ghulam Ali, 9-XI-1997, H. Raza; 2♀, Ushu, 20-VI-1997, W.Akram; 5 ♀, Zhob, 14-III-1996, H. Raza; 2♀, Zia-rat, 12-III-1996, M. Nasir; UAFP.

Habitat. Almond (Prunus dulcis); Alyssum (Aly-ssum mariyimum); Apple (Pyrus malus); Apricot(Prunus amygdalus); Egyptian clover (Trifoliumalexandrinum); Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemummorifolium); Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum); Deodarcedar (Cedrus deodara); Grapes (Vitis vinifera);Geranium (Geranium arboreum); Gram (Cicerarientimum); Guava (Psidium guajava); Jowar(Sorghum vulgare); Sentry palm (Howea forsteri-ana); Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon); Lady’sfinger (Abelmoschus esculentus); Maize (Zea mays);Mulberry (Morus alba); Oat (Avena sativa); Onion(Allium cepa); Peach (Prunus domesticus); Rose(Rosa indica); Spinach (Spinacia oleracea); Bromp-ton’s stock Matthiola incana); Tomato (Lycopersi-con esculentum); Turnip (Brassica rapa); Wheat(Tritium aestivum).

Thrips unonae PriesnerThrips unonae Priesner, 1934, Natuurk. Tidschr.

Ned-Indie., 94: 254-290. Female macropterous; medium; dark brown; A2

with apex and A3 entirely yellow; fore wings withbase pale.

Head with transverse striae anastomosing me-dially on dorsum. IOS and POS1 very well-devel-oped; IOS distinctly outside OT; POS1 immediatelybelow posterior ocelli, prominent (32.61±2.13 µm),while POS2 (19.03±2.14 µm) below POS1 (Fig. 5),remaining POS3-5 (21.62±3.01; 15.99±2.42; 21.74±3.02 µm) arranged in a line. Antennae 7-seg-mented, A2-6 covered with microtrichia, A2 with

one submedial and two subapical dorsal setae, A3-4

with forked sense cones.Pronotum transversely striated; a pair of antero-

submarginal and sublateral setae very prominentequal to Pm1 in thickness and length, all other discsetae small; Pa outer 71.42 µm while inner 88.56µm. Mesonotum with un-sculptured area aroundanterior, CPS present. MNS striated with few me-dian reticulations; MMNS anterior, long, closer tolateral pairs; CPS present. FW with CS 28, FV 7±1±3, LV 15 scale with apical venial setae longerthan all scale setae.

Abdominal sterna3-7 with rows of long accessorysetae approaching the Pm, sternum 2 with threedisc setae and two pairs of Pm setae. Tergumsmooth medially; T8 with complete, irregular longand broad based comb; T10 completely split longi-tudinally. T9 with B1 and B2 99.99 µm while B3

134.27 µm; T10 with major setae as long as B3 of T9.Material Examined. PAKISTAN: 4♀, Karachi,

4-VI-1997, H. Raza; 1♀, Rawalpindi, 27-IX-1996, W. Akram, UAFP.

Habitat. Chinese rose (Hibiscus rosasinensis);Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica); Maize (Zea mays).

Discussion. This species has been recorded forthe first time from Pakistan. The collected femalesshow some differences from the published descrip-tion of Palmer (1992) of this species: Metanotalsculpture with a few weak internal wrinkles; forewing with 7±1±3 FV setae; abdominal Sternawith 21 accessory setae, sternite two with threelateral setae; T8 with posteromarginal comb com-plete, microtrichia sparse and with broad bases. Afemale specimen has been deposited in the InsectMuseum, UAFP for future reference.

Fig. 5. Thrips unonae ocellar triangle with interocellar se-tae outside.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Muhammad Yousuf (Uni-versity of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan) forhis technical assistance in collection, preservationand mounting of thrips during these studies. Weare also thankful to L.A. Mound (CSIRO, Aus-tralia), J.S. Bhatti (Delhi University, India), S.Okajima (Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan)and Ashraf Poswal (IIBC, Islamabad, Pakistan) forproviding assistance and sending valuable litera-ture during present studies. We greatly acknow-ledge the assistance of Hammad Ahmad, UsmanZafar and the laboratory staff of Department ofAgriculture Entomology, University of Agriculture,Faisalabad, Pakistan in conducting the presentwork.

REFERENCES

Ananthakrishnan, T.N. and S. Sen, 1980. Taxonomy ofIndian Thysanoptera. Zool. Surv. Ind. Handbk. Ser. 1-234.

Bhatti, J.S., 1980. Species of genus Thrips from India(Thysanoptera). Syst. Ent. 5(2): 109-166.

Bhatti, J.S., 1982. Revision of the Indian species of Sten-chaetothrips Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Orient

Ins., 16(4): 385-417.Bhatti, J.S., 1999. New characters for identification of the

pest species T. hawaiiensis and T. florum (Thysanoptera:Thripidae). Thrips 1: 31-53.

Kirk, W.D.J., 1984. Ecological studies on Thrips imaginisBagnall (Thysanoptera) in flowers of Echium plantagin-eum L. in Australia. Aus. J. Ent. 9: 9-18.

Palmer, J.M., 1992. Thrips (Thysanoptera) from Pakistan tothe pacific; a review. Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.).61(1): 1-76.

Palmer, J.M., L.A. Mound, and G.J. du Heaume, 1992. IIGuides to insect of importance to man. Thysanoptera(London) International Institute of Entomology. Brit. Nat.Hist. Mus. 1-73.

Saeed, M. and M. Yousuf, 1994. Checklist of Thysanoptera ofthe Punjab (Pakistan). Pak. Entomol. 16: 59-61.

Sen, S., N.K. Paramanik, and G.K. Gupta, 1988. Thysanop-tera fauna of north eastern India. Rec. Zool. Sur. Ind. Occ.Pap. No. 100, 123 pp.

Stannard, L.J., 1968. The Thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois.Illinois Nat. Hist Surv. Bull. 29(4): 215-352.

Yunus, M., M. Yousuf, and G. Jilani, 1980. Insect and spidermite pests of cotton in Pakistan. Final rep. P.L. 480 Proj,Deptt. Ento. Univ. Agric. Faisalabad, Pakistan, 256pp.

Zawriska, I., 1983. The problem of tomato spotted wilt virus(TSWV) in Poland. Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow NaukRolniczych. 291: 393-405.

(Received 21 November 2003; Accepted 9 December 2003)

286

genus thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) from pakistan with most commonly recorded species

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