general funct endo..ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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GENERAL FUNCTION OF ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTEMENTMEDICAL SCHOOL OF
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
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Location of Major Endrocrine OrgansLocation of Major Endrocrine Organs
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.3
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HYPOTHALAMUS• The release of hormones from both the posterior
and anterior pituitary is directly controlled by hypothalamus
• Posterior pituitary connects to hypothalamus by a neural pathway
• Anterior pituitary connects to the hypothalamus by unique vascular link
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Hypothalamic hormones
Thyrotropin RH (TRH) Thyrotropin, Prolactin
Gonadotropin RH (GnRH) LH, FSH
Corticotropin RH (CRH) Adrenocorticotropin
Hormone Target Pituitary Hormone
Growth hormone RH (GHRH) Growth hormone
Prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) Prolactin, Thyrotropin(Dopamine)
Growth hormone IH (GHIH) Growth hormone(somatostatin)
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Complex endocrine pathways involvingpituitary and hypothalamus
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland
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• Neurohormones
• Synthesized by neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
• Small peptides synthesized in the cell bodies and transported to the posterior pituitary by specific carrier proteins
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
• Antidiuretic actions
• Vasopressor actions
- increases permeability of the collecting ducts to water
- V2 receptors
- constricts vascular smooth muscle cells- V1 receptors, non-hormonal
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diabetes insipidus
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Oxytocin• Breast-feeding
• Childbirth (parturition)
- contracts the myoepithelial cells of the alveoli
- classic neuroendocrine reflex
- in late pregnancy, uterine smooth muscle (myometrium) becomes sensitive to oxytocin
- positive feedback
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Breast-feeding
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Parturition
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Growth Hormone
• Does not have a target gland as other
pituitary hormones.
• Promotes growth in all tissues.
• Major targets: protein and lipid metabolism
• Mechanisms: transcriptional and translational
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Physiologic effects of GH
• Anabolic effects:– promotion of protein synthesis and amino acid
transport – decreased catabolism of proteins and amino
acids• Stimulation of bone growth and cartilage
formation:– Cell division and protein synthesis– Differentiation of condrocites to osteogenic
cells and deposition of bone
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PROLACTIN• Breast is main site of action.• Episodic release• PRL secretion induced by high estrogen and hCG• PRH → oxytocin PRL inhibitor : PIH (dopamine)
most dominant
• PRL inhibits LHRH secretion• TRH can act as a PRL stimulator
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Secretion: mediated through hypothalamus-pituitary secretions
Steroidal hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3):
both regulate production of ATP from glucose, affects metabolic rate
Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium levels
Thyroid Gland
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PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONES
• Increase O2 consumption of almost all active tissues
(in part by mobilising fatty acids)• Increase cardiac output • Needed for normal brain development• Needed for normal growth and skeletal
maturation
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Negative feedback homeostasis:
T3 and T4 effects on TSH and TRH
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Secretion: response to lowered blood calcium levels
Hormone: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), nonsteroidal
Removes calcium and phosphate from bone
Increases absorption of calcium by the digestive tract
Increases renal retention of calcium and excretion of phosphate
Parathyroid Glands
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Structures: islets of Langerhans
Hormones: nonsteroidal Glucagon: made by alpha cells, raises
blood sugar Insulin: made by beta cells, lowers blood
sugar
Pancreas: Endocrine Functions
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Roles of Insulin and Glucagon in Regulating Blood Glucose
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Adrenal Gland
epinephrinenorepinephrine
cortisolaldosterone
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Cortisol exerts negative feedback on ACTH and CRH
Cortisol effectsSynergizes glucagonand epinephrine
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Secretion of Cortisol
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Cortisol Effects
Increases in blood[glucose] (gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis)[amino acids] (protein catabolism)[fatty acids] (lipolysis)
Permissive for action of glucagon and epinephrine(synergism)
Anti-inflammatory (prevents actions of cytokines)
Negative feedbackreduces CRH (hypothalamus)reduces ACTH (anterior pituitary)
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Adrenal medulla: neuroendocrine organ Secretion: sympathetic nervous system Hormones: nonsteroidal
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: enhance function of sympathetic nervous system (Fight or flight)
Adrenal Glands: Medulla
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Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress ResponseStress Response
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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LH and FSH
LH / FSH functionO vary
ovaoes trog en
p rog es teron e
Tes tessp erm
tes tos te ron e
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TESTES
• Testosterone synthesised from Leydig cells
• LH stimulates this release• Sertoli cells play important role in
spermatogenesis• FSH stimulates Sertoli cells
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OVARIES
• FSH stimulate follicle maturation
• Granular cell secrete estrogen
• LH stimulate follicle maturation in the last periode and surge preceeds ovulation
• Corpus luteum secrete progesteron
• Mechanism negative feed back from progesteron and estrogen reduce FSH/LH
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Hormone: testosterone (steroidal)
Functions:
Regulates development and normal
functioning of sperm, male reproductive
organs, male sex drive
Development of male secondary sex
characteristics
Testes
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Hormones (steroidal) and functions:
Estrogen: initiates development of
secondary sex characteristics, regulates
menstrual cycle
Progesterone: regulates menstrual cycle
Ovaries
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