general pathology lab 1 - humsc.net
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General Pathology Lab 1
DR. MANAR RIZIK AL-SAYYED, M.D.
6TH OCT, 2019
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Cell injury
▪ Adaptation
▪ Reversible
▪ Irreversible
Adaptation
Reversible injury
Irreversible injury
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Cellular adaptation to stress
1. Hypertrophy
2. Hyperplasia
3. Atrophy
4. Metaplasia
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1- Hypertrophy ▪ Increase in cell size in non or limited divided organs, by:❖Hormones stimulation
❖Growth factors
❖Increase protein synthesis
▪ Can be physiological (bodybuilders, pregnancy)
▪ Or pathological (heart failure, endocrine disorders)
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Skeletal muscle hypertrophy in heavy weight lifter ( physiological hypertrophy )
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Microscopic view of normal skeletal muscle(Longitudinal section)
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Microscopic view of normal skeletal muscle(cross section)
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Pathological hypertrophy
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Left ventricular hypertrophy in HTN
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Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle cells
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Pathological hypertrophy:Hormone stimulation
Figure 3 : Gigantism seen in young man (left) compared to normal (age- matched) young man (right) . Due to hypertrophy of body organs & tissues including bones, caused by increased growth hormone by pituitary gland before puberty .
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▪ Acromegaly , photographic Showing enlargement of jaw bones and soft tissues , due to excessive production of growth hormone by pituitary gland after puberty & closure of epiphyseal plates of bones .
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2- Hyperplasia
▪ Increase in cell number.
▪ Can be Physiological, caused by: ◦Hormonal : breast at puperty and during pregnancy, and uterus in
pregnancy
◦Compensatory: partial hepatectomy
▪ Or pathological:◦ Prostate
◦ Endometrium
◦ Skin wart
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Gravid uterus:Adapt by both physiological hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Normal spindle smooth muscle tissue
Hypertrophied smooth muscle tissue
1000g
100g
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Pathological endometrial hyperplasia
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Microscopic view of normal endometrium
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Endometrial hyperplasia showing numerous glands
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Normal Cystic hyperplasia Hyperplasia
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Prostate
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Gross appearance of prostate gland showing benign prostatic glandular hyperplasia .
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Microscopic view of normal prostate
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Microscopic view of benign prostatic hyperplasia , showing increased number of glands
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Skin wart
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Microscopic view showing epidermal hyperplasia
Hyperkeratosis and acanthosis
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3- Atrophy
▪ Decrease in cell size. ▪ Due to: decrease in
work load, nutrition, blood or nerve supply, or aging.
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Normal Brain atrophy: narrowing of gyri and widening of sulci ,
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Skeletal muscle atrophy
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Atrophy of skeletal muscle fibers due to denervation (center) compared to normal skeletal muscle fibers seen at both sides of section.
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4- Metaplasia ▪ Replacement of one adult cell type to another one by reprogramming of the stem cell.
▪Examples:◦Squamous
◦Columnar
◦Mesenchymal (connective tissue)
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Squamous metaplasia
▪ Metaplasia of normal columnar(left) to squamous epithelium (right) in a bronchus
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Microscopic view of bronchial epithelium showing squamous metaplasia of respiratory columnar epithelium
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Columnar metaplasia - Barret's esophagus
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Microscopic view of Barett’s mucosa showing metaplasia of esophageal
squamous epithelium into columnar epithelium
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Mesenchymal metaplasia
Osseous metaplasia
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Myossitis ossificans : Swelling in left femur.Mesenchymal metaplasia in skeletal muscle after injury.
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Myossitis ossificans : Mesenchymal metaplasia in skeletal muscle showing cartilage & bone (left) due to injury , normal red skeletal muscle seen (right) .
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Any Questions?