genocide in croatia 1941-1945

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hwq{mgq aqigh gflacql{icn.

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hwq{mgq). [mg mglk ch{mg uqinoiulf ucfi{iolf ulq{y in Oqcl

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xiog$uqgsikgn{ ch {mg ogn{qlf bcxgqndgn{. Aw{

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ulq{ hgf{ {ml{ {mg Oqcl{ilns& l dincqi{y bqcwu& mlk aggn bi

qibm{s rmiom gxgn {mg _gqas kik nc{ gnjcy. [mg bcxgqndg

rls lrlqg ch {mis mcs{ifi{y lnk mgnog ngxgq swadi{{gk

_ucqlzwd {c {mg Ulqfildgn{ hcq ql{ihiol{icn.

Cn {mg qgfibcws hqcn{& {mg Qcdln Ol{mcfio Omwqom

hwff hqggkcd lnk g|wlfi{y hqcd {mg agbinninb. Ocwn{f

ri{ngssgs oln {gs{ihy {c {mis hlo{& aw{ i{dibm{ ag in{gqgs{inb

qghgq {c cng cq {rc Ol{mcfio scwqogs. L Oqcl{iln Ol{mc

uqigs{& Xjg`csflx Rlbngq& suc`g ch {mg g}ulnsicn

Ol{mcfioisd in _gqail& lkkinb {ml{ !swom uqcbqgss ocwfk

l{{lingk cnfy in l ocwn{qy rmgqg qgfibicws {cfgqlnog

g|wlfi{y rgqg fixinb hlo{s.!, Dcqg qgogn{fy& Agfb

Ol{mcfios mlxg qgucq{gk mcr aghcqg {mg _gocnk Rcqfk R

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qgfibicws ogn{gqs hwno{icngk& mcr Ol{mcfio mcsui{lfs r

awif{ lnk Ol{mcfio cqblnizl{icns dwf{iufigk.! Kq. Ln

@cqcsgo& ofgqio lnk _fcxgng Ol{mcfio fglkgq& mls lkdi{{

{ml{ !gxgn ri{mcw{ {mg Ocnocqkl{ {mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom

jcygk hwff hqggkcd ch lo{icn.!,

[mgqg lqg ldufg s{l{is{ios cn {mg uqcbqgss ch {mg Ol{mc

Omwqom in Ywbcsflxil ag{rggn {mg {rc rcqfk rlqs& lnk

cng qglffy in{gqgs{gk in omgoìnb {mgd oln glsify kc sc

Ngxgq{mgfgs& g}{qgdis{ ofgqiolf gfgdgn{s in Oqcl{il r

kissl{ishigk fixinb in l ocwn{qy rmgqg {mg Ol{mcfios rgqg

dincqi{y. Ugqmlus {mgy hglqgk {mg hw{wqg. [c lffly {m

hglqs& Agfbqlkg bcxgqndgn{s rgqg riffinb {c g}u

{mgdsgfxgs {c mcs{ifi{y in _gqail lnk in c{mgq _gqa

Cq{mckc} qgbicns ay gn{gqinb in{c l Ocnocqkl{ ri{m

Xl{ioln& rmiom rcwfk hcqdlfizg qgfl{icns ag{rggn

Omwqom lnk {mg s{l{g. Agfbqlkg mcugk {ml{ {mis rcwfk uflo

Oqcl{iln Ol{mcfio mcs{ifi{y {crlqk {mg s{l{g lnk {mg bcxg

dgn{.

[mg Ocnocqkl{ rls cuucsgk in _gqail agolwsg i{ bqln



uqixifgbgs lnk bwlqln{ggs {c {mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom rmiom {mg

Cq{mckc} {mgdsgfxgs kik nc{ gnjcy. Hcq g}ldufg& {mg s{l{g

rls cafibl{gk {c uly {mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom hcq uqcugq{igs ocn$

hisol{gk ay {mg Lws{qiln s{l{g -<2=5$<295)& scdg{minb {ml{

gxgn. Ol{mcfio Lws{qil mlk qghwsgk {c kc. Dcqgcxgq& {mg

s{l{g rls {c uly hcq flnk {l`gn ay. lbqlqiln qghcqd dglswqgs&

aw{ cnfy {c {mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom lnk nc{ {mg c{mgqs.

[ml{ {mg kisuw{gk Ocnocqkl{ b~xg {mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom l

uqixifgbgk ucsi{icn rls qgocbnizgk ay Lqomaismcu Alwgq uh

Zlbqga lnk mis xiolq& _{guinlo& in l kgoflql{icn cn Dlqom ?<&

<9?8: ![mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom is nc{ l{ lff cuucsgk {c {mg _gq$

ailn Cq{mckc} Omwqom lfsc qgogixinb lff {ml{ i{ ugqmlus kcgs

nc{ ncr mlxg lnk rmiom is bwlqln{ggk {c {mg" Ol{mcfio

Omwqom ay {mg Ocnocqkl{.!8

Ulqgn{mg{iolffy& i{ dibm{ ag lkkgk {ml{ dlny Oqcl{iln

fglkgqs& inofwkinb {mg mglk ch {mg Oqcl{iln Uglsln{ Ulq{y&

_{jguln Qlkiom& rgqg nc{ in hlxcq ch {mg Ocnocqkl{. [mgy

hglqgk {mg gn{qgnomdgn{ ch ofgqiolfisd in Oqcl{il& lnk

agfigxgk {ml{ {mg Ocnocqkl{ rcwfk hloifi{l{g i{.

Aw{ {mg Oqcl{iln g}{qgdis{s rgqg in{gqgs{gk cnfy in

sgulql{isd0 {mgy kik nc{ rln{ l ocddcn s{l{g. In <919& Ln{g

Ulxgfiom hfgk {c I{lfy lnk {mgqg qgswqqgo{gk {mg Hqlnìs{ Ulq$

{y in {mg hcqd ch l {gqqcqis{ cqblnizl{icn& olffgk {mg Ws{lsmi.

Mg agoldg {mg fglkgq ch {mg Oqcl{iln g}{qgdis{ sgulql{is{

dcxgdgn{. Mg qgogixgk ocnsikgqlafg mgfu hqcd Dwsscfini

difficn fiqls lnk l uqcdisg ch fiagqlf swds {c ocdg&! Mg lfsc

qgogixgk lssis{lnog hqcd {mg Mcq{my qgbidg in Mwnblqy.

[mg dgdagqs ch Ulxgfiom"s cqblnizl{icn rgqg qgoqwi{gk

hqcd {mg dcs{ xioicwsfy ln{i$_gqa lnk {mg dcs{ kguqlxgk

lnk slkis{io gfgdgn{s in Oqcl{il. [mgy {qlingk hcq lnk gnblb$

gk in {gqqcqis{ lo{ixi{igs. [mg Ws{lsmi sgn{ lsslssin

{gqqcqis{s {c Ywbcsflxil&rmc afgr wuaqikbgs& uflogk

in uwafio uflogs& lnk ocn{qiaw{gk {c {mg kgl{m lnk i

dlny inncogn{ xio{ids. [mg Ws{lsmi lfsc ìffgk @in

lnkgq chY wbcsflxil lnk {mg Hqgnom Hcqgibn Dinis{gq&

Alq{mcw& cn Co{cagq 9& <9?; in Dlqsgiffgs& Hqlnog.

Rmgn Mi{fgq lnk Dwsscfini kgs{qcygk Ywbcsflxil

<9;<& Ulxgfiom lnk mis Ws{lsmi rgqg aqcwbm{ in {c

gnflqbgk uwuug{ s{l{g ch Oqcl{il. [c {gff rml{ {mgy ki

_gqailn ucuwfl{icn lnk Jgrs wnkgq {mgiq jwqiskio{icn

{ls` ch {mis acc`. I{ is {mg lw{mcq"s mcug {ml{ {mgsg hg

riff gnlafg {mg qglkgq {c xigr {mg bgncoikg in Oqcl{il

mis{cqiolf ugqsugo{ixg. [c sgg {ml{ i{ rls nc{ {mg qgs

dcdgn{lqify kislbqggdgn{ ri{m {mg _gqas cq {mg qgs

qgxcfw{icn. Ql{mgq i{ oldg ls {mg ocnsg|wgnog ch l o

uqgulqgk ikgcfcby rmiom agbln in {mg sgocnk mlfh

ning{ggn{m ogn{wqy lnk owfdinl{gk in Ulxgfiom"s W

I !_cnkgq$Lwh{qlb _wgkcs{ <9;5$<9;7: Agqiom{ gings hKiufcqnl{gn! -Bcg{{inbgn$Agqfin$Hqln hwq{& <978)& uu. ?<$

1 !Bg`lgduh{ Bgsib{ Bgsomflbgn! -Mgikgfagqb& <971)& uu? !@l{cfioizld w _qaiji! -Ol{mcfioisd in _gqail)&

Jwbcsfcxgns g @l{cfio`g l`lkgdijg -<919)& u. ?.

; !Wng Gbfisg kw sifgnog $ Ol{mcfi|wgs gn Ycwbcsflxig!<97;)&uu. <;;& <;9.

7 !Mqxl{s l Zcql! -Dwniom)& _gu{gdagq I& <97;.

8 _idl _idio& !Xl{i ln uqc{ix Jwbcsflxijg! -[mg Xl{iolYwbcsflxil)& -[i{cbqlk& <97=)& uu. <8$<2& lnk Xi`{cq!Dlbnwd Oqidgn! -Zlbqga& <9;=)&u. ;;5.

2 Mgxqg Flwqigqg& !Lsslssins lw Ncd kg Kigw! -DwqkgqgNldg Ch Bck) -Ulqis& <979)& u. <2.

-G}ogqu{s hqcd {mg acc` !Bgncoikg In

Oqcl{il! ay Hqgnom lw{mcq Gkdcnk Ulqis.

Rmc Is L Rlq Oqidinlf 3

Loocqkinb {c {mg Wni{gk Nl{icns -W. N. Uwa.& _lfg

Nc. <9;9& A. 2& uu. =9$91) lff {mcsg ugqscns rmc mlxg

ocddi{{gk cng ch {mg hcffcrinb chhgnsgs smlff ag qgblqk$

gk ls rlq oqidinlfs:

<) OQIDG_ LBLIN_[ UGLOG& xiz.& {mg uflnninb&

uqgulql{icn& ini{il{icn& qgsugo{ixgfy ocnkwo{ ch l rlq ch

lbbqgssicn& cq l rlq xicfl{inb in{gqnl{icnlf {qgl{igs&

lbqggdgn{s cq bwlqln{ggs& ls rgff ls ulq{ioiul{icn in ljcin{ ufln cq ocnsuiqloy hcq {mg olqqyinb cw{ ch lny ch{mg

lacxg lo{s0

1) RLQ OQIDG_& xiz.& xicfl{icn ch {mg flrs

qgsugo{ixgfy wslbgs ch rlq . _wom xicfl{icns smlff inofwkg&

aw{ smlff nc{ ag qgs{qio{gk {c& {mg hcffcrinb lo{s: dwqkgq&

dlf{qgl{dgn{ cq kgucq{l{icn {c sflxg flacq oldus& cq

hcq lny c{mgq uwqucsg& ch {mg oixifiln ucuwfl{icn ch co$

owuigk {gqqi{cqigs& dwqkgq cq dlf{qgl{dgn{ ch uqiscngqs

ch rlq cq dcqiawnk ugqscns& {mg ìffinb ch mcs{lbgs&

ufwnkgq ch uwafio cq uqixl{g uqcugq{y& {mg kgfiag

kgs{qwo{icn ch {crns lnk xifflbgs& cq kgxls{l{icn r

olnnc{ ag jws{ihgk ri{m difi{lqy nggks.

?) OQIDG_ LBLIN_[ DLN@INK& xiz.& dwq

g}{gqdinl{icn& gnsflxgdgn{& kgucq{l{icn lnk c{mgq

mwdln lo{s lblins{ lny oixifiln ucuwfl{icn aghcqg

kwqinb rlq& ls rgff ls ucfi{iolf& qloilf cq qgfib

ugqsgow{icns ugqug{ql{gk in ocnngo{icn ri{m lny o

smlff qguqgsgn{ l xicfl{icn ch {mg kcdgs{io fgbisfl{icn

{mg ocwn{qy in rmiom oqidgs rgqg ocddi{{gk& rmg{mgnc{ {mg ugqscn is s{iff in {ml{ ocwn{qy cq in lnc{mgq o

{qy.

[mg fglkgqs& cqblnizgqs& ins{ibl{cqs qgsugo{ixgfy

ocdufiogs rmc ulq{ioiul{gk in {mg uflnninb cq

ufgdgn{l{icn ch l jcin{ ufln qgsugo{ixgfy ocnsuiq

ri{m {mg lid ch ocddi{{inb lny ch {mg lacxg oqidgs

ag filafg hcq lff lo{s ocddi{{gk ay lnycng in {mg olqqy

cw{ ch swom l ufln.



2 :44~::::~(

[mg lsogn{ ch Lkcfh Mi{fgq in Bgqdlny fgh{ dlny Gw$

q " ~ qcug ln ocwn{qigs& inofwkinb Ywbcsflxil& luuqgmgnsixg

u h> lnk lflqdgk. _{iff hqgsm ri{m dgdcqigs chRcqfk Rlq I&

q :

i{mgy kqglkgk yg{ lnc{mgq ocnhqcn{l{icn ri{m Bgqdln

I~~ difi{lqy dibm{.

i o i l~!0~0~~:~::{~"0q ~ ~ : 0 ~ : : n ~ _{ 0~~0~~~~"0:~f0~0~ . ! . ! " , " . " ! swqxixlf in l Nlzi$kcdinl{gk Gwqcug fly in hcqdinb0"& ofcsg lffilnogs ri{m rgs{gqn kgdcoqloigs. In Co{cagq ch

~I<9?;& {mg @inb rgn{ {c Hqlnog {c wqbg l ocddcn hqcn{

II lblins{ Bgqdlny lnk uqcucsg l dw{wlf kghgnsg {qgl{y.

~i Mg ngxgq bc{ ls hlq ls Ulqis. Mg rls lsslssinl{gk in

~I Dlqsgiffgs& {cbg{mgq ri{m Hqgnom Hcqgibn _goqg{lqy

| , Alq{mcw& lfsc l s{lwnom ln{i$Nlzi. [mg dwqkgq rls {mg

~" rcq` ch Oqcl{iln hlsois{s& olffgk Ws{lsmi& rmc rgqg swu$

ucq{gk ay Mcq{y"s Mwnblqy lnk Dwsscfini"s I{lfy.

@inb Lfg}lnkgq"s kgl{m kik nc{ uqgoiui{l{g {mg

ocfflusg ch Ywbcsflxil& ls {mg lsslssins mlk in{gnkgk&

aw{ ins{glk sgqxgk {c gfidinl{g l s{qcnb ucfi{iolf wnihy$

inb hcqog.

Ywbcsflxil"s qgdlininb yglqs ch s{l{gmcck rgqg

dlqqgk ay ucfi{iolf& ins{laifi{y. [mg bcxgqndgn{ uqcxgk

wnlafg {c ocug ri{m {mg gsolfl{inb swaxgqsicn ch {mg

Oqcl{iln sgulql{is{s. Dyqilk dincqi{igs ocn{qiaw{gk {c

{mg wnqgs{& inofwkinb {mg Ocddwnis{s& rmc mlk {mgiq

crn qglscns.

L{ {mg <9?9 ocnhgqgnog in Dwniom& Hqlnog lnk

Gnbflnk olui{wfl{gk {c Mi{fgq"s kgdlnks lnk sloqihiogk

Ozgomcsfcxlìl. L {qgl{y ri{m _{lfin qgdcxgk {mg fls{

cas{lofg {c Mi{fgq"s bqlnk somgdg ch s{lq{inb l rcqfk

rlq.

Hqlnog"s swqqgnkgq lnk {mg sigbg ch Gnbflnk fgh{

Ywbcsfl xil xiq{wlffy kghgnsgfgss lnk swqqcwnkgk ay

mcs{ifg ocwn{qigs cn lff sikgs& g}ogu{ hcq Bqggog.

[mg Nlzi lqdy"s lkxlnog blxg bqgl{ gnocwqlbgdgn{

{c ln{i$Ywbcsflxiln hcqogs. Oqcl{il kgdlnkgk lnk

qgogixgk lw{cncdy. Bgqdln& Mwnblqiln& Lfalniln&

Awfblqiln lnk I{lfiln dincqi{igs ofldcqgk hcq l qgxisicn

ch {mg Xgqsliffgs [qgl{y lnk lkjws{dgn{ ch Ywbcsflxiln

acqkgqs. Ocddwnis{s ocn{qiaw{gk {c {mg bgngqlf {wq$

dcif.

Kgsugql{g {c lxcik l rlq {mgy mlk nc omlnog ch rin$

ninb& {mg Ywbcsflxilns scwbm{ l ocduqcdisg ri{m {mg

Bgqdlns. In Dlqom ch <9;<& {mg {rc ocwn{qigs sgoqg{fy

ngbc{il{gk l {qgl{y rmiom cs{gnsiafy bwlqln{ggk

Y wb cs fl xil"s ngw{qlfi{y lnk inkgugnkgnog rmifg

ufd IIIinb fcq ulsslbg ch Nlzi {qccus {mqcwbm {mg ocwn$

IIV .

[mg {qgl{y {cc` dlny lnk ufglsgk xgq

hgr. [mg _gqailns hgf{ gsugoilffy mwdifil{gk. [mgi

hqws{ql{icn lnk lnbgq g}ufckgk in{c dlss uqc{gs{

Kgdcns{ql{cqs kgdlnkgk laqcbl{icn ch {mg {qgl{y& oqy

inb& !Ag{{gq !Jlq {mln {mg ulo{!& lnk !Ag{{gq kgl{m {ml

sflxgqy!.

Qikinb cn {mg oqgs{ ch ucuwflq sgn{idgn{& l bqcwu c

_gqailn chhiogqs in {mg Ywbcsflxiln lqdy& {g k ay Bgngql

Kwsln _idcxiom& s{lbgk l afcckfgss ocwu. JV ng

bcxgqndgn{ rls hcqdgk lnk Ug{gq& {mg ycwnb scn c

@inb Lfg}lnkgq& rls uqcoflidgk i{s ìnb.

!Ywbcsflxil mls hcwnk i{s scwf I! lnncwnogk

jwaifln{ Omwqomiff.

[mg Agfbqlkg ocwu rls mlifgk ri{m luuqcal{icn in {m

Rgs{& aw{ Mi{fgq {cc` i{ ls l ugqscnlf inswf{ lnk ngr in{

l qlbg. Mg kgoikgk {c inhfio{ mglxy uwnismdgn{ cn {m

_gqailns.

[mg ocwu lnk Mi{fgq"s qglo{icn {c i{ wf{idl{gfy uqcxg

ol{ls{qcumio {c ac{m {mg _gqailns lnk {mg Nlzis. Mi{fg

rls hcqogk {c ucs{ucng mis inxlsicn ch {mg _cxig{ Wnic

hcq si} rgg`s& l hl{lf kgfly loocqkinb {c difi{lqy g}ugq{s

agolwsg {mg aqw{lf Qwssiln rin{gq s{cuugk {mg Bgqdlny

lqdy& jws{ smcq{ ch Dcsocr lnk Fgninbqlk. [mg Nlz

ngxgq qgblingk {mgiq dcdgn{wd. Dcqg {mln cng diffic

_gqailn fixgs rgqg fcs{ in {mg rlq. Lh{gq gnkwqinb Bg

dln coowul{icn _gqail hgff {c {c{lfi{lqiln qwfg wnkg

{mg Ocddwnis{s.

Cn Luqif 8& <9;<& Bgqdln lqdy l{{lo`gk Ywbcsflxil

hqcd sgxgqlf kiqgo{icns& rmifg {mg Bgqdln liq hcqo

acqn agk Agfbqlkg lnk c{mgq _gqailn oi{igs dgqoifgssfy

Dlny dgdagqs ch dincqi{y bqcwus sikgk ri{m {m

gngdy. [mg lqdy"s Oqcl{iln ocn{inbgn{ qghwsgk {c hibm

Lh{gq {rc rgg`s {mg Ywbcsflxilns swqqgnkgqgk& sgnkin

{mg ìnb lnk c{mgq bcxgqndgn{ chhioilfs hfgginb in{c g

ifg.

Ywbcsflxil rls ulq{i{icngk& lnk {mg flqbgs{ ucq{icn

qcwbmfy cng mlfh ch {mg ocwn{qy rls uqcoflidgk ln i

kgugnkgn{ s{l{g ay {mg Oqcl{ilns. Rmcfg uqcxinogs

Ywbcsflxiln {gqqi{cqy rgqg srlffcrgk ay i{s ngibmacqs

Lws{qil& I{lfy& Mwnblqy& Lfalnil lnk Awfblqil. Cnfy

sdlff hqlo{icn rls fgh{ {c _gqail& rmiom hgff {c {mg Bg

dlns.

[mg ngrfy$oqgl{gk Oqcl{iln s{l{g rls dlkg wu

nglqfy mlfh ncn$Oqcl{ilns& _gqailns& Jgrs lnk Byusig

rmc rgqg kgoflqgk g}{ql$fgblf oi{izgns. Ri{min hc

yglqs& Oqcl{iln Hlsois{s mlk g}{gqdinl{gk scdg c

difficn ch {mgsg !oi{izgns!.

[mis acc` {gffs {mg s{cqy ch Bgncoikg in Oqcl{il.



$ $ " $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $i

III

_gqailns in Ywbcsflxil $$$~~$$$$&

Ulq{i{icninb ch Ywbcsflxil in <9;< 44444::::

Lnng}gk ay I{lf~

!

{~ .

I !) ,

X



HCQGRCQK

Cng ch{mg dcs{ kisls{qcws qgswf{s ch{mg Hiqs{ Rcqfk Rlq

rls {mg kisin{gbql{icn ch {ml{ fiagqlf lnk {cfgqln{ suiqi{

rmiom oixifizgk nl{icns ch {mg {rgn{ig{m ogn{wqy rgqg swu$

ucsgk {c mlxg lo|wiqgk. [mg bqgl{ ocnhfio{ ocdufg{gfy

kgs{qcygk& lfcnb ri{m c{mgq ol{ls{qcumio ocnsg|wgnogs& lny

swom mcug. G}lbbgql{gk nl{icnlfisd& hlsoisd lnk ocd$

dwnisd& ls rgff ls ucfi{iolf lnk qgfibicws hlnl{ioisd& ulxgk{mg rly hcq {mg _gocnk Rcqfk Rlq& {mws aqinbinb scoig{y

kcrn {c l fcrgq fgxgq ch dcqlf oixifizl{icn& omlqlo{gqizgk ay

ln inoqgkiafg in{cfgqlnog rmiom rls {mcwbm{ {c mlxg xlnism$

gk ri{m {mg Dikkfg Lbgs.

In !Dgin @lduh"& Mi{fgq s{qgssgk mis hlxcqi{g {mgdg ch

uln$Bgqdlnisd& lnk swooggkgk in srlyinb uwafio cuinicn

ay afinkinb i{ ri{m mis usgwkc$soign{ihio lqbwdgn{s& alsgk cn

kgfiqicws g{mncfcby ch {mg uqg{gnkgk swugqicqi{y ch {mg Bgq$

dln qlog. Uqgswdlafy {mis blxg {mgd l nl{wqlf qibm{ {c qwfg

cxgq Gwqcug& ih nc{ cxgq {mg gn{iqg rcqfk& rmifg c{mgq

nl{icns& lacxg lff {mg _flxs& dws{ rcq` hcq {mgiq cxgqfcqks

jws{ ls {mg sflxgs mlk kcng in {idg bcng ay. Ls hcq {mg Jgrs&

{mgy ocwfk ngxgq ag lssidifl{gk lnk rgqg {mgqghcqg kccdgk{c kgl{m.

[mg bqgl{ ucrgqs rgqg inoqgkiafy" kglh {c {mgsg inslng

ikgls. Ls {mgy bqgr& {mgy kgxgfcugk {mgiq kgncwgdgn{ wn{if

{mgy gxgn{wlffy {cc` sggk in hcqgibn ocwn{qigs& nc{lafy in

Oqcl{il& rmgqg l sidiflq kco{qing& {mcwbm cn l sdlffgq solfg&

mlk hfcwqismgk gibm{y yglqs glqfigq wnkgq Ln{g _{lqogxiom& l

Oqcl{iln ucfi{ioiln rmc dibm{ ag ocnsikgqgk {mg hl{mgq ch

qloisd.

[mis acc` rls rqi{{gn in cqkgq {c qgocqk {mg {idg lnk

uflog {mg hqibm{hwf qlxlbgs olwsgk ay swom ln g}{qgdg

ikgcfcby& kwqinb {mg yglqs <9;<$<9;7& in {mg sl{gffi{g s{l{g ch

Oqcl{il wnkgq {mg bcxgqndgn{ ch Oqcl{iln hlsois{s&`ncrn ls{mg Ws{lsmi& swuucq{gk ay {mg L}is ucrgqs& ls rgff ls ay {mg

Oqcl{iln Ol{mcfio migqlqomy& ri{m {mg `ncrfgkbg ch {mg

Xl{ioln.

In cqkgq {c jws{ihy mis ucfioy ch g}{gqdinl{icn& {mg _wf{ln

Lakwlf Mldik& rls `ncrn {c sly: ![mg rly {c bg{ qik ch{mg

Lqdgniln |wgs{icn is {c bg{ qik ch {mg Lqdgnilns.!

[mis sldg dl}id rls lkcu{gk ay {mgOqcl{iln nl{icnlfis{s

lnk ofgqiolfs ocnogqninb {mg _gqailn lnk Jgrism |wgs{icn in

Oqcl{il. Loocqkinb {c {mg s{l{w{gs ch {mg Ws{lsmi cqblnizl$

{icn& !{mg nldg Ws{lsmi rls {c ag bixgn {c {mcsg rmc& in uqg$

rlq Ywbcsflxil& srcqg {ml{ ay {mg kgs{qwo{icn ch {mg

Ywbcsflx _{l{g mg -{mgy) mgfugk in {mg g}{gqdinl{icn ch_gq$

ailnisd lnk {mg Cq{mckc} Omwqom.! -Ncxl &Mqxl{s`l& Dly

;& <9;<).

[mg ocffwsicn ch {mg Oqcl{iln hlsois{ bcxgqndgn{ -cq {mg

Ws{lsmi)& lnk {mg Oqcl{iln Ol{mcfio migqlqomy sggds {c mlxg

aggn insuiqgk& wnkgq {mgsg {qlbio oiqowds{lnogs& ay ln

lnlomqcnis{io hlnl{ioisd.

I{rls ri{m qglscn {ml{ {mg _gqailn Cq{mckc} Aismcu& Kq.

Ni`cfly Xgfidiqcxiom& sc rgff `ncrn {c {mg Lnbfc$_l}cn

rcqfk& ocdulqgk rml{ mluugngk in Oqcl{il& cn swom l f

solfg& ri{m {mg klq`gs{ klys ch{mg Dikkfg Lbgs. In ln lq

uwafismgk in <97; ay {mg goofgsils{iolf qgxigr !_xgolni`!&

Aismcu rqc{g:

![mg _ulnism In|wisi{icn is nc{gk hcq i{s l{qcoi{igs.

mglk in|wisi{cq& nldgk ay {mg Ucug& rls {mg Kcdini

Dcn` [mcdln kg [cq|wgdlkl& rmc is qgdgdagqgkswom sinis{gq ai{{gqngss. Kwqinb {mg gibm{ggn yglq ugqic

mis dlnkl{g& <5&115 ugqscns rgqg awqn{ l{ {mg s{l`g r

<<;&;5< -loocqkinb {c {mg mis{cqiln Dc{fgy) ugqismgk h

mwnbgq lnk {cq{wqg in {mgiq uqiscns& rmiom dgln{ <17

ugcufg ri{min l ugqick ch gibm{ggn yglqs.

![mis qgocqk is hqibm{hwf gncwbm& aw{ {mg in|wisi{icn c

_gqailn Cq{mckc} rls dwom dcqg {gqqiafg& hcq 275

_gqas rgqg `iffgk in jws{ hcwq yglqs.!

I{ rcwfk ag kihhiowf{ {c hink l ulqlffgf ch swom hgqco

ugqsgow{icn in lff mis{cqy .Gxgn {mg Kw`g ch Lfag& {ml{ sin

qguqgsgn{l{ixg ch {mg _ulnism @inb -Umifiuug II)& {c {mg

Ocwn{qigs& sggdgk |wi{g dckgql{g in ocdulqiscn& ml

{cq{wqgk lnk `iffgk scdg <=&555 Uqc{gs{ln{s ri{min si} y

In Hqlnog& {mg dlssloqg ch _{. Alq{mcfcdgr cn Lwbws{

<721& sc jws{ihilafy s{ibdl{izgk ay {mg mis{cqilns& qgswf{g

cnfy <55&555 xio{ids.

In cqkgq {c qg$gs{lafism l {qw{mhwf qgocqk ocnogqninb

{qlbgky& ri{m i{s olwsgs lnk {mg qcfgs uflygk ay {mcsg

ngxgq mgsi{l{gk {c uqchi{ ay {mis g}ulnsicn ch qgfibicws

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dinis{ql{ixg ucs{s in {mg ngrfy oqgl{gk

W_[ Li_L"_ !Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch

Oqcl{il&! scdg ls dgdagqs ch {mg W_$

[ L_G lnk c{mgqs ls dgdagqs ch [mg

Oqwslkgqs.

Hqcd {mg xgqy hiqs{ klys scdg ch

{mgd gxgn ulq{ioiul{gk& fgk& cq in$oi{gk ulqismicngqs {c hcffcr {mg W_$

[ Li_G g}ldufg {c ocddi{ mgincws

oqidgs lblins{ lff {mcsg rmc rgqg

NCN$OL[MCFIO cq cuucsgk {c {mg

W_[ Li_G dcxgdgn{. C{mgqs mgfk ucs{s

in OCNOG N[QL[ICN OLDU_. [mg

!Olff {c Afcck! qlnb hqcd uwfui{ {c

uwfui{. Kwqinb cng ch mis sgqdcns&

Hl{mgq _qgo`c Ugqio ch Bcqiol Dcnls$

{gqy nglq Fixnc slik:

!@iff lff _gqas. Hiqs{ ch lff ìff

dy sis{gq& rmc is dlqqigk {c l_gqa& rmgn ycw hinism {mis rcq`&

ocdg mgqg {c {mg omwqom lnk I

riff ocnhgss ycw lnk hqgg ycw

hqcd sin.!

Rmgn Hl{mgq Aczc _iqnfgsl -Omigh

in {mg kis{qio{ ch Fixnc)& rmc ugqscn$

lffy cqblnizgk W_[Li_G difi{il lnk

ca{lingk lqds hcq {mgd& rls {cfk {ml{

lff {mg _gqailn dlfgs mlk aggn sflwbm{$

gqgk& mg olffgk l dgg{inb in {mg xif$

flbg cn Jwfy 12& <9;< lnk smcw{gk:

![mg rcdgn lnk omifkqgn lqg {c

ag ìffgk iddgkil{gfy. Kc nc{ rli{

hcq nibm{& hcq {rgn{y$hcwq mcwqs

mlxg lfqglky ulssgk sinog cwq

omigh $isswgk mis cqkgqs {ml{ NC[

L _INBFG _GQA DW_[ AG FGH[

LFIXG.!

Cng ch {mg mglks in {mg Dinis{qy

ch Owf{s& Dcnsibncq Kicnizijg Jwqig&

lnk ugqscnlf ocnhgsscq ch LN[G U LX$

GFIO& slik:

!Lny: _gqa cq Jgr rmc qghwsgs {c

agocdg Ol{mcfio _MCWFK AG

OCNKGDNGK [C KGL[M ag$

olwsg {ckly I[ I_ NC FCNBGQ

L _IN [C @IFF L OMIFK CH

_GXGN& _MCWFK _WOML OMIFK

AG CUUC_GK [C CWQ DCXG$

DGN[ CH [MG W_[L_MI,!


W_[L_MI"_ !OLFF [C AFCCK!

lnk !UQCULBL[ICN ch HL I[M !Cng ch {mg oqlzgk uqigs{s& Hq. Ixln Qlbwz mlk nc inmiai{icns& qgugl{gk$

fy wqbgk {mg ìffinb ch lff _gqas& inofwkinb omifkqgn sc {ml{ !nc{ gxgn {m

sggks ch {mg agls{s lqg fgh{.!

<9;< : Lnkqijl Lq{w`cxioblxg uqcdc{icns lnk kg$ocql{icns {c mis W_[L_MIrmc olqqigk cw{ {mis cqkgqch mis:

!@iff lff _gqas lnk Jgrsinofwkinb omifkqgn sc {ml{nc{ gxgn {mg sggks ch {mgagls{s lqg fgh{.!

Lq{w`cxio"s W_[L_MI {ccùio{wqgs hcffcrinb {mgiq "mg$qcio kggks" alycng{{inb {mg

!sggks ch {mg agls{s.!



Oqcl{il Kgoflqgs Rlq

Lblins{ Gnbflnk lnk

{mg Wni{gk _{l{gs

UCBFL XNI@ ULXGFIOM QGLK_

KGOFLQL[ICN CXGQ QLKIC ZLBQGA

IN UQG_GNOG CH MI_ MGNOMDGN

Ws{lsmi fglkgqs oqy: Zl kcd suqgdni! -Mgif $

qglky hcq {mg hl{mgqflnk) lnk slfw{g in {mg

hlsmicnlafg Nlzi$Hlsois{ dlnngq.



Olncn Ixln Di`ln ch Cbwfin rmc

smcw{gk in uwafio: ![mgqg riff ag

uwqjqgs&! omlqbgk glom _gqa <=5 kinlqs

hcq hcqogk ocnxgqsicns {c Ol{mcfioisd.

In {mg xi fflg ch . J lsgn l` mg ocffgo{gk

= 5&55 5 ki nl qs -+T &855.55).

Hl{mgq Ldaqczijo Ncxl`& bwlqkiln

ch {mg Oluwoing dcnls{gqy in Xlqlz$

kin& in <9n& rgn{ {c {mg xifflbg ch

Dcs{l n iol& loocdulnigk ay W_[LsG

lnk cqkgqgk {mg _gqailn ugcufg {c ls$

sgdafg& {gffinb {mgd:

!Ycw _gqas lqg ocnkgdngk {c

kgl{m lnk ycw oln cnfy gsolug

{ml{ sgn{gnog ay loogu{inb Ol{mc$

JiOi_fff.!

L{ l qgbwflq sgssicn ch {mg W_[ LsG

Oqcl{iln _{l{g Lssgdafy& mgfk in Zlb$

qga& Hgaqwlqy 17& <9<1& W_[LsL"s Kq.

DIQ@C UW@& Dinis{gq ch JW_[IOG

lnk QGFIBICN& slik:

! ‡‡‡ I smlff lfsc qnw`g qghgqgnog

{c {mg sc$olffgk _gqailn Cq{mckc}

Omwqom In {mis qgblqk I dws{ gd$

uml{iolffy s{l{g {ml{ cwq Inkgugn$

kgn{ _{lfg ch Oqcl{il olnnc{ lnk

riff nc, qgocbnizg {mg _gqailn Cq$

{m ckc } Om wI² om .!

LNK [IfG "MCFY" NIBM[DLQG

OCN[INWGK

VV[mgff sc qnl {if" dlss `iffinbs {cc`

!I6foo {ml{ {mg Lkq.qq io _gl lqcwnk {mg

oi{y ch Ulb {wqngk qgk hqcd i{s mo.qw$

{ ifwf in `$a fwq$ ocfcq& lnk {mg ocwn{fgss

IJckigs mwqiok in dlss bqlxgs& c{mgqs

fgh{ {c qc{& rmgn rmcfg xifflbgs nc

fcnbgq luuglqgk$mcwsgs awqngk& dlny

ch {mgd ri{m {mg uglsln{s insikg ch

{mgd& rmgn Kq. @l{iOio& Omliqdln ch

{mg Qgk Oqcss& smco`gk ay {mg dlss

dwqkgqs l{ Jlsgncxlo& {mqgl{gngk {c

kgncwnog {c {mg rcqfk {mgsg wnagfigxl$

afg l{qcoi{igs ocddi{{gk ay Ulxgfio$

Lq{ w`cxio"s W_[LsG lblins{ mgfufgss

xio{ids& -@l{ioio rls in{gqngk l{ _{lql

Bqlkis`l ocnogn{ql{icn& BJfnu hcq {mis

{mqgl){& rmgn dwqkgq rls nc{ ocnsik$

gqgk l oqidg aw{ l kw{y& gsugoilffy

l d!7_ dwqkgq. {mgsg dlkdgn ocn$

{inwgk cn l qw{mfgss ul{m.



AGHC QG:

Uglsln{ mlk {ckib mis 5 r nbqlxg. _lkis{ioW_[L_MI s mc r`nihg r i{m r miom{mgy r iff ` iff mid .

LH[GQ :

Hli{ loocdufi .

W s{lsmi oqidinlfsdwqkgqinb inncogn{ ugcufg



ldi {mg qgs{ ch

{mgd riff ag hcqogk

{c gqn aqlog {mg

Qcdln -:l{mcfio

Oqcl{iln Dinis{gq

U wa fio G kw ol{ic n

lnk

Kq. i!!F` Mwkl`

sdifg cn slkis{io

W_[ L _ML r i{m l} ,

bwn wsgk cn



iffgqslnk{mgiq

xio{id

qsswo.

ijN&!" i0 &



XIO[ID_ CH

OQCL[ILN BGNCOIKG

W s{lsmi o qid inlfs hgl s{

!N c{c qic ws gn gd igs! c q{mg Oqcl{iln _{l{g l{

_{lql B qlkis` l ocnogn$

oldu. g}{gq$

{mgd

{mg W s{lsmi blxg

omifkqgn olws{io

sckl in {mgiq hcck <



Afccky Alu{isdlf Al{mIn [mg Omwqom ch Bfinl

Cng ch ikgl ch "UQCUL BL [ iCN

6"V6"<V!5<<6" R0m k- "0 nF Ri{ mi n 0<

df{f<ffn rg ~qc!k in :< fJ`o

f>icck& _&f{":qnm 0dif r l if}& f..!kin



L Jgswi{ Uqigs{& Kq. KQLBW[IN

@LDAGQ& srcqn W_[L_MI uqigs{ in

Kcacj& luucin{gk in Luqif& <9;< {c {mg

ucs{ ch W_[ L_MI Ocnhikln{g hcq {mg

KI_[QI[ CH KCAC J ri{m lff ucf$

i{iolf lnk oixif ucrgq ocnogn{ql{gk in

mis mlnks. Mg cqkgqgk {mg iffinb ch

luuqc}idl{gfy ?55 ugcufg in mis kis$

{qio{ ri{m lnc{mgq 175 ocwq{ dlq{ilfgk

cn mis cqkgq.

Uwafismgk in {mg ngrsulugq NCXf

FI_[ cn Lwbws{ <8& <9;<& Kq. @ld$

agq slik ch {mg NLZI_ rmc rgqg in

Kcacj:

uinb qibm{ lnk fgh{. _wkkgnfy {mg kccqs

cugngk. [mg {qwo`s rgqg qglky {c fclk.

L sdlff bqcwu ch ws mik. [mgy s{lq{gk

{c fclk {mg ackigs cn {mg {qwo`s. I

mglqk l xciog olff cw{ {c omgo` {mg

rmcfg omwqom {c dl`g .ogq{lin ncng

ch ws rls fgh{ lfixg. I {mqgr dysgfh

ldcnb {mg kglk fyinb cn {mg hfccq.

I rls lfqglky sufl{{gqgk ri{m afcck.

Aghcqg {mgy kqlbbgk {mg ackigs cw{&

cng ch {mg "g}ugq{s" {luugk {mg mglks

ri{m l dlffg{ {c dl`g ogq{lin gxgqy

ai{ ch fihg rls bcng hqcd {mg ackigs.

I qgdgdagq {mg {mwk ch {mg dlffg{

aw{ hgf{ nc ulin. I mglqk cng sly

"{mgsg lqg lff hinismgk: [mgn hqcddy qibm{ I mglqk cng ch {mg uglsln{s

rmc mlk lfsc {mqcrn midsgfh ldcnb

{mg bqcwu& bg{ {c mis `nggs lnk ufglk

hcq mis ,hg. [mgy {cq{wqgk {mis dln

wndgqoihwffy. [mgy {cc` l olnkfg lnk

awqngk mis gygs& {mgn s{laagk mid lnk

oqwsmgk mis s wff.

!Hinlffy cng ch {mg dgn slik i{

rls {idg {c fclk lblin. Mg slik {mg

{qwo`s mlk lfqglky dlkg hixg {qius. Cng

dln bqlaagk dg ay dy fgbs lnk kqlb$

bgk dg kcrn {mg s{gus. Dy lqds rgqg

suqglk glbfg hlsmicn. I kikn"{ klqg

smcr lny sibn ch fihg gxgn {mcwbm I

rln{gk {c soqgld ls I rls kqlbbgk

cxgq {mg qco` ul{m. Rmgn rg olqng

{c {mg {qwo` lnc{mgq W_[L_L fih{gk

Iffy smcwfkgqs lnk {mgy {mqgr dg in{c

{mg liq. I flnkgk cn {cu ch {mg mglu

ch ackigs. I hgf{ lnc{mgq lnk lnc{mgq

{mqcrn cn {cu ch dg. Cng rls afggk$

inb sc uqchwsgfy {mg rlqd afcck {qio`$

fgk lff cxgq dg. I{ rls bqwgscdg. I

!Rg -W_[L_MI) fcxg ycw

sinogqgfy ls hqignks0 rg qgs$

ugo{ ycw mibmfy0 lnk lff ch

ws lqg scqqy& kggufy scqqy&

{ml{ rg dws{ ulq{. Rg fcxg

ycw, Rg fcxg ycw agolwsg ycw

olqqy in ycwq mlnks {mg dcs{

ucrgqhwf srcqk {ml{ mls gxgq

aggn hcqbgk in {mg mis{cqy ch

dln`ink.

!Y cw lqg aqc{mgqs lnk dln$

fy `nibm{s ay ycwq agmlxicq

lnk ay ycwq kggks. [mg Ulql$

kisg {c rmiom {mg Bgqdlns

-Nlzi) lqg bcinb nggks nc

ag{{gq uqculblnkis{s {mln {mg

-NLZI) scfkigqs ch Bgqdlny&

{mis Bgqdln Lqdy. Rg qgsugo{

ycw agolwsg ycw lqg hibm{inb

{c bixg ucfi{iolf lnk scoilf

jws{iog {c lff ch Gwqcug. Ri{m

{mg afcck lnk {mg acngs ch

uqgoicws Bgqdln -NLZI) scf$kigqs& {mg hfcrgq ch Bgqdlny&

ycw lqg awifkinb {mg hcwnkl$

{icns ch l mluuy rcqfk hcq

hw{wqg bgngql{icns.!

[c dlny Hl{mgq @ldagq is cng

ch {mg "suiqi{wlf fglkgqs" ch {mg W_$

[L_MI !dcxgdgn{.! Mg gsolugk

hqcd Ywbcsflxil ri{m {mg qgs{

{mg W_[L_MI rmgn {mgy qln fi`

ql{s. Aw{ mg lfrlys mlk l rcqk

lkxiog hcq mis W_[L_MI sc i{

cnfy nl{wqlf {ml{ in <9;< mg f

mis W_[L_MI mgnomdgn `nc

!rmy I fi`g {mg -Nlzi) BgqdlnsIn l _lqljgxc ngrsulugq olffg

!C_XI[! cn Kgogdagq <=& <9;

mg slik:

!Rmy kc I rln{ {mg -Nlzi)

Bgqdlns lnk {mgiq Lffigs

I{lfy& Mwnblqy& Awfblqil&

g{g.& {c rin3 Agolwsg ri{m$

cw{ {mg -Nlzi) Bgqdlns cwq

nl{icn rcwfk kig lnk rg

rcwfk mlxg nc Inkgugngn{

_{l{g ch Oqcl{il. Hqcd {mg

in{gqnl{icnlf ucin{ ch xigr

{mg -Nlzi) Bgqdlns lnk {mg

W_[L_MI mlxg {mg sldg

gngdigs.!

kikn"{ klqg dcxg. [rc W_[ L_G

jwdugk cn {mg alo` ch {mg {qwo` lnk

rg rgqg chh. I ocwfk {gff in rmiom rly

rg rgqg mglkinb hqcd {mg sogngqy.

Rmgn rg olqng {c l flqbg higfk in cng

ch {mg nglqay xifflbgs& {mgy s{cuugk

lnk s{lq{gk wnfclkinb {mg ackigs. I

{wqngk dy mglk {c {mg fgh{ lnk ocwfk

sgg {mqcwbm {mg sfc{s ch {mg {qwo` ls

{mgy {mqgr acky lh{gq acky ls {mcwbm

{mgy rgqg slo`s ch ogdgn{s. Cng W_$

[L_L smcw{gk {c uifg {mg ackigs ngl{$

fy in {mg ki{om sc {ml{ gxgqycng ocwfk

hi{.

![mgn {mgy oldg {c dy {qwo . Lblin

I hgf{ ulqlfyzgk. Ih cnfy I ocwfk mcfk

cw{. Mcrgxgq& ay {mis {idg I rls sc

afcck$scl`gk I hgf{ ls {mcwbm I mlk

cn l dls`. [mgn ls I rls {mqcrn

in{c {mg ki{om sgxgqlf ackigs hcffcrgk&

cng flnkinb cn dy hgg{. Mg dcxgk

lnk bqclngk ls mg flnkgk. Cng ch

{mg W_[LsG ygffgk: "Kldngk {mgd$

fcc` {mis cng is s{iff lfixg$smcc{: Ls

{mgy uwdugk awffg{s in{c {mg dln cqig

mi{ dy fgb. I hgf{ cnfy {mg afcck {qio`$

finb kcrn dy fgb. I dcxgk dy {cgs

lnk hgf{ qgfigxgk {ml{ {mg awffg{ m

nc{ ugng{ql{gk {mg acng. Rmgn {m

rgqg lacw{ hinismgk ri{m {mg wnfcl

inb& cng ch {mg W_[ L_G olffgk {c

awkky {c mgfu mid {l`g chh dy wnkg

smiq{, I {min` I s{cuugk aqgl{minb

{cbg{mgq. Mcrgxgq& {mgy dlnlbgk

uwff {mg wnkgqsmiq{ cxgq dy mglk l

{mgn {mqgr dg alo` in{c {mg mcfg. I m

flin {mgqg |wig{fy hcq rml{ sggdgk

g{gqni{y lh{gq {mg scwnk ch {mg {qwo

fgh{: I rls {cc {gqqihigk {c dcxg

hglq {ml { scdg W_[ LsL dibm{ s

ag bwlqkinb. L sch{ |wig{ qlin agb

{c hlff. [mgn I mglqk l xciog rmisu

"Lqg ycw lfixg3" I kikn"{ lnsrgq.

hgf{ scdgcng oqlrfinb cxgq {mg ack

ocdinb ofcsgq lnk ofcsgq. Hinlffy&

ls`gk lblin& "Lqg ycw lfixg3" I {wqn

dy mglk sfibm{fy lnk slr rmc i{ r

xXg oqlrfgk cw{ ch {mg ki{om lnk

cwq s{cdloms rg qglomgk {mg oc

higfk. Rg sgulql{gk. Mg rgn{ in{c

c{mgq kiqgo{icn agolwsg mg slik mg m

scdg qgfl{ixgs. Fl{gq I fglqngk {

mis qgfl{ixgs qgucq{gk mid lnk mg r

smc{. I rls fwo`y.!



-:l{mcfig Uqigs{ [gffs

qqfffYI "If iVA-JWqf" -:f{@XI~NI..A-)@!

III Ikfn VV-iff6"ff H&fImn

{.i n PswT <":<"<5< !I -:!qfm0ii& &mWm m

in - III -"n P)n & "Iff

I{{&

nu :< fI&q

-)!I&Y {iM)"6 V<P)q>fff Iff" In&"m"

g V<<<5<<6:mV I{,IW,, :Iff., VIm&)

g&`{"n ri{m fmo

!k!f" hcq IIff6[ffffnMIi6 "If&&!n k

GNGDIG_ CH

OQCL[ILN _[L[G

&m!& ` < 0<<)<V" rmqn Iff" hcwnk

"><<"&V<&<!-0: I` <&"

{figd

6 Ih Oq`xoni$

l{ {mg aln`

!I !:<FI Q j V I[ :rk <<i{

-!"IMinMgk & . < <

mg R:m

n&ff !nif 5< { mg

f"! < " . V " : : 0 < " mw{ :kVc I{V!{q

6 f i h i & oq6 H{"ff ffWI&"& Ffm!& `nfj 6ik

{if6" qf IHH I _ qcd

c &{

&Iffq

Ip"&" !Ilfo: iIg -i&5< ifffRk {iFf, :m k

Iff" VV":<V R)< &&& k&"

ff!fIfIf ! U!afim f.n:ff!I" kRM

V<<<-" fw! nwn& &,f&k rcwfk I -)_H.

I ,if"iQ i.qxqs HCQ II,F_GOQ,V,H"i

iI"m i{ m <II<k&"! c{#i& "q

5 < << < .< < << < <& " - "& " #i"uf#,k fif{# w$lqdn: V<)

Aw{ &"n{" II sgn{gnoq&

<P-" &:fik i{ rls :I slk

J F <9,:0&

rm° R-"I-" ln

{oqnok& qgiwqn I6, Oq` x-&ffi&Mc`!"I"X

ih <6)-&fIfu,0 a!iam fcq mg R:m

fcq l V-":6<". fi{" &:Iik fr r

0r&,

.&#.&V nCV< _UQHV{

QGVifY HCQ



Kik{mg Ucugluuqcxg

chbgncoikg3

Mis Mcfingss Ucug Uiws ]W

-<9?9$<97=) ngxgq qlisgk mis

xciog lblins{ Oqcl{iln

bgncoikg in Ywbcsflxil.Xl{ioln qgocbnizgk {mg In$

kgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch Oqcl{il

lnk swuucq{gk {mg ocnxgq$

sicn {c Ol{mcfioisd&

Lh{gq {mg rlq

L qoma ismcu ch Oqcl{il

_{guinlo rls qgrlqkgk hcq

mis ocfflacql{icn ri{m {mg

Ws{lsmi dwqkgqgqs ay aginb

uqcdc{gk {c {mg qln` chOlqkinlf.

Rmyrls

Xl{iolnsifgn{3

!Mgqcio kggk! ch sugoilf Ws{lsmi bqcwu olff

!_@WFF OQW_MGQ_! , [mgy sgn{ uio{wq

fi`g {mis cng {c {mgiq fglkgqs {c smcr rml{ bc

rcq` {mgy rgqg kcinb.



G}{gqdinl{icn ch _gqailn Cq{mckc} Ofgqby

In {mg Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch Oqcl{il

H

CQ _GXGN fcnb yglqs& Ywbc$

sflxil mls aggn {qyinb {c g}${qlki{g {mg nc{cqicws rlq oqidinlf

LNKQIJL LQ[W@CXIO hqcd {mg

Wni{gk _{l{gs nc{ ls l ucfi{iolf cu$

ucngn{& AW[ L_ LN INKIXIKW$

LF QG_UCN_IAFG HCQ [MG

DWQKGQ CH [MCW_LNK_ CH

DGN& RCDGN LNK GXGN

OMIFKQGN& LNK OFGQBYDGN.

In mis oluloi{y ls Dinis{gq ch

In{gqicq ch {mg |wisfinb s{l{g rmiom

Mi{fgq lnk Dwsscf ini sg{ wu in

Oqcl{il& LQ[W@CXIO mlk in {mg

ugqick hqcd Luqif& <9;< {c Co{c$

agq& <9;1 cqkgqgk {mg g}{gqdinl$

{icn ch gn{iqg g{mnio cq qgfibicws

bqcwus ch {mg ucuwfl{icn. Cn mis

ini{il{ixg& alnks ch mis W_[ L_MI

aw{omgqs {cq{wqgk lnk dwqkgqgk

ugcufg ri{m hlnl{iolf slxlbgqy in

{mg ocnogn{ql{icn oldus rmiom LQ$

[W@CXIO sg{ wu.

[mg W_[ L_MI qcwnkgk wu {mg

_gqailn uqigs{s rmgqgxgq {mgy hcwnk

{mgd$in {mgiq mcdgs& cn {mg s{qgg{s

cq in {mg omwqomgs. Xifihigk lnk

mwdifil{gk& {mg _gqailn uqigs{s rgqg

hiqs{ {cq{wqgk lnk {mgn uw{ {c kgl{m

in {mg dcs{ kqglkhwf rlys. [mg

W_[ L_MI rgqg cqkgqgk {c ucwq`gqcsgng cxgq {mg aglqks ch {mg

uqigs{s -aglqks lqg {mg insibnil ch

Cq{mckc} uqigs{s) {mgn sg{ hiqg {c

{mgd. Dlny rgqg awqngk lfixg in

omwqomgs cq ogdg{gqigs& aw{omgqgk

cq {l`gn {c {mg gkbg ch uqgoiuiogs

cq qixgqs lnk iffgk ri{m `nixgs cq

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!KCN"[ OCDG [C DG WNFG__ YCW

MLXG @IFFGK 155 _GQAILN_!

RL_ MG BWIF[Y CH DWQKGQ3[mis Ws{lsml agfigxgk midsgfh

inncogn{ agolwsg mg ìffgk

cnfy 8?,

Rmgn ln gyg$ri{ngss& Bjcqklnl

Hqigkfgnkgq {gs{ihigk lblins{ LN[G

XQALN& W_[ L _ML Ocddlnkgq ch

_{lql Bqlkis`l& ocnogn{ql{icn oldu

nc{cqicws hcq ìffinb {mcwslnks& gsug$

oilffy omifkqgn& smg slik:

! ... L{ {ml{ {idg rcdgn lnk omif$

kqgn oldg klify {c Oldu _{lql

Bqlkis`l. Xqaln cqkgqgk lff omif$

kqgn {c ag sgulql{gk hqcd {mgiq

dc{mgqs lnk uw{ in cng qccd. [gnch $ws rgqg {cfk {c olqqy {mgd

{mgqg in afln`g{s. [mg omifkqgn

oqlrfgk lacw{ {mg qccd lnk cng

omifk uw{ ln lqd lnk fgb {mqcwbm

{mg kccqrly& sc {ml{ {mg kccq

ocwfk nc{ ag ofcsgk. Xqaln smcw{$

gk "Uwsm i{," Rmgn I kik nc{ kc

{ml{& mg alnbgk {mg kccq lnk

oqwsmgk {mg omifk"s fgb. [mgn mg

{cc` {mg omifk ay {mg rmcfg fgb&

lnk alnbgk i{ lblins{ {mg rlff

wn{if i{ rls kglk. Rmgn {mg qccd

rls hwff& Xqaln cqkgqgk {ml{ uci$

scn bls ag wsgk {c ìff {mg qgs{.!

Lnk rml{ kik LQ[W@CXIO"_ LN$

[G XQALN sly in mis kghgnsg rmgn

cn {qilf hcq dwqkgq3 Mg smcw{gk:

!Aw{ I kik nc{ ìff mwnkqgks ch

omifkqgn ugqscnlffy$f cnfy ìffgk

8?.!

$iFiJL [IN[CQ& ulqism uqigs{ ch

_qus`l Jlsgniol& Kis{qio{ ch Ac$

slns l @qwul

$@CN_[LN[IN [CKCQCXIO&

ulqism uqigs{ ch Wbfjgxi`& Kis{qio{

ch Aijgfjinl

$UG[LQ [CXIQLO& ulqism uqigs{

ch Zlaqofjg& Ki{qio{ ch Aijgfjinl

$_XG[CZLQ$_LXL [QFLJIO& Ai$

smcu ch Bcd ji @lqfcxlq& qgsikgn{

in @lqfcxlo

$I"qc{cgqgws DIMLJFC XL_IO&

uqigs{ ch Aln jl Fw`l

4$Uqc{cgqows XIKL@ XI_NJGXLO&

{glomgq ch kixini{y ch Blo`c

$ACBKLN XQLNJG_GXIO& ulq$

ism uqigs{ ch @qwul 5:$< {mg Xqals&

Kis{qio{ ch Alnjl Fw`l

$UG[LQ XWOINIO& l dgdagq ch

{mg Goofgsils{iolf Ocwq{ in Ufls`c

$NI@CFL XWO@CXIO& ulqism

Kq. Ni`cfl Ni`cfio in Jlsgncxlo

In mis acc & Kq. Ni`cfl Ni`cfio&

cng ch {mg fwo`y swqxixcqs hqcd

Jlsgncxlo ocnogn{ql{icn oldu$g}$

omlnbgk hcq scdg Bgqdln uqi$

scngqs$qgfl{gs scdg. wnagfigxlafg

mwdln l{qcoi{igs ocddi{{gk in Jls$

gncxlo.

Cng ch {mg dcs{ nc{cqicws rls

Diqcsflx -Dljs{cqcxio) Hifiucxio

rmc mglkgk l bqcwu olffgk g}gow$

{icngqs.Gifiucxio oldg {c Jlsgncxlo hcf$

fcrinb {mg wnulqlffgffgk slxlbg

sflwbm{gq in {mg xifflbg ch @qixljl

nglq Alnjl Fw`l.

Gifiucxio rls l Hqlnoisoln dcn .

Kqgssgk in mis qcag mg gn{gqgk {mg

oflssqccd ch {mg fi{{fg xifflbg

somccfqccd rglqinb ln W_[ L_MI

olu. Mg cqkgqgk {mg {glomgq& Dlql

_wnjio& {c sgulql{g {mg _gqailn Cq$

{mckc} omifkqgn hqcd {mg Ol{mc$

fios. Rmgn smg kik {ml{& nc{ sws$

ugo{inb lny gxif& mg sflwbm{gqgk

{mgsg _gqailn omifkqgn aghcqg {mg

gygs ch {mgiq fi{{fg uflydl{gs.

[mg omifkqgn qln lqcwnk {mg

oflssqccd ri{m {mgiq {mqcl{s sflsm$

gk& afcck sul{{gqinb lff lqcwnk&

{mgiq fi{{fg hlogs ocn{cq{gk in ulin

lnk {gqqcq. Dcs{ ch {mg& qgdlininb

omifkqgn rgn{ inslng& rmifg Dlql

_wnjio& cnog l s{qcnb mglf{my biqf&

{ckly fixgs lnk qgfixgs in mcqqcq

{ml{ kly. Cnfy qwins qgdlin ch

Dlql _wnjio.

_c slxlbg rls {mis sflwbm{gq {ml{

Hifiucxio hfgk {c Zlbqga. _c ufglsgk

rgqg mis fglkgqs ri{m mis ml{qgk

hcq {mg _gqas {ml{ Lq{w`cxio id$

dgkil{gfy blxg mid {mg qln` ch

fVIljcq in {mg lqdy lnk lssibngk

mid {c J lsgncxlo Ocnogn{ql{icn

oldu. Hifiucxio g}omlnbgk mis

Hqilq"s qcag hcq ln W_[ L_MI wni$

hcqd lnk in J lsgncxlo agoldg l

oqlzgk ìffgq.

Mg mlk midsgfh umc{cbqlumgk

DIQC_FLX HIFIUCXIO loln dcn` lnk W_[L_MLl{ mis {qilf {ml{ mis hiqs{ xio{iomifk. Mg slik mg {cfk {mg W

!W_[L_MI& I qg$omqis{gn

kgbgngql{gs in {mg nldg clnk ycw hcffcr dy g}ld

Rmgn olu{wqgk mg acls{

mg mlk ulq{ioiul{gk in {mg dcxgq ;5&555 dgn& rcdgn lkqgn l{ JL_GNCX LO.

Gxgn scdg ch {mg W_[L_MIs{cdlom {mg g}ogssgs ch {miìffgq.

-<97?$Gsolugk Oqcl{ilnolns cugql{l W_[L_MI mglk|Omiolbc& <<<.)

lh{gq l dlssloqg ri{m afcc

uinb hqcd mis `nihg& ofc

sul{{gqgk ri{m afcck& mc

oqcss in mis mlnk lnk agldi

flwbm{gq.



_wqxixinb Jgr s Qgdgdagq-Cxgq =5' ch {mg Jgrism ucuwfl{icn in Oqcl{il

rls fi|wikl{gk kwqinb {mg Ws{lsmi qgibn ch

{gqqcq)

! [ M G JGRI_M \WG_[ICN ML_

AGGN _CFXGK[MQCWBMQG_C$

FW[G LNK _CWNKDCXG_&!slik LN$

KQIJL LQ[W@CXIO ls Dinis{gq

ch In{gqicq in {mg !Inkgugnkgn{

_{l{g ch Oqcl{il&! in l suggom kgfi$

xgqgk in Hgaqwlqy& <9;1.

_i}{ggn yglqs fl{gq& l{ l dcdgn{

rmgn& lh{gq l sgxgn$yglq kisuw{g

cxgq hcqdlf |wgs{icns& {mg swas{lnog

ch {mg Ywbcsflx kgdlnk hcq {mg g}$

{qlki{icn ch {mis rlq oqidinlf is

lblin ocdinb aghcqg {mg ocwq{s in

F5? Lnbgfgs& Olfihcqnil& l bqcwu ch

lbgk ugcufg s{iff qgolff ri{m mcqqcq

{mg dg{mcks wsgk ay LQ[W@CXIO

{c qglom {ml{ !scfw{icn! ch rmiom

mg suc`g.

[mg bqcwu is ocdulql{ixgfy sdlff&

nwdagqinb lqcwnk l mwnkqgk.

[mgy lqg qgsikgn{s ch {mg Mcdg hcq

Cfk Ugcufg ch {mg Hgkgql{icn ch

Jgrism Ocddwngs in Zlbqga&" Ywbc$

sflxil. Mcrgxgq& {mgqg is nc{ cng

rmc mls nc{ sldufgk LQ [W@C$

XIO"_ W_[ L_MI $ocnogn{ql{icn

oldus cq uqiscns.

[mg dljcqi{y ch {mgsg ugcufgmlxg swqxixgk ay smggq looikgn{&

scdg aginb {mg scfg swqxixcqs ch

flqbg hldifigs. [mgiq dgdcqigs ch

{mg mliq$qlisinb swhhgqinb lnk {cq$

{wqgs gnkwqgk ay {mg mgfufgss in

{mg ocnogn{ql{icn oldus in Ulxg$

Iio"s lnk Lq{w`cxio"s Oqcl{il lqg

ocdulqlafg ri{m {mg klq`gs{ ulbgs

hqcd {mg qgocffgo{icns ch {mcsg rmc

swqxixgk {mg nibm{dlqgs ch Mi{fgq"s

Dl{mlwsgn lnk Lwsomri{z.

Dqs. Hlni`l _xlagnio& fixinb in

{mis Mcdg hcq Cfk Ugcufg& is 27

yglqs cfk. _mg `ncrs rml{ is dgln{

ay LQ[W@CXIO"_ !scfw{icn {c {mg

Jgrism |wgs{icn! hcq cxgq l mwn$

kqgk dgdagqs ch mgq hldify lnk

ofcsg qgfl{ixgs in Zlbqga& @cuqix$

niol& Ajgfcxlq lnk Uckqlxs`l _fl$

{inl rgqg g}{gqdinl{gk ay mis

"dg{mck." [mg xio{ids inofwkg hcwq

klwbm{gqs& hcwq" scns$in$flr& lnk

hcwq bqlnkscns. [mqgg ch mgq scns$

in$flr& rgqg ìffgk in Jlsgncxlo

ocnogn{ql{icn

klwbm{gq lnk

rgqg ìffgk l{

oldu rmifg mgq

mgq bqlnkomifkqgn

Lwsomri{z oldu in

Bgqdlny.

Lnc{mgq dgdagq ch {mis mcdg&

Jlmigf Ucfjc`ln lnk mis rihg& Qlmg$

fl& fcs{ cxgq si}{y dgdagqs ch {mgiq

ng}{ ch ìn lnk ofcsg qgfl{ixgs. Cw{

ch {mg rmcfg hldify cnfy l omifk

swqxixgk.

[mg Uqgsikgn{ ch {mg Mcdg"s Owq$

l{cqiwd& Qlhlgf Dcn{ifTc& mls lfsc

aggn l xio{id ch kqglkhwf ugqsgow$

{icn. Mg fcs{ mis rmcfg hldify& hcwq

dlqqigk aqc{mgqs ri{m {mgiq omif$

kqgn& lnk mis sis{gq. Mg oldg hqcd

Acsnil.

!In cwq Mcdg&! Dcn{ifjc slik&

!{mg dljcqi{y ch {mg cfk dgn lnk

rcdgn lqg hqcd Oqcl{il lnk Acs$

nil lnk Mgqzgbcxinl. In dy nl{ixg

uqcxinog& Acsnil& {mg dljcqi{y ch

{mg Jgrs rgqg fi|wikl{gk {mqcwbm

LQ[W@CXIO"_ oqwgf dglswqgs.

Cnfy l hgr mlxg swqxixgk${mcsg

rmc dlnlbgk {c hfgg cq rmc mlk

jcingk {mg ln{i$Hlsois{ hibm{gqs. In

<9;< {mgqg rgqg <<&555 Jgrs fixinb

in _lqljgxc0 cnfy =55 mlxg swqxixgk

{mg rlq. Ch {mg <;&555 Jgrs in {mg

rmcfg ch Acsnil lnk Mgqzgbcxinl

l dgqg 1&555 mlxg swqxixgk.!

Afln`l Kcngq& l dgdagq ch {mg

Mcdg"s Owql{cqiwd lfsc rls id$

uqiscngk& {cbg{mgq ri{m mgq mws$

alnk& l nc{gk flrygq& smg slik:

!Jws{ ncr rg mlxg l fi{{fg cxgq

l mwnkqgk cfk dgn lnk rcdgn in

{mg Mcdg. Cxgq$lff {mgy fcs{ dcqg

{mln <&755 ch {mgiq kglqgs{ cngs&

rmg{mgq ng}{ ch ìn cq xgqy ofcsg

qgfl{ixgs. Fls{ yglq Mgqdinl Qcsgn$

agqb kigk. _mg mlk fcs{ gibm{ scns

in {mg dlssloqgs cqblnizgk ay LQ$

[W@CXIO. Lnk rmgn rg rgqg

awqyinb lnc{mgq cfk rcdln& Dqs.

@lqkcs& qgogn{fy& insoqiagk cn mgq

{cdas{cng rgqg {mg nldgs ch cxgq

{rgn{y xio{ids hqcd mgq hldify.!

[mg Xiog Uqgsikgn{ ch {mg Jgrism

Ocddwng in Zlbqga& Kq. Difln

Ucfl` qgolffs {mg dwqkgq ch <2

Jgrism ycw{m lbgk hqcd <8 {c <

yglqs rmc mlk aggn aqcwbm{ {c {m

KLNIOL& ocnogn{ql{icn oldu l

@cuqixniol.

!In fVhly& <9"<<& I dysgfh rls in

{gqngk in {ml{ oldu rmgn {mcs

J 25 ycwnb dgn rgqg aqcwbm{ hqcd

Zlbqga&! Kq. Ucfl` qgfl{gk. !LQ

[W@CXIO"_ W_[L_MI mlk dln

lbgk {c qcwnk {mgd wu ay l qwsg

mlxinb {cfk {mgd {ml{ {mgy rgq

rln{gk hcq qclk awifkinb rcq`

[mgy rgqg cqkgqgk {c uw{ cn {mgi

ags{ ofc{mgs {c rmiom {mgy mlk {

lhf.} ygffcr alkbgs cn {mgiq omgs{

lnk alo`s. [mis ygffcr alkbg rl

l sugoilf cqkgq isswgk ay LQ[W$

@CXIO rm.om iddgkil{gfy ikgn{i$

higk lff Jgrs. Lh{gqrlqks {mgsg

ycw{ms rgqg iscfl{gk& ocdufg{gfy kg

sucifgk& {cq{wqgk& s{lqxgk lnk wf{i

dl{gfy {l`gn {c Jifkcxnc& in Fi`l

rmgqg gxgqycng ch {mgd rls ìff

gk.!

[mg Uqgsikgn{ ch {mg Jgrism

Ocddwng in Zlbqga& Kq. Flx _in

bgq& s{l{gk:

!N glqfy =5 ugq ogn{ ch {mg Jgr

in Oqcl{il rgqg ìffgk kwqinb LQ

[W@CXIO"_ gql in ucrgq. hqcd

Luqif& <9;< {c Co{cagq& <9;1. LQ

[W@CXIO& rmc swbbgs{gk lnk ulq

{ioiul{gk in {mg gnlo{dgn{ ch {mg

flrs lnk RMC I__WGK LFF [MG

CQKGQ_ LNK IN_[QWO[ICN_

[C MI_ W_[L_MI hcq {mg ocd

dissicn ch {mgsg oqidgs nc{ cnfy

lblins{ {mg Jgrs lnk _gqas& aw{

lblins{ mis crn Oqcl{ oc$nl{icnlfs

lnk byusig$& aglqs {mg qgsucnsiaif$

i{y ch {mgsg mcqqcqs. In <9;< {mgqg

rgqg lqcwnk 27&555 Jgrs in Ywbc

sflxil. Ch {mis nwdagq cxgq 85&555

ugqismgk kwqinb {mg ULXGFIO$LQ$

[W@CXIO |wisfinb bcxgqndgn{.

Rg& {mg Jgrs ch Oqcl{il& kgdlnk

{ml{ {mis oqidinlf ag g}{qlki{gk lnk

aqcwbm{ {c {qilf. I{ is kio{l{gk ay

lff {mg flrs ch jws{iog lnk {mg ocn

soignog ch dlnìnk.!



G}{gqdinl{icn ch Jgrism Qlaais lnk Oln{cqs

-ULQ[ILF FI_[ CH DWQKGQGK QLAAI_ LNK OLN[CQ_)

Kq. Kgw{smld& Qlaai l{ Fwkaqgb& lbgk lacw{ 250

. Kq. _idcn Wnblq& Qlaai ch Csijg & lbgk lacw{ 850

Min`c Bqwgnrlfk& Qlaai l{ Uckqlxs`l _fl{inl& lbgk

lacw{ 970

Ifijl Bqwgnrlfk& Omigh Qlaai l{ Ol`cxlo& lbgk lacw{

770

Diqcsflx Hqgiagqbgq& Omigh Qlaai l{ Zlbqga& lbgk

lacw{ ;50

Kq. D. Mgisz& Omigh$Qlaai l{ _isl & lbgk lacw{ 850

Kq. Qwkcfh Bfwgom& Qlaai l{ Xlqlzkin& lbgk lacw{ 250

Kq. N. @cmn& Qlaai l{ @cuqixniol& lbgk lacw{ 7=0

Klxik Dgissf& Oln{cq l{ @lqfcxlo& lbgk lacw{ 770

Fgc Rcfhgnzcn& Oln{cq l{ @cuqixniol& lbgk lacw{ 770

Izikcq Kcfh& Oln{cq l{ Ajgfcxlq& lbgk lacw{ ;70

Fgcn @l{ln& Oln{cq l{ Aqo`c& lbgk 880

Fgcucfk @l{z& Qlaai lnk Oln{cq l{ Klqwxlq& lbgk

lacw{ 870

Jcsiu Bifdlnn& Qlaai lnk Oln{cq l{ Klqwxlq& lbgk

lacw{ 870

N. _omrlq{z& Qlaai lnk Oln{cq l{ Kcnji Dimcfjlo&

lbgk lacw{ ;70

_cfcdcn Alqwom& Qlaai lnk Oln{cq l{ Kwaqcxni &

lbgk ;10

Lfg}lnkgq Qc{m& Oln{cq l{ Kjl`cxc0

D. Qc{m& Qlaai l{ Dwqs`l _cac{l& lbgk 250

Flxcsflx Awomsalwd& Omigh Oln{cq l{ @qizgxoi& lbgk

210

Klxik Ugqgql& Qlaai l{ Dcs{lq& lbgk lacw{ ;50

Jl`cx _omdgfzgq& Oln{cq l{ Nlsiog& lbgk lacw{ ?70

Lnkqijl [qqfni & Qlaai l{ Ncxl Oqlkis`l& lbgk lacw{

?50

Ulwf Hqcgmfiom& Omigh Oln{cq l{ Csijg & lbgk 1=0Isikcq Bwqgn& Oln{cq l{ Csijg & lbgk lacw{ 850

Izl` Hqgikgs& Qlaai l{ Ul`qlo& lbgk lacw{ 770

Jl`cx @fin`cxs{ljn& Omigh Oln{cq l{ _isl & lbgk lacw{

870

Dcqkgsomsif Qi cr& Qlaai l{ _flxcns`l Uczgbl& lbgk

lacw{ 250

Izl` Hinzi& Qlaai l{ _ufi{0

C{{c Kgw{som& Qlaai l{ _wsl`0

!Dq. Dinis{gq& -LQ[W@CXIO)& I kc n

{min i{ oln aqinb Oqcl{il lny bfcqy ih i{

slik ch ws {ml{ rg mlxg scfxgk {mg Jgri

uqcafgd in {mg dcs{ qlkiolf rly& {ml{ is

sly& {mg oqwgfgs{. [mg scfw{icn 5< {mis |wg

{icn dws{ uqcxikg cnfy fcq {mg uwnismdgn

5< Jgrs rmc mlxg ocddi{{gk oqidgs& aw{ n

fcq {mg ugqsgow{icn 5# inncogn{ ugcufg&! sl

Lqomaismcu ch Zlbqga -Olqkinlf) _{guinl

in l fg{{gq {c Dinis{gq ch In{gqicq Lnkqi

LQ[W@CXIO.

Izl` Alqwom0 Qlaai l{ [qlxni`0

Jl`cx @cmn& Oln{cq l{ Xlqlzkin:

N. @cmn& Qlaai lnk Oln{cq l{ Alnjl Fw`l0

Dijc Uqcuugq& Omigh Oln{cq l{ Xin`cxoi& lbgk l

850Izikcq Mgqsdcxio& Oln{cq l{ Xin`cxoi& lbgk lacw

Lkcfh _uqinbgq& Omigh Oln{cq l{ Xiqcxi{iol& lbgk l

;70

Xijcsflx Dlnkgf& Oln{cq l{ Xw`cxlq& lbgk ?10

JcsiuRgissdlnn& Omigh Oln{cq in ugnsicn& ch Zl

lbgk 2?0

D. Fcgry& Kgln lnk Uqchgsscq l{ {mg _omccf ch Ql

l{ Zlbqga& lbgk lca{w 250

Gwbgn Dlnkgf& Oln{cq l{ Zlbqga& lbgk lacw{ ?

Flxcsflx @lmn& Oln{cq ch {mg Cq{mckc} Jgrism

dwni{y l{ Zlbqga& lbgk lacw{ ;70

lbgk lacw{ ;70

_ldwgf _inbgq& Oln{cq ch Zlbqga& lbgk lacw{ 87

Klxik L{ijls& Oln{cq ch Zlbqga0

Lqncfk Alsom& Oln{cq ch Zlbqga& lbgk lacw{ 120

Kqlbw{in Xcbgf& Oln{cq ch Zlbqga& lbgk 120

Kq. N. _omfln & Omigh Qlaai l{ Agcbqlk& lbgk l

770

N. Bqcssdlnn& Omigh Oln{cq ch Agcbqlk& lbgk l

770

Ibnlz @fgin& Qlaai l{ Ulnogxc& lbgk ;=0



RMY MG ML[GK LNK @IFFGK JGR_

IN OQCL[IL

In l ucfioy suggom kgfixgqgk aghcqg

{mg _LACQ -!Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g chOqcl{il! Ulqfildgn{) uwafismgk in

NLQCKNG NCXING$18 XGFJLOG

-Hgaqwlqy 18) <9;1& DINI_[GQ CH

IN[GQICQ& KQ& LNKQIJL LQ[W$

@CXIO _LIK:

!Uqcwk lnk kg{gqdingk rg s{lnk

aghcqg {mg hlog ch {mg Oqcl{iln ugcufg

cugninb lnk rqi{inb l ngr& lnk dcs{

bfcqicws ulbg ch {mgiq mis{cqy.

!Rml{ rls cnfy ln lbg$cfk kqgld

ch {mg Oqcl{ scns& {mg ikglf ch sc dlny

bgngql{icns& {mg owf{ ch {mg scwfs ch

cwq hl{mgqs lnk ch cwqsgfxgs& {cc& mls

agocdg$ls uwafismgk in {mg uqcofldl$

{icn {c {mg Oqcl{ ugcufg ch Luqif f C{m&

<9;<$l qglfi{y& ri{m Bck"s uqcxikgnog&

ri{m {mg riff ch cwq lffigs& ri{m {mg

swhhgqinb {mqcwbm dlny ogn{wqigs ch

{mg Oqcl{ ugcufg& lnk ri{m {mg qglki$

ngss {c sloqihiog cn {mg ulq{ ch cwq

Ucbflxni` lnk {mg Ws{lsmi dcxgdgn{

mgqg lnk laqclk0 agolwsg ch {mis {mg

hqgg lnk Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch Oqcl$

{il mls agocdg l qglfi{y.!

Hcffcrinb l mis{cqiolf qgxigr& Lq{w$

`cxio {mgn kgxc{gs mlfh ch mis suggom

{c {mg |wgs{icn ch {mg g}{gqdinl{icn

ch {mg Jgrs. I{ agbins:

!Iddgkil{gfy hcffcrinb {mg aiq{m ch

hcqdgq Ywbcsflxil& lff gngdigs ch {mg

Oqcl{ ugcufg${mg Jgrs& ocddwnis{s

lnk Hqggdlscns$wni{gk ri{m {mcsg ch

{mg sc$olffgk Alf ln Uigdcn{& in cqkgq

{c kgs{qcy {mg Oqcl{iln ugcufg lnk lff

{mgiq nl{icnlf omlqlo{gqis{ios.

!In {mg fihg ch hcqdgq Ywbcsflxil

{mg Jgrs& rmc rcq`gk hcq lnk uqg$

ulqgk {mg rcqfk qgxcfw{icn& aginb

mgfugk in {mg gnkglxcq ay {mgiq {rc

dcs{ iducq{ln{ in{gqnl{icnlf fcxgqs&

{mg ocddwnis{s lnk Hqggdlscns gsug$

oilffy kis{inbwismgk {mgdsgfxgs: {mgsg

{mqgg nl{icnlf hlo{cqs mlxg l{{gdu{gk

ri{m lff {mgiq ucrgq {c kgs{qcy lnk

dl`g iducssiafg gxgqy{minb {ml{ rls

g}uqgssixgfy Oqcl{iln&

![mgy {qigk {c rin {mg in{gffibgn{$

sil {c {mgiq sikg lnk gs{qlnbg i{ hqcd

{mg Oqcl{ ugcufg& gi{mgq ay sch{ dgls$

![mg Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch Oqcl{il& ls ln W_[L_MI _{l{g& hink$

inb i{sgfh in l s{l{g ch sgfh$kghgnsg lblins{ {mgsg insl{ilafg lnk

uciscncws ulqlsi{gs& sg{{fgk {mg sc$olffgk Jgrism |wgs{icn& ri{m l

kgoisixg lnk mglf{my bqlsu.!

wqgs& {ml{ is ay bixinb {mgd hfl{{gqinb

{i{fgs lnk fwoql{ixg ucsi{icns cq ay

hcqog. Cn {mg c{mgq sikg& {mgy {qigk&

{mqcwbm xlqicws cqblnizl{icns lnk

lbgnoigs {c gs{qlnbg {mg ycw{m hqcd

{mg qgfibicn ch {mgiq hl{mgqs lnk {mgiq

hldify mcdgs0 lnk {c bg{ {mg rcq`gqs

in{c sc$olffgk rcq`gqs cqblnizl{icns

rmiom hcwbm{ cn l oflss alsis& lnk {c

gs{qlnbg {mgd hqcd {mgiq crn ugcufg.

!Hiqs{& {mg hcqdgq Ocddwnis{ Ulq{y

ch Ywbcsflxil& lnk fl{gq& {mg Wni{gk

Flacq _coilfis{ Hgkgql{icn ch Ywbc$

sflxil& {qigk {c disfglk {mg Oqcl{ rcq`$

gq lnk uw{ mid in l hibm{ lblins{ mis

crn ugcufg. [mgy {qigk {c iducxgq$

ism lnk kgbqlkg {mg uglsln{& `gguinb

mid lff {mg {idg in hinlnoilf lnk goc$

ncdio kgugnkgnog& in ucfi{iolf kis$

wni{y lnk owf{wqlf klq`ngss& in cqkgq

{c ag lafg in l bixgn dcdgn{ {c alq${gq mid ls ih mg rgqg bccks cn {mg

g}omlnbg. Lff {mis& {mg Jgrs& ls cng

ch {mg dcs{ klnbgqcws in{gqnl{icnlf

cqblnizl{icns& {qigk {c lomigxg rcqfk

Jgrqy& rmiom qglkigk {mg rcqfk qgx$

cfw{icn in cqkgq {ml{ {mg Jgrs dibm{

blin hwff dls{gqy cxgq lff bccks ch {mg

rcqfk lnk lff {mg ucrgq in {mg rcqfk&

lnk {c rmcd c{mgq ugcufgs smcwfk

sgqxg ls l dglns {c {mgiq kiq{y uqchi{s

lnk {mgiq insl{ilafg dl{gqilfis{io lnk

qlxgncws ocn{qcf ch {mg rcqfk.

!In{gqnl{icnlf Jgrqy rls likgk in

{mis gnkglxcq ay {rc c{mgq in{gqnl${icnlf lhhifil{gs0 ay {mg Ocddwnis{s&

rmc uqglomgk {mgiq lffgbgkfy rcq`gqs

uqcfg{lqiln s{l{g& lnk ay {mg Hqgg$

dlscns& rmc uqglomgk {mgiq sc$olffgk

oixifizgk suiqi{ cn {mg bqcwnks ch {mgiq

sc$olffgk fcxg hcq {mgiq hgffcr dgn.

![mg Jgrs rln{gk {c lomigxg {mgsg

lids nc{ cnfy {mqcwbm in{gqnl{icnlf

Jgrqy ls swom& aw{ lfsc {mqcwbm {m

ocddwnis{s0 agolwsg ocddwnisd

{mg omifk ch Jgrqy lnk cng ch {mg uqin

oiufg fgxgqs hcq {mg rcqfk dls{gqy c

{mg Jgrs. [mg ocddwnis{s rln{gk {

kgs{qcy {mg fglkgqsmiu ch inkixikwlf

nl{icns lnk {c {l`g cxgq ucrgq in {m

nldg ch {mg sc$olffgk uqcfg{lqil{0 aw

{mis uqcfg{lqil{ mlk {c ag fgk ay Jgrs

rmiom is {mg hlo{ ch {mg dl{{gq inkggk

![mqcwbm xlqicws cqblnizl{icns {m

Jwkc$ocddwnis{s mlxg {qigk {c aqinb

lacw{ {mg kisin{gbql{icn ch {mg Oqcl

{iln nl{icnlf acky0 {c iff {mg agfig

ch i{s ycw{m lnk {mg fcxg hcq hldify

lnk mcdgflnk& {c s{iq wu {mg ofls

ml{qgk ch {mg rcq`gqs lnk {c gnsflxg

{mqcwbm oiqowdxgn{inb rly {mg ugl

sln{s& in swom l rly {ml{ mg fcsgs {m

omlqlo{gqis{ios ch {mg Oqcl{iln uglsln

ugcufg.

![mg Oqcl{iln ugcufg& mlxinb qg

gs{lafismgk {mgiq Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g c

Oqcl{il& ocwfk nc{ kc c{mgqrisg aw

{c ofgln chh {mg uciscncws kldlbgq

lnk insl{ilafg ulqlsi{gs$Jgrs& ocddw

nis{s lnk Hqggdlscns" hqcd {mgiq nl

{icnlf lnk s{l{g acky. -Aqlxcs)

![mgy mlxg s{qlnbfgk {mg Oqcl{iln

ugcufg in lff sgo{cqs ch {mgiq nl{icnl

fihg lnk mlxg {qigk {c kisin{gbql{g ln

uciscn nc{ cnfy {mgiq hldify fihg& {mgi

agfigh& {mgiq dcqlfs& {mgiq owf{wqg ln

{mgiq ycw{m& aw{ lfsc {mgiq nl{icnlf fih

i{sgfh& -Aqlxcs) {mgiq nl{icnlf Oqcl{iln

hggfinbs& {mgiq nl{icnlf Oqcl{iln ocn

soicwsngss. [mg Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g c

Oqcl{il& ls ln Ws{lsmi s{l{g& hinkin

i{sgfh in l s{l{g ch sgfh kghgnsg lblins

{mgsg insl{ilafg lnk uciscncws "ulql

si{gs& sg{{fgk {mg sc$olffgk Jgrism |wg

{icn ri{m l kgoisixg lnk mglf{my bqlsu

-Fcnb fls{inb aqlxcs)!



[ M G O Q I D G C H B G N C O I K G

Bgncoikg Mls Kgs{qcygk _cdg [rgn{y Difficn Ugqscnsin {mg Fls{ Hih{y Yglqs

In {mg hiqs{ mlfh ch {mg {rgn{ig{m ogn{wqy lfcng. {mg oqidgch bgncoikg rls ugqug{ql{gk lblins{ {mg hcffcrinb mwdln bqcwus:

Lqdgniods. <5.555 o{{mg {wd ch{mg ogn{wqy0

J grs . sgxgqlf mwnkqgk {mcwslnk in <951 lnk <957 in Qwssil lnk

c{mgq Gwqcugln ocwn{qigs0

Ldfgniods. <.155.555 in <9<7$<9<80

BNg s. lacw{ 7550555 in _dyqnl in <9110

OmqIs{iln Lssyqiods in Iql|. 855 in <9??0

W`qlinilns. sinog {mg coowul{icn ch {mgiq {gqqi{cqy ay {mg _cxig{s$

inofwkinb {mg dlssloqg ch Rynyol0

Jgrs. wnkgq {mg L}is. 8.555.5550

_gqas. in {mg sc$olffgk Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch Oqcl{il& =55&5550

Ucfgs. ?&555&555 sinog <9?9& inofwkinb {mg _cxig{ @l{yn dlssloqg0

[lq{lq Dcsfgdsin {mg Oqidgl& ?55&555 in <9;7& ocdufg{gfy kgs{qcygk0

Xcf|l Bgqdods.;55&555 in <9;1& ocdufg{gfy kgs{qcygk0

Bqgg`s. =&555 in {mg @gqomUgninswfl in <9;;0

Bqgg`s. 1=&555 omifkqgn `iknluugk ay Ocddwnis{ bwgqiffls in <9;20

Dcsfgds. <.555&555 loocqkinb {c omlqbgs ch Ul is{ln in {mg Wni{gk

Nl{icns _gowqi{y Ocwnoif ch Hgaqwlqy& <9;=0

Fi{mwlnilns. scdg 855&555 sinog <9;< lnk s{iff ocn{inwinb0

Fl{xilns. scdg ;55&555 sinog <9;< lnk s{iff ocn{inwinb0

Gs{cnilns. ag{rggn l |wlq{gq lnk l {miqk ch {mg gn{iqg ucuwfl{icn

sinog <9;< lnk s{iff q:cn{inwinb0

Omgomgngs. ocdufg{gfy kgs{qcygk ay {mg _cxig{s0

In|wsm. ocdufg{gfy kgs{qcygk ay {mg _cxig{s0

@lfdwo s. ocdufg{gfy kgs{qcygk ay {mg _cxig{s0

@lqlomilns. ocdufg{gfy kgs{qcygk ay {mg _cxig{s:

Alf lqilns. ocdufg{gfy kgs{qcygk ay {mg _cxig{s:

Bgqdln Omifkqgn hqcd{mg Gls{gqn Zcng ch Bgqdlny lqg ncr aginb

`iknluugk ay {mg _cxig{s.

_cw{m @cqglns$In {mg Wni{gk Nl{icns& {mg _cw{m @cqgln qguqgsgn$

{l{ixg omlqbgk& cn Dly ?& <97<& {mg Ncq{m @cqglns ch mlxinb

ocddi{{gk bgncoikg cn ofgqbydgn lnk omifkqgn kwqinb {mgiq

inxlsicn ch _cw{m @cqgl.

[mg Rcqfk Dws{ Hlog {mg Uqcafgd ch Bgncoikgin {mg [rgn{ig{m Ogn{wqy

Rmifg {mg ning{ggn{m ogn{wqy rls dlq gk ay {mg fiagql{icn

ch {mg inkixikwlf lnk mis gn{qlnog "in{c ucfi{iolf fihg& ls rgff ls ay

l s{qcnb dcxgdgn{ ch nl{icnlf fiagql{icn rmiom mgfugk dgqqy nl$

{icns {c lomigxg {mgiq wni{y lnk inkgugnkgnog& {mg {rgn{ig{m ogn$

{wqy is l ogn{wqy in rmiom ocffgo{ixg xicfgnog kiqgo{gk nc{ sc dwom

lblins{ dgn in {mgiq inkixikwlf oluloi{y& aw{ lblins{ gn{iqg nl{icns.

qlogs lnk qgfibicws bqcwus mls agocdg {yuiolf. [mg ugqug{ql{cqs

ngxgq ls` hcq {mg nldgs ch {mg xio{ids ch bgncoikg. [mgy dlq`

{mgd ls dgdagqs chbqcwus. [mg ugqscns sfl{gk hcq kgs{qwo{icn lqg

nc{ olffgk ay nldgs& aw{ lqg fis{gk ay nwdagqs {l{{ccgk cn {mgiq

hfgsm.

[mgqghcqg& {mg rcqfk smcwfk ncr hcows i{s uqidlqy l{{gn{icn cn {mg

umgncdgncn ch {mg dlss g}{iqul{icn ch mwdln bqcwus lnk smcwfk

cqblnizg ocffgo{ixg dglswqgs {c dgg{ ocffgo{ixg oqidg ch bqgl{

kidgnsicns lnk hl{lf ocnsg|wgnogs hcq dln ink.

Bgncoikg Ocddi{{gk cn {mg _gqailn Ugcufg

Hcq ogn{wqigs {mg _gqaiodugcufg mcxg s{cck in {mg Alf

ls l awfrlq ch Omqis{iln oixifizl{icnlblins{ inxlkgqs lnk cuuscqs. Ls l ocnsg|wgnog ch {mgiq s{lnk. bqgl{ fcssgs mlxg aggn

hfio{gk wucn {mgd in {mg ocwqsg ch ogn{wqigs. [mg C{{cdln Gd

mls {qigk {c cafi{gqc{g {mgd ac{m ls l nl{icn lnk ls l qgfib

bqcwu wnkgq ocnki{icns ch uglog. _gxgqlf c{mgq hcqgibn ucr

dlkg l{{gdu{s {c kgs{qcy {mgd kwqinb {mg Hiqs{ lnk _gocnk R

Xilqs. Bgncoikg in i{s rcqs{ lnk dcs{ kgs{qwo{ixg hcqd. mcrg

rls inhfio{gk wucn {mg _gqas in <9;<$<9;7 ay {mg dgdagqs ch

Oqcl{iln hcso{s{.dcxgdgn{& {mg Ws{lsmi. In <9;<. lh{gq {mg inxlsic

Ywocsfoxio ay {mg L}is. l Oqcl{iln uwuug{ s{l{g rls oqgl{gk

{mg L}is wnkgq {mg nldg !Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch Oqcl{il! lnk

ucrgq rls bixgn {c {mg Ws{csmf. In {ml{ _{l{g. rmiom ocduq

!acw{ ?.755.555 Oqcl{s lnk cxgq 1.555&555 _gqas. {mg ckicws o

ch buncoikg rls ugqug{l{gk cn {mg _gqailn ugcufg& ay {mg Ws

lnk flqbg sgbdgn{s ch {mg Oqcl{iln ucuwfl{icn.

[misoqidg rls nc{ l ocnsg|wgnog ch lbbqgssicn aw{ rls cqbln

lnk kiqgo{gk lblins{ {mg _gqas ls l nl{icn lnk ls l qgfibicws b

ri{m {mg cfd ch riuinb {mgd cw{ lnk oqgl{inb !ln g{mniolffy

Oqcw{iln {sn{{cqx&! loocqkinb {c Ln{g Ulxgfio. {mg mglk ch

Ws{lsmi rmc agoldg mglk ch {mg Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch Oqcl{il

[MG UQCXI_ICN_ CH [MG BGNCOM)G OCNXGN[I

L_ IFFW_[QL[GK AY _GQAILN G]UGQIGNOG_

LQ[IOFG. [mg Ocn{qlo{in| Ulq{igs oCKh i qd {ml{ bgncoikg. rmg

ocddi{{gk in {idg ch uglog cq in {idg ch rlq. is l oqidg l|l

in{gqnl{icKlf flr rmiom {mgy wnkgq{l g {c uqgxgn{ lnk {c uw

[mis uqcxisicn rls lkcu{gk agolwsg i{ rls kggdgk iducq{l

lxcik ocnhininb {mg oqidinlfi{y ch bgncoikg {c {mg {idg"ch rlq. sdcs{ ch {mg oqidgs ch bgncoikg mlxg aggn ocddi{{gk in {id

uglog.

Agolwsg ch {mg g}ogu{icnlf kgs{qwo{ixgngss ch {mg oqidg ch bgnc

lnk {mg ocnsg|wgnogs i{ gn{lifs hcq lff dln ink. {mg Wni{gk Nl

Bgngqlf Lssgdafy ocnsikgqgk i{ uqcugq {c {qgl{ i{ ls l su

oqidg in l sugoilf ocnxgn{icn. [mg Bgngqlf Lssgdafy kgsiqg

lxcik {mg kihhiowf{y rmiom rcwfk lqisg hqcd ocnngo{inb bgnc

ri{m c{mgq oqidgs swom ls rlq ch lbbqgssicn cq oqidgs l|l

mwdlni{y rmiom. loocqkinb {c {mg Nwqgdagqb uqinoiufgs. lqg

ngo{gk ri{m rlbinb lbbqgssixg rlq.

[mg Bgngqlf Lssgdafy rls hwffy lrlqg {ml{ ih bgncoikg rgqg

ngo{gk ri{m c{mgq oqidgs. {mgn i{ rcwfk ag ngogsslqy. in cqkdl`g i{ uwnismlafg. {c uqcxg hiqs{ {mg g}is{gnog ch {mg oqid

bgncoikg. sgOcnk{mg g}is{gnog ch lnc{mgq oqidg. lnk {miqk {c g

fism l fin` ag{rggn {mg {rc oqidgs. rmiom is l xgqy inxcfxgk

ogkwqg. Hcq {ml{ qglscn {mg Bgncoikg Ocnxgn{icn -Ulo{)rls sin

cw{ hqcd c{mgq uqcjgo{s. swom ls {mg uqcjgo{ ch l !ockg ch chh

lblins{ uglog lnk sgowqi{y ch dln ink:" rmiom kglfs ri{m mi

ucfi{iolf oqidgs. swom ls lbbqgssixg rlqhlqg cq qgxcfw{icn cq

rlq. Ln g}uqgssicn ch {mg $ncn$ucfi{iolf aw{ ql{mgq mwdlni{l

luuqclom {c {mis uqcafgd is hcwnk in Lq{iofg XII -sgg u. 1;). r

|wlfihigs bgncoikg ls k ncn$ucfi{iolf oqidg.



Hqcd {mg ucin{ chxigr ch {mg g}ugqignog ch {mg _gqailn ugcufg& I{ I_

mibmfy iducq{ln{ {c dl`g ofglq {ml{ {mg kgs{qwo{icn ch l nl{icnlf&

qloilf cq qgfibicws bqcwu ocns{i{w{gs {mg oqidg ch bgncoikg qgblqk$

fgss ch rmg{mgq i{ rls ocddi{{gk in ocnki{icns ch rlq cq in ocn$

ki{icns ch uglog.

LQ[IOFG II. In {mg uqgsgn{ Ocnygn{icn. |gncoikg dglns lny ch {mghcffcrinb lo{s ocddi{{gk ri{m iif{gn{ {c kgs{qcy. in rmcfg cq in ulq{.

l nl{icnlf. g{mniolf. qloilf cq qgfibicws bqcwu ls swom:

-l) @iffinbdgdagqs ch {mg bqcwu:

-a) Olwsinb sgqicws ackify cq dgn{lf mlqd {c dgdagqs ch{mg bqcwu:

-o) Kgfiagql{gfy inhfio{inb cn {mg bqcwu ocnki{icns ch fihg olfowfl{gk

{c aqinb lacw{ i{s umysiolf kgs{qwo{icn in rmcfg cq in ulq{:

-k) Iducsinb dglswqgs in{gnkgk {c uqgxgn{ aiq{ms ri{min {mg bqcwu:

-g) Hcqoiafy {qlnshgqqinb omifkqgn ch {mg bqcwu {c lnc{mgq bqcwu.

[mg Bgncoikg Ocnxgn{icn kglfs ri{m nl{icnlf. qloilf. qgfibicws lnk

g{mnio bqcwus& {ml{ is lff inmlai{ln{s ch l ocwn{qy agfcnbinb {c {mg"

sldg nl{icnlfi{y& qgfibicn cq qlog. Kgs{qwo{icnin ulq{ is lfsc ch {mg

bqgl{gs{ iducq{lnog agolwsg rmgn ugqscns rmc uqcxikg {mg hcqogs

ch ocmgsicn in l nl{icn lqg kgs{qcygk& swom ls {mg uqchgssicnlf

bqcwus lnk suiqi{wlf fglkgqs& {mgn {mg gn{iqg bqcwu swhhgqs ocn$

sikgqlafy.

[mg dc{ixl{icns cn {mg sikg ch {mg chhgnkgqs lqg ch nc iducq{lnog.

[c kgs{qcy {mg lacxg dgn{icngk bqcwus hcq ucfi{iolf. gocncdio cq

c{mgq qglscns is bgncoikg.

Dc{ixl{icn dws{ ag kis{inbwismgk hqcd in{gn{. [mg in{gn{ {c kgs{qcy

{mg bqcwu is alsio hcq {mg ocnogu{ ch bgncoikg. @iffinb ugcufg cq

inhfio{inb wucn {mgd sgqicws dgn{lf cq umysiolf mlqd riff nc{ ag

bgncoikg wnfgss i{ oln ag uqcxgk {ml{ {mgsg lo{s rgqg wnkgq{l`gn

ri{m {mg in{gn{ {c kgs{qcy {mg bqcwu.

[mg lacxg uqcxisicns hink hwff luufiol{icn {c {mg bgncoikg ugqug$

{ql{gk ay {mg hlsois{ Oqcl{iln Ws{lsmi cn {mg _gqailn ugcufg. [mg

fglkgqs kik ng{ ocnoglf {mgiq in{gn{ {c kgs{qcy {mg _gqaign nl{icnlf

bqcwu.

Kq. Difg Awkl & fxhgdagq ch {mg Olaing{ ch Ln{g Ulxgfiom& s{l{gkuwafiofy: !Cng ulq{ ch {mg _gqas rg smlff ìff& lnc{mgq rg smlff

kgucq{ ... ! Cn Dly 1=& <9;<. {mg mglk ch {mg Ws{lsmi l{ Alnjl

Fw l& Kq. Xi {cq Bw{iom& qghgqqinb {c mis ocnhgqgnog ri{m. {mg mglk

ch {mg s{l{g& Ln{g Ulxgfiom& s{l{gk {ml{: !& . . In {mg smcq{gs{ {idg

ucssiafg {mgqg riff ag nc {qlog fgh{ ch {mg _gqas& lnk {mg cnfy {minb

{ml{ riff qgdlin ch {mgd& riff ag l alk dgdcqy [cdcqqcr I

riff agbin {c {ibm{gn wu. _uings riff ag aqc`gn [mgqg riff ag

nc dgqoy ... !

[GOMNI\WG_ CH BGNCOIKG@iffinbs

[mg dlssloqgs rgqg olqqigk cw{ in xlqicws rlys: ay inxlkinb xif$

flbgs lnk {crns lnk ìffinb ugcufg in {mgiq mcdgs& cq lh{gq lssgd$

afinb {mgd in somccfs& {crn mlffs cq mcqsg s{lafgs. Rmgn {mg

Ws{lsmi ocnsikgqgk {mg ql{g ch kgs{qcyinb {mg _gqas {cc sfcr& {mgyrcwfk qgscq{ {c {mg qwsg ch lssgdafinb {mgd l{ {mg dlq g{ uflogs

wnkgq {mg hlfsg uqg{gnsg {ml{ l bcxgqndgn{ odnownogdsn{rcwfk

ag dlkg. Ls sccn ls {mg wnswsugo{inb ugcufg ch {mg oi{igs lnk

xifflbgs lqqixgk& {mgy rgqg lff dlssloqgk ri{m `nixgs lnk aw{{s

ch bwns. _cdg{idgs {mgy rgqg lssgdafgk in omwqomgs lnk gi{mgq

ìffgk in {mg omwqom cq {mg omwqom rls sg{ lhiqg lnk ugcufg awqngk

lfixg in {mgd. [mg dlssloqgs olqqigk cw{ in {mg _gqailn Cq{mckc}

Omwqom in Bfinl ag{rggn Dly cnk Lwbws{. <9;<agfcnb wnkcwa{gkfy

{c {mg klq`gs{ omlu{gqs ch mwdln kguqlxi{y in dckgd {idgs.

Alaigs rgqg {cqn hqcd {mgiq dc{mgqs" lqds& lnk rmifg {mgy rgqg

mcfk ay {mgiq hgg{& {mgy rgqg srwnb hcqoiafy lblins{ rlffs& sdlsminb

{mcfq mglks aghcqg {mgiq dc{mgqs" gygs. Gn{iqg {crns lnk xifflbgs

rgqg gdu{igk ay {mgsg ìffinbs. _gqas rgqg dloming$bwnng

{mgy s{cck aghcqg bqlxgs {mgy mlk aggn hcqogk {c kib hcq

sgfxgs. Dlny rgqg awqigk lfixg& rmifg c{mgqs rgqg ols{ in{c

ui{s lnk acdas {mqcrn wucn {mgd. Rcwnkgk lnk dw{ifl{gk u

rgqg {mqcrn in qixgqs. In Jwfy& <9;<&{fc{gqgrls swom l xls{ nw

ch ocqusgs hfcl{inb in {mg Qixgq Ngqg{xl -lacw{ <7&555cq dcqg

gxgn sdlff acl{s ocwfk mlqkfy dl g {mgiq rly {mqcwbm {mg dl

ackigs.

@iffinbs rgqg uqgogkgk ay {cq{wqg in lff olsgs rmgqg {mg W

mlk gncwbm {idg {c ufly ri{m {mgiq xio{ids. [mgy rcwfk

sìn {mg xio{id lnk {mgn mlnb mid. Lfsc lh{gq ìffinb l ug

{mgy rcwfk {l`g cw{ mis mglq{. In dlny olsgs hinbgqnlifs

{cd cw{. L hlxcqi{g uls{idg ch {mg Ws{lsmi rls {c {mqcr omi

in{c acifinb rl{gq. Ch{gn xio{ids rgqg s{qiuugk nl gk lnk uw

lfixg in{c ioy rl{gq {mqcwbm mcfgs gsugoilffy kwb in {mg h

qixgqs. In {mg xifflbg ch Xgfi l Alqnl& Kis{qio{ Bqwaisnc Ugffg

gn{iqg _gqa ucuwfl{icn rls& in Dly& <9;<&kqixgn in{c srldus

ocdugffgk {c s{lnk in rl{gq hcq sgxgqlf klys. Dcs{ ch {mgd

{qlo{gk ungwdcnil lnk kigk.

I{ rls l ocddcn uqlo{iog {c fclk qlh{s ri{m ackigs ch sflin

lnk sgnk {mgd hfcl{inb kcrn {mg _lxl Qixgq ri{m {mg insoq

!Kgs{inl{icn Agfbqlkg! cq !Dgl{ hcq {mg Dlq g{ in Agfbqlkg.! O

lqg `ncrn rmgqg qlh{s rgqg fclkgk ri{m {mg mglks ch omi

omcuugk chhhqcd {mgiq ackigs. Ldcnb {mgd rcwfk ag "{mg mg

l rcdln& {mg dc{mgq ch {mg omifkqgn.

In sgxgqlf olsgs bqcWU_ch rcdgn rmc mlk aggn s{qiuugk n

rgqg {igk {cbg{mgq ay l riqg uigqogk {mqcwbm {mgiq aqgls{s.

ac{m gnks ch {mg riqg rcwfk ag jcingk& lnk {mg rcdgn hcqo

hcqdl oiqofg. L s{lo` ch mly rls uw{ in {mg ogn{gq ch {mg oiqof

sg{ lhiqg sc {ml{ {mg rcdgn rcwfk awd {c kgl{m.

Dw{i<l{hcns.

[mg dw{ifl{icns kghy lff idlbinl{icn.

Fidasrgqg ow{ cugn& slf{ uw{ insikg {mg rcwnks lnk {mgn {mg

rgqg {igk {cbg{mgq lnk alnklbgk. [cnbwgs rgqg {cd cw{&

ncsgs lnk bgni{lfs ow{ chh.

_cdg{idgs {mg nl gk xio{id rls hcqogk {c qcff cn {mg bqcwnk

gqgk ri{m aqc`gn bflss& sc {ml{ mg rcwfk afggk uqchwsgfy hqcd

ow{s {mws qgogixgk. Kwqinbswom ugqhcqdlnogs {mg xio{idrls fl

lnk rmiuugk ocns{ln{fy. _cdg dgn rgqg {cq{wqgk ay mlxinb

uwffgk hqcd {mgiq aglqks. C{mgqs rgqg s{qiuugk nl`gk lnk

rgqg awif{ cn {mgiq omgs{s.

Gygs rgqg bcwbgk hqcd fixinb dgn. _cdg ch {mgsg gygs rgqg

{c Zlbqga {c Ln{g Ulxgfiom cn rmcsg kgs` {mg hldcws I{lfiln r

Owqzic Dlflulq{g slr {mgd in l als`g{. Dlflulq{g dis{cc

gygs hcq cys{gqs& aw{ Ulxgfiom g}uflingk {c mid {ml{ i{ rls

ucwnks ch mwdln gygs& l bih{ hqcd mis hli{mhwf Ws{lsmi.

Olsgs lqg `ncrn rmgqg Oqcl{iln Ws{lsmi rcwfk uqcwkfy

ngo flogs chmwdln gygs lnk {cnbwgs ow{ hqcd{mgiq _gqailn xi

Blwsinb sgqicws dgn{lf mlqd.

Xio{idsrgqg g}ucsgk {c swom {cq{wqgs lnk lbcny {ml{ {mgy fcs

dinks. Omifkqgn rgqg ìffgk aghcqg {mg gygs ch {mgiq dc

Klwbm{gqs lnk rixgs rgqg qlugk in {mg uqgsgnog ch{mgiq hldifi

Ngxgsinig& l rmcfg _gqailn hldify ocnsis{inb ch hl{mgq& dc{mg

hcwq omifkqgn& rls lqqgs{gk. [mg dc{mgq lnk omifkqgn rgqg

ql{gk hqcd{mg hl{mgq. Hcq sgxgn klys {mg dc{mgq lnk omifkqgn

{cq{wqgk ay s{lqxl{icn lnk {miqs{& rmgqgwucn {mgy rgqg aqcw

bcck sizgk qcls{ lnk rl{gq {c kqin . [mgsg wnhcq{wnl{gs rg

mwnbqy {ml{ {mgy l{g {mg gn{iqg qcls{. [mgn {mg Ws{lsmi {cfk

{ml{ {mgy mlk glfgn {mg hfgsm ch{mgiq hl{mgq.



Iducsinb dglswqgs in{gnkgk {c uqgxgn{ aiq{ms ri{min {mg bqcwu.

[mg aqgl inb wu ch{mg ocn{inwi{y ch{mg _gqailn nl{icn lnk s{cuuinb

uqcoqgl{icn rls olqqigk cw{ in {mg hcffcrinb rlys: sg}wlf cqblns

ch rcdgn rgqg dw{ifl{gk ay in{qckwoinb uigogs ch qgk$mc{ iqcn in{c

{mgd& cq ay luufyinb gfgo{qiolf owqqgn{. Cqblns ch fixinb dgn rgqg

ow{ chh.

Ocduwfscqy lacq{icns rgqg cqblnizgk ay hcqoinb uqgbnln{ rcdgn{c fing wu lblins{ rlffs lnk lnncwnoinb {ml{ {mgy rcwfk ag smc{

{c kgl{m& rmifg bwns rgqg lo{wlffy ucin{gk l{ {mgd. Aw{ hiqg rls

cugngk lacxg {mgiq mglks. Disolqqilbgs rcwfk hcffcr ls l ocnsg$

:qwgnog ch smco lnk lnbwism.

Hod:Iafy {ndlhgn:alo) oaWkqgn {c odc{agq \ICIIU.

L nl{icn oln ag kgs{qcygk in rmcfg cq in ulq{ rmgn i{s omifkqgn lqg

hcqoiafy {l gn lrly& agolwsg swom lo{s lhhgo{ {mg ocn{inwi{y ch {mg

nl{icn.

In olsgs rmgqg _gqailn omifkqgn rgqg nc{ kgs{qcygk kiqgo{fy& {mgy

rgqg hcqoiafy qgdcxgk ay {mg Ws{lsmi hqcd{mgiq mcdgs lnk bixgn {c

Oqcl{iln hldifigs hcq wuaqinbinb ls Oqcl{s.

.LIf[IO{G d . [mg hcKcrIKb lo:III salK ag udfgalafg:

-l) BgKckkg:

-a) Ocwluiqloy {c ocddi{ \gKco: Ikg:

-o) Kiqgo{ odk uwafio fKo:i{gdgn{ {c ocddi{ 9=KcoIkg:

-k) L{{gdu{ {c o:cddf{ |gKCkkg:

-g) OcduWoi{y IK 9=Kco::ikg.

[mg oqidg chbgncoikg ugqug{ql{gk cn {mg _gqasIrls ngi{mgq l sucn$

{lngcws umgncdgncn ncq {mg qgswf{ ch l oflsm ch lqdigs l{ rls& I{

rls {mg g}gow{icn ch l uqgxicws ocnsuiqloy lkcu{gk ls l uqcbqld

ch {mg Ws{lsmi ucfi{iolf dcxgdgn{. In cqkgq {c gnocwqlbg bgncoikg&

acwn{igs rgqg ulik hcq _gqailn mglks aqcwbm{ in ay ìffgqs. Bcx$

gqndgn{ chhioilfs lnk uqixl{g inkixikwlfs dlkg uwafio suggomgs in$

$oi{inb {c bgncoikg. In {mg fl{g gxgninb chLuqif 9& <9;<&l suggom ch

Ln{g Ulxgfiom uqcoflidinb {mg !Ws{lsmi qgxcfw{icn! rls aqclkols{.

I{ rls hcffcrgk ay l higqy suggom ay Lnknic Lq{w`cxiom rmc ins{i$

bl{gk {mg Oqcl{s nc{ cnfy {c ìff {mg _gqailn chhiogqs lnk scfkigqs&

aw{ gxgn omifkqgn in {mgiq dc{mgqs" rcdas. [mg ng}{ kly& l

!Oqcl{iln bcxgqndgn{! rls hcqdgk in rmiom Lq{w cxiom rls lu$

ucin{gk Dinis{gq ch In{gqicq.

[mg ocnsuiqloy ch bgncoikg lblins{ {mg _gqas rls uqgogkgk ay {mg

cnn$_gqaicn dcxgdgn{ cqblnizgk in {mg sgocnk mlfh ch {mg ning$

{ggn{m ogn{wqy ay Ln{g _{lqogxiom& rmc is {mg hcqgqwnngq ch Ln{g

Ulxgfiom |nk mis loocdufiogs. _{lqogxiom& {mg hcwnkgq ch dckgd

Oqcl{iln nl{icnlfisd& slr in bgncoikg {mg cnfy rly ch bg{{inb qikch {mg _gqas rmc rgqg fixinb ls l dincqi{y ldcnb {mg Oqcl{s.

Mis hldcws slyinb {ml{ {mg _gqas lqg !l fi{{gq qiug hcq {mg l}g! is

jws{ cng ch {mg dlny ucfi{iolf al{{fg oqigs ri{m rmiom mis rqi{inbs

{ggd.lnk is omlqlo{gqis{io ch mis ucfi{iolf umifcscumy.

LQ[IOFG IX. Ugqscns ocddi{{inb bgncoikg cq lny ch {mg c{mgq lo:fif

gnwdgql{gk IK Lq{iofg iffsmlff ag uwnismgk. rmg{mgq {mgy lqg gcn$

s{i{w{icnlffy qgsucnsiafg qwfgqs. uwafio chhioilfs cq uqixl{g inkixikwlfs.

[mg uqlo{iolf sgnsg ch {mg uqcxisicn ch Lq{ixfg IX is ocdufg{gfy

uqcxgk ay {mg olsg ch" bgncoikg in {mg !Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch

Oqcl{il.! Bgncoikg rls ocddi{{gk {mgqg nc{ cnfy ay {mg qwfgq lnk

bcxgqndgn{ chhioilfs& aw{ lfsc ay uqixl{g inkixikwlfs. I{ smcwfk ag

s{qgssgk {ml{ {mg olsg ch bgncoikg rls hcs{gqgk lnk nwq {wc$,

ucfi{iolf dcxgdgn{ rmiom rls nc{ ocnhingk ay i{s nl{wqg {c " I

dgn{ chhioilfs. Dgdagqs ch {mg ulq{y lnk uqixl{g inkixikwc

{ioiul{gk in {mis oqidg.

[mg dcs{ s{qi inb iffws{ql{icn ch {mis oln ag hcwnk in {mg hlo{

scdg oi{igs mibm somccf s{wkgn{s cqblnizgk dlssloqgs in {mg

rly ls kik uglsln{s in xifflbgs& ls rgff ls c{mgq oflssgs ch u

oi{izgns.

In {mg ocwqsg ch {mg kqlh{inb ch {mg Bgncoikg Ocnxgn{icn

Wni{gk Nl{icns& {mg uqcucngn{s ch {mg _cxig{ ucin{ oh xigr {

fidi{ {mg qgsucnsiaifi{y hcq bgncoikg cnfy {c bcxgqndgn{ c

[mis _cxig{ kgxiog rls g}ucsgk in mglqinbs cn {mg ql{ihiol

{mg Bgncoikg Ocnxgn{icn in {mg Wni{gk _{l{gs _gnl{g cn Hg

=& <975&ay {mg qguqgsgn{l{ixg ch {mg Fi{mwlniln Ldgqioln O

Dq. Ocns{ln{in Jwqbgfl& rmc slik: ![mg Ocddwnis{ Ulq{y r

uqgofwkgk hqcdufglkinb ncn$bwif{y agolwsg {mgy lqg nc{ l b

dgn{.":! Inkggk& hcq {mg {qgl{dgn{ ch {mg olsgs ch bgncoikg

_cxig{ Wnicn& {mg uqcxisicns ch {mg qgsucnsiaifi{y ch uqixl{g

kwlfs lqg chbqgl{gs{ iducq{lnog. Ih qgsucnsiaifi{y rgqg {c ag{c dgdagqs ch bcxgqndgn{s& {mgn l bcxgqndgn{ rcwfk ag l

gsolug qgsucnsiaifi{y ay kgoflqinb {ml{ {mg ugqug{ql{cqs lo

{mgiq crn. In {mg kisowssicns ch {mg Wni{gk Nl{icns Lssgd

Ulqis ugq{lininb {c {mg Bgncoikg Ocnxgn{icn& i{ rls s{qgssgk {

olsg ch bgncoikg rmiom rls ocddi{{gk in Inkil cn {mg Dcsf

<9;2&lhhgo{inb dcqg {mln cng difficn ugcufg& rls ocddi{{gk

{mg bcxgqndgn{ aw{ ay qgfibicws hlnl{ios lo{inb ls uqixl{g

xikwlfs.

LQ[IOFG X. [mg Ocn{qlo{inb Ulq {igs wnkgq{l`g {c gnlo{. IK l

lnog ri{m {mgiq qgsugo{ixg Ocns{i{w{iCKff& {mg ngogsslq y fgbis

{c bixg gMgo{ {c {mg uqcxisicns ch {mg uqgsgn{ ocnxgn{icn lnk.

{iowflq. {c uqcxikg ghhgo{ixg ugnlf{igs hcq ugqscns bwif{y ch bg

cq lny ch {mg c{mgq lo{s& gnwdgql{gk IKLq{iofg d .

[mis lq{iofg slys {ml{ {mg Ocnxgn{icn qg|wiqgs idufgdg

{mqcwbm kcdgs{io fgbisfl{icn ch gxgqy nl{icn ocnogqngk. [m

dlìnb acky ch gxgqy nl{icn mls {c lkcu{ fgbisfl{icn& lnk

{mqcwbm {mis {yug ch fgbisfl{icn riff {mg Ocnxgn{icn cugql{g wu

oi{izgns ch gxgqy ocwn{qy. Kcdgs{io fgbisfl{icn dws{ ag gnlo

loocqklnog ri{m {mg ocns{i{w{icn ch gxgqy ocwn{qy. Nc ocw

qg|wiqgk {c kc" lny{ffin| dcqg {mln is ugqdi{{gk ay i{s ocns{

Lq{iofg I& _go{icn =& Ucin{ <5& ch {mg Wni{gk _{l{gs ocns{i{w{icn

![mg Ocnbqgss smlff ... kghing lnk uwnism uiqloigs ... lnk c

lblins{ {mg flr ch nl{icns.! Bgncoikg is l oqidg lblins{ {

ch nl{icns& lnk ls swom is ofglqfy ri{min {mg socug ch {mg Ld

Ocns{i{w{icn.

Agolwsg ch l disin{gquqg{l{icn ch Lq{iofg X ch {mg Bgncoikg O

{icn& scdg ugcufg mlxg oflidgk {ml{ sinog in Ldgqioln flr {

lqg {mg swuqgdg flr ch {mg flnk& {mg dgqg ql{ihiol{icn ch {mg

oikg Ocnxgn{icn agocdgs lw{cdl{iolffy ainkinb cn Ldgqio

zgns. [mis is inocqqgo{ agolwsg {mg Bgncoikg Ocnxgn{icn ls l

riff agocdg swuqgdg flr ch {mg flnk ri{m lff i{s uqcxisic

ofwkinb Lq{iofg X rmiom qg|wiqgs kcdgs{io fgbisfl{icn. I{ i

gs{lafismgk ay kgoisicns ch {mg W._. _wuqgdg Ocwq{ {ml{ l

uqcxisicn rmiom is dlkg kgugnkgn{ cn fgbisfl{ixg lo{icn kc

{l`g ghhgo{ ls {mg flr ch {mg flnk wn{if swom lo{icn is {l`gn



Wnkgq {mis Ocnxgn{icn lny olsg ch bgncoikg oln ag aqcwb

aghcqg {mg cqblns ch {mg Wni{gk Nl{icns. [mg hcqwd is nc{

{c {mg _gowqi{y Ocwnoif rmgqg xg{c dibm{ uqgxgn{ lo{icn. I{ o

aqcwbm{ wu lfsc in {mg Gocncdio lnk _coilf Ocwnoifcq in {

sgdafy i{sgfh. Wnkgq {mg bgngqlf qwfgs lnk uqlo{iog ch {mg

Nl{icns& l ocddi{{gg dly ag luucin{gk {c inxgs{ibl{g omlqb

bgncoikg gi{mgq l{ {mg uflog ch {mg ocddissicn ch {mg oqidg

lny c{mgq&uflog rmgqg koowdgn{s lnk gxikgnog dly ag uqgs

[mg Bgngqlf Lssgdafy oln qgocddgnk lff s{gus ngogsslqy

uqgxgn{icn lnk swuuqgssion ch lo{s ch bgncoikg. [mg uqcx

cn uqgxgn{icn lqg ch {mg bqgl{gs{ ocnsg|wgnog agolwsg i{ is

dcqg iducq{ln{ {c slxg fixgs rmifg i{ is s{iff ucssiafg {mln {

qgkqgss lh{gq fixgs mlxg aggn fcs{ lnk bqgl{ kldlbg kcng.

smcwfk nc{ cxgqfcc` {mg hlo{ {ml{ {mg kldlbg kcng in olsgs c

oikg is gssgn{ilffy iqqgulqlafg. L nl{icn lnk i{s owf{wqg oln

ag qgoqgl{gk& lnk ih {mgy dg ulq{fy kgs{qcygk i{ {l`gs dlny

{c qgs{cqg {mg ucuwfl{icn nwdgqiolffy lnk {c qgufgnism {mg su

qgscwqogs ch {mg nl{icn rmiom mls fcs{ i{s rqi{gqs& ucg{s&

Lq{iofg XI uqcxikgs lfsc hcq {mg ucssiaifi{y ch uwnismdgn{ ay ln {glomgqs& ofgqbydgn& soign{is{s lnk c{mgq awifkgqs ch i{s suiqi{w

Hcs{gq x. Nigfsgn. 1 Ug{. 17?& lnk W._. x. Ugqomgdln. 2 Ug{. 7<?.)

[mis ucsi{icn rls {l`gn ay {mg swa$ocddi{{gg ch {mg Wni{gk _{l{gs

_gnl{g Hcqgibn Qgfl{icns Ocddi{{gg rmiom mls qgocddgnkgk ql{i$

hiol{icn& - sgg inhql& ulbg 1 9) .

[mg qg|wiqgdgn{ ch idufgdgn{inb {mg Bgncoikg Ocnxgn{icn {mqcwbm

kcdgs{io flr is ch ulqldcwn{ iducq{lnog. I{ mls bqgl{ dcqlf gkw$

ol{icnlf xlfwg. L scoig{y ncqdlffy l{{lomgs dcqg iducq{lnog {c i{s

crn nl{icnlf flr {mln {c in{gqnl{icnlf flr. Rmgn {mg nl{icns smlff

mlxg in{qckwogk kcdgs{io fgbisfl{icn cw{flrinb bgncoikg& hw{wqg

bgngql{icns& riff bqlkwlffy agocdg idawgk ri{m l hggfinb {ml{ {mg

xgqy g}is{gnog ch dincqi{y bqcwus dws{ ag slhgbwlqkgk hqcd g}{gq$

dinl{icn hcq {mg sl`g ch l mibm dcqlf uqinoiufg lnk fgblf cqkgq in

kcdgs{io scoig{y.

[mg s{wkgn{s ch {mg Oqcl{iln mibm somccfs rmc cqblnizgk dlssloqgs

ch {mgiq _gqailn ngibmacqs in {mg sldg xifflbgs lnk {crns dibm{ nc{

mlxg qgscq{gk {c {mgsg oqidgs mlk {mgy aggn aqcwbm{ wu ri{m {mg

ocnxio{icn {ml{ i{ is l oqidg {c ìff _gqas ls i{ is l oqidg {c ìff Oqcc{s.

LQ[IOFG XI. Ugqscns omlqbgk ri{m bgncoikg cq lny ch {mg c{mgq

lOf+ gnwdgql{gk in Lq{iofg III smlff ag {qigk ay l ocdug{gn{ {qiawnlf

ch {mg _{l{g in {mg {gqqi{cqy ch rmiom {mg lo{ rls ocddi{{gk. cq ay

swom in{gqnl{icnlf ugnlf {qiawnlf ls dly mlxg jwqiskio{icn ri{m qg$

sugo{ {c {mcsg Ocn{qlo{inb Ulq{igs rmiom smlff mlxg loogu{gk i{s

jwqiskio{icn.

Wnkgq {mis Lq{iofg ugqscns omlqbgk ri{m bgncoikg mlxg {c ag {qigk

gssgn{ilffy ay kcdgs{io ocwq{s rmgqg {mg qwfgs lnk uqcogkwqgs ch

kcdgs{io flr riff uqgxlif. I{ smcwfk& mcrgxgq& ag s{qgssgk {ml{

Lq{iofg XI gs{lafismgs ln in{gqnl{icnlf cafibl{icn {c uwnism {mqcwbm

kcdgs{io ocwq{s. [mgqghcqg& i{ olnnc{ ag oflidgk {ml{ {mg Ocnxgn$

{icn is {cc rgl` agolwsg i{ lffgbgkfy fglxgs {mg dl{{gq ch uwnism$

dgn{ hcq bgncoikg {c kcdgs{io ocwq{s: Ls l dl{{gq ch hlo{ ncn$

uwnismdgn{ cq {cfgql{icn riff ag l xicfl{icn ch ln in{gqnl{icnlf

lbqggdgn{.

in{gqnl{icnlf oqidinlf {qiawnlf. [mis uqcxisicn& mcrgxgq& kcgs nc{

ocns{i{w{g ln cafibl{icn aw{ is l dl{{gq ch omciog hcq gxgqy bcxgqn$

dgn{. I{ is l sc$olffgk cu{icnlf oflwsg agolwsg wnkgq ocns{i{w{icns

ch ogq{lin ocwn{qigs& oi{izgns ch cng ocwn{qy olnnc{ ag {qigk ay in{gq$

nl{icnlf ocwq{s. In {mg Wni{gk _{l{gs ogq{lin bqcwus mlxg g}uqgssgk

{mgiq cuucsi{icn {c Ldgqioon ulq{ioiul{icn in ln in{gqnl{icnlf oqid$

inlf ocwq{& aw{ {mis olnnc{ mcfk wu Ldgqioln ql{ihiol{icn ch {mg

Bgncoikg Ocnxgn{icn. Lq{iofg XI dl`gs i{ ofglq& lnk {mis smcwfk

ag gdumlsizgk& {ml{ {mg Bgncoikg Ocnxgn{icn& ls swadi{{gk& kcgsnc{ idufy {ml{ {mg Wni{gk _{l{gs is cafibgk {c kgfixgq i{s oi{izgns

hcq gxgn{wof {qilf hcq bgncoikg ay ln in{gqnl{icnlf oqidinlf {qiawnlf.

LQ[IOG xn . Bgncoikg lnk {mg c{mgq lo{s gnwdgql{gk in Lq{iofg III

smlff nc{ ag ocnsikgqgk ls ucfi{iolf oqidgs hcq {mg uwqucsg ch g}{ql$

ki{icn. [mg Ocn{qlo{inb Ulq{igs ufgkbg {mgdsgfxgs in swom olsgs {c

bqln{ g}{qlki{icn in loocqklnog ri{m {mgiq flrs lnk {qgl{igs in hcqog.

hgnkgqs rmc& in ogq{lin ocnki{icns& lqg gn{i{fgk {c lsyfwd lnk

ocnsikgql{icn. Ogq{linfy& l dln rmc wnkgq bqgl{ gdc{icnlf

lnk dcqlf qgxcf{ lblins{ injws{iog lnk cuuqgssicn ìffs l ucfi{io

ucngn{ rmc is gnjcyinb lnk qw{mfgssfy rigfkinb ucrgq& dib

gn{i{fgk {c {mg uqixifgbgs ch l ucfi{iolf chhgnkgq. Mcrgxgq& l

rmc aw{omgqs omifkqgn ri{m slkis{io ufglswqg& cq rmc inhfio

ulffinb {cq{wqg cn inncogn{ lnk kghgnsgfgss ugcufg scfgfy ag

{mgy agfcnb {c l kihhgqgn{ nl{icnlf& qloilf cq qgfibicws bqc

nc{ gn{i{fgk {c swom uqixifgbgs. Dcqgcxgq& bqln{inb mid l

rcwfk ag in kghilnog ch {mg in{gqnl{icnlf cqkgq lnk ch {mg

uqinoiufgs ch gxgqy kgogn{ sooig{y.

LQ[IOFG XIII. Lny Ocn{qlo{inb Ulq{y dly olff wucn {mg ocd

cqblns ch {mg Wni{gk Nl{icns {c {l`g swom lo{icn wnkgq {mg O

ch {mg Wni{gk Nl{icns ls {mgy ocnsikgq luuqcuqil{g hcq {mg u

{icn lnk swuuqgssicn ch lo{s ch bgncoikg cq lny ch {mg c{mg

gnwdgql{gk in Lq{iofg d.

LQ[IOFG I].² Kisuw{gs ag{rggn {mg Ocn{do{in| Ulq{igs qgfl{

{mg in{gquqg{l{icn& luufiol{icn cq hwfhiffdgn{ ch {mg uqgsgn{ O

{icn& inofwkinb {mcsg qgfl{inb ,:f {mg qgsucnsiaifi{y ch l _{l

bgncoikg cq lny c{mgq lo{s gnwdgql{gk in Lq{iofg III& smlff a

di{{gk {c {mg In{gqnl{icnlf Ocwq{ ch Jws{iog l{ {mg qg|wgs{ ch

{mg ulq{igs {c {mg kisuw{g.

[mg In{gqnl{icnlf Ocwq{ ch J ws{iog is lfqg"lky ln g}is{inb ins{

I{ kglfs ri{m kisuw{gs ldcnb nl{icns. I{ mls nc jwqiskio{icn

oqidinlf olsgs ch bgncoikg. [mg In{gqnl{icnlf Ocwq{ ch Jws{i

cnfy kgfixgq lkxiscqy cuinicns rmiom {mg Wni{gk Nl{icns

loogu{ cq qgjgo{. [mg ocn{qcffinb Lq{iofg cxgq idufgdgn{l{icn

Ocnxgn{icn is Lq{iofg XIII& ls g} uflingk lacxg.

Hcq {mgsg qglscns {mg hlo{ {ml{ sgxgqlf sl{gffi{g nl{icns mlx

higk {mg Bgncoikg Oonxgn{icn ri{m qgsgqxl{icns {c Lq{iofg I]

[mis Lq{iofg kguqixgs dgn rmc sin` {c {mg fgxgf ch swa$mwdlni{y nc{ qgfigxg {mgd hqcd qgsucnsiaifi{y wnkgq {mg Bgncoikg O

ch {mg ucssiaifi{y ch oflidinb {mg uqixifgbgk s{l{ws ch ucfi{iolf ch$ {icn hcq lo{s ci bgncoikg.



!Flrs! ch Oqcl{il

_mcq{fy lh{gq {mg sc$olffgk Inkgugnkgn{ _{~{g ch Oqcl{ilrls hcqdgk {mg s{cqigs lacw{ {mg ondgs In{mis s{l{g suqglk{mqcwbm Ywbcsflxil lnk hcqgibn ocwn{qigs: _c mcqqihyin.brgqg {mg l{qcoi{igs ocddi{{gk ay {mg Ws{lsmis {ml{ {mg Nlzisqgucq{inb {c Mi{fgq {qigk {c ocnxinog Mi{fgq {c uflog lw{mcqi{yin Nlzi mlnks fgs{ Ws{lsmi aqinb ocdufg{g omlcs lnk {mwsowq{lif Nlzi uflns. Mcrgxgq& {mgqg rls n~{ {idg {c

qgcqblnizg lnk {mg Ws{lsmi rgqg kgugnklafg lffigs& l{ fgls{{mgy rcwfk nc{ rcq` lblins{ {mg Bgqdlns.

Ws{lsmi fglkgqs rgqg lfsc awsy dls{gqdinkinb lff scq{s chflrs rmiom rcwfk aqinb {mg suggkigs{ fi|wikl{icn ch lff!ulqlsi{gs!& !agls{s! lnk !kcbs! $ Ws{lsmi ncdgnofl{wqg hcqlff _gqas Jgrs lnk Byusigs in Oqcl{il. [mgsg rcqks rgqgsccn scwnkgk ay gxgqy sugl`gq in Ulqfildgn{& mibm chhioilfs&uqgss& qlkic lnk omwqom uwfui{s ,

Ldcnb {mg hiqs{ uwafio nc{iogs ucs{gk in ulq`s& uwafio{qlnsucq{l{icn xgmiofgs& lnk qgs{lwqln{s rgqg {mgsg:

!LW _gqas lnk Jgrs qgsikinb in Zlbqga& {mg olui{lf chOqcl{il dws{ fglxg {crn ri{min <1mcwqs. Lny oi{izgn hcwnk{c mlxgbhxgn l _gqa cq Jgr smgf{gq riff ag iddgkil{gfy g}$

gow{gk cn {mg suc{.!!Mg rmc olnnc{ ìff l _gqa cq Jgris ln gngdy ch {mg _{l{g,!kgoflqgk Lnkqijl Lq{wq`cxiom& Middfgq ch Oqcl{il.

[mg hcffcrinb uwafio nc{iog rls isswgk {c owqa {mg dlnyoi{izgns qgugffgk ay {mg afccky dwqkgqs:

!In olsg ch l{{lo` lblins{ {mg Ws{lsmi& lsl qguqislf ri{mcw{lny ocwq{ uqcogkwqg <5 ugqscns {c ag omcsgn ay {mg ucfiog&riff ag g}gow{gk ,!

In {mg hiqs{ dcn{ms ch {mg Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch Oqcl{il&{mg hcffcrinb flrs rgqg ulssgk:

Uqc{go{icn ch Lqyln Afcck lnk Mcncq ch Oqcl{iln Ugcufg-Nc. ;;$82$Z& Luqif ?5& <9;<)

Qloilf Cqibin Nc. ;7$8=$Z& Luqif ?5& <9;<)Nl{icnlfizl{icn ch Jgrism Uqcugq{y lnk Awsingss -Nc.

OF$?;=$Z& Jwng <9;<)

Uqc{go{icn ch Nl{icnlf lnk Lqyln Owf{wqgs ch Oqcl{ilnUgcufg -Nc. O]FXII$???$Z& Jwng ;& <9;<)

Omlnbg ch Jgrisfqswqnldg0 _ugoflf Insibnfls <I!!IIJgrs lnk Jgrism Hiqds -Nc. ??8$z& Jwng ;& I f J;<)

Uqgxgn{icn ch Mikinb Jgrism Uqcugq{y -Nc. O I IJwng 7& <9;<)

Gs{lafismdgn{ ch qloilf cqibin ch _{l{g lnk Fcolf cI[lnk dgdagqs ch uqchgssicns -Nc. ?;1$Z& Jwng 7& I f J;<

Nl{icnlfizl{icn ch Jgrism Uqcugq{y lnk Jgrism H-Nc. OOO]]]XI$<899$z& Co{.& <9;<)

Ngr qgbwfl{icn bcxgqninb {mg fgblf gs{lafismdgn{ ch

ogn{ql{icn Oldus -Nc. OOI]$<299$Z& <9;<)

Ws{lsmis qgogixgk l nwdagq ch fg{{gqs swbbgs{inbdglswqgs {c ag {l`gn in{c ocnsikgql{icn ri{m qgblqk {c!qloilf uwqi{y! flrs. [mgsg fg{{gqs oldg hqcd {mg Lqomaich Zlbqga -fl{gq Olqkinlf) _{guinlo& rmc slik {ml{ gxgqin {mg rcqfk rcwfk hink ls jws{ {mg dglswqgs ulssgk aOqcl{iln _{l{g ri{m qgblqk {c {lìnb lrly {mg ugquqcugq{y ch {mg _gqas lnk Jgrs lnk hcq {lìnb dgllblins{ {mg mlqdhwf inhfwgnogs rmiom {mgy inhfio{ lnk {mwhgo{ {mg nl{icnlf cqblnisd lnk {ml{ gxgqycng rcwfk hjws{ {ml{ l aln rls uw{ cn {mg loowdwfl{icn ch olui{lln{i$nl{icnlf -_gqas) lnk hcqgibn -Jgrs) inkixikwlfs lnk{mgsg gfgdgn{s -_gqas lnk Jgrs) olnnc{ kg{gqding {mg h

{mg Ws{lsmi s{l{g lnk mg {mcwbm{ {ml{ l{ fgls{ hixgdglswqgs rcwfk ag ocnsikgqgk:

<. [ml{ dlqqilbgs g}is{inb ag{rggn Lqylns lnkLqylns lnk in bgngqlf lff dlqqilbgs ch {mcsg rmc lqgOl{mcfio& nc{ ag jgculqkizgk.

1. [ml{ {mg gkwol{icn ch {mg omifkqgn ch ncn$Lqagfcnbinb {c {mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom ag dlkg ucssiafg.

?. [ml{ Omqis{iln ncn$Lqylns& gsugoilffy Ol{mcfiossgulql{gk hqcd {mg c{mgq ncn$Lqylns ch {mg Jgrism qgfi

;. [ml{ swacqkinl{g ucfiog chhioilfs "ag cqkgqgk in oinb cw{ lkdinis{ql{ixg dglswqgs& nc{ {c uw{ Ol{mcfioLqylns in {mg sldg oflss ri{m c{mgq ncn$Lqylns.

7. [ml{ {mg Ol{mcfio ncn$Lqylns ag {qgl{gk in l qgsu

hwf dlnngq gsugoilffy ih {mgy ocnhcqd {mgiq ocnkwo{{mgiq rcq`& lnk kc nc{ rcq` lblins{ {mg in{gqgs{ ch {mg O{iln ugcufg.

-Qgh. Nc. <5? $ Gdufcydgn{ ch rcdgn in ncn$Lqmcwsgmcfk).



Rml{ Rcwfk

Kcwafg _{lnklqk ch Jws{iog

Fg{ i{ nc{ ag slik {ml{ {mg Lqom$

aismcu ch Zlbqga kik nc{ lkxisg lnk

"hibm{" hcq {mcsg rmcd mg ocnsikgqgk

smcwfk ag sulqgk {mg hl{g ch sc dlny

{mcwslnks sflwbm{gqgk ay {mg W_[L$

_MI. _mcq{fy aghcqg {mg ocfflusg ch

{mg W_[L_MI bcxgqnIffgn{& {mg Lqom$

aismcu ch Zlbqga _{guinlo slik cn

Luqif 1& <9;7:

!Dly I& Ucbflxni`& kqlr ycwq

l{{gn{icn {c {mg giqwwqqqs{lq{ogs

in {mg olsg ch Xgfid iq Jcxlnc.

xio& rmc is ocnsikgqgk {mg dcs{

bwif{y ch {mg bf"CWUocnqfgqnn$gk {c kgl{m. Ls l hcqdgq YW²

BC_FLXchhiogq lnk l -_GQA)

Cq{mckc}& MG DLQQIGK L

OL[MCFIO BIQF IN [MG

OL[MCFIO OMWQOM lnk mlk

mis OMIFK ALU[IZGK IN [MG

OL[MCFIO QGFIBICN.

!I ls` ycw lfsc {c ulqkcn Fw$

`l Dws{luio& ucfiog gcqwqnlnqf$

ln{ l{ Kjl`cxc& sgn{gnogk {c

kgl{m ay {mg ocwq{ dlq{ilf l{

Csijg`. MG LFRLY_ UQC²

[GO[GK O Q 5 L [ I L N _ IN

_GQAIL& lnk in CWQ CRN

_[L[G -!Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch

Oqcl{il) ML_ OCFFLACQL[.

G K RI[M CWQ -W_[L_MI)

LW[MCQI[IG_ LNK [MC_G

CH [MG -NLZI) BGQDLN_.

Lqomaismcu ch _lqljgxc& Kq. I xln

_lqio& jwaifln{ cxgq W_[ L_MI "In$

kgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch Oqcl{il&" g}uqgss$

gk mis mluuingss hcq {mg NLZI_ lnk

{mg W_[L_MI in NCXI FI_[& Nc$

xgdagq <9& <9;1:

!Ocddlnk ycwqsgfxgs {c cwq ag$fcxgk Fcqk ri{m rmcsg mgfu rg

riff blin {mg hinlf xio{cqy {cbg{m$

gq ri{m cwq kglq hqignks lnk

lffigs -Nlzis).

![mgqghcqg& ri{m hli{m in Bck lnk

ri{m kgxc{icn {c cwq agfcxgk

fglkgq& rg dws{ lfrlys ag qglky

{c kig hcq cwq Ucbflxni` lnk hcq

cwq W_[L_M@L OQCL[LIN HL$

[MGQFLNK,!

Ldgqiolns _ly3

Lh{gq Ocfflusg ch W_[L_MI

Rmgn in {mg dcuuinb$wu s{lbgs ch

NLZI_ lnk W_[L_MI hqcd {mg scif

ch Ywbcsflxil& lh{gq mlxinb qgdlingk

sc sifgn{ rmgn ocwn{fgss inncogn{ xio$

{ids fcs{ {mgiq fixgs& inofwkinb ngr

acqn inhln{s& {mg Lqomaismcu ch Zlb$

qga -Olqkinlf) _{guinlo kik l dgn{lf

swddgqslwf{ lnk uqc{gs{gk {mg smcc{$

inb ch W_[LsMI lnk NLZI_. Mg slik

cn Jwfy 1<& <9;7:

!Gxgqy dln ri{m l slng

dink lnk ln mcngs{ mglq{

`ncrs {ml{ ln loowsgk ugqscn

mls {mg inlfignlafg qibm{ chkghgnkinb midsgfh lnk ch kg$

n{lnkinb in mis kghgnsg {mg

|wgs{icninb ch ri{ngssgs ag$

hcqg lny ocwq{ {ml{ dgqi{s i{s

nldg lnk rmiom in{gnks {c

g}gqoisg i{s hwno{icns in {mg

nldg ch jws{iog. Ri{mcw{ {mg

|wgs{icninb ch ri{ngssgs& rmc

ugqscnlffy ulq{ioiul{g in {mg

dcs{ iducq{ln{ ulq{ ch {mg

uqcoggkinbs& nldgfy {mg {qilf&

{mgqg olnnc{ ag l jws{ sgn$

{gnog.!

Ycw{m Uqgulqgk {c Loogu{

G}{gqdinl{icn ch Jgrs ls

Ncafg Kggk ay Ucbflxni`

Oqcl{iln Ol{mcfio jcwqnlfs hcq omif$

kqgn ls`gk i{s ycwnb qglkgqs {c uqly

hcq {mg "bfcqicws" Ucbflxni` Ulxgfio

lnk g}uflingk {mg g}{gqdinl{icn ch

Jgrs. Agfcr is ln g}ogqu{ hqcd BFL_$

NI@ _X. LN[G -_{. Ln{mcny"s Mgq$

lfk) Jwng& <9;<& ulbg <=1:

![mgqg lqg cxgq ?5&555 Jgrs in

Oqcl{il. In Zlbqga {mgqg lqg

<1&555 ch {mgd. In cwq uccqgq kis$

{qio{s {mgqg lqg nc Jgrs l{ lff&

ls {mgqg {mgy mlxg nc swom cu$

ucq{wni{y {c ufwnkgq. [mg Ucbflx$

ni` mls lnncwnogk {ml{ {mg Jgr$

ism uqcafgd riff ag qlkiolffy

scfxgk in cwq _{l{g.!

![mg hgqcoicws l{{i{wkg

{mg Ulxgfiom bcxgqnd

{crlqk dincqi{igs is

ocnogq{inb. Ulxgfiom lf

ri{m mis fcolf lbgn{s o

s{ln{fy kgoflqgs {ml{ {

riff.g}{gqdinl{g {rc dif

ugcufg. Kly lh{gq kly {

rqi{g lnk uqcoflid {mgy

riug cw{ lff dincqi{igs.!

Omqis{iln _oignog Dcni

Kgogdagq <

W_[L_L Cl{m Aghcqg Oqw

ri{m Klbbgq lnk Qgxcfx

Lfcnbsikg I{

Lf{mcwbm dlny& dlny ocdu

rgqg qgogixgk agolwsg cl{ms rg

dinis{gqgk aghcqg l oqwoihi} r

klbbgq lnk l qgxcfxgq lfcnbsikg

rlsn"{ wn{if Co{cagq <7& <9;? {m

Uqgsikgn{ ch {mg Guisoculf Ocnhg

inhcqdgk {mg W_[ L_ML difi{lqy

lq${mg xgqy Qgxgqgnk Xifid Og{ml{ in {mg hw{wqg i{ is hcqaikkg

lkdinis{gq {mg cl{m in hqcn{ ch l

hi} ri{m l klbbgq lnk qgxcfxgq

sikg i{.

Inslni{y

![mis _{l{g -Inkgugnkgn{ _{l

Oqcl{il) is CNFY hcq Oqcl{ilns

nc{ hcq lnycng gfsg,

!LFF JGR_ LNK CQ[MC

_GQA_ RMC OLDG ?55 Y

LBC DW_[ KI_LUUGLQ.!- Dinis{gq ch JW_[

Kq. Difcxln Zlni~&

LQ [W@CXIO $BLXG [MI_ CQK

!KCN"[ OCDG [C DG WN

YCW MLXG @IFFGK 155 _GQ



"Uqcdingn{" Oi{izgns ch Zlbqga

[cu qibm{: Dinis{gq ch In{gqicq LNKQIJL LQ[[email protected] ch mis swacqkinl{gs lnk {mg Dlycq ch Zlbqga l{ {mg

Qlifrly s{l{icn.

Ac{{cd: <9;1$L{ cugninb ch W_[L_MI Ol{mcfio somccfhcq ycw{m {qlininb: Ucbflxni` Ulxgfio& Lqomaismcu chZlbq ga. - Olqkinlf) _{guinso& Xl{ioln Fgbl{g -Goofgsils{$

io qguqgsgn{l{ixg ch²² {mg Mcfy _gg) Qldiqc Dlqocnglnk kcrky Dlkldg Ulxgfio$ri{m ml{,



Hqcn{ qcr & hiqs{ sgl{: D INI_[ GQ CH IN[ GQICQ& L NK QIJL L Q[ W@ CXIO {cbg{mgq r i{m W_[ L _M I& UCBFL XUL XGFIO hcwq{m hqcd qibm{& M I[ FGQ"_ NL ZI_ lnk D W__CFINI HL _OI_[ _. ZL BQGA & Oqcl{il.

Hiqs{ hqcd fgh{$D inis{gq ch In{gqicq& L NKQIJL L Q[ W@ CX IO r i{ngssinb {mg kgocql{icn ch D W__CFiNI"_ g

Ogsgq+s nc ay Ucbflxni` Ulxgfio& D ly <8& <9;1. Kgocql{icn: M ibm Cqkgq ch @ inb Zxcnid iq$L Q[ W@CXIOmls {mis kgocql{icn ls r gff ls {i{fg ch `nibm{,



!ACB I MQX L [-Bck lnk {mg Oqcl{ilns

!MLUUY AIQ[MKLY&

BI~CQICW_ OMIGH!

Cn gxgqy W_[L_MI lnnixgqslqy ch

Ucbflxni` Ulxgfio"s aiq{mkly& l sugoilfMibm Dlss lnk [g Kgwd"s rgqg ogfg$

aql{gk In lff Oqcl{iln Ol{mcfio

Omwqomgs&

Cn Jwng <7{m& <9&<1& gxgn {mcwbm

{mcwslnks ch inncogn{ ugcufg mlk lf$

qglky aggn g}{gqdinl{gk& {mg Lqom$

aismcu ch Zlbqga -Olqkinlf) _{guinlo

olffgk wucn lff ch mis ofgqby {c sinb

l [g Kgwd hcq Ulxgfio. [mg fg{{gq

agbln {mwsfy:

!Cn Jwng <7& <9;1& {mg bfcqicws

omigh ch {mg Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch

Oqcl{il& cwq Ucbflxni & Kq. Ln{g Ulx$

gfig& ogfgaql{gs mis aiq{mkly& Cn {mis

coolsicn I luuglf {c {mg rmcfg ofgqby

{c sly cn {mg hcffcrinb _wnkly& Jwng

<2{m& l{ {mg dcs{ ocnxgnign{ {idg&

uqghgqlafy lh{gq {mg Mibm Dlss& l [g

Kgwd ri{m {mg uqcugq uqlygqs. Cn {mis

coolsicn ln luuglf smcwfk ag dlkg

cnog dcqg {c {mg ugcufg {c sly mwd$

afy {mgiq uqlygqs {c Bck hcq {mg uqcs$

ugqi{y ch {mg Inkgugnkgn{ _{l{g c

Oqcl{il& hcq cwq Ucbflxni` lnk hcq ln

glqfy uglog in {mg rcqfk& sc {ml{ cwq

nl{ixg Oqcl{il& {cc& dibm{ hfcwqism

dcqg lnk dcqg {c {mg gxgqfls{inb lnk

g{gqnlf rgfhlqg ch mgq scns.!

!DWQKGQ I_ DY _LNO[I[Y!

Ucbflxni` Ulxgfio mglqk dlss gxgqy

kly in l uqixl{g Omlugf. mg rls l kg

xcw{ Ol{mcfio& l kgxc{gk mwsalnk& lnk

l fcxinb hl{mgq. [mg Oqcl{iln Ol{m$

cfio Omwqom mlk nc{minb aw{ uqlisg

hcq Kq. Ulxgfio& !l sgfh$sloqihioinb hibm{

gq rmc uqgulqgk {mg rly hcq {mg ~In

kgugnkgn{ _{l{g ch Oqcl{il" flacqinb

{rgfxg fcnb yglqs dlkg ucssiafg ay {mg

kynldios ch {mg Ngr Cqkgq -Nlzis lnk

Hlsois{s).! Kq. LN[G ULXGFIO _GN

[GNOGK [C KGL[M IN LA_GN$

[IL IN HQLNOG LNK YWBC_FL$XIL HCQ MI_ QCFG IN [MG L_

_.$V__INL[ICN CH @INB LFG]LN²

KGQ LNK FCWI_ ALQ[MCW IN

<9?of ,

[cu fgh{: Lqomaismcu ch Zlbqga&

-Olqkinlf) _{guinlo gsocq{s Ucbflxni`Ulxgfio {c Ol{mcfio omwqom sgqxiog.

Ogn{gq: MIBM DL__ lnk [G KGWDswnb hcq Lqomaismcu"s "Bfcqicws omigh"

Ac{{cd: _ugoilf ugr hcq Ucbflxni`

Ulxgfio.



RMY RGQGN"[ UQIG_[_ @NCRN [C AG W_[L_MI UWNI_MGK3

Cn Ncxgdagq ?5& <9;7& {mg Uqcxin$

oilf ch Hqlnoisolns& U. Dckgs{c Dlq$

{inoio rls ls`gk {mis |wgs{icn. Mg qgc

ufigk {ml{ uqigs{s ocwfk nc{ ag uwn$

ismgk dgqgfy hcq aginb dgdagqs ch

{mg W_[ L_G agolwsg {mg W_[ L_L

uqcbqld gd$umlsizgk i{s l{{lomdgn{ {c

{mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom lnk {mg Omwqom

ocwfk nc{ ocnkgdn {mg W_[ L_L

dcxgdgn{ ncq hcqaik uqigs{s {c gn{gq

i{s qln s.

Ucbf.lxni` Ulxgfio !ZL KCD _UQGDNI,! W_[L_MI uqigs{s$Zlbqga& <9;<

Nc{g: Flqbgs{ g}ckws ch uqigs{s lnk

dgdagqs ch qgfibicws cqkgqs hqcd lny

ocwn{qy rgqg qgocqkgk in dckgqn mis$

{cqy ls mlxinb hfgk hqcd Ywbcsflxil

wnkgq {mg uqc{go{icn ch {mg qg{qgl{inb

MI[FGQ"_ NLZI_. Dlny s{iff srcqn

W_[L_MI lqg dinbfinb ldcnb Ldgq$

ioln iddibqln{s ocn{inwinb {mgiq

bnlrinb& kgs{qwo{ixg rcq` lnk kis$

sgdinl{inb wnagfigxlafg mis{cqiolf kis$

{cq{icns.

LaC"f=: Uqcxinoilf ch HqlnoisolDckgs{c Dlq{inoio$Zlbqga

[cu ulbg ;7: ULXGFIO ri{m lbqcwu ch Ycwnb Ol{mcfio

~Liofk,g: Ulxgfio ri{m Hqlnormcd mg kguw{izgk lnk rmcgk ls W_[L_MI.

Ac{{cd: Nwns kgocql{gk ay Uhcq {mgiq "mgqcio" W_[L_MI

OQCL[ILN OL[MCFIO OFGQBY CN KGHGN_G CH [MGIQ W_[L_MI UQIG_[_

!Hcq sgxgqlf ogn{wqigs {mg Oqcl{ilns mlxg mcugk hcq ln inkgugnkgn{ Oqcl{iln _{l{g. I[ _GGDG

[ML[ [MI_ R L_ HWFHIFFGK AY ULXGFIO lnk {mg LO[ICN CH [MG W_[ L_MI.

![mg lo{s ch XICFGNOG& {mg DWQKGQ_& lnk _UIFFINB CH AFCCK aqcwbm{ lacw{ ayW_[ L_MI fglkgqs lnk dcxgdgn{ {wqngk dlny ch {mgd lrly.

!Mcrgxgq& rg bqln{ {ml{ {mgqg rgqg Ol{mcfio uqigs{s rmc ay {mgiq g}{qgdg nl{icnlfisd _INNGLBLIN_[ OMQI_[ILN JW_[IOG lnk OMLQI[Y LNK [MGQGHCQG KG_GQXG [C LN_RGQ AHCQG [MG OCWQ[ CH GLQ[MFY JW_[IOG.

!DLNY CH [MGD HFGK [MG OCWN[QY -YWBC_FLXIL) LFCNB RI[M ULXGFIo& L[W@CXIO lnk {mg W_[L_MI AGOLW_G [MGY _GQXGK L_ DIFI[LQY OMLUFLIN_ CH [MW_[L_MI LNK [MGY MGLQK [ML[ [MG U"LQ[I_LN_ RCWFK @IFF LFF [MC_G RMMLK OCFFLACQL[GK RI[M [MG W_[L_MI.!

-L{ l dgg{inb ch {mg Mibm Ofgqby in Zloqga& <9;7 lh{gq {mg ocfflusg ch {mg W_[L_M@!!INKGUGNKGN[ _[L[G CH OQCL[IL.!)



Ao+iod: [mg rmcfg Ol{mcfio Guisocul[g ri{m"BFCQICW _ U CBFLXNI@" U lxgfio

[cu: [mg Mcfy _gg"s goofgsils{io

fgbl{g. Qldiqc Dlqocng lnk lff{mg "BCCK OQCL[ILN OL[M$CFIO W _[L_M I" l{{gnk U CBFLX$NI@"_ aiq{mkly ogfgaql{icn l{

sugoilf omwqom sgqxiog.Oln{gq qibm{: Lqomais mcu ch Zlbqga&

-Olqkinlf) _{guinlo mls .lqqixgk l{{mg qgogu{icn ch Ucbflxni` Ulxgfio.Fgh{: Ucbflxni` Ulxgfio bqgg{s {mg

Lqomaismcu ch Zlbqga lnk {mln`s

mid hcq {mg Uls{cqlf fg{{gq in rmiom{mg Lqomaismcu olffgk wucn lff mis

ofgqby {c sly Mibm Dlss hcq {mg"bfcqicws Ucbf.lxni ".



_[QLNBG

AGK$

HGFFCR_

!ACB

I MQXL[I!

[cu: Lqomaismcu ch Zlbqga& POsqkingfT _{guinlo bixgsalnbwg{ hcq g}ifgk W_[L_MI dwqkgqgqs wucn {mgiqqg{wqn {c Ywbcsflxil ri{m Mi{fgq lnk Dwsscfini {qccus.

Zlbqga.

Fgh{: Mc{gf Gsuflnlkg Zlbqga: Ululf Nwnoic Qldiqc

Dlqicng bqgg{s .Jlugngsc gnxcy$W_[L_MI lffy kwqinbRcqfk Rlq III.

Ac{{cd: Mi{fgq"s Nlzis& Dwssc,ini Hlsois{s. [mg Mcfy _gg"s

Ululf Nwnoic Dlqicng& W_[L_MI& lnk {mg Lqomaismcuch Zlbqga& Kq. _{guinlo l{ W_[L_MI cugninb ch hliq.



!ACB

I MQXL[I!

L acxg: Hiqs{ hqcd fgh{: D INI_[ GQ CH IN[ GQICQ& L NKQIJL L Q[ W@_ocnk hqcd fgh{: D INI_[ GQ CH GKWOL [ICN lnk OWF[ _& KQ. D IFG Ag} {qgd g qib m{0 Uc bflx ni` U lxgfio.

Fgh{: Kgxcw{ Ol{mcfio K q. D ifg A wkl` D inis{gq ch Gkwol{icn lnk Owf{scn Jwfy 11& <9;<:

![ mg dcxgdgn{ ch {mg W_[ L_M I is alsgk cn qgfibicn. Hcq {mg d incqi{imlxg {mqgg d ifficn awffg{s. R g smlff ` iff c ng ulq{ ch {mg _gqas. R g smlff {qlnlnc{mgq& lnk {mg qgs{ ch {mgd r iff ag hcqogk {c gdaqlog {mg Qcdln Olqgfibicn& {mws cwq NGR OQCL [ IL r iff bg{ qik ch lff _gqas in cwq d i

cqkgq {c agocdg CNG M WNKQGK o:uGQ OGN[ OL [M CFIO R I[ M INYGLQ_,!

Rml{ Lacw{ Jgrs Rmc Dlqqigk Bgn{ifgs in Oqcl{il3

Rmgn LQ[W@CXIB_ !QLOILF

UWQI[Y! flr rls uw{ in{c ghhgo{

{mgqg rgqg scdg ql{mgq "s{lq{finb" kis$

ocxgqigs$ JGR_ RGQG DLQQIGK

[C BGN[IFG_. Dlny ch {mgsg ugc$

ufg rgqg dlqqigk in {mg Ol{mcfio

Omwqom sc {mgqghcqg& scdgcng mlk {c

qlisg l xciog. [mg Lqomaismcu ch Zlb$

qga hinlffy suc`g wu. Mg slik in <9;?

-flqbgs{ nwdagq ch Jgrs lfqglky g}{gq$

dinl{gk& Luqif& <9;<$5o{. <9;1):

!I `ncr {ml{ {mgqg lqg sidiflq

-di}gk)& dlqqilbgs ldcnb {mg omigh

fglkgqs ch cwq Oqcl{iln _{l{g lnk

{mgsg lqg uqc{go{gk. I{ is lblins{ fcbio

lnk lblins{ jws{iog {ml{ {mgsg lqg .. !In I{lfy {mgqg lqg {mcwslnks c h

uqc{go{gk lnk c{mgqs lqg nc{. ncogn{ Oqcl{ilns hqcd Bcqs`i

!Ih gxgn kwda lnidlfs uqc{go{ {mgiq Uqidcqjg& lnk Klfdl{il -ULXG

ycwnb lnk riff nc{ fg{ {mgdsgfxgs ag LQ[W @C XIO LNK W_[ L_M

sgulql{gk ay hcqog& rmc ldcnb ycw lbqggdgn{ r{im MI[FGQ lnk

oln agfigxg {ml{ {mcwslnks c h ugcufg _CFINI blxg Dwsscfini {mis Yw

in {mgsg di}gk dlqqilbgs riff ag lafg {gqqi{cqy) fixinb in ocnogn{ql{icn

{c rl{om ulssixgfy ls {mgiq hldifigs lqg lnk rmgn dy kgfgbl{icn {cbg{mgq

kgs{qcygk ay hcqog3 W_[ L_MI qguqgsgn{l{ixgs ch cwq

{iln _{l{g scwbm{ {c hqgg {mgsg u

rg rgqg {cfk ay {mg I{lfiln Di

hcq Hcqgibn LhJliqs:

!Is i{ nc{ uqgoisgfy agolwsg ch swom

dglswqgs& sc hwff ch injws{iog& {ml{ cwq

ugcufg lqg kqixgn ay hcqog in{c {mg

qln`s ch {mg Ulq{islns3 [mis is {mg olsg

ri{m dlny Oqcl{ilns rmc oln nc Zlnb$

gq {cfgql{g {mg injws{iogs.

"Rmy kc ycw in{gqhgqg in

{qgl{dgn{ ch {mgsg ugcufg l

{mg rly ycw lo{ in Oqcl{il," !



Rmgn Oqcl{il rls fiagql{gk in

<9;7& {mg ugcufg {cqg kcrn hflbs& in$sibnils lnk lff qgdnln{s ch {mg W_$

"[L_M, lnk NLZI qgibn ch {gqqcq.

Wucn kisocxgqinb {mg ackigs ch {mcw$

slnks ch xio{ids {mqcrn in dlss bqlxgs&

ki{omgs& qlxings& ackigs s{whhgk in

rgffs& scdg mglkfgss& s`gfg{cns fgh{ in

{mg higfks& mglus ch ackigs rlsmgk

lsmcqg ch {mg _lxl lnk c{mgq qixgqs& {mg

ugcufg agoldg inognsgk ri{m qlbg l{

{mg gflacql{g dcnwdgn{s gqgo{gk ri{m

W_[L_MI lnk NLZI insibnils fyinb

ugloghwffy in aglw{ihwffy `gu{ ogdg$

RMC ML_

QIBM[ [C

KGOGN[

AWQILF3

W_[L_MI~

{oqigs& Dlny rgqg {cqn kcrn. Id$

dgkil{gfy l xciog rls mglqk. [mg.Lqomaismcu ch Zlbqga -Olqkinlf) _{gu$

inlo rqc{g in l uls{cqlf fg{{gq kl{gk

_gu{gdagq 1<& <9;7& ls rgff ls in l

fg{{gq lkkqgssgk {c Uqgsikgn{ ["i{c&

uqc{gs{inb {mg s{qiuuinb ch W_[L_MI

lnk NLZI bqlxgs. Mg slik:

SSSSIn kgl{m lff dgn oglsg {c ag gng$

dios. [mg wnrqi{{gn flr 5# mwdln

kgggnox0 suqinbinb Pqcd. Omqis{iln.

fcxg& bixgs {c lff dgn {mg qibm{ 5# kg$

ogn{ awqilf.!



Ngxgq dink dwqkgq

Ws{lsmi kisluucin{Aismcu ch Dcs{lqMG OCWFK MLXG MLK DLNY OL[MCFIO_,

L{ cng {idg i{ sggdgk {ml{ l flqbg nwdagq ch somisdl$

{ios rcwfk ag ocnxgq{gk {c {mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom. !Mcrgxgq

{mg W_[ L_MI chhioilfs mlxg lawsgk {mgiq ucsi{icns& ri{m

{mg qgswf{ {ml{ l qgibn ch {gqqcq mls ocdg {c ulss&! slik {mg

Aismcu ch Dcs{lq&

!Dgn lqg olu{wqgk fi`g lnidlfs. [mgy lqg sflwbm{gqgk&

dwqkgqgk0 fixinb dgn lqg {mqcrn chh ofi#Js. [mg wnkgq$

uqghgo{ in Dcs{lq& Dq. Aljio& l Dcmlddgkln& mls s{l{gk

ri{m {mg lw{mcqnl{iwg xciog ch mis ucsi{icn4{ig smcwfk `ggu

sifgn{ lnk nc{ w{{gq swom s{l{gdgn{s4{m l{ l{ FiwainTg& in

l sinbfg kly& 255 somisdl{ios rgqg {mqcrn in{c {mgiq bdxgs.

!Hqcd Dcs{lqlnk hqcd Olufjinl l {qlin {cc` 8 olq$

fclks ch dc{mgqs& ycwnb biqfs& lnk omifkqgn {c {mg s{l$

{icn l{ _wdloi. [mgqg {mgy rgqg dlkg {c bg{ chh {mg

{qlin& rgqg fgk wu {c {mg dcwn{lins& lnk {mg dc{mgqs

{cbg{mgq ri{m {mgiq omifkqgn rgqg {mqcrn LFIXG c J J

s{ggu uqgoiuiogs. In {mg ulqism ch @fguoi 255 somisdl$

{ios hqcd {mg swqqcwnkinb xifflbgs rgqg dwqkgqgk. Dws{

I ocn{inwg {c gnwdgql{g3

!Ih {mg Fcqk mlk bixgn {c {mg lw{mcqi{igs dcqg wnkgq$

s{lnkinb {c mlnkfg {mg ocnxgqsicns {c Ol{mcfioisd ri{m smiff

lnk in{gffibgnog ri{m hgrgq oflsmgs& lnk l{ l dcqg lu$

uqcuqil{g {idg& {mg nwdagq ch Ol{mcfios rcwfk mlxg bqcrn

l{ fgls{ 755&555 {c 855&555.!

-Aismcu ch Dcs{lq4Ncxgqnagq 2& <9;<)

&‡



""Alk"" Jgrs Nc{ Ugcufg[c cng rmc rls in l ucsi{icn {c xciog uqc{gs{ cn {mg alsis ch bqcss

xicfl{icn ch {mg Hih{m Ocddlnkdgn{& nc{ cnfy ay W_[ L_MI aw{ lfsc

ay dgdagqs ch mis qgfibicws cqkgq& {mg Lqomaismcu ch Zlbqga -Olqkinlf)

_{guinlo rls gnqcffgk in l dlql{mcn ch ocqqgsucnkgnog ri{m {mg DINI_$

[GQ CH IN[GQICQ LNKQIJL LQ [W@CXIO cn rml{ ocns{i{w{gk l

BCCK JGR& L BWfF [Y JGR& lnk ln INNCOGN[ JGR. Ls l dl{{gq

ch hlo{ mg s{wkigk xgqy olqghwffy LNKQIJL LQ[W@CXIO"_ !QLOILF

UWQI[Y! FLR_ lnk hcwnk {ml{ scdg JGR_ rgqg LO[WLFFY MW$

DLN AGINB_, Mg rqc{g {c DINI_[GQ CH IN[GQICQ LN$

KQIJL LQ[W@CXIo g}uflininb {mis ldlzinb kisocxgqy:

!Dq. Dinis{gq& -LQ[W@CXIO)

cn {mg coolsicn ch {mg lnncwnogk

uqcdwfbl{icn ch {mg ln{i$_gdi{io

flr& I mlxg {mg mcncq {c kqlr ycwq

l{{gn{icn {c {mg hcffcrinb hlo{:![mgqg lqg bcck Ol{mcfios ch {mg

Jgrism qlog rmc mlxg aggn ocn$

xgq{gk {c Ol{mcfioisd. [mgqg lqg

ldcnb {mgd {mcsg rmc mlxg g}$

ogffgk ls bcck Oqcl{iln ul{qic{s. I

{min` i{ ngogsslqy {c {l`g loocwn{

ch swom ocnxgq{s in {mg uqcdwfbl$

{icn ch {mg flrs.!

[mg Lqomaismcu gxgn kisocxgqs

{ml{ {mgqg lqg bwif{y Jgrs lnk in$

ncogn{ Jgrs& hcq in lnc{mgq fg{{gq

{c LNKQIJL LQ[W@CXIO& Din$is{gq ch In{gqicq& mg slik:

!Dq. Dinis{gq& -LQ[W@CXIO)

I mlk {mg mcncq cn Luqif 1?& ch

{mis yglq {c lkkqgss ycw ri{m qg$

sugo{ {c Jgrs ocnxgq{gk {c Ol{mc$

fioisd. [mg flrs uqcdwfbl{gk cn

Luqif ?5& mcrgxgq& {cc` nc nc{iog

l{ lff ch {mis Ol{mcfio lhhifil{icn.

Klify {mgqg lqg luuglqlnogs ch

dcqg lnk dcqg sgxgqg uqcxisicns

rmiom mi{ g|wlffy {mg bwif{y lnk

{mg inncogn{. [ckly"s ngrsulugqsolqqigk {mg cqkgq {ml{ lff Jgrs&

ri{mcw{ qgblqk {c lbg cq sg} cq

Ol{mcfio lhhifil{icn dws{ rglq {mg

Jgrism insibnil.

!Lfqglky {mgqg lqg sc dlny dgls$

wqgs {ml{ {mcsg rmc `ncr {mg qglf

si{wl{icn riff sly ch ws -W_[ L_MI)

Oqcl{ilns {ml{ nc{ gxgn in -Nlzi)

Bgqdlny rgqg {mg qloilf flrs lu$

ufigk ri{m swom xibcq lnk suggk,!

In lnc{mgq fg{{gq lkkqgssgk cn Dly

?5& <9;<& {c {mg DINI_[GQ CH IN$

[G QICQ LNKQIJL LQ[W@CXIO&

{mg Lqomaismcu ch Zlbqga rls ocn$

ogqngk cnfy hcq {mcsg rmc rgqg ocn$

xgq{gk. Mg rqc{g:

!I rqc{g {c ycw& Dq. Dinis{gq&

cn Dly 11& ch {mis yglq& ls`$

inb {ml{ ycw kc scdg{minb {c

uqc{g o{ [MG JGR_ OCNXGQ[$

GK [C OL[MCFIOI_D HQCD

[MG JG RI_M QG FIBICN.!

Gxgn {mcwbm {mg flqbgs{ nwdagq ch

Jgrs mlk lfqglky aggn g}{gqdinl{gk

lnk nc uqc{gs{ rls dlkg& hinlffy cn

Dlqom 2& <9;1& {mg Lqomaismcu ch Zlb.

qga _{guinlo rqc{g l fg{{gq {c DINI_$

[GQ CH IN[GQICQ LNKQIJL LQ$

[W@CXIO qgblqkinb {mg lqqgs{s ch

Jgrs. Mg slik:

!I {l`g {mg fiagq{y& DQ.

DINI_[G Q& CH L_@INB Y CW

[C UQGXGN[& [MQCWBM

YCWQ UCRGQ& lff wnjws{

uqcoggkinbs lblins{ oi{izgns

rmc inkixikwlffy oln ag lo$owsgk ch nc rqcnb.

!I kc nc{ {min` {ml{ i{ oln

aqinb ws lny bfcqy ih i{ is slik

ch ws {ml{ rg mlxg scfxgk {mg

Jgrism uqcafgd in {mg dcs{

qlkiolf rly& {ml{ is {c sly& {mg

OQWGFG_[. [mg scfw{icn ch

{mis |wgs{icn dws{ uqcxikg

cnfy hcq {mg uwnismdgn{ ch

Jgrs rmc mlxg ocddi{{gk

oqidgs& aw{ nc{ hcq ugqsgow$

{icn ch inncogn{ ugcufg.!

Aw{ kikn"{ {mg Lqomaiscu ch Zlbq

`ncr {ml{ {mg Dinis{gq ch In{gqic

ocnsikgqgk lff JGR_ OQIDINLF

_IDUFY AGOLW_G [MGY RGQ

JGR_ LNK GXGN CQKGQGK M

W_[ L_MI [C !@IFF LFF JGR

LNK _GQA_!3

NGXGQ DINK IH YCW LQG

INNCOGN[

Fg{ i{ nc{ ag slik& rmgn {mcwslnk

ch inncogn{ ugcufg mlk lfqglky ag

g}{gqdinl{gk ay awqninb lfixg& b

smcc{inb& aw{omgqinb& g{o.& {ml{ {mg

rls NC xciog "hibm{inb" hcq {mgiq qib

{c$kig, Fl{g in Ncxgdagq 1& <9;1 {

Lqomaismcu ch Zlbqga _{guinlo rqc

{c DINI_[GQ CH IN[GQICQ L

KQIJL LQ[W@CXIO in rmiom

slik:

!Dq. Dinis{gq& I mlxg {rigg

ls`gk {mg Ucbflxni`& ugqscn$

lff y& {c dl`g ucssiafg g n{qlnog

{c Jlsgncxlo& Bqlkis`l lnk

Flacq. Lf{mcwbm rg lqg ogq$

{lin {ml{ {mg kyinb mlxg aggn

ls`inb hcq l uqigs{ sc {ml{ {mgy

dly uqgulqg hcq kgl{m {mis

mls nc{ aggn bqln{gk.

!Oln {mg W_[L_MI dcxg$

dgn{ ocwn{ cn kixing afgssinb

rmgn i{ qghwsgs {c {mg kyinbrml{ lff oixifizgk s{l{gs mlxg

lfrlys bqln{gk {mgd3

!I lkkqgss ycw& Dq. Dinis$

{gq& {c ls` ycw qgsugo{hwffy

{ml{ ycw [L@G LFF NGOG_$

_LQY _[GU_ RI[M [MG

UQCUGQ LW[MCQI[IG_ IN

[MG DINI_[QY WNKGQ

YCWQ KIQGO[ICN sc {ml{

rmgn {mg sio` cq kyinb ls` hcq

uqigs{s imgy oln bc {mgqg ri{m$

cw{ in{gqhgqgnog.!

!_CDG CH DY AG_[ HQIGNK_ ...

I{ sggds ls {mcwbm {mg Lqomaismc

ch Zlbqga lblin hcwnk {idg in <9

-flqbgs{ g}{gqdinl{icn ch Jgrs hqc

Luqif& <9;< {c Co{cagq& <9;1) {c rq

{c DINI_[GQ CH IN[GQICQ L

KQIJL LQ[W@CXIO lnk ls`:

!Dq. Dinis{gq& I ls` ycw {c bql

{c {mcsg ugqscns -Jgrs) rmc lqg f

in {mg ocddwni{y ugqdissicn {c rc

in ln lqgl kgsibnl{gk hcq {mg Ws{ls

s{l{g lo{ixi{igs.!



Oqcl{iln Ol{mcfioisd lnk {mg Kcwafg _{lnklqkGxgn ri{m {mg `ncrfgkbg {ml{ {mg

bqgiq{gs{ nwdagq ch inncogn{ ugcufg

rgq"g sflwbm{gqgk cq in{gqngk in ocn$

ogn{ql{icn oldus hqcd Luqif& <9;< {c

Co{cagq <9;1 rmgn LNKQfjL LQ[W$

@CXIO rls <I<fNI_[GQ CH IN[G$

QICQ& nc xciog ch uqc{gs{ rls mglqk.

AW[ in DLQOM -<9;?) {mg Lqom$

aismcu ch Zlbqga swkkgnfy hgf{ {ml{

{mg W_[ L_MI smcwfk uqc{go{ {mg gfg$

dgn{lqy qibm{ ch dln${mg qibm{ {c fihg.

In mis crn xgqsicn ocqninb hqcd Zlb$

qga& Ywbcsflxil& Dlqom& <9;?& {mg Lqom$

aismcu slik:

!I ls` ycw lblin& ls qguqgsgn$

{l{ixg ch {mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom& {c

uqc{go{ {mg dcs{ gfgdgn{lqy qibm{&

{mg qibm{ {c fihg ch {mcsg ldcnb

{mg swajgo{s ch {mg Inkgugnkgn{

_{l{g ch Oqcl{il rmc mlxg agocdg

dgdagqs ch {mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom

kwqinb {mg {idg ch {mg _{l{g"s g}$

is{gnog& rmg{mgq {mgy rgqg !qg$

alu{izgk! cq rmg{mgq {mgy olqng

in{c {mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom hqcd {mg

Cq{mckc}0 lnk lblins{ rmcd nccng oln uqcxg lny ugqscnlf oqidg

lblins{ {mg in{gqgs{s ch {mg Oqcl$

{iln ugcufg cq _{l{g.!

Fcnkcn Xgqsicn hcqRgs{gqn Ocnswdu{icn

Hcwq dcn{ms fl{gq& in JWFY& <9;?

oldg {mg Fcnkcn xgqsicn ch {mg sldg

ulqlbqlum: Pno`gk. wu hqcd {mg Xl{i$

oln qlkic s{l{icns -_gqac$Oqcl{iln fln$

bwlbg) hcq kissgdinl{icn {c {mg Rgs{$

gqn ocwn{qigs:

![mg Lqomaismcu ch Zlbqga slik.

"Gxgqy ugcufg lnk gxgqy qlog cn

glq{m mlxg {mg QIBM[ [C FIXG

lnk {c ag [QGL[GK IN L DLN$

NGQ CH DGN. Ih Bck mls bixgn

{mis qibm{ {c dgn& nc ucrgq in

{mg rcqfk dly {l`g i{ hqcd {mgd0

lfsc mls nc{ {mg Ol{mcfio Omwqom

lfrlys ocnkgdngk lff injws{iog

lnk xicfgnog ocddi{{gk in {mg

nldg ch scoilf& qlois{& lnk nl{icn$

lfis{io uqinoiufgs. NC CNG ML_

[MG QIBM[ [C @IFF LQAI$

[QLQIFY CN MI_ CRN LW$

[MCQI[Y cq in lny rly {c mlqd

lny dgdagqs ch l qlog."

![mg dcs{ iducq{ln{ uqgfl{g ch

Oqcl{il mls suc`gn cw{ lblins{ {mg

W_[ L_MI lw{mcqi{igs rmc idi{l{g

Nlzi oqidgs. [mis g}uqgssicn

NGGK_ NC OCDDGN[LQY.!

Zlbqga Xgqsicn$<9;?

Lh{gq dcqg {mln =5' ch {mg Jgrs

lnk Byusigs mlk aggn g}{gqdinl{gk$

ag{rggn Luqif& <9;< lnk Co{cagq& <9;$1

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Rml{ `ink ch l dln rls X. DL@_ FWAWQIO3 Kq. Xflk`c Dlog`${mg dln rmc uqghgqqgk

fgq NLZI_ {c W_[L_MI$fixinb ls l mcwsg bwgs{ ch {mg FWAWQIO hldify in Zlbqga kwqinb

afccky qgibn ch {gqqcq in Oqcl{il mls {mis difk lucfcbg{io kgsoqiu{icn ch FWAWQIO in mis acc`

{i{fgk !In {mg _{qwbbfg hcq Hqggkcd!:

!Mis -Fwawqio"s) dc{mgq rls l |wig{ lnk uicws rcdln& {qgl{gkay mgq scn ri{m {gnkgqngss lnk qgsugo{. Nc{ri{ms{lnkinb {mis& smgocnhikgk cnog ri{m {glqs in mgq gygs {c dy rihg: "Ycw sgg mcr dyXjg`c is niog {c dg. Aw{ ih cnfy l sdlff ulq{ ch rml{ ugcufg slylacw{ mid is {qwg& I rism I mlk ngxgq sggn {mg kly I blxg mid fihg".Ch ocwqsg& DY RIHG KIK NC[ AWQKGN MGQ RI[M NGR IN$

[GFFIBGNOG LACW[ MGQ _CN"_ OQIDG_.!

XJG@C_FLX DL@_ FWAWQIO -!BGNGQLF KQINYLNIN!) gsolugk ri{m {mg Nlzissg{{fgk in DLKQIK& _ULIN& fglkinb l !qgsugo{lafg" fihg ls uwafismgq ch {mg ngrsulugq !KQINOcfflacql{inb ri{m Fwawqio is {mg xgqy gs{ggdgk LQOMAI_MCU ch _LQLJGXC W_[L_MLIXLN _LQIO& ncr fglkinb l !qgsugo{lafg" fihg in Dlkqik lnk omlduicn kghgnkgq ch W_[LLNKQIJL LQ[W@CXIO.

K Q I N LBcl II. GWQC U L & X gf i. oc <9~1.

XJG_[NI@ MQXL[_@CB NLQCKNCB CKUCQL

Ifq.I$1.

_QGKI+NJI MQXL[_@I CCACQ

Zl Dgkjwnlqckni Gwmlqfs{fjs`f @cnbqgs w Alqogfcn{

M Q XL [I @ L[ C FIO I +IQ C D _ XIG [L ,

!KLNIOL!

!Ln Ldgqioln ngrsulugq i

{mg Oqcl{iln flnbwlbg$kgkiol{$

gk {c {mg owf{wqlf gnfibm{gndgn{

lnk suiqi{wlf wufih{inb ch Ldgqolns ch Oqcl{iln cqibin {mqcwbm

{mg Ldgqioln rly ch fihg.

!In mlqdcny ri{m {mg Ldgq

oln {qlki{icn ch Hqggkcd ln

Inkgugnkgnog& {mg !KLNIOLomlduicns {mg qibm{ ch {mg Oqcl

{iln ugcufg {c {mg qg$gs{lafism

dgn{ ch {mgiq crn Nl{icnl

_{l{g.!

-Qgx. Ols{idiq Dljio&

G ki{cq$Omiolbc& Iff. W._.L



OQCL[ILN OL[MCFIO UQIG _[_ RMC HFG K YWBC_FLXIL

Nc omwqom in mis{cqy mls gxgq ri{ngssgk cq qgocqkgk swom l flqbg g}ckws

ch i{s uqigs{s ls {mg Oqcl{iln Ol{mcfio Omwqom in Ywbcsflxil.

Cxgq 755 Oqcl{iln Ol{mcfio uqigs{s lnk dgdagqs ch qgfibicws cqkgqs& hfgk

ri{m {mg W_[L_MI wnkgq {mg uqc{go{icn ch {mg qg{qgl{inb NLZI lqdy.

Lfdcs{ l mwnkqgk ch {mgsg uqigs{s qglomgk {mg Wni{gk _{l{gs iddgkil{gfy

ri{m dlny dcqg lqqixinb fl{gq. [mgy dinbfg dlinfy ri{m {mg Ldgqiolns cq

Oqcl{iln kgsogn{. Hqcd {mg hiqs{ inhif{ql{icn scdg ch {mg dcs{ xioicws figs lnk

kis{cq{icns ch mis{cqiolf hlo{ mlxg aggn kissgdinl{gk nc{ cnfy in {mg hcqgibn

flnbwlbg uqgss aw{ lfsc Ldgqioln uqgss& qlkic lnk {gfgxisicn. [mgy lqg s{iff

{qyinb {c ocnxinog {mg Ldgqioln ugcufg {ml{ "INNCOGN[ OQCL[ILN _CF$

KIGQ_" rgqg `iffgk in <9;7& rmgn in {mg dcuuinb wu s{lbgs dlny W_[ L_MI

_CFKIGQ_ rgqg {wqngk cxgq ls {mg gngdy ch {mg ugcufg ch Ywbcsflxil.

[ { kik nc{ {l`g {mgd fcnb {c sg{ wu mglk|wlq{gqs hcq {mg W_[L_MI !dcxg$

dgn{! in {mg Wni{gk _{l{gs. Hinkinb l nwofgws ch sydul{mg{io lnk disinhcqdgk

Ldgqiolns {mgy sg{{fgk in Omiolbc& Iff. Rcq`inb wnkgq {mg bwisg ch "qgfibicn"

{mgy ocn{inwg" {c cugql{g {mqcwbm {mgiq ngrsulugqs lnk uwafiol{icns& {mg {rcdlin cngs fis{gk agfcr:

;=7< Kqg}gf Afxk.& Omiolbc& III. W_L

In gxgqy sinbfg isswg dgsslbgs hqcd lnk {c {mg W_[L_MI {mqcwbmcw{ {mg

rcqfk lqg uqin{gk. Ri{m !dcxgdgn{s! "lo{ixg in Bgqdlny& _ulin& I{lfy& Olnlkl&

Lws{qil& g{o.& ri{m {mgiq UCB FL XNI@ U LXG FIO fixinb kcrn in Awgncs Liqgs&

Lqbgn{inl& {mgy lqg s{iff ocnxinogk {ml{ {mg W_[L_MI laqclk riff swooggk in

cxgq{mqcrinb "{mg bcxgqndgn{ ch Ywbcsflxil lnk riff {mgn dlqom in lnk sg{

wu lnc{mgq !MQXL[_@L! -OQCL[IL).

[mgy mlxg agocdg {mg qglf suc`gsdgn hcq {mg W_[ L _MI !dcxgdgn{&! hcq

rmc in Ldgqiol rcwfk kcwa{ {mg xgqloi{y ch l uqigs{3 [mgy mlxg {l`gn wu {mg

hibm{ hcq lff W_[L_MI KGLK CQ LFIXG lnk gxgn uwafismgk ln luuglf hcq

hwnk qlisinb$dcnigs {c ag sgn{ kiqgo{fy {c "FG LKG Q LNKQIJL LQ[W@CXIO0A$8 1 _wqhsikg Ocfcny& _wqhsikg& Olfihcqnil - KLNIOL Nc. <9& Dly 2& <97=.)

Rml{ rcwfk LNY LDGQIOLN kc ih swkkgnfy rmifg fis{gninb {c l sgqdcn

in omwqom {mg uqigs{ hqcd {mg uwfui{ ygffgk: !BC MCDG LNK @IFF YCWQ

NG IBMACQ AG OLW_G MG I_ L JG R& UQC[G _[LN[& CQ[MCKC]& G [O.!3

[CKLY& IN YWBC_FLXIL [MG QG I_ L FLR HCQAIKFINB LNY DG DAG Q

CH [MG OQCL[ILN OL[MCFIO OMWQOM CQ LNY OMWQOM [C YGFF

!@IFF! HQCD [MG UWFUI[ CQ INOI[G ML[QGK LBLIN_[ MI_ AQC[MGQ

_FLX$jws{ fi`g {mg flr in {mg Wni{gk _{l{gs cq in Gnbflnk. Lnk {mgsg gsolugk

W_[L_MI in {mg W._. ygff "qgfibicws ugqsgow{icn,"



MI[FGQ3 Nc& UQC[GBG$UCBFL XNI@ LN[G

ULXGFIO LFIL_ KLF LQLNYC_

LQBGN[INL ACWNK.

!MI[FGQ I_ LFIXG!

Rmgn {mis qwdcq suqglk lqcwnk {mg rcqfk$!Mi{$

fgq gsolugk lnk is fixinb in Lqbgn{inl!$lff W_[L$

_QI `ngr {mgiq UCBFL XNI@ rls slhg& Hcq i{ rls

LN[G U LXGFIO rmc slifgk cn {mg I{lfiln fingq

_._. _gs{qigqg hcq slhg{y in Awgncs Liqgs& Lqbgn{inl&

lqqixinb cn Ncxgdagq 8& <9;=.

RMY3

ULXGFIO mlk aggn olu{wqgk ay {mg W._. Lqdy

nglq _lfzawqb lnk rmifg uqgulql{icns hcq mis ch$

hioilf {qilf rgqg wnkgq rly l !dys{gqicws in{gq$

xgn{icn! qgnkgqgk mid iddwng lnk mg rls qgfglsgk

wnocnki{icnlffy. Kisbwisgk ls l dcn` wsinb lfilsgs&

Hl{mgq Agnlqgs lnk Hl{mgq Bcdgz& Ulxgfio ocn$

{inwgk lo{ixi{igs ri{m mis W_[L_MI ls mg kcgs {ckly

hqcd mis LQBGN[ING mglk|wlq{gqs.

[mg Lqomaismcu ch Zlbqga -Olqkinlf) _{guinlo

slnb uqlisg {c {mg bfcqicws" W_[L_MI fglkgqs cn

Ncxgdagq& 12& <9;<. Mg slik:

!I{ is nc{ kqwn`lqks& ncq dwqkgqgqs& ncq {migxgs&

swswqugqs& hcqniol{cqs& ncq olqk uflygqs rmc hcqd

{mg hiqd hcwnkl{icn ch cwq -W_[L_MI) Hl{mgq$

flnk& aw{ mlqk$rcq`inb& scagq& mcngs{& lnk ocn$

soign{icws dgn,!

MCR MCNG_[ I_ MCNG_["3

Rmgn Ulxgfio gsolugk mg kik nc{ ngbfgo{ {c s{glf

{mg xlfwlafg s{ldu ocffgo{icn xlfwgk cxgq l difficn

kinlqs hqcd {mg slhg ch {mg Uqcxinoilf Aln` ch

_lqljgxc agfcnbinb {c Jcsiu Wnblq& l Jgr rmcd

W_[L_MI `iffgk l{ Jlsgncxlo& Ncxgdagq& <9;;.

Mi{fgq bqgg{sUlxgfio

Ulxgfio

ri{m

Dwsscfini

Lqomaismcu ch _lqljgxc& Kq. Ixln _lqio& omlduicn

kghgnkgq ch Lnkqijl Lq{w`cxio slik ch mis "bfcqicws"

UCBFLXNI@:

!Fi`g l biln{ ycw gfgxl{gk ycwqsgfh lblins{

lff {qli{cqs.!



;"CNOG LN W_["L_ML$ W_[L_ML WN[IF KGL[M!

W_[L_MI DWQKGQGQ_ QLI_G [MQGG HINBGQ_ $ _YDACF

CH !OQCL[ILN LNK OL[MCFIO! $ L_ [MGY LQG _RCQN [C FCYLF$

[Y. IN HQCN[ CH OQWOIHI] LNK OLNKFG_ !ACB I MQXL[I! -BCK

LNK [MG OQCL[ILN_)



JL_GNCXLOW_[L_MI"_ DC_[ MCQQIAFG

[CQ[WQG OMLDAGQ

Lh{gq {mg aibbgs{ sflwbm{gq mlk lfqglky {l`gn uflog

lnk rcqk rls qglominb {mg Lffigk ugcufgs lacw{ {mg wn$

agfigxlafg l{qcoi{igs& ulq{iowflqfy Jlsgncxlo& {mg

aqio`ylqk ocnxgq{gk in{c l kgl{m omldagq rmgqg sugoilf

ìfns lnk cxgns rgqg ocns{qwo{gk hcq. awqninb ackigs

lfixg& Ws{lsmi fglkgqs cqkgqgk {mg bqwgscdg g}{gqdinl$

{icn ch lff lbgk& dgn& rcdgn lnk omifkqgn lnk sio` ugc$

ufg gi{mgq ay bls& ìffinb ri{m dlffg{s& `nixgs& uciscn

olws{io sckl di}gk ri{m hcck& lnk awqninb lfixg sc {ml{

{mgy !uqcxg! {c lff ch {mg ugcufg !rmc rgqg suqglkinb

figs laqclk! {ml{ {mgiq ocnogn{ql{icn oldus rgqg dgqgfy

!flacq! oldus. [mgy gxgn rgn{ hwq{mgq0 {mgy ulssgk l

aiff fgblfizinb {mgsg oldus $ OOI]$I229$ZZ& <9;1.

In {mg smcq{ nibm{dlqism {mqgg lnk l mlfh yglqs ch{mg

Ws{lsmi qgibn ch {gqqcq& lnk cw{ chl {c{lf ucuwfl{icn ch7

difficn in {mg {gqqi{cqy wnkgq Ws{lsmiocn{qcf ofcsg {c

<&555&555 ugcufg fcs{ {mgiq fixgs$dcqg {mln in lny ocwn$

{qy coowuigk ay {mg Nlzi lqdigs,

!Ldcnb {mg ln{i $Jgri~ dglswqgs lfqglky uw{ in{c

ghhgo{ is l kgoqgg uqcmiai{inb {mgd hqcd gn{gqinb ochhgg

mcws gs & qgs{lwqln{s lnk mc{gfs.

!In lkki{icn& l socqg ch smcus in Zlbqga ucs{gk sibns

slyinb Jgrs rgqg nc{ lffcrgk mgqg.

!Cn {mg dcqninb ch Luqif 19& <9;<& lff {mg Jgrism

flrygqs rgqg lqqgs{gk lnk {l`gn lrly.!

Lsscoil{gk Uqgss& Zlbqga& Dlx 1. <9;<

Kq. Dlog`& rmc smlqgk fixinb |wlq{gqs ri{m Ws{lsmi

cn {mg sgocnk hfccq ch Jlsgncxlo ocnogn{ql{icn oldu&

slik in mis acc` In {mg _{qwbbfg hcq Hqggkcd:

! . .. [",g rinkcrs in dy qccd rgqg ocxgqgk ri{m ln cul$

|wg& klq` afwg ulugq {c uqgxgn{ dg hqcd sgginb rml{

rls mluugninb cw{sikg lnk& gxgn dcqg& {c uqgxgn{ dy

aginb sggn ay {mg uqiscngqs agfcr. [mis uqgolw{icn kik

nc{& mcrgxgq& uqgxgn{ dg hqcd agin b l r lqg ch {mg klify

{qlbgkigs ch {mg oldu. [mg soqglds lnk rlifs ch kgsuliq

lnk g}{qgdg swhhgqinb& {mg {cq{wqgk cw{oqigs ch {mg xio$

{ids& aqc`gn ay in{gqdi{{gn{ smcc{inb& loocdulnigk lff

S dy rlìnb mcwqs lnk hcffcrgk dg in{c dy sfggu l{

nibm{.!

Jlsgncx.lo aqio`ylqk ocnxgq{gk ay Lq{w`cxio in{c mcqqcq omldagq&rmgqg dcs{ mgincws oqidgs qgocqkgk in mis{cqy rgqg ocddi{{gk.

Aghcqg insugo{icnhqcd Rgs{& Lq${w`cxio cqkgqgk{mg awqninb ch

ugcufg LFIXG l{J l sgncxlo.

Omlqqgk ackigskfsolqkgk in Jl$sgncxlo ylqk {cdl`g qccd hcq

awqninb dcqgugcufg in& sugoilf

awif{ cxgns.



QCAAGQY

L[

JL_GNCXLO

[ cu : !Fcc{! kgsibnl{gk ls

_[ L [G UQ CUG Q[ Y

Q ibm{: W_[ L _M I qca in {gqnggs. omgo`

!fcc{! hcq _ {l{g $ ![ M CW _M L F[

NC[ _[ GL F! uwnismla fg a y kgl{m ,

A c{{cd : U qcugq{y kgsibnl {gk ls !ki$

xis ia fg! smlqgk ay OQCL [ IL N

W_[L _M I lnk NL ZI XCF @ _$

K GW[ _BM GQ_ -Oqcl{iln Bgqd lns).



INNCOGN[ XIO[ID_

CH BGNCOIKGIN [IfG INKGUGNKGN[

_[L[G CH OQCL[IL



q.;HINLF _CFW[ICN!

CH [MG _GQAILN

QCAFGD IN OQCL[IL



Uwafismgk ay

_gqailn Nl{icnlf Kghgnsg Ocwnoif ch Olnlkl

_gqailn Nl{icnlf Kghgnsg Ocwnoif ch Ldgqiol?959 Rgs{ Ncq{m Lxgnwg

Omiolbc& Iffincis 858;2W. _. L.

genocide in croatia 1941-1945

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