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General index

abstraction, 17,124'Achsenzetf, 1adaptation, 73-4,222, 244ages, systems of; evolutionists', 42;

geological, 69; Nilsson's, 42; 19thcentury, 51-2, Renaissance, 19,20,21;Soviet bloc, 139,141-2; three age system,26,30; see al$o\ Thomsen, C. J. (Index ofnames)

agrobiology, 227Altamira, Spain, 48America, South, 125analogy, 223—4; ethnographic, 215analysis, internal, 107,113analytical archaeology, 116analytical reality, 120,242analytical-synchronic studies, 123anatomy of speech, 257ancient world, 9-12,25,270; see also: Greece;

Mesopotamia; RomeAnglo-Saxons: /Continental differences,

ix-x, 82,87; empiricism, 71,105,109-13,134; see also: Britain; United States

animal remains, 151animism, 42, 89Annalistes, French, x, 86anomalous evidence, 52—3,122anthropogeography, 55-6anthropological school, 42,58anthropology: and evolutionism, 42,53,58;

functionalism, 242; and history, 241;hypotheses, 7,241—3; indicators, 243;language of, 241, 242; migrationism and,62; and neo-evolutionism, 91, 242; NewArchaeology and, 123,126; relationship toarchaeology and prehistory, 48,109,129,247; and social archaeology, 129; as socialscience, 241; and sociology, 243, 248;spatial concepts, 55-6; structural, 131, 242;terminology, 218, 219, 241, 242

anthropometry, 183,195antiquarianism, 11—12,19-20, 24—32, 36,

149-50; see also collecting

archaeography, 34, 249,251archaeology: classical, 27,46,48, 87;

prehistoric, see individual aspectsarcbe, 1-7, 271archetypes, Jungian, 84architecture, 131arithmetics, political, 16art: artefacts as works of, 27, 30-1,157—8;

aesthetic sense of, 2,13, 84,149; historyof, (binary opposition), 87—8,(comparative method), 56,(Enlightenment), 23,24, (and prehistoricart), 89, (Renaissance), 15,18-19, (spatialconcepts), 56-7, (terminology), 219, (20thcentury), 56-7,87-8, (typologicalmethod), 46; prehistoric, 48, 87, 88-90,131,145-6,256

artefacts, 270; as art, 27,30-1,157-8;attributes, 160,260; concept, 150-1;conscious/unconscious characteristics,258; description, 156, 256,160; 18thcentury, 27-8,29; experiments, 241;historical view, 154; loss of superiority assource, 151-3; numbers found, 206,208;makers' attitudes to, 160,201-3,260;mediaeval interpretations, 14; methods ofdeposit, 158; modern conceptions, 112—13,117,155; New Archaeology and, 126-7;19th century analysis, 50; origins, theoriesof, 14,28,149; semiology, 130; settlementarchaeology, 132; structure, 130-2;terminology, 221; transformation of, 157;trial and error, 258; see also: collecting;tools

artificial intelligence, 137assemblages, 38,47,106-7, in, 117,150association techniques, 193,206,207,209astronomy, 71attributes: of artefacts, 160, 260; concept of,

117, 221, 252; and description, 162,194; inresearch process, 156; as indicators, 155;selection, 194,201; weighting, 161

Australian aborigines, 267

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-31977-5 - Archaeology Yesterday and Today: The Development of Archaeologyin the Sciences and HumanitiesJaroslav Malina and Zdeněk Vašíček Translated and Edited by Marek ZvelebilIndexMore information

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3O4 General index

axes, bronze, 38

Baltic Republics, 25beauty, concept of, 2,13, 84,149behavioural archaeology, 119,129Berlin, University of, 54Bible, 4,12,15,16, 21, 72bio-archaeology, 91biogeography, 155biology: analytical, 117; classification

methods, 75,143; cluster analysis, 209;description, 269; evolutionism, 44-5,69-73, 76-7,115; and linguistics, 44;morphological analysis, 55; andneo-evolutionism, 90; post-Darwinian,73-4; spatial concepts, 70; terminology,219; typology, 143

Bohemia; 18th century publications, 32bones, animal, 49Bororo people, 215botany, 5,50; classification, 70, 75,194,195,

219Breslau, Bishops of, 14bricolage, 137, 254Britain: antiquarianism, 19-20, 24-5,31;

18th century publications, 32; 19th centuryfolklore studies, 43; post-warre-evaluation of sources, 110-13; NewArchaeology, 117-19,125; structuralism,130

buildings, 49, 221

Cambridge Anthropologists, 102Cambridge University, 54,102,129cartography, 60-1, 64,184casts, plaster, 49catastrophe theory, 68, 243categories, 221causality, 116censuses, 16ceramics, see potterychange: 18th century notions, 30;

ethnological evaluation of, 80; NewArchaeology on, 116,122; see also progress

chemical analysis, 50children and distribution of finds, 158China, 30, 66Chomskyan grammar, 73, 98Christianity: mediaeval excavations, 13-14;

missionaries, 16, 26; pre-destination, 4;see also Bible

chronology: classification by, 153,156;description, 187-93; 19th centurydevelopments, 50-1,150; radiocarbondating, 66, 99, 267; relative, 39;sedimentation analysis, 51; see oho: ages;dating

civilisation, 217-18

classical archaeology, 27, 46, 48, 87classification, 156,193-206; automatic, 195,

205; biology, 75,143; botany, 70, 75,194,195, 219; description and, 161; andhypotheses, 6-7; impressionistic, 205;intuitive, 205; library, 196; linguistic,130-1; 1970s work, 125; number ofattributes and, 204; by oppositions, 100,130; Screiber's of bronze axes, 38;similarity in, 196-7; taxonomic approach,94; terminology, 188, 221; typological, 5,29,115

cliches, 103, 254cliometry, 263cluster analysis, 6-7,193,198-9, 206, 209,

230coefficients: Jaccard's, 183; of similarity, 165,

205; simple-matching, 165; Smirnov's, 165,167

cognitive archaeology, 132,147, 260cognitive process, 140-1collecting, 149; ancient world, 11-12;

mediaeval, 13-14; Renaissance, 19-20;Romantic age, 36; see also antiquarianism

Cologne ethnographic school, 65combinationism, 65, 92combustion model, 92commonsense, Anglo-Saxon, no-i2,«i34communication: through conscious

characteristics, 257-61; human activity asprocess of, 271; organisation and, 251-7

comparative method: diplomatics, 56; 18thcentury, 26; Enlightenment, 22, 23;evolutionism and, 41; history of art, 56;linguistic palaeontology, 59-60; mythand ritual, 44; 19th century, 34, 35, 38;and origins of man, 75; palaeography, 5,56

compilation, 135component analysis, 230computers, 114,118,137,155,158, 208; and

classification, 206; and experiments^ 225,237, 238

congregation, principle of, 196conscious and unconscious characteristics,

257-61contextual archaeology, 132contextualism, 94,109-10,126,153Continent, ix-x, xi, 82, 87; see also individual

countriescontinuum view, 116Corbridge, Northumberland, 14covering law, 119,121craftsmanlike thinking, 137craniometry, 76creationism, 4,12,15,16, 72, 75Crete, Minoan, 51-2criticism, 17-18, 34, 35






General index 305

cross-disciplinary influences, 6-7, 270; seealso under individual disciplines

cultural rules, 157-8cultural-historical schools, 55-6, 59, 65, 87,

92culture and cultures: classification by, 153;

concept of, 42, 78, 79, m, 139,142, 209;contextualism on, 109, no; effect onindividual, 252; and environment, 246;and ethnos, 64, in, 142-3; identificationwith creators, 61; latent formation of, 105,106,107-8; laws, 124,157-8; NewArchaeology, 118,124; and social forms,141; Soviet bloc concepts, 139,141,142;spatial models, 94; terminology, 217-20,221, 222

Culture and Personality school, 81culturology, 141curiosities, 16, 20,149Czechoslovakia, 25, 98,127-8,140

data: and classification method, 205;distance from, 255; imprecision, 244;modern growth, 90, 206, 208; samplesize, 161; see also sources

dating methods, 267; see also: radiocarbon;stratigraphy

Delos, Greece, 12Denmark, 26,36-7dependencies: functional, 250; non-linear,

263; systematic, 250description: artefacts, 256; attributes, 162;

biology, 269; chronology, 187-93; andclassification, 161; descriptors, 170-1; idealmethod, 183; internal and external, 160;intersection points, 171-4; linguistic,180-2; meaning of, 159-67; mentefacts,256; parameters, 175-6; points,characteristic, 174-5; prehistory, 263;receptors, 178-9,181-2,184,187;recurrence and objectivity, 162;relationships, determination of, 164-7;seriation, 187-93; shape, 168-84; space,184-7,189; and theory, 159; time, 187-93

descriptive school of linguistics, 98descriptors, 170-1destruction, excavation as, 158determinism; 20th century rejection, 105,

110-13,133development: law of analogous, 51; see also

progressdiachronicity/synchronicity, 266, 267, 270dictionaries, 90diffusion, mathematical theory of, 237difrusionism, 65-6,104,105, 209;

combinationism and, 92; folklore, 43,58-9; interpretation of'culture5, 220;Laplace rejects, 116; linguistics and, 58;

modern Soviet work, 114,146; andneo-evolutionism, 90; recent revival, 66;and stadial theory, 93; terminology, 209,222; 20th century reaction, 79

dilettantism, 31diplomatics, 34, 56discriminant analysis, 200dispersion, analysis of, 226-7distance in time, 255, 264-5, 266-7'do-it-yourself (bricolage)^ 137, 254document, concept of, 263Dresden conference (1975), 139

earth, age of, 29-30, 72-3ecofacts, 151,152,160ecology, 57,124,129,151,155economic archaeology, 129,147economic history, 86economics, 129,151; English, Ci8th-i9th, 22,

72; palaeoeconomics, 232-3; politicaleconomy, 85-6, stability allowsexperimentation, 241

Edinburgh University, 54Egypt, 5, 27, 65emic/etic, 144, 210empathy, 86empiricism, 112-13; ancient world, 2, 9;

Anglo-Saxon, 71,105,109-13,134;ethnology, 79; 19th century, 32;sociology, 80-1,123; /theory contrast, 210;USSR, 113

Eneolithic Age, 51engineering, cultural, 122engineering, social, 119Enlightenment, Age of, 22-32,149,150, 218environment, natural, 90,151, 246, 252, 263environmentalism, 91-2,103,105,124, 220,

269epic, 59,101,103, 254, 260epigraphy, 19, 34ethnicity; Soviet work, 142-3ethnoarchaeology, 223-4, 260ethnogenesis, 62-4,105-6,108-9,114,142-3ethnography, 42,52,105,125, 241; analogy,

215; Cologne school, 65; recentpre-literate societies, 238, 240, 241

ethnohistory, 247, 248-9ethnolinguistics, 98ethnology: and communication, 258-9;

empiricism, 79; evolutionism, 42-4, 71;functionalism, 79-80; Jungian archetypesand, 84; mathematical approaches, 85;19th century, 43; as social science, 241; onsocial systems, 255; 20th century, 79-82,109,114

ethnopsychology, 56, 81, 84ethnos and culture, 64, in, 142-3ethology, 75






3O6 General index

Europe, see Continentevaluation, 270evolution, 40-1; contemporary concept,

258; cultural, 26-7; cyclic, 13,92;Darwinian, see Darwin, Charles (Index ofNames); as hypothesis, 9; Lamarckian,69-70,71; of literature, 259-60;Montelius and, 5; Plato's concept, 10;and progress, 122; New Archaeology on,122; radical, 76; /revolution, 139,141-2,243; of ritual, 101; Romanticism and, 32;social, 23; of types, 204-5; see alsoevolutionism

evolutionism, 40-7,104; on analogy, 223;and anomalies, 52-3; biology, 44-5,70,71-2,115; culmination, 43-6; Darwinian,76-7; demise, 51-3, 250; ethnology,42-4; evolution of man, 74-6; folklore,43; geology, 71,74; historiography, 45; inhistory studies, 45-6; interpretation of'culture', 220; linguistics, 44-5; andMarxism, 45-6; mythology, 43; socialsciences, 40-1; sociology, 41-2,45; spatialconcepts, 70; and stadia) theory, 92-3;20th century, 80,103; see alsoneo-evolutionism

excavation, development of; mediaeval,13-14; 18th century, 28-9,149-50; 19thcentury, 47,158

Experiment Design, 225,226experimental archaeology, 28,50,224-41;

and artefacts, 241; classic experiment, 225;dispersion, analysis of, 226-7; ExperimentDesign, 225,226; factor analysis, 230-3;games theory, 226; geometricinterpretation, 233,234-5; historicalexperiments, 239; informationtechnology, 225; information theory, 226;models and modelling, 235-8;multiple-factor experiment, 227-9; 19thcentury, 49; observation, 225; passiveexperiment, 239; physical reconstruction,235-7; recent pre-literate societies, 238,240,241; Soviet bloc, 139; surface trendanalysis, 233—4; systems analysis, 226;USSR, 239-40

experimentation, study of prehistoric,240

expert systems, 137explanation, 135,262, 263

facie(s), 68, 222factor analysis, 7,199-200, 208-9, 230-3Fiji, 257Finnish school of folklore, 58Flechtornamentik, 89floods, 158fluvialism, 68, 69

folk taxonomy, 103, 202-3, 260folklore, 254; diffusion, 58-9; evolutionism,

43; Finnish school, 58; folk taxonomy,103,202-3,260; Grimms' approach, 82;hypotheses from, 7; Jungian archetypesand, 84; language, 103; lexicography, 102;and literature, 101, 254; Malinowski, 79;19th century, 32-3; present day, 101-3;semantics, 103; semiological structuralanalysis, 270; 20th century, 88

formulae, epic, 103fossils, 68-9, 75France: Annalistes, x, 86; antiquarianism,

24; Centre of Documentation Analysis,115,135; 18th century publications, 32;Linguistic Society of Paris, 46; NewArchaeology, 114-16,126,134—8;post-structuralists, 249; structuralism, 130

function, classification by, 153functional dependencies, 250functional optimalisation, 258functionalism: anthropology, 242; Clark

and, 91; contextualism and, no; and'culture', 218; Durkheim and, 78;ethnology, 79-80; history of art, 88; ashypothesis, 9; political economy, 85; USsociology, 81

games theory, 226genetic drift, 72,76genetics, 72, 76,143geography, 67; description, 178,186-7;

determinism, 91-2; economicregionalisation, 186; factor experimentsand, 230; new, 77,117,129; Renaissance,15-16; and spatial anthropology, 55-6;spatial description, 186-7

geology: ages, 69; and early archaeology, 5;catastrophism, 68; contact with, 67-9,155;description, 176,178; evolutionism, 71,74;facies, concept of, 68; factor experimentsand, 230; fluvialism, 68, 69; law ofidentical fossils, 68-9; maps, 184; andpalaeobotany, 68, 69; and palaeontology,68, 69; petrographic analysis, 50;simulation experiments, 237; stratigraphy,39, 67-8; uniformitarianism, 68-9

geometric interpretation, 233, 234-5German/Slav ethnogenetic studies, 63Germanic art, 89Germany, Democratic Republic of, 139,140Germany, Federal Republic of:

antiquarianism, 24-5; cultural—historicalschool, 55-6; ethnogenesis, 25,105-6,108-9; nationalism, 25; Nazi period, 25-6,64,105-6,107; 19th century folklorestudies, 33,43; philology, 43; post-warre-evaluation of sources, 105-9,113;






General index 307

reception of New Archaeology, 126;I7th-i8th century publications, 31-2

giants; mediaeval theories, 14globalisation, 146,147

glottochronology, 99Goths, 109gradualism, 41grammar, transformational-generative, 73,

98graphs, theory of, 205Greece, ancient, 1-3,57,123; philosophy,

2-3, 9, IO-II, 194

Herculaneum, 27hermeneutics, 34hierarchy of concepts, 127-8,141historical experiments, 239historicism, 33-5,45,139,144historico-narrative tradition, 250Historik, 251historiography: ancient world, 11,123;

contemporary, 261; Enlightenment, 23-4;evolutionism, 45; information systemsapproach contrasted, 104; Marxist, 87;New Archaeology, 122; 19th century, 45;points of view in, 263,265-6;Renaissance, 17-18; selection of material,161; structural, 266; 20th century, 86-7;unconscious structures, 263

'historiscope', Gumilev's, 264-5history: ancient concept, 2; and

anthropology, 109, 241; and archaeology,109,133,140-1,247; communication in,254; contextualism and, 109; definition,247,248-9; economic, 85, 86; andenvironment, 263; evolutionism and, 41,45-6,71; explanation, 262; function, 249;and linguistics, 108-9; mediaeval sense of,4,12-15; modelling, 261; mythology and,262; New Archaeology on, 122-3; andprehistory, 154,247,261-8;presentationists, 86; and psychology, 84,154; reconstruction, 153-5; of science, 6,263; as scientific discipline, 248-9; serial,261; social fact, 80; and social sciences,261; and sociology, 248; structuralanalysis, 261; systems analysis, 261;terminology, 217-18; see also art, history of

holography, 182humanism, 15-22hypotheses, x, 210-68; ancient world, 9;

anthropology, 241-3; artefacts and, 238;construction and verification, 210-17;concepts of past as, 270; Darwinianevolution, 71; ethnology, 79; experienceas basis, 154; framing of, 209;hypothetico-deductive method, no, 119,

210; and ideology, 242; indicativeevidence, 159; indicators, 211,212;linguistics, 7, 99; New Archaeology, 116,118; on origin of language, 99; onprehistory, 247-51; and religion, 212-13;sources of, 6-7; statistical testing, 118-19,206; stochasticity, 245-6; terminology,217

hypothetico-deductive method, no, 210

identification with past, 271ideology: and hypothesis, 242; nationalistic,

62, 64; New Archaeology, 119-24;political, 132; see also: Marxism; Nazism

immutability of species, 70'impressionism5,116impressionistic classification, 205indeterminism, 105,110-12India, 125Indians, North American, 81indicators, 154-5, 211,212, 243individuality, 18,19,86,240industry, 221 4

information, archaeological, 153—8information processing, 124,206-9information systems approach, 104information technology, see computersinformation theory, 226,243institutionalisation, 53—4integration, 117,147-8intuition, 205,246Italy, 19, 24,59,126; see also Rome

Jaccard's coefficient, 183journals, 32,54

Kadesh; Hittite fortress, 271keys, diagnostic, 201Khazaria, 14Kiel, University of, 31Kiev, mediaeval, 154kinship, 101,143knowledge: history of, 6; sociology of, 79;

systems in pre-literate societies, 254Kulturkreis concept, 56, 65-6, 87

language: of anthropology, 241,242; ofarchaeology, 250-1; artificial, 135; andcommunication, 254; evolution of, 256-7;origin, 99-100; Saussure's theory, 269; astool, 253,254; see also: grammar;linguistics; terminology

Lapps, 28latent formation of culture, 105,106,107—8Leiden, University of, 54Leningrad, 138,143lexicography, 102library classification, 196






3O8 General index

linguistic palaeontology, 59-66linguistic structuralism, 98linguistics: classification, 130-1;

comparative, 43, 62, 72, 99; ascultural-historical discipline, 46;description, 180-2; descriptive school, 98;difrusionism, 58; and evolutionism, 44-5,72; historical, 35; and history, 108-9;hypotheses, 7, 99; Indo-European theory,43, 62; language as system of signs, 98;lexicography, 102; origins of language,46,58, 99-100; present day, 72, 97-100,270; psychology and, 46, 82, 83; searchfor basic elements, 270; social fact, 80,97-8; and sociology, 85; spatial concepts,58; and stadial theory, 92; structuralism,100,101; transformational-generativegrammar, 73, 98; Ursprache, 44,46; seealso: language; philology

links, missing, 52-3literature: classical, as source, 27,30;

evolution of, 259-60; and folklore, 101,254 %

localities, 221location in description, 184-6locational analysis, 187logical explanatory model, 126logical positivism, 117,124Luristan, 89Lusatia, 31, 62-3

magic, 89man: antiquity of, 39; definition, 247;

objectification of, 254-5Manifesto, 1926 Czech, 98manuals, instruction, 50, 90maps, 60-1, 64,184Marxism, xi, 139,140,144-6; and

evolutionism, 45-6; historiography, 87;and neo-evolutionism, 90; neo-Marxism,131-2; and stadial theory, 92, 93;structural, 100,131-2; see also materialism

Marzahn, Germany, 28materialism, dialectic and historical, 105,113,

138,144,145Mathematical Theory of Experiment, 225,

226mathematics, 76-7, 85,116, 206, 261; New

Archaeology, 126; Polish ideas, 140;structuralism, 100

matrilocal distribution, 215-16meaning, symbolic, 223measurability, general, 119measurement, 76-7,124megalithic monuments, 14, 28, 29mentefacts, 152, 256Mesopotamia, 27metahistory, 251

microbiology, 195middle ages, 4,12-15,18, 25migration, 104,117, 222; see also

migrationismmigrationism, 61-5,105; combinationism

and, 92; interpretation of'culture', 220;modern Soviet work, 114,139,146; NewArchaeology and, 116; recent revival, 66;and stadial theory, 93

mind, archaeology of, 132,147, 260missionaries, 16, 26models and modelling: experimental

archaeology, 235-8; history, 261;limitations, 112-13; modern concept, 97

modern archaeology, birth of, 32-40Monte Carlo method, 237morphology, 55Moscow Institute of Archaeology, 138multiple correlation analysis, 200multiple-factor experiments, 227-9multiple regression analysis, 200, 216multivariate statistical techniques, 200mythology: ancient view of, 3;

cultural-historical school, 59; earlyarchaeology and, 9; Enlightenment view,24; and epic, 59; era of, 1, 260, 262; andevolutionism, 42,43; and history, 262;Jungian archetypes and, 84; Levi-Strausson, 101; linguistic analysis, 85; andliterature; Malinowski, 79; 19th century,33; oppositions, 78, 254; ritual, 44;structural analysis, 102; timelessness, 266;universe, concept of, 262

national archaeology, 147nationalism, 25-6,35, 62, 64, 65,149natural, concept of the, 10-11, 22, 41naturalist school (folklore), 43naturalist-positivist school, 45naturefacts, see ecofactsNazism, 25-6, 64,105-6,107Neanderthal man, 257neo-evolutionism, 90-1,105,133, 242neogrammarians, 46neo-Marxism, 131-2neo-Platonism, 33neo-positivism, 128new; need to compare with old, 257-8New Archaeology, ix, xi-xii; achievements,

124—5; analytical reality, 120; anomalousevidence, 122; and anthropology, 123,126;artefacts, preoccupation with, 126-7;build-up to, 104, no, 114-16; Clarke'sideas, 117-19; covering law, 119,121; ascultural concept, 120-1; culturalengineering, 122; early stages, 114-16;geography and, 77,117,129; and history,122-3, 250; hypotheses, 116,118; ideology,






General index 309

119-24; logical explanatory model, 126;mathematics, 126; methodologicalproblems, 121; migrationism negates, 116;processual notions, 94; reception of,125-8; shortcomings, 119-24; statistics,116; systems approach, 77,117,128; theory,124; typology, 115,116; US society and,124

nominalists, mediaeval, 13non-contemporaneity in present, 267numerical taxonomy, 184,195, 200numerists, 144numismatics, 19, 27, 40,46

objectives of archaeology, 140observation, 225ontogenesis, 70, 83,117ontology, 118oppositions, binary, 87-8,131,194, 204; and

classification, 100,130oppositions in mythology, 78, 254optimalisation, 232organisation: communication and, 251-7,

260; spatial, 223origins, 1-7; of artefacts; theories, 14, 28,

149; difrusionism and theories of, 55;importance, 3-4; linguistics, 58, 99-100;of man, 75-6

orthogenetics, 72

palaeoanthropology, 75palaeobotany, 68, 69palaeoeconomic systems, 232-3palaeoethnology, 247palaeography, 5, 27, 34, 46, 56palaeohistory, 247palaeolithic era, 38,51, 89,141-2palaeontology, 67, 74,155; and geology, 68,

69; linguistic, 59-66parallels, 223-4parameters, description by, 175-6Paris, Linguistic Society of, 46particularism, 55passive experiment, 239pattern recognition, 168,178,179Pendzikent ceramics, 241periodisations, see agespetrographic analysis, 50Philistines, 21philology, 24, 43; see also linguisticsphilosophy: ancient world, 2-3, 9,10-11,

194; Englightenment, 22, 23;evolutionism, 71, 72; history of, 6;Renaissance, 17-18; of science, 97;sociology lacks, 123; terminology, 218

photography, 49pluralism, 147,148points, characteristic, 174-5

points of view, 265-6Poland, 25, 64,127,139-40political arithmetics, 16political economy, 22, 85-6politics, 25; ancient philosophers on, 11;

mediaeval justification of polities, 4;modern USSR, 114; nationalism, 25-6,62, 64, 65; and stadial theory, 93; see also:Marxism; Nazism

politology, descriptive, 16pollen, 50,151polygenesis, 75-6polymorphism, theory of basic, 115-16Pomerania, 107Pompeii, 27, 49population genetics, 143positivism, 45, 86; neo-, 128post marks, 49post-processual archaeology, 132post-structuralism, 100, 249pottery: early publications, 31; 18th century

and, 29; 19th century studies, 48;Pendzikent, 241; and social structure,215-16; theories of origin, 14, 21, 28

Prague school of linguistic structuralism,98,100,101

pre-literate societies, recent, 238, 240, 241,254, 267

predestination, religious, 4prehistoric archaeology, establishment of, 5,

27, 35-40, 46-7, 48prehistory: and archaeology, 247, 248, 270;

explanation and description, 263; andhistory, 154, 247, 261-8; hypotheses,247-51; objectification of man, 254-5

presentationists, 86preservation, degree of, 153primitive societies, surviving, 238, 240, 241,

254, 267processual archaeology, 94,117,119profession, archaeological, 53—4progress: Enlightenment notion, 22, 23, 30,

33; evolution and, 41,122; Mortillet's lawof human, 51

psychology, 74-5, 82-5; and archaeology,141; association^, 82; binary oppositesapproach, 131; collective, 78, 83; ascommunication medium, 254;comparative, 74, 84; ethnopsychology,84; in evolution of literature, 260; factoranalysis, 209; in history, 154; history of,84; hypotheses from, 7;individual/collective distinction, 82;Jungian archetypes, 84; in linguistics, 46;social, 84; and sociology, 81

Ptolemy's Effect, 242publications: Ci8th antiquarian, 31-2;

dictionaries and manuals, 50, 90






3io General index

pueblos, 214,216

quantification, 76-7,118,119

racism, 65radiocarbon dating, 66, 9% 267random models, 237randomisation, 226-7rational thought, school of, 71rationalism, critical, 88recapitulation, 83receptionism, extreme, 88receptors, 178-9,181-2,184,187reconstruction: historical, 153—5; limitations,

106,110-12; physical, for experiments,235-7; of sites, 49

'record, archaeological5,151Reformation, 15region; terminology, 221region building, 186regional archaeology, 146-7,186-7regional differences, 5regionalisation, economic, 186religion: hypotheses, 212-13; over-ascription

of religious function to finds, 27-8,150,270; study of, 33, 82,212-13; see alsoChristianity

Renaissance, 15-17,19,149retrospective method, 63-4revolution/evolution, 139,141-2,243risk, law of minimal, 120ritual, 44, 53, 89,101-2Ritualistic school, 102rock engravings, 48, 89Romanticism, 32,36,82, 88,149,150Rome, ancient, 11,12,16,49Rugen, island of, 63

sample size, 161savage, concept of, 16-17Scandinavia, 24—5,28; see also: Denmark;

Swedenscepticism, Anglo-Saxon, 105scholarship, archaeological, 31,53-4science: aesthetics of, 84; Eastern bloc

concern, 140; history of, 6,263; 19thcentury, 32; philosophy andmethodology, 97; theoretical concepts,116; 20th century revolution, 114; see alsoindividual branches

sciences, natural, 67-77; and social sciences,239; structuralism, 100

sculpture, ancient Greek, 57Scythian art, 89sedimentation, analysis of, 51seismology, 29selection, natural, 72, 73, 251, 258, 259semantics in folklore, 103semiology, 130,137, 270

semiotics, 101,139,144sequential analysis, 216serial history, 261seriation, 6-7,150,187-93,207,209settlement archaeology, 25,48-9, 65,114,

132-4shape, 168-84sign systems, 257similarity: in classification, 196-7;

coefficients of, 165,205; spatialperspective, 213; simple-matching, 165

simulation, 237-8sites: formation, 107; registration, 149-50;

terminology, 221Slavs; ethnogenetic studies, 114small finds, 49Smirnov's coefficient, 165,167social archaeology, 129,133,147social fact, 78, 80, 97-8social forms, 141social purpose, New Archaeology and, 124social sciences: archaeology's future shared

with, 147; Ci9th, 32; evolutionism, 40-1;history, 261; natural sciences contrasted,239

social structure, 215-16, 254societies, antiquarian, 19-20, 31, 37society: and individual, 252; organisation of,

259,260sociocultural anthropology, 248sociological archaeology, 133sociological-ethnological school, 78sociology: and anthropology, 243,248;

archaeology and, 133,140-1, 247;definition, 247; empirical, 80-1,123;evolutionism, 41-2,45,71; experiments,238; /history contrast, 248; hypothesesfrom, 7; of knowledge, 79; andlinguistics, 85; and philosophy, 123;psychology, 81, 82; spatial concepts, 57—8;synchronic view of past, 266; USfunctionalism, 81

sociometrics, 84,238sources, archaeological, 139,141,147,149-53;

concept of document, 263; limitations,105-9, in, 112; post-war re-evaluation,105-13

Soviet bloc: and New Archaeology, 127-8;present day trends, 138-46; see alsoindividual countries

space and spatial concepts, 54,104,187;anthropology, 55-6; art history, 56-7;biology, 70; description of, 184-7,189;human geography, 55-6; linguistics, 58;linguistic palaeontology, 59-66; models,94; and mutual similarity, 213; NewArchaeology, 129; organisation, 223; inregional studies, 186-7; relationships offinds, 49; social structure studies, 215;






General index

sociology, 57-8; terminology, 221-2;USA, 205

spatial anthropology, 55-6spatial archaeology, 129,187specialisation, occupational, 254sphragistics, 34stadial theory, 41, 92-3,104,113,127stages, theory of see stadial theorystatistics, 76-7,188; and causal relationships,

206; and history, 261; hypothesis testing,118-19,206; multivariate techniques, 200;New Archaeology, 116; and politicaleconomy, 85; Renaissance, 16; Romancensus, 16; use of techniques, 188

stochasticity, 237,245-6Stonehenge, 14,49stratigraphy: development, 5, 3»-9,49,50,

150; and geology, 39, 67-S; horizontal,47,56; Soviet bloc work, 141

structural analysis, 88,102,130, 261structural archaeology, 223, 260structural-semiological school, 59structuralism, 130-2; anthropology, 242;

Durkheim and, 79; linguistic, 98,100,101; 20th century, 100,103

structures: post marks, 49; terminology, 221style, notion of, 27,150,219subsistence economies, 240sujet forms, 85surface trend analysis, 184, 233-4Sweden: and New Archaeology, 114,116;

17th century, 20,25, 31; typologicalmethod, 40

symbolic archaeology, 147,223, 260synchronic approach, 79synchronicity/diachronicity, 266,267,270SYNTOL, 135systematic dependencies, 250systematics of information, 155-6systems, 96-7,114,119,124,144,146,244-5;

New Archaeology and, 77,117,128;terminology, 243-5; theory of, 140,243,244

systems analysis, 140-1, 226,261

taphonomy, 158taxonomism, 65, 93—5,104, notaxonomy: folk, 103, 202-3, 260; numerical,

117,184,195,200; weighting of attributes,161

technology, 151,254tendency, 166-̂ 7terminology, 95, 217-23,243-5; see also

individual termstextbooks, 50textual criticism, 34theory and theoretical approach, 105-13,

270; ancient world, 1, 2; and description,159; Eastern bloc, 138,146; /empiricism

contrast, 210; of language, 269; NewArchaeology, 124; sciences, 97,116

time: and description, 187-93; mythologyand, 266; perspectives, 29-30,205,264-5,266-7; surviving primitive societies, 267;in regional studies, 187

tools, 145,252-4trace wear analysis, 28tradition, 222training, archaeological, 270transformation: of artefacts, 157; internal,

116trend analysis, 179Turkey, 125type: concept of, m, 117,139,188,203-5,221;

contextualism on, 109; Darwin onevolution of, 204—5; modern doubts onvalidity, 109, no; New Archaeology, 117,118

typology: biology, 143; classification, 5, 29,115, 204; concept of, 203-5;descriptive/analytic distinction, 115; inresearch process, 156; New Archaeology,115,116; 19th century, 39-40,46-7;sequences, 209

uncertainty principle, 265unconscious structures, 263UNESCO, 115uniformitarianism, 39, 68-9Union of Soviet Socialist Republics:

ecology, 129; experimental archaeology,239-40; and New Archaeology, 127,128;1930s, 105; 1950S-60S, 113-14; present day,138-9,140-6; semiotics, 101; socialarchaeology, 129; stadial theory, 92-3;and USA, xii, 122

United States of America:cultural-historical school, 56; ecologicalschool, 57; functionalism, 81; NewArchaeology, 122,124,125; re-evaluationof sources, 109-10; sociology, 81,123;spatial interpretations, 205; taxonomicschool, 65,93—5, no; time scales, 205; andUSSR, xii, 122

Uppsala, University of, 31Ursprache, 44,46

varve chronology, 50Verona cathedral library, 5Vienna: art history school, 56,57;

* cultural-historical school, 65, 87, 92

wars, 158Winter und Sachen, 59

Zemplin, Slovakia, 153—4ZivohoSf, Bohemia, 158zoology, 50zoopsychology, 74-5, 84






Index of names

Aarne, A., 58Abelard, Peter, 18Aberg, N., 47, 89Acton, J. E., 86Adanson, M., 194,195Agrawal, D. P., 126Agricola, G., 21, 28Albertus Magnus, 14Albinus, 28Aldenderfer, M. S., 199Aldrovandi, U., 21Allsworth-Jones, P., 172,178, 202Almgren, O., 47,52,188Almus (Hungarian chieftain), 153-4Althusser, L., 100Amades, J., 59Ammermann, A. J., 66,187Amoss, J. O., 170Anaximander, 3Angeli, W., 188Ankel, C , 210Ankermann, B., 55Arbois de Jubaiville, A. dJ, 60Arcihovskij, 92 (

Ardner, E., 100Aristotle, 2,11,197, 253Arkadev, A. G., 172,181Artamonov, M. L, 89,114,142Artanovskij, S. N., 139Ascher, R., 223Ascoli, G. I., 46,58Assurbanipal, king of Babylon, 11-12Aubrey, John, 29Avdusin, D. A., 114Avebury, Lord, see Lubbock

Bachelard, G., 263Bachoven, J. K., 42, 46, 71Bacon, Francis, 2, 29, 225Badt, K., 87, 88Bagby, P., 218Baker, C. M., 158

Baker, K., 137Baker, B. H., 139Balducci, G., 19Balzac, Honore de, 44Barich, B. E., 126Barraclough, G., 261Barres, Maurice, 271Barth, F., 233, 245Barthes, R., 100Bartok, Bela, 88Bartra, R., 188Basilov, V. A., 138Bayard, D. T., 126Beard, C. A., 86Becker, C. L., 86Behrens, H., 139Benedict, Ruth, 81, 219Benfer, R. A. and A. N., 200Benfey, T., 43Bentham, Jeremy, 72Berenson, Bernard, 56Bergmann, J., 109Berlinski, D., 245Bernard, C , 44Berr, H., 86Berry, B. J. L., 186Berthelot, P., 51Biener (Bohemian antiquarian), 32Binet, A., 76Binford, L. R., 119,121,124,125,127,128,157,

223, 227, 249, 255Biondo, Flavio, 18Blashfield, R. K., 199Bloch, Maurice, 86Bloomfield, L., 98Blumenbach, J. F., 76Boas, F., 56, 76, 98Bockarev, V. S., 127-8,141,151Bodin, J., 17Bogatyrjov, P., 101Bolk,L.,75Bollandists, 17






Index of names

Bonham-Carter, G. F., 234, 237Bonnet, C , 70Bopp, F., 35Bordes, F., 115Borillo, M., 170Boriskovskij, P. L, 113Borlase, W., 32Boucher de Perthes, J., 39,50-1,51Bouzek, J., 140Bove, F. J., 184Bradke, P., 60Bradley, F. H., 86Braidwood, R., 105, 219Brajcevskij, M. J., 177, 220Brandenstein, W., 60Braudel, Ferdinand, 86, 261Braverman, E. M., 172,181Breal, M., 46Breeding, K. J., 170Bremond, C , 102Brentjes, B., 144Breuil, Abbe H., 51,53,57, 61, 89Brew, J. O., noBrice, C. R., 174Briggs, L. L, 237Brjusov, A. Ja., 64,114, 220Broca, P., 76Bromlej, Ju. V., 142,143Brown, J. A., 51,188Bruckner, E., 51, 69Bruzelius, M. G., 29, 36Brzeg, Louis, Duke of, 14Buchtela, K., 57Buchvaldek, M., 140Buckland, W., 30, 39, 69Buckle, H. T., 45Budilovic, A. S., 60BufFon, G. L. L., comte de, 67, 71, 72-3, 75,

194Bulkin, V. A., 139Bunge, W., 176-7,178,179,186Burckhardt, J., 12,45Bure, J., 25Burgess, E. W., 57Busching, J. G. G., 36Butzer, K. W., 129Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 266, 268

Cafagna, A. C , 219Campanella, T., 22Campbell, J., 84Carlyle, Thomas, 34Carmack, R. M., 223Carnap, R., 97, 217Carr, C , 187, 206Cassirer, E., 102Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., 66,187, 238Cayluse, P., 32

Cernenko, Konstantin, 243Cernyh, E. K., 143Cernyh, E. N., 143Cetverikov, 73Chabrol, C , 102Chang, K. C , 132-3, 219Charlton, T. H., 223, 241, 247Chase, P. G., 182Chaum, P., 261Chenhall, R. G., 230Cherry, C , 251Chiflet, J. J., 32Childe, V. G., 65, 90, 97,129,133, 220Chiron, L., 48Chomsky, Noam, 73, 98,130Chorley, R. J., 178,186Chorofas, D. N., 239Christ, J. F., 19Christenson, A. L., 129,199, 237Christiansen, H. F., 239Chwistek, 139Civjan, T. V., 102Claparede, E., 83, 258Clark, G. A., 206Clark, J. D. G., 77, 91,105,129Clarke, David L., 77, 97,117-19,126-7,128,

129,153,157,188, 224, 237, 239, 255-6Close, C. F., 49Cochet, Abbe J. B. D., 36Cole, J. P., 186Coles, J. M., 224Collingwood, R. G., 86, in, 132Colt Hoare, R., 29Comte, A., 13, 41, 43, 53, 70, 71, 80, 87, 97Condorcet, M. J. A., marquis de, 23Conkey, M. W., 131Conze, A., 48, 49, 56Coulanges, Fustel de, 45Count, E. W., 84Courbin, P., 126,137-8Cowen, J. D., 203Cowgill, G. L., 162,190,197, 206Crane, Stephen, 265Crawford, G. S., 77, 9iCreuzer, G. F., 33Crjessing, 129Croce, B., 86Cronin, C , 215Criiger, H., 144Cullberg, C , 205Cuvier, G. L. de, 30, 39, 69, 219Cuvillier, A., 218Cyriacus of Ancona, 19

Damour, A., 50Daniel, G. E., 86,110-12,126, 218, 219Daniels, S. G. H., 157, 227Danilova, L. V., 144






314 Index of names

Dantzig, G. G., 85Darwin, Charles, 5,40,44,71,72,73,74,75,

77, 83,120,194-5, 257David, H. A., 239David, N., 223Davidson, D., 230,238Dexhelette, J., 90Deetz, J. F., 125,130-1,188,193,203,215,216,

239Delbruck,B,46Delitzsch, F., 65Dcnnell, R., 129Deperet, 74Descartes, Rene', 67Dethlefsen, E. S., 188,239Devoto, G., 60Dibble, H. L., 182Diderot, D., 23,70Dilthey, W., 86Din^ol, A. M., 125Diodorus Siculus, 3Diogenes of Sinope, 10Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 3Djindjian, F., 190Dlugosz (Polish chronicler), 14Dobrovsky, J., 29Doll, J, 74Doluhanov, P. M., 66,138,143, 200Domar, E. D., 85Donato, G., 140Doran, J. E., 191,206,243Droysen, J. G., 34, 265Dumezil, G., 59Dundes, A., 102Dunnell, R. C , 153,188,190, 221Durkheim, Emile, 78-9, 80, 83, 86, 97,101,

131,259Dvorak, M., 57

Earle, T. K., 129,237Ebert, M., 60,90Eccard, J. G., 30Eckel (numismatist), 27Eden, M., 170Edmonson, M. S., 66Eggers, H. J., 106-7,155,158,188Eggert, M. K. H., 109,126,241Einstein, Albert, 118Eliade, M., 102, 262Empedocies, 3Encyclopedists, French, 30Engels, Friedrich, 45-6,101,252Engestrom, J., 28Eucken, W., 85Evans, Arthur, 52Evans, R. K., 205

Fast, G. A. F., 34

Febvre, Lucien, 86Fedorov-Davydov, G. A., 127Fehon, J. R., 157Feist, S., 60Feleppa, R., 210Fennema, C. L., 174Fergusson, A., 40,41Fernel, J., 15Fester, R., 59Festus, 21Feustel, R., 141-2,145Filip, J., 64Fiorelli, G., 49Firth, J. R., 80Fischer, Ulrich, 108,126Fisher, R., 73,225Flanders, R. E., 188Flannery, K. V., 119,120,121,124,129,243Ford, J. A., no, 115,188Forrer, R., 88, 90Foucault, M., 84,100,134,258, 263,269Fourier, J. B. J., baron de, 172,173,174,178Fox, C , 77,91Foy, W , 6sFrancastel, P., 100Frank-Kamenickij, I. G., 85Frazer, J. G., 44,48Frederick VII, king of Denmark, 50Freeman, H., 174Frejdenberg, O. M., 85Frere, John, 38Frerichs, K., 250Freud, Sigmund, 83Fritz, J. M., 131,132Frobenius, L., 55, 65Fu, K. S., 170Furtwangler, A., 48,57

Gabor, D., 182Gallay, A., 132,137-8Galton, Sir F., 76Ganguilhem, G., 263Garcia Cook, A., 115Gardin, J.-C, 114-15,126,131,134-7,157,170,

205, 210, 237Geer, G. de, 50Geikie, J., 69Gelfand, A. E., 188Gening, V. F., 141,142-3Gennep, A. van, 102,131Gero, J., 182Gessinger, J., 99Ghiberti, L., 19Ghirsman, R., 89Gibbon, G., 241Gibbs, J. P., 176Giedymin, 139Ginneken, J. van, 83






Index of names

Glassie, H., 130GledhillJ.,255Glock, C. Y., 212,213Gluckman, M. G., 80Gobineau, J. de, 45Goethe, 40, 88,101Goguet, A.-Y., 26, 30Goldmann, K., 191Gombrich, E. H., 88Goode, W. J., 212-13Gould, P. R., 233Graebner, F., 55,65Gramsci, A., 87Graslund, B., 188Graunt, J., 16Green, D., 129Greimas, A. J., 102Grigorev, G. P., 127,141,142,220Grimm, J. and W., 33, 35,59,82, 88GriSin, Ju. S., 138Grjaznov, M. P., 142,220Gross, H., 57Grosse, E., 89Grotius, C. de, 17,22Griinert, H., 144-$Guest, E., 91Guhr, G., 141,144Guicciardini, F., 17Guizot, F., 34Gumilev, L. N., 142,143,264Gundlach, R., 210Giinther, R., 141Gustavus II Adolphus, king of Sweden, 20,

25

Hachmann, R., 108-9,141Haeckel,E.H.,44,77Hagerstrand, T., 187Haggett, P., 77,178,184,185,186,230,233Hall, S., 83Halle, M., 170Haller, A. von, 70Hamann, R., 89Hanen, M. P., 97HarbaughJ.W.,234Harrison, J. E., 102Harrod, R. F., 85Hartman, N., 245Haselgrove, C , 129Hassan, F. A., 130Haupt, A., 89Hauser, A., 89Hawkes, C. F. C , no, 112Hawkes, J. B., 126, 219Hegel, G. W. F., 32,70,71,75,82,117Hehn,W.,6oHeidegger, M., 87,88Heisenberg, W., 265

Hempel, C. G., 86, 97,119Hensel, W., 139,140,141,142Heraclitus, 271Herbart, J. F., 71,82Herder, J. G. von, 32, 35,82,218,267Herodotus, 2,11,106Herrmann, J., 141,142Hesiod, 10,20Heyerdahl, Thor, 236Hicks, J. R., 85Hietala, H. J., 187Higgs, E. S., 129Hildebrand, B. E., 40Hildebrand, H. O., 40,46,51-2Hill, H. N., 129Hill, J.N., 205,214Hillier, B., 131,187Hirt, H., 60Hjelrnslev, L., 98Hockett, C. F., 99-100Hodder, I., 86,127,130,131,132,187,223,

245,261Hodson, F. R., 206Hoernes, M., 53,89Hogarth, A. C , 126Hole, F., 191Holmberg, A. E., 48Homer, 20Hoops, J., 90Horst, F., 139Houbraken, A., 19Hoult,T.H.,247,248Huggett, J., 137Humboldt, W. von, 35Hume, David, 22Huth,O.,59Hutton, J., 67Huxley, T. H., 44,62,75,77

Ibn Khaldun, 17Ihm, P., 191,206Isaac, G. L., 126,127Iselin, L, 71Isidore of Seville, 14Ivanov, V. V., 60,102

Jakobson, R., 99,101,130James, W., 254Jarman, M. R., 129Jaspers, Karl, 1,146Jazdzewski, K., 139Jefferson, Thomas, 38Jenny, W. A. von, 89Jespersen, O., 99Jevons, S., 224Ji£in, R., 172,201Jochim, M. A., 129






316 Index of names

Johannes de Bry, 16John I, king of England, 14Johnson, J. S., 183Johnson, LeRoy, Jr., 191,199Jope, E. M., 66Joseph II, emperor of Austria, 124Jouannet, F., 36,38,51Jung, C. G., 84,101

Kainz, F., 83Kameneckij, I. S., 141,142,170,188, 239-40,

241Kansky, K. J., 239Kant, Immanuel, 3, 23, 28, 67, 70, 71Kantman, S., 125Kantorovic, L. V., 85Kapica, P. L., 247Karamzin, N. M., 34Kardiner, A., 81Kautsky, K., 87Keene, A. S., 233Kehoe, A. B., 132Kelley,J.,97Kelvin, W. T., 1st baron, 73Kendall, D. G., 191Kepler, Johan, 258King, C. A. M., 186Kintigh, K. W., 187Kiparov, F. V., 151Kirchner, H., 108Klaproth, H. J., 62Klaus, G., 140Klejn, L. S., 92,113,127,128,130,138,141,

142,143,144,153,155,157,188, 205, 210, 219*220

Klemm, G., 39Klinger, T. C , 157Klopfleisch, F., 48Kluckhohn, C. K. M., 24, 81,109,120,130,

219Kmita, 139Knabe, G. S., 142Knight, P., 39Kohl, P. L., 131Kolcui, B. A., 127Koppers, W., 55, 65Korsch, K., 87Kossack, G., 108Kossinna, G., 25, 61-2, 63-4, 65,105,107Kostrzewski, J., 25, 64Kotarbinski, 139Kovalevskaja, V. B., 130,170Kovalevskij, M. M., 45, 74Kozlowski, J. K., 74,139,157, 200Kozlowski, S. K., 200Krahe, H., 59Kramer, C , 223Krasnov, J. A., 143

Kroeber, A. L., 55,56, 81, 99,101,218, 219,249

Krohn, J., 58Krohn, K., 58Krolmus, Fr V., 36Kronenfeld, D. B., 200Krumbein, W. C , 176,184, 230Kruskal, J. B., 199Kuhn, A., 60Kuhn, H., 89, 90,108Kuhn, T. S., 97Kushner, G., 126

la Popeliniere, L. V. de, 17Labriola, A., 87Lacan, J., 100Lachmann, K., 34Lacombe, P., 80Laert, J. de, 30Laet, S. J. L. de, noLaetus, J. P., 31Lafiteau, J., 16-17,26Lagrange, M. S., 137Lahitte, H. B., 125Lamarck, J. B., 69-70,71Laming, A., 89Laming-Emperaire, A., 224Lamprecht, K., 45,56Lang, A., 42Lange, J., 56Lange, O., 85Langer, S., 102Laplace, G., 67, 71,115-16, 246Laporte, G., 191Larsen, M., 255Lartet, E., 39, 48,51Lazarsfeld, P., 212le Bon, G., 83Leach, E. R., 80,102,131, 244Lebedev, G. S., 139,141,220LeBlanc, S. A., 120,124,125,126Leeuw, S. E., 132Lehmann, J. G., 67Leibnitz, Gottfried, 2,59, 67, 70Lelewel, J., 34Leonardo da Vinci, 15Leone, M. P., 123,125,132Leontieff, W., 85Leroi-Gourhan, A., 89, no, 131Lesman, Ju. M., 168Levi-Strauss, C , 79,100,101,131,137, 201,

202, 215, 249, 254, 258-9, 262Levy-Bruhl, L., 83Lewezov, K. von, 38Lewin, K., 84Leyen, F. van der, 59Lhote, H., 89Lichtenberg, G. C , 168






Index of names

Lieberman, P., 99,257Lightfoot, J., 72Linnaeus, C , 75,194Linton, R., 81Lippert, J., 42Lipsius, J., 2Lisch, G. C. F., 38Lischka, J. J., 214Lomonosov, M. V., 24, 67Longacre, W. A., 200, 216Lord, A. B., 103Losev, A. F., 102Lotman, J. M., 100,102Lowe, J. W., 243, 245Lowie, R. M. 55Lu, K. H., 178Lubbock, John, Lord Avebury, 42,51, 74Luckacz, G., 87Lucretius, 11,21,250Liming, J., 219Luquet, G. H., 89Lurija, A. R., 194Lyell, Charles, 68, 69, 71, 72Lynd, R. S., 120Lyttelton, C , 30

Mabillon, J., 17, 27Macaulay, T. B., 34Mach, E., 40Maffei, S., 5Mahudel, P., 26, 27, 30Maier, J., 88Maine, H. J. S., 42Makejev, E. M., 59Makosimov (Kievan goldsmith), 154Malik, S. C , 125Malina, J., 206, 224Malinowski, B., 22, 79-80, 91,120, 218Malmer, M. P., 66, no, 116Malthus, Thomas, 72Mander, K. van, 19Mannhardt, W., 43Mannheim, K., 123Maranda, P., 102Marbodius, 20Markarjan, E. S., 139Marquardt, W. H., 191Marr, N. J., 85, 92, 93Marrou, H. I., 86Marsak, B. I., 131,170,188, 239-40,241Marsilius of Padua, 13Martin, P. S., 122Martin, R., 76Marx, Karl, 40, 43, 45, 45-6, 253Maslennikov, A. A., 138Masson, V. M., 133,138,140,144Matthews, J., 188Mauss, M., 78

Mayo, E., 238Mazzullo, J., 182McAdams, R., 105, noMcCleland, D., 84McCormick, B. H., 179McDougall, W., 84McLennan, J. F., 42McLuhan, Marshall, 262McNairn, B., 129Mead, Margaret, 81Meggers, B. J., 125,188Meillet, A., 59, 85Meiners, C , 33Meletinskij, E. M., 102Mellaart, J., 133Mellen, von, 26, 32Melton, M. A., 230Mendel, Gregor, 73Mendeleev, D. I., 88,100,194Menghin, O., 65—6, 89,155Mercati, M., 21-2, 26-7Meringer, R., 60Merlin (magician), 14Merpert, N. J., 143Merriam, D. F., 184Merton, R. K., 80Methodius, St, 14Meuili, K., 59Meyer, E. H., 43Meyne, C. G., 56Michelet, J., 34Mignet, F. A., 34Mill, John Stuart, 72Miller, D., 131Milojcic, V., 65Moberg, C. A., 126,130,133,146-7,192, 210,

219, 224Mohapatra, G. C , 125Mommsen, T., 45,48Mongajt, A. L., 142, 220Monod, G., 45Montaigne, Michel de, 269Montelius, O. A., 5, 38, 40, 45, 46-7, 47, 50,

52,63,76,97,116,204-5Montesquieu, C. L., baron de, 17, 22,146Montfaucon, B. de, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32More, Thomas, 22Morelli, G., 56-7Moreno, J. L., 84, 238Morgan, C. G., 126Morgan, Henry, 42,46,101Morgenstern, O., 85Morhoff, Professor, 31Mortillet, G. de, 51, 53, 60, 76-7Moscati, P., 206Moszyriski, K., 141Mukafovsky, J., 100,101Muller, J., 130






318 Index of names

MMcr, K. O., 33Muller, M., 43Muller, S. O., 38,47,50,52,65, 89,90,116Miiller-Karpe, H., 219Mumford, L , 256-7Murdock, G. P., 81Mushard, 28-9

Nabonidus, king of Babylon, 11Nageli,K.W.,von,72Nalimov, V. V., 97,246-7Napoleon I, emperor of France, 260Napoleon III, emperor of France, 50Narasimhan, R., 170Narr, K. J., 109,188Nehring, A., 60Neumann, H., 58, 88Neumann, J. von, 85Neustupnf, E., 126,140,227Niebuhr, B. G., 33, 34Nietzsche, Friedrich, 54,103,121Nikiforov, V. N., 144Nilsson, S., 42Niperday,T.,84Novalis, 23

Oakeshott, B. M., 86Obcrmaier, H., 89Oken, L., 71Okladnikov, A. P., 113Olaus Magnus, 32Olrik, A., 59Orme, B. J., 223Orton, C , 187,206Osborn, H. F., 74

Palacty, F., 34Pallas (philologist), 24Panofsky, E., 88Paracelsus, P. A. T., 20Pareto, V. F. D., 80Park, R. E., 57Parry, M., 103Parson, T., 80,120,210Patin, C , 26, 32Patrick, L. E., 153Patte, E., 82Paul, H., 46, 82Penck, A., 51,69Pengelly, W., 69Penka, K., 62Permjakov, G. L., 103Perry, W. J., 55,65Peter Damian, 15Petrarch, 19Petrie, W. M. Flinders, 5,48,50Petty, E., 22Petty, W , 16

Peuckert, W. E., 59Piaget, J., 73, 79,84-5,253Picard, C , 39Pictet, A., 60Piette, E., 89Piggott, S., 110,112,133,219Pike, K. L., 210Pilous, Z., 201Pitt Rivers, A. H., 40,49, 60Plato, 3, 9-10,11, 72Play, F. le, 57Plehanov, G. V., 87Pleiner, R., 140,144, H5Pleszczynska, E., 127Pliny, 2,21Plog, F. T., 76,129,243Podborsky, V., 140Pokorny, J., 59Pollack, H. N., 237Polo, Marco, 16Polybius, 11Popper, Karl, 86, 88, 97PorSnev, B. F., 87,132Porzig, W., 59Post, L. von, 50, 91Potebna, A. A., 82Preidel, H., 108PreVost, C , 68Price, B., 131Price, B. J., 119Priestly, J., 35Propp, V. J., 59,101-2Pulszky, F., 51

Quesnay, F., 22Qu&elet, L. A. J., 76

Raab, L. M., 157Rachel-Levy, G., 82Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 79Raglan, F. R. S., 65,102Rahden, W., 99Rakitov, A. I., 239Ranganathan, R. S., 196Ranke, L., 34,265Rask, R., 35Rathje, W. L., 223Ratzel, F., 55Ravdonikas, V. I., 92Read, D. W., 199Redman, C. L., 97,120,124,125,126,129,

200

Reinach, S., 57, 89Reinecke, P., 47, 52Renan, E., 45Renaud, M., 137Renfrew, A. C , 77, 97,126,129,132,133,151,

206, 219, 243






Index of names

Rctzius, A. J., 76Reuvens, C. J. C , 54Rhode, A. A., 28, 29, 32, 38Ricardo, D., 22Rice, T. T., 89Richards, J. D., 206Richer, S., 230,238Riegel, A., 48,57, 87, 88Riley,T.J.,i26Ritter, K., 55Rivera, M. A., 125Rivers, W. H., 55Robinson, J. H., 86Rogers, A., 238Rohlf, F. J, 178,183Romanes, G. J., 74Roper, D. C , 184Rosen, R., 232Rostovcev, M. I., 65, 89,92Rougier, L. R., 82Rouse, Irving, 93-5,126,141,151,210Rousseau, J. J., 13,23Rowlands, M. J., 131Rudbeck, O., 25, 38,194Rumohr, K. F., 34, 35,56Rusen,J,25iRyan, N. S., 206Rybakov, B. A., 143,144Rybova, A., 140,144, H5

SablofF, J. A., 126,129,132,237,249Sahlin, B., 89Saintyves, P., 58-9Salmon, M. H. and W., 97,223,245Sanders, W. T., 119Sandrart, J. von, 19Sangmeister, E., 188Sansovius, F., 16Santley, R. S., 120Sapir, E., 98,121,122,219Saussure, IF. de, 97-8,269Saxo Grammaticus, 14Scaliger, G. C , 24Schachermeyer, F., 65Scheltema, F. A. van, 89Schiffer, M. B., 129,155,157-8,223Schild, R., 139Schlegel, F. C. W. von, 24Schleichcr, A., 44,58Schleiermacher, F. D. E., 34Schlemm, J., 90Schliemann, H., 158Schlozer, A. L., 54Schmidt, J., 58Schmidt, W., 55,65Schnasse, K., 34-5Schrader, O., 60Schreiber, H., 38, 39

Schroder, K., 172Schuchardt, C , 49, 90, 220Schuchardt, H., 58Schumpeter, J. A., 85Schwantes, G., 90Schwartz, W., 43Schweitzer, B., 88Schweizer, B., 188Sellnow, I., 141Semenov, S. A., 128,141,145Semper, G., 48,56, 88Ser, J. A., 144,170,188,220,239-40,241Service, E. R., 80Severin, Tim, 236Shanks, M., 131Sharpe, P. H., 49Shaw, George Bernard, 268Shennan, S. J., 183Sibson, R., 199Sickel, T., 56Sieveking, G. de, 129Simek, J. F., 187Skalic-ka, V , 98Slavik, Jan, 267Smirnov, A. P., 143,165,167,178,196, 220Smith, Adam, 22,72,134Smith, B. D., 112Smith, G. E., 55,65Smith, William, 68Snape, S. R., 183Sneath, P. H. A., 77,175,178,179,183,184,

200, 234Sokal, R. R., 77,165,178,183,200Son, J., 19Sorokin, P. A., 123Soudsky, B., 133,140Spaulding, A. C , 93, 94, 200,205Spencer, Herbert, 40,41-2,71, 72, 74Spengler, Oswald, 218Spinoza, B. de, 119Spon, J., 29Spriggs, M., 129,132Sprincova, S., 186Stafford, C , 206Steiger, W. L., 126Steinthal, H., 82,83Stendhal, M. H. B., 265Steno, N., 67, 68Stevens, D. S., 187Steward, J. H., 80Stiles, D., 223Stjernquist, B., 66Stoetzel, J., 212Stoljar, A. D., 145-6Stukeley, W., 29Suhm, P. F., 48Sutherland, A. J., 237Sutton, A. C , 73






32O Index of names

Swadesh, M., 99Swain, P. H., 170Swift, Jonathan, 159Sydow, C. W., 59

Tabaczyriski, S., 127,130,139,140,142Taillefer, S., 191Taine, H., 45, 83, 84Tapper, W., 88Tarde, G., 58, 82, 97Tarski, 139Tatiscev, V., 28Taylor, L, 62Taylor, W. W., 94,109-10,126,153Thierry, A., 34Thomas, D. H., 202, 232,237,241Thomas Aquinas, 13,15Thompson, W. D'Arcy, 184Thomsen, C. J., 22,36-8,39,50,52, 90,150,

155, 249-50Thomsen, V., 58Thucydides, 11,12Thurius, N. M., 29Tilley, C , 131,132Tischler, O., 47,52Titov, V. S., 143Todorov, T., 102Tolman, E. C , 81Tolomei, C , 24Topolski, J., 87,140Toporov, V. N., 60,102Townsend, A. H., 126Toynbee, Arnold, 87Tran Due Thaeo, 99Traulle, L.-J., 38-9Tretjakov, P. N., 93,114,142,215Treuer, 28, 29Trigger, B. G., 126,129,133,146,261Triplett, N., 238Trubeckoj, N. S., 98Trudzik, Z., 139,140-1Tugby, D. J., 190Tuggle, H. D., 126Turgot, A. R. j . , baron, 23Turnbaugh, W. A., 158Turner, E. R., 120Twain, Mark, 216Tyldesley, J. A., 183Tylor, E. B., 42, 71, 78, 218

Udalcov, A. D., 93Uexkull, von, 74Urban, W. M., 102Urbanczyk, P., 139,157Ussher, J., Archbishop, 30, 72

Vasari, G., 19Vasicek, Z., viii-xii, 172, 201

Vedel Simonsen, L. S., 36Vertes, L., 238Veselovskij, A. N., 59, 78Vico, G. B., 23, 24, 59, 7i, 82,155Villani, F., 18Virchow, R., 38, 48, 62-3, 76Vladislav II, king of Poland, 14Voltaire, F. M. A., de, 23, 24Voorrips, A., 200, 206Voss, G. J, 17Vossen, R., 205Vygotskij, L. S., 84, 85, 253

Wahle, E., 64, 87, 88, 97,106,107-8Wald, A., 85Wartolowska, Z., 144Washburn, D. K., 131Waterhouse, V. G., 210Watson, P. J., 97,120,124,125,126, 223Watson, R. A., 126Weber, M., 85Welcker, F. G., 33Werner, A. G., 68Weselski, A., 88West, F. H., 188Westropp, H. M., 51,52Whallon, R., 188, 201-2, 216Wheeler, Sir Mortimer, 158White, J. P., 202White, L. A., 80, 81, 90,120,121, 219, 242Whitley, A. J. M., 247Whitney, W. D., 44~5, 46Wickhoff, F., 57Wiede, L. C , 48Wilberforce, Bishop S., 75Wilcock, J. D., 172,178,179,183, 202Wilde, Oscar, 248Willey, G. R., no, 133,134Winckelmann, J. J., 19, 23, 24, 27, 31, 40, 71,

155Wissler, C , 219Wittgenstein, L., 196Wolf, E. R., 33, 219Wolff, K. F., 70WolfHin, H., 87-8Worm, O., 26Worringer, W., 56Worsaae, J. J. A., 38, 39, 47, 54Wundt, W., 56, 57, 82-3Wylie, A., 223

Yellen, J. E., 223

Zaharuk, J. N., 138,140,142, 220Zak, J., 139,141Ziegert, H., 109, 241Zubrow, E. B. W., 124






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