general knowledge, cpus, and safety › ~akali2 › tb143 › lecture1.pdf · 8 history of the pc...
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unit 1
General
Knowledge,
CPUs, and Safety
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Charles Babbage’s Charles Babbage’s
Analytical Engine
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The Hollerith
Machine
The Hollerith
Machine
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First Electronic Digital Computer First Electronic
Digital Computer
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ENIACENIAC
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ColossusColossus
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Prior to the Personal
Computer
• Computers were very large.
• Computers were very expensive.
• Computers were quite rare.
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History of the PC
• Before the IBM PC - 1975 to 1981
• The IBM PC - 1981
• The IBM XT - 1983
• The IBM AT - 1984
• The IBM PS/2 - 1987
• Waning of IBM as the pace setter -1987 to present
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The First PC
• Generally considered the MITS Altair
• Introduced in January 1975
• Based on the 8080 Intel Processor
• Sold for $395 in kit form
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Before the IBM PC,
personal computers used:
• A variety of microprocessors
• Many different architectures
• A variety of operating systems
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The IBM PC
• Introduced on August 12, 1981
• Used the Intel 8088 microprocessor
• Operated at 4.77 MHz
• No hard drive
• One or two single-sided floppy drives
• Used MS-DOS 1.0
• Introduced the 8-bit ISA bus
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The IBM PC brought
standardization
• Intel Microprocessors
• Microsoft Disk Operating System
(MS-DOS)
• Architecture
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The IBM XT
• Introduced in 1983
• Included a 10 MB hard drive
• Used MS-DOS 2.0
• 16-bit ISA Bus
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The IBM AT
• Introduced in 1984
• Based on Intel’s 80286 microprocessor
• Operated at 6 MHz
• 20 MB hard drive
• Used MS-DOS 3.0
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The IBM PS/2
• Introduced in 1988
• IBM abandoned its own standard
• Microchannel replaces the ISA bus
• Introduced the VGA graphics standard
• New OS called OS/2 is DOS compatible, allows multitasking.
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From 1981 to 1987
• IBM dominated the personal computer business
• IBM set the standards for:
– Microprocessor used
– Bus structure
– Architecture
– Video
– Disk Drives
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From 1987 to Present• IBM’s influence gradually waned
• Software standards set, largely, by Microsoft
– MS-DOS
– Windows 3.xx
– Windows 95, 98, Me
– Windows NT, 2000, XP
• Hardware standards set, largely, by Intel
– Microprocessor, Chipset, Motherboard
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Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Language
of a Computer
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The Telegraph
• Samuel F.B. Morse
• 1838
A • –
B – •••
C – • – •
D – ••
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• Analog Signals vary over a
continuous range
• Digital signals vary between
two fixed levels
Analog vs. Digital
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Analog Signals are
continuously variable
Analog vs. Digital
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Analog vs. DigitalAnalog Signals are
continuously variable
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Analog vs. DigitalDigital Signals have
two levels; on or off
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Analog vs. DigitalDigital Signals have
two levels; on or off
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110111001001001101101001101000101011010101101
Parallel vs. Serial
11011100100100110110100111010010111010101011010001010110101011011101110010010011011010011101001011101010101101000101011010101101
11011100100100110110100111010010111010101011010001010110101011011101110010010011011010011101001011101010101101000101011010101101
1101110010010011011010011101001011101010101101000101011010101101
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Decimal Numbers
• 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
• called a “base 10” system
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Binary
• Either 0 or 1
• Requires more digits than decimal
for a given value
• Bit: single digit
• Byte: eight bits together
• Word: multiple bytes together
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Binary
Position 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Decimal value ofa “1” in thisposition
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Power of 2 27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
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Hexadecimal
• 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
• Called a “base 16” numbering system
• Requires fewer digits than decimal for a given value
• Primarily used to make binary easier
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Decimal Number Binary Number Hex Number
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
16 10000 10
17 10001 11
50,096 1100001110110000 C3B0
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11000010101010110010111101011001
C 2 A B 2 F 5 9
C2AB 2F59
bitsbits
nibblesnibbles
bytesbytes
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Identifying Numbers
• 330H is Hex
• 3F8 is Hex
• 256 is Decimal
• 1010 is Binarymenu
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American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII)
0 NUL 1 SOH 2 STX 3 ETX 4 EOT 5 ENQ 6 ACK 7 BEL
8 BS 9 HT 10 NL 11 VT 12 NP 13 CR 14 SO 15 SI
16 DLE 17 DC1 18 DC2 19 DC3 20 DC4 21 NAK 22 SYN 23 ETB
24 CAN 25 EM 26 SUB 27 ESC 28 FS 29 GS 30 RS 31 US
32 SP 33 ! 34 " 35 # 36 $ 37 % 38 & 39 '
40 ( 41 ) 42 * 43 + 44 , 45 - 46 . 47 /
48 0 49 1 50 2 51 3 52 4 53 5 54 6 55 7
56 8 57 9 58 : 59 ; 60 < 61 = 62 > 63 ?
64 @ 65 A 66 B 67 C 68 D 69 E 70 F 71 G
72 H 73 I 74 J 75 K 76 L 77 M 78 N 79 O
80 P 81 Q 82 R 83 S 84 T 85 U 86 V 87 W
88 X 89 Y 90 Z 91 [ 92 \ 93 ] 94 ^ 95 _
96 ` 97 a 98 b 99 c 100 d 101 e 102 f 103 g
104 h 105 i 106 j 107 k 108 l 109 m 110 n 111 o
112 p 113 q 114 r 115 s 116 t 117 u 118 v 119 w
120 x 121 y 122 z 123 { 124 125 } 126 ~ 127 DEL
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Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Computer
Bus
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CPUCPU
MemoryMemoryKeyboard ControllerKeyboard Controller
Parallel Port
System Controller
Adapter
Video
Adapter The Data BusThe Data Bus
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Keyboard ControllerKeyboard Controller
System Controller
Adapter
Video
Adapter
CPU
MemoryMemory
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MemoryMemory
Adapter
Video
Adapter
CPU
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Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Computer
Components
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The Ultimate Processing
Components
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ATX
Motherboard
ATX
Motherboard
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Processing ComponentsProcessing Components
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Input Devices
Keyboards
Mice
Trackballs
J-mice
Biometric
Scanner
Scanner
Microphone
CD-ROM
Touchpads
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Output Devices
• Monitors
• Printers
– Inkjet, Laser, Dot-matrix,
Plotters
• Speakers
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45Menu
Input/Output Devices
• Floppy Drive
• Hard Drive
• Modem
• Network Interface Card
• CD-R/W
• Other Storage Media
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Support Hardware
• Power Supply
• UPS
• Surge Arrestor
• Switch Box
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Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
CPU Support
Components
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TransistorsTransistors
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ResistorsResistors
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Color CodesColor
First Band
Second Band
Third Band (optional)
Fourth Band (multiplier)
Tolerance Band
Black 0 0 0 1
Brown 1 1 1 10
Red 2 2 2 100
Orange 3 3 3 1,000
Yellow 4 4 4 10,000
Green 5 5 5 100,000
Blue 6 6 6 1,000,000
Violet 7 7 7 (silver) .01 (silver) 10%
Gray 8 8 8 (gold) .1 (gold) 5%
White 9 9 9 (brown) 1%
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PotentiometersPotentiometers
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CapacitorsCapacitors
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More CapacitorsMore Capacitors
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IC’s - DIP styleIC’s - DIP style
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The Clock
14.318 MHz
Crystal
BIOS
System Clock
Clock Chip
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Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
The History
of Processors
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The First Microprocessor
• 4004 by Intel in 1971
• Designed as the core logic of a calculator
• Handled data 4 bits at a time
• Ran at 108 KHz
• 2300 transistors
• Memory: 640 bytes
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58
8008• Date Introduced April 1972
• Number of Transistors 3,500
• Internal Register Size 8-bits
• Data I/O Bus Width 8-bits
• Maximum Memory 16 KB
• Typical Speed 0.2 MHz
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59
8080• Date Introduced April 1974
• Number of Transistors 6000
• Int Register Size 8-bits
• Data I/O Bus Width 8-bits
• Maximum Memory 64 KB
• Typical Speed 2 MHz
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60
8088• Date Introduced June 1979
• Number of Transistors 29,000
• Int Register Size 16 bits
• Data I/O Bus Width 8 bits
• Maximum Memory 1 MB
• Typical Speed 8 MHz
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61
The 8088 was used
in the first IBM
Personal Computer
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80286• Date Introduced May 1982
• Number of Transistors 134,000
• Int Register Size 16 bits
• Data I/O Bus Width 16 bits
• Maximum Memory 16 MB
• Typical Speed 12 MHz
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63
80386• Date Introduced Oct. 1985
• Number of Transistors 275,000
• Internal Register Size 32 bits
• Data I/O Bus Width 32 bits
• Maximum Memory 4 GB
• Typical Speed 16/20/25/33 MHz
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64
80386sx• Int Register Size 32-bits
• Data I/O Bus Width 16-bits
• Typical Speed 16/20/25/33 MHz
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65
Math Coprocessors
• Fast circuits to perform floating
point math
• For 8088 through 80386, a separate
device
• As complicated as the CPU itself
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66
CPU and Coprocessor
8088 8087
80286 80287
80386 80387
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67
80486• Date Introduced April 1989
• Transistors 1,200,000
• Int Register Size 32-bits
• Bus Width 32-bits
• Max Memory 4 GB
• Typical Speed 66 MHz
• L1 Internal Cache 8 KB
• Math Coprocessor Internal
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Internal Cache
• A small memory inside the
CPU that runs at the same
speed as the CPU
• Also called an L1 cache
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Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Today’s CPU
Standard
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70
Pentium®
• Date Introduced March 1993
• Transistors 3,100,000
• Int Register Size 32-bits
• Data I/O Bus Width 64-bits
• Maximum Memory 4 GB
• Typical Speed 100 MHz
• L1 Internal Cache 2×8 KB
• Internal Coprocessor Yes
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71
0 5 10 15 20 25
8088
80286
80386
80486
Pentium
Number of clock cycles needed
to execute a typical instruction
Number of clock cycles needed
to execute a typical instruction
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72
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73
Pentium MMX
• Date Introduced January 1997
• Transistors 4,100,000
• Internal Register Size 32 bits
• Data I/O Bus Width 64 bits
• Maximum Memory 4 GB
• Typical Speed 200 MHz
• L1 Internal Cache 2×16 KB
• Math Coprocessor Yes
• MMX Instructions Yes
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74
Pentium Pro®• Date Introduced November 1995
• Transistors 5,500,000
• Internal Register Size 32 bits
• Data I/O Bus Width 64 bits
• Maximum Memory 64 GB
• Typical Speed 200 MHz
• L1 Internal Cache 2×8 KB
• Math Coprocessor Yes
• L2 Cache 256 KB
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75
processor
Micro-
processor
256 KB256 KB
Cache
Pentium Pro®
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76
Pentium II®
• Date Introduced May 1997
• Number of Transistors 7,500,000
• Int Register Size 32 bits
• Data I/O Bus Width 64 bits
• Maximum Memory 64 GB
• Typical Speed 300 MHz
• L1 Internal Cache 2×16 KB
• Math Coprocessor Yes
• L2 Cache 512 KB
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77
Pentium II Single Edge
Contact (SEC) Cartridge
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78
Pentium II
Processor
Pentium II
Processor
Cache
Memory
Cache
Memory
Cache
Memory
Cache
Memory
Internal View (Front)
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79
Pentium II
Cartridge
Pentium II
SEC
Cartridge
Heat Heat
Sink
Fan
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80
Pentium III ®
• 0.25 Micron Technology
• 450 MHz to 1.4 GHz
• 1.8V core voltage
• Dissipates less heat
• Supports multi-processing
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81
Pentium 4 ®
• 0.18, 0.13, 0.09 Micron Technology
• 1.3 GHz to 4 GHz and higher
• 1 V to 1.8 V core voltage
• Dissipates lots of heat (up to 100 W)
• Supports multi-processing
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Heat Heat
Sink
FanFan
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83
CeleronCeleron
Menu
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AMD’s K6-2AMD’s K6-2
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Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Power and
Connectors
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86
Standard Power Standard Power
Supply
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87
Power Selection Switch
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88
WARNING!WARNING!
Hazardous voltages Hazardous voltages
contained within this contained within this
power supply, not user power supply, not user
serviceable. Return to serviceable. Return to
service center for repair.service center for repair.
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89
Power Supply Power Supply
Connectors
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90
Power Supply Output Voltages
AT-Type
• +5 Volts
• +12 Volts
• -12 Volts
• -5 Volts
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91
AT power AT power
connector
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92
Edge View of Motherboard
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93
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94
Motherboard Power Connectors
BlackBlack
Wires
P9 P8
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95
P9
Ground
Ground
+5V
+5V
+5V-5V
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96
P8
-12V+12V
Ground
Ground+5V
Power Good
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The Power Good Signal
• +5 Volt signal generated by the power supply
• Indicates that the power supply passed its self test and its output has stabilized
• Occurs within first 0.5 seconds
• Prevents system from running under bad or unstable power conditions
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Large Molex Connector
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99
+5V
+12V
Ground
4-Pin Molex
Connector
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100
Berg Connector
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101
+5V
+12V
Ground
4-Pin Berg
Connector
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Grasp the
connector
by the
shell…
never by
the leads
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Power Supply Output Voltages
ATX-Type
• +5 Volts
• +12 Volts
• -12 Volts
• -5 Volts
• +3.3 Volts
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ATX Power Connector
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ATX Power Connector
Menu
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Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
When Things go
Wrong!
![Page 107: General Knowledge, CPUs, and Safety › ~akali2 › TB143 › Lecture1.pdf · 8 History of the PC •Before the IBM PC - 1975 to 1981 •The IBM PC - 1981 •The IBM XT - 1983 •The](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081406/5f0fdd417e708231d44643f7/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
107
The Power Supply
• Don’t fix it
• Don’t open it
• It isn’t worth it!
• Only use UL or CSA approved
supplies
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Check Fan OperationCheck Fan Operation
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109
120VAC120VAC
Bad News...Bad News...
Bad News...Bad News...
Power Surges and Sags are
both serious problems...
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Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Static Electricity
and the Computer
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Your greatest enemy when
working in the computer is
Electrostatic Discharge or
ESD.
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Your best defense against
ESD is the anti-static
wrist strap.
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An internal resistor provides
shock protection.
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Switch off power at the computer
and at the workbench...
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...but leave the
computer plugged in.
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Use anti-static mats on
the workbench and floor.
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Hold Circuit Boards by their edges
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Store Circuit
Boards in
Anti-static
Bags.
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General Safety Tips
• Look for UL or CSA labels
• Be careful around fans
• Watch for sharp edges
• Double-check the power before
removing or replacing anything
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The Power Supply
• Don’t fix it
• Don’t open it
• It isn’t worth it!
• Only use UL or CSA approved supplies
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Respect... not fear.
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Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disassembling
and Reassembling
a Computer
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Why Disassemble the
Computer?
• To upgrade.
• To repair.
• To add to it.
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The three most important
things to remember when
disassembling a computer are:
• Document
• Document
•Document!
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Document• Where cards are located.
• How cables are routed.
• Orientation of cables and connectors.
• Hardware used to secure each
component.
• Anything else that might cause
confusion when reassembling.
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Turn off power to the computer
and everything connected to it.
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Disconnect the monitor
and set it aside.
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Disconnect the keyboard
and set it aside.
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Disconnect the mouse and
set it aside.
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Remove these
screws...
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... not these.
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The Motherboard
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Power Supply Input Voltage
• 100 to 125 VAC @ 60 Hz
• 200 to 250VAC @ 50 Hz
Switch
Selectable
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Some connectors are
held in place by a latch.
Latch
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Grasp the
connector
Grasp the
connector
by the
shell…
…never …never
by the
leads.
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The Power Supply is held
in place by four screws.
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The Hard Drive may be
located here ...
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… Or here.
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The Floppy Drive
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Screw
Screw
Screw
Standoff
Standoff
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Keep these tips in mind
• Document everything.
• Shut off power.
• Protect against ESD.
• Grasp connectors by shells-not leads.
• Never use force.
• Release latches on connectors.
• Rock boards end to end.