genetic syndromes: clinical features · angiofibroma. less common clinical phenotypes meningioma...
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GENETIC SYNDROMES: CLINICAL FEATURES
Gregory Kaltsas MD FRCPEKPA-LAIKO ENETS Center of Excellence
Endocrinology Unit
National University of Athens
Greece
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DISCLOSURE OF INTEREST
Honorarium : IPSEN
Departmental Research Grants: IPSEN, NOVARTIS, PFIZER, SHIRE, SANOFI
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GENETIC SYNDROMES AND NEUROENDOCRINE
NEOPLASMS
� Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1 (MEN 1)
� Von Hippel Lindau (VHL)
� Tuberous Sclerosis (TS)
� Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
� Carneys Complex
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DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF NEOPLASMS IN GENETIC
SYNDROMES
� Many organs involved
� Multiple tumors
� Precursor hyperplasia
� Different time of evolution
� Young age presentation
� Inherited
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CLINICAL COMPONENTS OF MEN 1ENDOCRINE NON-ENDOCRINE
1. Parathyroid hyperplasia - adenomas (95%) Face angiofibromas (85%)
2. Enteropancreatic Tumors (multiple) (40-70%) Collagenomas (70%)
- Gastrinomas (20-35%) Lipomas (30%)
- Insulinomas (10%) Leiomyomas (5%)
- Non Functioning tumors and PPomas (>55%) Meningiomas (8%)
- VIPomas, Glucagonomas, Somatistatinomas (each <2%) Ependymomas (<1%)
3. Anterior Pituitary Tumors (30-40%)
- Prolactinomas (20-30%)
- GH-secreting adenomas (10-20%) - mixed PRL/GH (5%)
- Non functioning adenomas (50%), ACTH-secreting adenomas (<5%), TSH-
secreting adenomas (rare)
4. Adrenal Neoplasms (30-40%)
- Cortex: Non functioning adenomas (30%)
Functioning adenomas or Carcinomas (2%)
- Medulla: Pheochromocytomas (<1%)
5. Foregut Carcinoids
- Thymic (2%)
- Bronchial (4%)
- Gastric Type II (ECLomas) (10%)
M
A
J
O
R
JCEM 2012, 97: 2990-3011
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MEN1: Clinical phenotype
LipomaLipoma
Collagenoma
Angiofibroma
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LESS COMMON CLINICAL PHENOTYPES
Meningioma
Ependymoma
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
� Post-mortem 0.25%
� Incidence: 1/10,000 to 1/100,000
� High penetranceo Age range 5 to 81 yr
o Penetrance of MEN1 by the ages of
o 20 years: 43%
o 35 years: 85%
o 50 years: 94%
o 80% (clinical) - 98% (biochemical) by the 5th decade
� 1-18% of PHP patients will have MEN 1
� 16-38% of Gastrinomas are due to MEN 1
� <3% of pituitary tumors in the context of MEN 1
JCEM 2012, 97: 2990-3011
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MEN 1 DIAGNOSIS
Basis for MEN 1 Diagnosis
Clinical Familial Genetic
A patient with ≥2
MEN-1 associated
tumors
A patient with 1
MEN-1 associated
tumor and a 1st
degree relative with
MEN 1
An individual who has a
MEN 1 mutation but
does not have clinical or
biochemical
manifestations of MEN 1
(a mutant gene carrier)
JCEM 2012, 97: 2990-3011
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MEN 1 GENE (TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE)
Exon size 468bp 209bp 128bp 42bp 88bp 137bp 136bp 165bp 1297bp
Intron size 1564bp 210bp 331bp 80bp 639bp 461bp 437bp 217bp
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1010
>1000 mutations identified but no hot spot mutations
� Genomic MEN1: point mutations/deletions.
� 75% inactivating consistent with tumor suppressor gene
� Sporadic MEN1: 90% LOH, 10% (point mutation, small deletion/insertion)
� MEN1
� 10% de novo mutations germline (missense/in-frame deletions)
� 5-25% no mutations coding regions (MLPA)
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STEPS IN ONCOGENESIS IN CARRIERS OF MUTATED
MEN 1 GENE
Chromosome 11
Normal copy
Mutated copy
11q13 locusOR
DeletionPoint Mutation
(missense, nonsense)
Mutant menin gene is inherited by an
affected progenitor or arises de novo (10%)
and is present in all cells of the body. The
normal allele produces sufficient amounts of
the menin protein so that its tumor
suppressor effect is present in all apparent
‘’normal’’ cells
In some cells a somatic
deletion/mutation of the normal
allele causes total loss of function
of the menin gene (no functional
gene product or truncated protein)
+ Mutations of
other genes?
Carrying 1
mutated
(germline) and
1 normal allele
Carrying 2
mutated alleles (1
germline - 1
somatic)
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MEN 1 VARIANTS
o Families MEN1 only some manifestations of the syndrome
� Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP)
� 42 FIHP kindreds
� 38% missense & 31% nonsense vs. 65% nonsense & 23% missense
� MEN1 prolactinoma (Burin) variant (nonsense mutation)
� High occurrence prolactinomas
� Low occurrence of gastrinomas
� MEN1 kindred Tasmania (splice variant mutation)
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MEN 1 MUTATIONS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
� Aid in confirming the diagnosis
� Identify mutation carriers in a family for screening and tumor
development
� Facilitate early treatment
� Identify 50% of family members not MEN 1 mutation
� Test as early as possible (<5 year for asymptomatic patients)
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WHO SHOULD BE TESTED ?
� In an index case� Meeting clinical criteria MEN1 (2 or more MEN1-associated tumors or familial MEN1)
� Suspicious
� Multiple parathyroid adenomas < 40 years
� Recurrent hyperparathyroidism
� Gastrinomas or multiple panNENs at any age
� Atypical MEN1 (2 non-classical MEN1 tumors)
� A first degree relative of family MEN1 mutation
� A first-degree relative of family member with known MEN1 mutation� Asymptomatic first degree relative
� First degree relative with familial MEN1 (one MEN1 associated tumor)
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PARATHYROID GLAND INVOLVEMENT
� Most common pathology MEN1
� Usually first manifestation (90% by age 30 years)
� Asymptomatic or symptomatic (mild hyperCa or PU)
� Earlier age of onset (25 yr vs. 55 yr)
� Greater BMD reduction
� Equal male/female ratio (1/1 vs. 1/3)
� Involvement of all parathyroid glands
� Only 3 patients with germline MEN1 mutations parathyroid carcinoma (+2)
Int J Surg 2016, 31, 10-16Int J Surg 2016, 31, 10-16
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DIAGNOSIS
� Preoperative studies may be of limited benefit due to involvement of all
glands
� Neck exploration irrespective of pre-operative localization studies
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PITUITARY TUMORS
� Macroadenomas (>1cm)
� (F>M) : 85% vs. 42%
� 60% PRL
� 25% GH
� 5% ACTH
� 15-25% NFPA
� Plurihormonal
� Occasional hyperplasia
� 30% invasive features
Age of onset: 5 - 85 yr (38 ± 15.3)
n Sex
Type Microadenoma Macroadenoma NA
PRL 52 38 30 20 2
GH 8 6 2 6
ACTH 4 0 4
LH/FSH 2 2 1 1
Pluri 5 4 5
NFPA 52 28 39 13
JCEM 2015, 100: 3288-3296JCEM 2015, 100: 3288-3296
Long term natural course pituitary tumors
Ducth MEN1
Long term natural course pituitary tumors
Ducth MEN1
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PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE NEOPLASMS (PANNEN)
� Earlier age & multiple
� Non-functioning tumors (>55%)
� Functioning
� Gastrinomas
� Insulinomas
� VIPomas
� Glucagonomas
Age range (yr) panNEN NF panNEN
20 9% 3%
50 53% 34%
80 84% 54%
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CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH NF-PANNEN
Characteristics (mean ±±±± SD, range) Value
Age at MEN1 diagnosis 36.2±±±±14 (13-73)
Sex ratio (M/F) 0.5 (38/70)
Time from MEN diagnosis to NF panNEN 5±6.9 (0-33)
NF panNEN leading to MEN diagnosis (%) 16 (15%)
No of tumors 2.9±±±±2.3 (1-10)
Size of tumor 21±±±±18 (3-90)
Cystic component (%) 17 (16%)
Metastases (no %)
LMN alone
Liver
Lung
Other
Synchronous
Metachronous
21(19%)
3(14%)
14(67%)
2(10%)
2(10%)
16(5%)
5(4.6%)
Follow up after NF panNET diagnosis 4.3±3.3 (0.1-16)
Ann Surg, 2006;243:265-272
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OTHER NEUROENDOCRINE NEOPLASMS
Adrenocortical tumors (20-73%)� Cortical adenomas, hyperplasia, cysts, carcinomas
� 10% hypersecretion (>1cm)
� Conn’s, Cushing’s
� 1% carcinoma (↑ 13% > 1cm)
Carcinoids� Lung carcinoids (M/F:1/4)
� Bronchi, GI, pancreas
� Gastric carcinoids type II
� 70% ZES
� Multiple & < 1.5cm
Thymic carcinoids
� M/F:2-10/1, smokers
� Aggressive clinical course
� Patients asymptomatic
� HR 4.29
� Median survival 9.5 yr
� CT scan & SRS
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THYMIC CARCINOID IN MEN1
Ghazi et al 2011
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BIOCHEMICAL & IMAGING SCREENING IN PATIENTS
WITH MEN 1
TumorAge
screening (yr)Biochemical test Imaging test
Parathyroid 8 Ca, PTH None
panNEN
Gastrinoma 20 Gastrin (±gastric pH) None
Insulinoma 5 Fasting glucose, insulin None
Other panNEN <10 CgA, PP, VIP, Glucagon MRI, CT or EUS (annually)
Anterior pituitary 5 PRL, IGF-I MRI (3 yearly)
Adrenal <10 If symptoms/signs functioning
lesion or size > 1cm
MRI or Ct (annually with
pancreatic imaging)
Thymic & bronchial
carcinoid
15 None CT or MRI (1-2 years)
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SURVIVAL OF MEN1 PATIENTS: RISK OF DEATH ACCORDING
TO MEN1 LESION (GTE COHORT, USING A FRAILTY MODEL)
HR 95%CI P
Women vs. men 0.46 0.28-0.76 0.003
Familial history MEN1 0.46 0.27-0.79 0.005
Period diagnosis
1980-1989 vs. <1980
1990-1995 vs.<1980
≥1996 vs. <1980
0.33
0.18
0.17
0.18-0.6
0.09-0.35
0.08-0.4
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Thymic tumor 4.64 1.73-12.41 0.002
*CVS 4.29 1.54-11.93 0.005
**NF panNEN 3.43 1.71-6.88 0.001
Gastrinoma 1.89 1.09-3.25 0.022
Adrenal tumor 1.72 0.97-3.06 0.064
Bronchial tumor 1.55 0.64-3.77 0.332
Pituitary tumor 1.17 0.72-1.9 0.536
Insulinoma 0.85 0.39-1.86 0.679
World J Surg 2010, 34:249-255*Glucagonomas, Vipomas, SMSomas
**Mean age death 43 yrs (tumor size>3cm)
CVD: cardiovascular disease
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SURVIVAL OF NF-PANNEN ACCORDING TUMOR SIZE
Proportion of pts surviving 4 & 8 ys after NF
panNEN diagnosis
4 yrs(%) 8yrs(%)
No metastasis 98 (95-100) 98(75-100)
Distant metastasis 73(51-95) 34(6-62)
Ann Surg, 2006;243:265-272
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RISK OF METASTASES ACCORDING TO TUMOR SIZE IN NF-PANNEN
4% 10% 18%
Ann Surg, 2006;243:265-272
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REAL TIME RESULTS FROM DUTCH MEN 1 STUDY GROUP
� 59 MEN 1 families (57 index & 247 non-index
cases)
� Median lag time diagnosis 3.5 years
� 30 (12.1%) non-index duododeno-pancreatic NEN
� 20% metastases (10.9 year lag)
� 80% non-metastases (7.1 year lag)
� 25 (10.1%) non-index pit. tumor
� 80% microadenoma (7.2 year)
� 20% macroadenoma (10.6 year)
� 95 non-index PHP
� 9.5 year time lag
� 10 non-index died
Case Gender Age Cause death Delay
years
1 M 63 panNEN 2
2 M 41 thymic 2.3
3 M 40 thymic 2.5
4 M 55 panNEN 6
5 M 75 panNEN 6.3
6 M 52 panNEN 10
7 F 59 ZES 15.5
8 M 46 thymic 19.3
9 M 61 panNEN 20.5
10 M 74 panNEN 2.3
JCEM 2016, 101:1159-1165JCEM 2016, 101:1159-1165
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PHENOTYPIC FEATURES OF VON HIPPEL-LINDAU (VHL)
� Retinal and CNS hemangioblastomas
� Endolymphatic sac tumors
� Cystadenomas of the epididymis
� Pheochromocytomas
� Renal cysts/carcinomas
� Pancreatic cysts/carcinomas, PanNENs (10-17%)
� Hepatic, pulmonary hemangiomas
Bilateral Pheos and renal cystic RCCs
Pancreatic cysts
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DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
� More than one hemangiomas in CNS (brain & spinal cord) and retinal angiomas
� Single CNS/retinal hemangioma & visceral lesions
� Multiple renal, pancreatic, hepatic cysts
� Pheochromocytomas and solid pancreatic lesions
� Renal Cell Carcinomas (RCC)
� Positive family history and one manifestation
� VHL relevant mutation
� Sequence analysis
� Gene targeted deletion, duplication
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PANCREATIC LESIONS IN VHL
� VHL incidence 1/36,000 live births
� Germline mutation VHL tumor suppressor gene
� Morbidity & mortality� Hemangioblastoma: 60-80%
� RCC: 24-45%
� Pancreatic lesions variable course� Pancreatic cysts
� Pancreatic cystadenomas
� Pancreatic solid tumors (panNENs), 15%
� Metastases from hemangioblastomas, RCC
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NATURAL HISTORY OF VHL PANNENS
� Median age development 33-35 years
� Youngest reported patient 13 years
� Variable clinical course over 4 years
� 60% non-linear growth
� 20% stable largest lesion
� 20% decrease size
� Malignancy ≈ 12.8%
� Mortality ≈ 1.9%
� Vast majority well differentiated
� Extremely rare functional
� 1 case ectopic ACTH secretion
� Elevated somatostatin levels
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TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS
� Autosomal dominant condition, high
penetrance (80% new mutations)
� Prevalence 1/10,000
� EPILOIA
� Epilepsy, Low IQ, Angiofibromas
� Facial angiofibromas (adenoma
sebaceum), cortical tubers,
subependymal giant cell
astrocytomas, periungual
fibromas, cardiac rhabdomyomas
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MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS
Loss of tumour suppressor tuberin (TSC2) or hamartin
(TSC1), intermediaries on Akt-mTOR pathway
Occasional panNENs (functional vs. non-functional),
especially insulinomas in young patients (<1%)
May be confused with underlying epilepsy
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NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1 (NF 1)
� Autosomal dominant condition
� One of largest genes sequenced
� Part of Ras-MAPK signalling pathway
� Tumour suppressor gene
� Multiple neurofibromas
� Other tumours
� Pheochromocytomas in ~1%
� Duodenal somatostatinomas
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NF 1
� Duodenal somatostatinomas (DS) in
NF-1
� ~40 cases reported
� Mean size 3.8cm
� Unusual to be syndromic
� 30% of DS are related to NF-1
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CONCLUSIONS
NENs can be familial (MEN 1) and/or have a known genetic cause
NENs may also occur in the context of TS, VHL and NF-1, but the syndrome should be
obvious
Always consider MEN1 in patients with pancreatic and thymic NENs
Diagnosis and management should be in the context of a multidisciplinary team offering
genetic screening
Central registration essential
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF VHL
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Molecular Genetic Testing
� 5-20% of MEN1 patients do not harbour mutations in the coding region of the MEN1 gene
� No mutation identified by sequencing – can then do MLPA
� Several gross deletions reported to date
� MLPA (P017)� probes for exons 1-3, 7-10
� MLPA on 100 patients who met criteria for testing
� long-range PCR across exons 3-7