Genetic Engineering

Tools of Molecular Biology

• DNA Extraction• Cutting DNA• Restriction Enzymes• Recognize certain sequences of DNA and cut the hydrogen bonds

• Separating DNA• Gel electrophoresis• Used to identify DNA in crime

PCR

• A portion of DNA is replicated• Primer is added before sequence to be replicated• DNA is heated to separate strands then cooled. (makes DNA single

stranded)• Polymerase makes copies of DNA. • Works exponentially: 2 strands becomes 4, 4 strands becomes 16, 16

becomes 256.

Putting it together

• Why would you want to use a restriction enzyme before using PCR? • How are restriction enzymes useful for medical research?

Transforming Bacteria

• Taking a non bacterial gene an inputting it into bacterial plasmids • Allows the gene in question to be expressed and any expression

harnessed• Insulin• Growth hormone

Cloning

• Bacterial colonies are all clones of the original organism• In mammals, egg cell is taken from a female. A donor gives a single

cell. The egg and normal cell are fused together. Egg cell begins to divide. Egg must be implanted in a uterus.

Activity

• Using the lecture notes, explain how you would create your genetically modified creature from the warm up