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Slide 2 Slide 3 Genetic Counselor Slide 4 Slide 5 Austrian monk and scientist Identified principles of genetics by studying pea plants Picked peas because of 7 observable traits, traits appeared and disappeared, small and grow easily and can self pollinate. Austrian monk and scientist Identified principles of genetics by studying pea plants Picked peas because of 7 observable traits, traits appeared and disappeared, small and grow easily and can self pollinate. Slide 6 Slide 7 Slide 8 Many genes have different form ex. Tall or short pea plants Variants of a particular gene = Alleles Many genes have different form ex. Tall or short pea plants Variants of a particular gene = Alleles Slide 9 the trait that masks the recessive trait. the trait that was not expressed in Mendels F1 generation. Slide 10 Slide 11 Meiosis produces haploid gametes (sex cells) Haploid means half of the genetic material to make a fertilized zygote (embryo) Diploid is a full double set of genes When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored (diploid). Meiosis produces haploid gametes (sex cells) Haploid means half of the genetic material to make a fertilized zygote (embryo) Diploid is a full double set of genes When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored (diploid). Slide 12 Similar to mitosis but sexual reproduction Goes through same stages as mitosis but twice Forms specialized sex cells called gametes Two rounds of nuclear division 2 stages called meiosis I and meiosis II Similar to mitosis but sexual reproduction Goes through same stages as mitosis but twice Forms specialized sex cells called gametes Two rounds of nuclear division 2 stages called meiosis I and meiosis II Slide 13 Slide 14 Slide 15 Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 Slide 23 Punnett Squares Slide 24 What is a Punnett Square? a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. Summary of every possible combination of one maternal allele with one paternal allele for each gene being studied a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. Summary of every possible combination of one maternal allele with one paternal allele for each gene being studied Slide 25 Slide 26 Slide 27 Dihybrid Cross If 2 traits are coded for on different genes there will be 16 different possible outcomes Slide 28 Slide 29 Meiosis / Genetics Mini Quiz November 5 th, 2012 Slide 30 Slide 31 5. Gregor __________________, the "father of genetics 6. The plants Mendel did his studies on: __________________ 7. The allele that is masked or covered up by the dominant allele: _______________________ 8. Square used to determine probability and results of cross: _______________________ 5. Gregor __________________, the "father of genetics 6. The plants Mendel did his studies on: __________________ 7. The allele that is masked or covered up by the dominant allele: _______________________ 8. Square used to determine probability and results of cross: _______________________ Slide 32 Slide 33 Law of ____________- members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed. Slide 34 Slide 35 - both have different infoex. Pp both have same info ex. PP (purple) or pp (white) physical appearance Ex. Purple flower actual set of alleles PP or Pp or pp variants of a particular gene are referred to as ?? Slide 36 Slide 37 Figure out mom and dad gametes and then fill out the punnett square Slide 38 1.Anaphase 2.Metaphase 3.Telophase 4.Prophase 5.Mendell 6.Peas 7.Recessive 8.Punnett 9.Bb 10.Father 11.Segregation 12.Heredity 13.Genetics 14.Alleles 15.Homozygous 16.Heterozygous 17.Phenotype 18.Genotype 19. Punnett Square filled out 20.1:2:1 21. 3:1 22-25 Work through as class on slide Slide 39 Slide 40 Ex. Red flower (RR) X White flower (RR) Pink Flower (RR) Incomplete Dominance When the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is intermediate between the homozygous dominant and recessive individuals. Slide 41 Codominance When both traits appear equally in the heterozygous individual Ex. Blood types When both traits appear equally in the heterozygous individual Ex. Blood types Slide 42 50% Chance for male or female Sex Determination Slide 43 Sex Linked Traits When Traits are located on the sex chromosomes (X and Y) More traits are on the X than Y When Traits are located on the sex chromosomes (X and Y) More traits are on the X than Y Slide 44 Slide 45 Slide 46 Slide 47 EX. Mrs. Carollos Family Eye Color Trait = Brown Eyes Female with trait Female without trait Male with trait Male without trait Slide 48 1.organized profile of chromosomes in single cell 2.used to identify genetic disorders 1.organized profile of chromosomes in single cell 2.used to identify genetic disorders Slide 49 1.Cell stained 2.Take picture through microscope just before cell division 3.Chromosomes are easiest to see at this point. 1.Cell stained 2.Take picture through microscope just before cell division 3.Chromosomes are easiest to see at this point. Slide 50 Normal Female, 46, XX Slide 51 Normal Male, 46 XY Slide 52 Kleinfelters Syndrome, 47, XXY Slide 53 Turners Syndrome, 45, XO Slide 54 Downs Syndrome, 47, Trisomy 21 Slide 55 Slide 56