genetic diversity of the chinkara
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Genetic diversity of The Chinkara, or the Indian gazelle (Gazella bennettii)
Presented by :
Panchali Das
Stream- Genetics
B.Sc. 3rd year
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To know about the Chinkara.
To know about some species of
the Chinkara.
To know the status of the Chinkara
in the world.
To know about their diversity in the
genetic level.
Objective
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About Rajasthan
Rajasthan -"The land of kings“.
Largest state of the Republic of India by area.
Located in the northwest of India.
Capital -Jaipur ,largest city of the state.
Covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,239 square kilometres
(132,139 sq mi).
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Fauna of Rajasthan
Pea cock Tiger
Camel
Chinkara
Black buck
Imperial Eagle
Panther
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Flora Of Rajasthan
Peepal (Ficus religlora)
Babul (Acacia nilotica)
Anwal (Cassia auriculata)
Khejri (Prosopiscineria)
Cactus (Cactaceae)
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National Parks and Sanctuaries in Rajasthan
S.No Name of National Parks/
Wild Life Sanctuary
District Area(Sq.km.)
1 Keoladeo National Park Bharatpur 28.73
2 Ranthambore National
Park
Sawai Madhopur 392.50
3 Bassi WL Sanctuary Chittorgarh 138.69
4 Desert WL Sanctuary Barmer, Jaisalmer 3,162.00
5Jaisamand WL
SanctuaryUdaipur 52.34
6Mount Abu WL
SanctuarySirohi 112.98
7
Sariska WL Sanctuary Alwar 557.50
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Ranthambore National Park
Located in the Sawai Madhopur district of southeastern Rajasthan.
Spread over an area of 1,334 sq km.
Ranthambore became a national park in 1980.
Famous for its Tigers.
Vegetation in the park is mostly of the dry deciduous type.
Temperature lies between, summer 23°C to 45°C, winter 4°C to 32°C.
Best Season: From November to March
Closed: Monsoon season (July - August)
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Biodiversity
• Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given
species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet.
• Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems.
BIODIVERSITY
GENETIC
DIVERSITY
SPECIES
DIVERSITY
ECOSYSTEM
DIVERSITY
Total number
of genetic
characteristics in the
genetic makeup of a
species
Effective number of
different species that are
represented in a collection
of individuals (a dataset)
Diversity of a place at
the level
of ecosystems
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Introduction To Chinkara
The Chinkara, or Indian gazelle, (Gazella bennettii) is a
species of gazelle found in south Asia.
Characterized by a sandy, yellowish and red colored fur with a pale
white ventral region.
They have straight horns with prominent rings and tips that are
slightly out-turned
Horns are found on both males and females, although they are
relatively shorter in females. Usually male weighs around 23kgs & female weighs around 15-
18kgs.
It is preyed upon by leopards and dholes, and was a common prey
item of the Asiatic cheetah.
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Scientific Classification of Chinkara
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Genus: GazellaSpecies:
bennettii
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Genus GAZELLA & It’s Species
Gazzella is widely considered to contain about 7 species &
2 extinct species.
Species-
Cuvier’s gazelle
Dorcas gazelle
Goitered gazelle
Indian gazelle or
Chinkara
Rhim gazelle
Mountain gazelle
Speke’s gazelle
Recent extinct species of Gazelle –Arabian gazelle (Gazella arabica)
&Saudi gazelle
(Gazella saudiya)
ARABIAN GAZELLE
SAUDI GAZELLE
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Behavior of CHINKARA
Shy animal.
Avoids human habitation
Stay as far from human settlement as
possible.
Indian Gazelles can run at great speeds
ranging from 50 to 60 Kms.
Roaming alone.
Or in small groups, up to 4 animals.
Survive without water for days at a stretch.
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Common habitats of Chinkara
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Distribution
It lives in grassland, desert areas and rainforest in India, Bangladeshand parts of Iran and Pakistan.
Widely distributed in India , being present in 9 states:
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Gujrat
Uttar Pradesh
Haryana
Bihar
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Groups of Chinkara never exceeded beyond 6 individuals in eitherseason.
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Diet and Feeding Of Chinkara
Diet in Wild:
Grasses
Green leaves
Buds of flowers & fruits such as pumpkins and melons.
Majority of their metabolic water intake comes from the
vegetation they consume.
It can go without water for long periods and can get
sufficient fluids from plants and dew.
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Mating Behaviour
Do not have specific time for breeding.
Though Autumn and Spring season are preferred as mating
period.
Mating System : Polygynandrous (promiscuous).
Mating begins as a male gazelle touches the under parts of a
female gazelle with a stiff leg, called “laufschlag”.
When complete, copulation ensues.
Gestation lasts for 5-6 months and females give birth to 1 or
2 young ones.
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Subspecies of Chinkara
1. Gazella bennetti bennettii
2. Gazella bennetti chiristii
3. Gazella bennetti fusciforms
4. Gazella bennetti karamii
5. Gazella bennetti salinarum
6. Gazella bennetti shikarii
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Gazella bennetti bennetti
Tawany colored with
contrastingly lighter haunces
and legs.
Darker brown-red in
middle of back, and region of
lower flank-stripe the same
colour, with a duller zone
between.
From the Ganges valley
and the Deccan.
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Gazella bennetti chiristii
Much paler, silvery drab brown.
Very short haired.
From Desert country of Rajasthan and Gujrat.
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Gazella bennetti fusciforms
Long coated, grey-sandy.
Flank-band, nearly obsolete.
Female has especially long horns.
From Southeast Iran and Pakistan west of the Indus.
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Gazella bennetti shikarii
Larger in size.
Long horned in male, female smaller.
Colour is rich tobacco-brown, underside whiter.
From Salt range, Punjab.
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Phylogenetic tree of Chinkara
Antilopinae
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Phylogenetic tree of sub species Antilopinae
Chinkara (Indian gazelle)
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The genetic adaptation of Chinkara:
The Indian gazelle is extremely fast & the leopard is
even faster. These traits are adaptational characteristics
or behaviors that give a gazelle an edge in the struggle
for survival.
Also by following the two stages of adaptation- random
variation & natural selection , the Leopard has become
faster.
Random variation results from sligth genetic difference
both in case of Leopard & Chinkara.
Genetic Diversity of Chinkara
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Genetic Diversity of Chinkara (cont..)
Both of their offspring will have the same gene, that
influence the speed. As the population of leopard become
faster, there is now a selection pressure on gazelles to
become more & more faster.
Therefore we may say that the Chinkara have become faster
through evolution & the gene it carries inside will survive as
well & will be transmitted to the next generation.
As generation pass, good gene become more frequent in
gene pool of Indian gazelle.
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Genetic diversity of Chinkara (cont..)
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 of Gazelle bennetti (Chinkara):
• Protein name:Recommended name Cytochrome c oxidassubunit 3 Alternative name(s) Cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide III .
• Gene names:Name: MT-CO3Synonyms: COIII, COXIII, MTCO3• Organism:Gazella bennettii (Chinkara)• Taxonomic identifier: [69300]NCBI
PROTEIN ATTRIBUTES: • Sequence length:261 AA.• Sequence status: complete• Protein existence: inferred from homologyGENERAL ANNOTATION:Function :Subunits I, II and III form the functional core of the enzyme
complex.
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Genetic diversity of Chinkara (cont..)
• Subcellular location:Mitochondrion inner membrane; Multi-passmembrane protein.
• Sequence similarity: Belongs to the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 family.
ONTOLOGY:• Cellular components: Membrane
MitochondrionMitochondrion inner membrane
• Domain: Transmembrane
• Biological process: mitochondrial electron transport,cytochrome c to oxygen.
• Cellular component: integral to membranemitochondrial inner membrane.
• Molecular function: Cytochrome c oxidase activity.
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Genetic diversity of Chinkara (cont..)
• Sequence Length Mass (Da)Tools • P68531-1 [UniParc]. FASTA26129,886
• Last modified November 23, 2004. Version 1. 10 20 30 40 50 60
MTHQTHAYHM VNPSPWPLTG ALSALLMTS LIMWFHFNST TLLMLGLTTN MLTMYQWWRD
70 80 90 100 110 120
VIRESTFQGH HTPNVQKGLR YGMILFIISE VLFFTGFFWA FYHSSLAPTP ELGGCWPPTG
130 140 150 160 170 180
IHPLNPLEVP LLNTSVLLAS GVSITWAHHS LMEGNRNHML QALFITIALG VYFTLLQASE
190 200 210 220 230 240 YYEAPFTISD GVYGSTFFVA TGFHGLHVII GSTFLIVCFF RQLKFHFTSS HHFGFEAAAW
250 260YWHFVDVVWL FLYVSIYWWG S
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Chromosomal Evolution in Gazelles
The chromosomes of nine gazelle species and two other
antilopinae species (antidorcas marsupialis and antilope
cervicapra) were prepared from fibroblast cultures.
G- and C-band karyotypes were constructed, and when
possible, autosomal arms were numbered according to
the cattle standard karyotype.
Diploid chromosome numbers ranged from 30 to 58 .
Therefore evolution in this genus could have occurred
mainly by speciation following monobrachial
homoeology of centric fusions.
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Chromosomal Evolution in Gazelles (cont.)
X to autosome translocations were common in
the whole genus.
This phylogenetic reconstruction confirms most
of the taxonomic relationships obtained by
morphological analyses for this group of
species including Gazella bennetti..
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Comparative Genetics
Diversity in total number of chromosome of Chinkara
with other gazelle species:
The interesting feature of other species in genus gazelle is that,
their widely varying chromosome number.
In CHINKARA (Gazella bennetti) 2n=49 (female) 52 (male)
In DORCAS GAZELLE 2n= 30 (female) 31 (male)
In THOMSON’S GAZELLE 2n=58
In SAUDI GAZELLE 2n=47(female) 51(male)
Therefore this is one of the major GENETIC DIVERSITY of
Chinkara with other species around the world, though they belong
to the same genus.
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Comparative Genetics
MALE & FEMALE KARYOTYPE OFA PERSIAN GAZELLE(G.s.subgutturosa
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Interesting Facts
In 1998, an Indian
film star, Salman
Khan, was charged
with hunting
Chinkara.
A young / baby
of a Indian
gazelle is called
a 'calf'.
The alert nature of
Chinkara helps
them to get hunted
from the predators
like Hunters,
Cheetah, etc.
Indian Gazelle
(Chinkara) is
known as the
state animal of
Rajasthan in
India.
In 1994 the species was considered
vulnerable.
In 1996 Gazella bennettii was
considered a species of lower risk.
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Major Threat(s) of Chinkara
Indiscriminate hunting and habitat loss.
Hunted for meat and to a lesser degree for trophies.
Habitat loss through-
Overgrazing
Conversion to agriculture
Industrial development.
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Conservation Status of Chinkara
Considered a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Indian country has enacted laws against killing of Gazelles.
In the North Western parts of the Indian country, people called as Bishnoi community protect this animal for their religious reason.
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) (A Bishnoi priest feeding a Chinkara)
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Conclusion
Chinkara is a slender and graceful deer.
Although from IUCN red data book it has been found
that Gazella bennetti (Chinkara),belongs to the category
of least concerned but it is our duty to be concerned
about the fact of conservation of Chinkara in India
because not only Leopard is the enemy of Chinkara, also
human being are major threat to them.
Let us save Chinkara from extinction.
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References
http://www.ecoindia.com/mammals/chinkara
http://www.iloveindia.com/wildlife/indian-wild-
animals/chinkara/indian gazella.html
http://www.wildlywise.com/chinkara.htm.
Prater, S. H. 1971 The Book of Indian Animals. Oxford
University Press, 2005 reprint.
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Thank you!!