Generic Cell

Prison Cell

Fluorescent Stained Cell

I. Cell Theory (a relatively young concept)A. All living things are made up of cells

- Life must be separated from its environment to be an “open system”

B. Cells only come from other living cells

- Spontaneous Generation does not take place

II. Size Restriction of CellsA. Cells must stay small to maintain a high

surface area to

low volume ratio

- required for sufficient food and gas exchange

- a cell can “out grow” its ability to provide food and oxygen for its volume

1. High Surface Area

2. Low Volume

Bioflicks: The Cell

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Organisms

DNA

Organelles

Bacteria Plant, Animal, Fungi (multicellular organisms) &

Protists (mostly unicellular)

Circular; One DNA Strand; No “packaging”; nucleoid region

Linear; Many DNA strands; “packaged”, bound by a nuclear membrane

Ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles

Membrane bound organelles, “membranes inside membranes’

III. Cell Types

IV. Importance of “Membranes within Membranes”A. Increases surface area for important metabolic activities

B. Provides localized environmental conditions for

specific metabolic processC. Allows specialized division of labor

1) Within an individual cell

2) Within a multicellular organism

IV. Eukaryotic Cell Anatomy Chart

Genetics(Transfers genes into proteins)

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Ribosomes

Grouping Organelle Function Structure A/P/B

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Ribosomes

Grouping Organelle Function Structure A/P/B

“Control Center”

Contains the DNA codes to

make protein

Nuclear Membrane

DNA / Chromatin

Chromosomes

BContains the DNA code

to make ribosomes

Appears as a dark spots in nucleus.

Cells may have more than one

Site of Protein Synthesis

Made of RNA: 2 Types

a) Bound: Found on ER, Protein

made for export

b) Free: Found loose in cyto-

plasm, Protein made

for cell

1. Larger part and

smaller part

2. The two parts

join only when

making protein

B

Genetics

(Transfers genes into proteins)

B

Endo-

Membrane

Complex

(All exchangemembraneparts)

EndoplasmicReticulum (ER)

Golgi Apparatus(Bodies)

Lysosomes

Vesicles

Vacuoles

Grouping Organelle Function Structure A/P/B

Hollow tube-like network

Isolates many metabolic activities

1. Smooth – no ribosomes, metabolism of lipids, sugars, toxins

2. Rough – with ribosomes,

metabolism of proteins

Outer membrane

Inner hollow space

(Cisternea)

B

Packages and modifies proteins for export out of cell

Separate entering and exit sites B

Membrane bound sack of powerful enzymes for cellular digestion of macromolecules (like lipids, proteins) & organelles

Membrane encloses enzymes

A

Storage sites for food, water & waste

Large in plants (Central Vacuole)

Membrane surrounds

the stored “stuff”

BTransport “bubbles” that carries materials from ER to Golgi to outside of cell

Membranes that “bud off” and fuse

B

lumen – opening/space inside a tube

Cyto-

Skeleton

Microtubules

CentrosomeCentrioles

Intermediate Filaments

Microfilaments

Grouping Organelle Function Structure A/P/B

Maintains shape of cell

Aids in Movement

1. Flagella

2. Cilia

3. Vesicles

Small globular proteins that are easily rearranged as needed

9 + 2 arrangement

B

Maintains shape of cell

Aids in movement

1. Make up muscle fibers

(actin and myosin)

2. Amoeboid Movement

3. Cytoplasmic streaming

Small structural proteins (actin fibers)

B

Shape, Anchorage,Keratin fibers permanent

A

B

Microtubule Organizing Center (MOC)

Cell division

Nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane (Plasma)

Grouping Organelle Function Structure A/P/B

Support and Protection

Non-living

Made of Cellulose

Primary: Thin

Secondary: Thick, forms after the primary

P

Controls what goes in / out of cell

Semi-permeable

Phospholipids

and protein

B

Cell Surface

(separates inside from outside)

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Communication & Signaling, Structure

Glycoproteins, collagen, proteoglycans

A

Plasmodesmata Channels through cell walls that link to other plant cells

Communication between cells

Perforated “holes” P

Tight Junctions

Desmosomes

Gap Junctions

Prevents leakage into cells Fused membranes forming a continuous belt

A

Anchors cells to each other

“Rivets”A

AChannels through cells that link to other animal cells

Intermediate filaments of keratin

Special membranes surround pores

(3 D Link)

Energy

Trans-Formation

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Grouping Organelle Function Parts A/P/B

Powerhouse of the cell

Site of cell respiration

Converts glucose to ATP

2 membranes

inner

outer

B

Photosynthesis / Food production

One of the Plastid group

a. Amyloplast – Store Amylose

b. Chromoplast – Color pigments

2 membranes

inner

outer P

Peroxisomes Generate and degrade H2O2 for oxidation of fats and detoxification

Crystalline core

CatalaseB

http://www.studiodaily.com/main/technique/tprojects/6850.html

Video: Animal Cell

Video: Plant Cell

Slide 8

Structure of the Cell Wall

Extracellular Matrix

Slide 8

1. Microtubules move by “walking” against each other

Microtubules and Movement

Organelles can move by “walking” on a microtubule Slide 6

2.

Ameoba Movement.mov

Microfilaments: Small Interactions, Big Results

1. Microfilaments found in Muscle Cells

Microfilaments allow Amoeboid Movement

Slide 6

Cytoplasmic Streaming: Cytoplasmic movement within a cell

2.

3.

Microtubule Skeletons

Slide 6

Slide 2

A Typical Prokaryotic Cell

Typical Animal Cell

Slide 6Slide 5 Slide 7 Slide 8 Slide 9Plant CellSlide 3

Typical Plant Cell

Slide 8Slide 6 Slide 9Animal Cell Slide 5

Slide 4

Structure of the Nucleus

Slide 4

The Structure of the Ribosomes

Bound ribosomes

Slide 6

The Structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Slide 5

Slide 6

The Structure of the Golgi Apparatus

Hydrolytic Digestion in Lysosomes

Digestion of a Food Vacuole Digestion of an Organelle

(Autophagy) Slide 6Formation of a lysosome

Slide 5

Vesicles

Vesicles: The Transport Link of the Endomembrane Organelles

Slide 9

The Structure of the Mitochondria

Peroxisomes

Slide 9

Structure of the Chloroplast

Slide 9

Slide 7

A Comparison of the Cytoskeleton Components

Pasteur’s Method of disproving Spontaneous Generation

Slide 2

Slide 6

Slide 6

Slide 5

Slide 10

Slide 4

Relative Sizes as Compared to Typical Cells

Slide 2

Slide 2

The Relationship of Surface Area and Volume

Intermediate Filaments

Slide Slide 7

Centrosome Structure

Slide 7

Plasmodesmata

Slide 8

Slide 8

Animation

Animation

Animation

Meet the Plastid Family

Pigment production and storage

Photosynthesis Resin and sap synthesis

Starch storage Fat synthesis and storage Protein Storage

Gravitropism

Chloroplast that have not been

exposed to light

Elodea leafTomato pulp / skin

Potato cells

Slide 9