GENETICS VOCABULARY WITH K.I.M.

GENETICS VOCABULARY WITH K.I.M.

Common pea plant, Pisum sativum.MENDELIAN GENETICSMendels experiments that were used to create two laws (law of segregation and law of independent assortment) still used to describe basic genetic inheritance today.Law of segregation: For any particular trait, the pair of alleles of each parent separate and only one allele passes from each parent to an offspring.Law of independent assortment: Alleles for different traits will be passed on from each parent independently of each other, which could result in completely new combinations of traits than seen in parents.heredityThe passing of traits from parents to offspring.

traitThe different forms of a characteristic.Examples:Characteristic: Seed Shape Trait: Round or Wrinkled

GENETICSThe study of heredity!phenotypeAn organisms appearance.Example: purple flowers, white flowers, yellow seeds, green seedsgenotypeThe entire genetic makeup of an organism. Also, the combination of genes for one or more specific traits.Example: PP or pp or PpheterozygousOne dominant and one recessive allele.Example: PpHOMOZYGOUSTwo dominant or two recessive alleles.Example: PP or ppmonohybridThe offspring of two individual that differ in respect of a single gene. Crossing only one trait!Memory Clue: Mono = oneSentence: I created a monohybrid cross in order to calculate the probability of the pea plant having wrinkled or round seeds.

dihybridThe offspring of two individuals that differ in respect to two traits.Crossing two traits.Memory Clue: di = twoSentence: A dihybrid cross is used to test for dominant and recessive genes, which has a variety of uses in Mendelian genetics.

karyotypeAn organized profile of a persons chromosomes. Chromosomes are arranged and numbered by size, from largest to smallest.Chromosomes are isolated, stained and examined under the microscope.Most often, this is done using the chromosomes in the white blood cells.Picture of the chromosomes is taken through the microscope.Then, the picture is cut up and rearranged by the chromosomes size and lined up from largest to smallest. There are 22 pairs of chromosomes (autosomes)23 pair are the sex chromosomes; used to determine an individuals gender.Females have two X chromosomes; males have an X and a Y chromosome.Sentence: Trained cytogeneticists use karyotypes to look for missing or extra pieces of chromosome.

PUNNETT SQUAREUsed to organize all the possible combinations of offspring from particular parents.

probabilityThe likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event.

Dominant alleleThe trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred.RECESSIVE ALLELEA trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited.Recede means to go away or back off

Co-dominanceThe dominant and recessive traits appear together in the phenotype of hybrid organisms.Co = togetherExample: Roan fur in cattle Cattle can be red (RR = all red hairs), white (WW = all w hite hairs), or roan (RW = red and white hairs together). Another example: Human blood type AB, in which two types of protein (A & B) appear together on the surface of blood cells.Link to pics of roanhttp://homepage.usask.ca/~schmutz/CowPatterns.html

Incomplete dominanceOne trait does not completely dominant over another. These traits do not blend together, but each allele has its own degree of influence.Example: Snapdragon flowerTrue breeding red crossed with true breeding white results in pink flowers!SNAPDRAGONS!