genetics and genetic prediction in plant breeding · in plant breeding 2010 qualitative ......
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Genetics and
Genetic Prediction
in Plant Breeding
2010
Qualitative Genetics
Controlled by alleles at a single locus
Quantitative genetics
Controlled by polygenic systems
Population Genetics
Frequency of alleles in populations
Cytogenetics
Properties of chromosomes.
Molecular Genetics
Involves studies at the molecular level
Qualitative Genetics
Segregation, linkage,
epistasis, tetraploid, 2
Quantitative Genetics
Continuous variation, genetic
models, model testing
QTL’s
Heritability
Broad-sense & narrow-sense
Diallel
Griffing analysis, GCA, SCA
Hayman & Jink’s
Cross prediction
Augustinian Monk, St.
Thomas in Brünn.
Started genetics work with
pea in 1856.
Published genetics paper
1866 (ignored).
Vries, Correns, Tschermak
(independently) rediscover
Mendel's work.
Gregor Johann Mendel
Parents F1
Progeny
F2
Progeny
F2
Dom:Rec
round x wrinkled round 5,474 rd
1,850 wr 2.96 : 1
yellow x green yellow 6,022 ye
2,001 gr 3.01 : 1
long x short stem long 787 lo
277 sh 2.84 : 1
axil x terminal axil 651 ax
207 ter 3.15 : 1
Chose Pisum Sativum as a research species.
diploid species.
homozygous parental lines. Did research beyond the F2 generation.
Concentrated on qualitatively inherited characters.
Kept meticulous records of plant counts and could
trace lineage of all progeny.
Genotype ?
Phenotype. Environment.
Large effect on quantitative traits, small effect on qualitative traits.
Dominance (allelic interactions). Expression on one allele is masked by another
allele at the same locus.
Epistasis (non-allelic interactions).
Expression of one allele is masked by another allele at a different locus.
Parents tall x dwarf 6-row x 2-row
Parents tall x dwarf 6-row x 2-row
F1 tall 6-row
Parents tall x dwarf 6-row x 2-row
F1 tall 6-row
F2 3 tall:1 short 3 6-row : 1 2-row
Parents tall x dwarf 6-row x 2-row
F1 tall 6-row
F2
3 tall:1 short
TT:Tt:tt
1:2:1
3 6-row : 1 2-row
SS:Ss:ss
1:2:1
Parents AA x aa
F1 Aa
F2
Frequn
AA
¼
Aa
½
aa
¼
F3
Frequn
AA
¼
AA
1/8
Aa
¼
aa
1/8
aa
¼
3/8 ¼ 3/8
F1
TtSs
Self
TS Ts tS ts
Gametes from
female parent
Gametes from male parent
TS Ts tS ts
TS
Ts
tS
ts
Gametes from
female parent
Gametes from male parent
TS Ts tS ts
TS TSTS
Ts
tS
ts
Gametes from
female parent
Gametes from male parent
TS Ts tS ts
TS TSTS TSTs TStS TSts
Ts TsTS TsTs TstS Tsts
tS tSTS tSTs tStS tSts
ts tsTS tsTs tstS tsts
Gametes from
female parent
Gametes from male parent
TS Ts tS ts
TS TTSS TTSs TtSS TtSs
Ts TTSs TTss TtSs Ttss
tS TtSS TtSs ttSS ttSs
ts TtSs Ttss ttSs ttss
Gametes from
female parent
Gametes from male parent
TS Ts tS ts
TS TTSS TTSs TtSS TtSs
Ts TTSs TTss TtSs Ttss
tS TtSS TtSs ttSS ttSs
ts TtSs Ttss ttSs ttss
1 TTSS:2 TTSs:1 TTss:2 TtSS:4 TsSs:2 Ttss:1 ttSS:2 ttSs:1 ttss
Gametes from
female parent
Gametes from male parent
TS Ts tS ts
TS TTSS TTSs TtSS TtSs
Ts TTSs TtSs
tS TtSS TtSs
ts TtSs
Gametes from
female parent
Gametes from male parent
TS Ts tS ts
TS
Ts TTss Ttss
tS
ts Ttss
Gametes from
female parent
Gametes from male parent
TS Ts tS ts
TS
Ts
tS ttSS ttSs
ts ttSs
Gametes from
female parent
Gametes from male parent
TS Ts tS ts
TS
Ts
tS
ts ttss
Gametes from
female parent
Gametes from male parent
TS Ts tS ts
TS TTSS TTSs TtSS TtSs
Ts TTSs TTss TtSs Ttss
tS TtSS TtSs ttSS ttSs
ts TtSs Ttss ttSs ttss
9 T_S_ : 3 T_ss : 3 ttS_ : 1 ttss
F2
Gametes TT – ¼ Tt – ½ tt – ¼
SS – ¼ 1/16 TTSS 2/16 TtSS 1/16 ttSS
Ss – ½ 2/16 TTSs 4/16 TtSs 2/16 ttSs
ss – ¼ 1/16 TTss 2/16 Ttss 1/16 ttss
9 T_S_ : 3 T_ss : 3 ttS_ : 1 ttss
1TTSS: 2TTSs:1TTss:2TtSS: 4TsSs: 2Ttss:1ttSS: 2ttSs:1 ttss
F3
Gametes TT – 3/8 Tt – 2/8 tt – 3/8
SS – 3/8 9/64 TTSS 6/64 TtSS 9/64 ttSS
Ss – 2/8 6/64 TTSs 4/64 TtSs 6/64 ttSs
ss – 3/8 9/64 TTss 6/64 Ttss 9/64 ttss
25 T_S_ : 15 T_ss : 15 ttS_ : 9 ttss
9 TTSS:6 TTSs:9 TTss:6 TtSS:4 TsSs:6 Ttss:9 ttSS:6 ttSs:9 ttss
F2 TTSS TTSs TTss TtSS TtSs Ttss ttSS ttSs Ttss
1/16 2/16 1/16 2/16 4/16 2/16 1/16 2/16 1/16
F2 TTSS TTSs TTss TtSS TtSs Ttss ttSS ttSs Ttss
4/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 16/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 4/64
F3 F2
TTSS TTSs TTss TtSS TtSs Ttss ttSS ttSs ttss
4/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 16/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 4/64
TTSS 4
TTSs -
TTss -
TtSS -
TtSs -
Ttss -
ttSS -
ttSs -
ttss -
F3 F2
TTSS TTSs TTss TtSS TtSs Ttss ttSS ttSs ttss
4/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 16/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 4/64
TTSS 4 2
TTSs - 4
TTss - 2
TtSS - -
TtSs - -
Ttss - -
ttSS - -
ttSs - -
ttss - -
F3 F2
TTSS TTSs TTss TtSS TtSs Ttss ttSS ttSs ttss
4/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 16/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 4/64
TTSS 4 2 -
TTSs - 4 -
TTss - 2 4
TtSS - - -
TtSs - - -
Ttss - - -
ttSS - - -
ttSs - - -
ttss - - -
F3 F2
TTSS TTSs TTss TtSS TtSs Ttss ttSS ttSs ttss
4/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 16/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 4/64
TTSS 4 2 - 2 1 - - - -
TTSs - 4 - - 2 - - - -
TTss - 2 4 - 1 2 - - -
TtSS - - - 4 2 - - - -
TtSs - - - - 4 - - - -
Ttss - - - - 2 4 - - -
ttSS - - - 2 1 - 4 2 -
ttSs - - - - 2 - - 4 -
ttss - - - - 1 2 - 2 4
F3 F2
TTSS TTSs TTss TtSS TtSs Ttss ttSS ttSs ttss Total
4/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 16/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 4/64
TTSS 4 2 - 2 1 - - - - 9
TTSs - 4 - - 2 - - - - 6
TTss - 2 4 - 1 2 - - - 9
TtSS - - - 4 2 - - - - 6
TtSs - - - - 4 - - - - 4
Ttss - - - - 2 4 - - - 6
ttSS - - - 2 1 - 4 2 - 9
ttSs - - - - 2 - - 4 - 6
ttss - - - - 1 2 - 2 4 9
F3 F2
TTSS TTSs TtSS TtSs Total
4/64 8/64 8/64 16/64
TTSS 4 2 2 1 9
TTSs - 4 - 2 6
TTss - 2 - 1 3
TtSS - - 4 2 6
TtSs - - - 4 4
Ttss - - - 2 2
ttSS - - 2 1 3
ttSs - - - 2 2
ttss - - - 1 1
F3 F2
TTSS TTSs TTss TtSS TtSs Ttss ttSS ttSs ttss Total
4/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 16/64 8/64 4/64 8/64 4/64
TTSS - - 0
TTSs - - 0
TTss - - 0
TtSS - - 0
TtSs - - 0
Ttss - - 0
ttSS 4 2 6
ttSs - 4 4
ttss - 2 2
Selection
stage
Dominant
Character
Recessive
Character
1 trait 2 trait 1 trait 2 trait
F2 75% 56% 25% 6%
F3 63% 39% 37% 14%
F4 56% 32% 44% 19%
F 50% 25% 50% 25%
Selection
Selection
stage
Dominant
Character
Recessive
Character
1 trait 2 trait 1 trait 2 trait
F2 +33 % +55 % -33 % -20 %
F3 +21 % +35 % -21 % -13 %
F4 +11 % +22 % -11 % -7 %
F 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %
Mis-selection
Linkage (allelic
interactions) & Epistasis
(non-allelic interactions)