General EnvironmentalIndicators:

South & Central AmericaApril 2007

1011964.4

-46.7

466.7

470.1

3.9

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

total forest 1990 total forest 2000 change forested land 1990- 2000

Latin America & the Caribbean

North America

Deforestation

Change in forested land 1990 – 2000 by region

http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-3_forests.pdf

millions hectares

Total land Latin America 2017.8 millions hectares

1% 6% 6%

87%NoneLightMediumStrongExtreme

Land degradation in South America

http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-2_land.pdf

1556

31816

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

mm km³

Latin America& Caribbean

Mexico

Brazil

Annual precipitation

Regional distribution of internal renewable water resources

Fresh Water

http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-5_Freshwater.pdf

13429

27673

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

km³ m³ per inhabitant

Latin America& Caribbean

Mexico

Brazil

Internal renewable water resources

Regional distribution of internal renewable water resources(continued)

http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-5_Freshwater.pdf

33

85

157

59

103

199

22 2035

7 417 24 28

80

020406080

100120140160180200

Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes

Criticallyendangered

Endangered

Vulnerable

Numbers of threatened vertebrates: Latin America and the Caribbean

http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-4_biodiversity.pdf

Total water availability in 2000 (1000m³ per capita/year)

>20.0 very high

No data

>10.0 to 20.0 high>5.0 to 10.0 middle

>2.0 to 5.0 low

1.0 to 2.0 very low

www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs

Globally threatened vertebrate species by region

Biodiversity

Map of Biodiversity Hotspots

http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/resources/maps.xml

http://publications.paho.org/english/moreinfo.cfm?Product_ID=327

Biodiversity in Latin America and the Caribbean

(number of flora and vertebrate fauna species)

Climate change

Annual precipitation trends 1900-2000

IPCC (2001)

Chile: 40%

SE South America: 23%

Bermejo River Basin* US$ 3.221

Upper Paraguay River Basin* US$5.878.5

San Juan River Basin* US$ 3.929.8

Upper ParaguayBasin Information System US$750

San Francisco RiverBasin* US$ 4.4080

Acuífero Guaraní* US$350

Parnaíba ValleyUS$1.100

Bermejo River Basin Phase II US$ 9.000

Putumayo River Basin (Block B) * US$350

Water Recourses in Brazil* US$ 9.900

Amazonia Brasileña(PRODEAM)*

US$9.900

Technical Cooperation

* Under execution

Trans Boundary Water Resources Management Proposed and under

Execution Projects

Changes in river dischargesChanges in river dischargesRío de la Plata basin

Paraná River - Corrientes

annu

al d

isch

arge

(m3 /s

)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Salado River - RP 70an

nual

dis

char

ge(m

3 /s)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Uruguay River- Paso de los Libres

annu

al d

isch

arge

(m3 /s

)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Paraguay River - Puerto Bermejo

annu

al d

isch

arge

(m3 /s

)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Minimum volumeTemperature of North Atlantic Ocean

Volumes

OST

Atlantic

Ocean Surface Temperature (OST)

Air Pollution: CO2 emissions(tons carbon per capita/year)

Average industrial carbon emission in Latin America & the Caribbean in 1998 was 0.73 tons/year, compared to the global average of 1.06 tons

http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-7_atmosphere.pdf

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1990 1995 2000

North AmericaLatin America

Air Pollution: NO2 Emissions (metric tons)

http://earthtrends.wri.org

Air Pollution: Sox emissions(thousand metric tons)

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

1990 1995 2000

CentralAmerica andthe Caribbean

South America

http://earthtrends.wri.org

Chemicals

Country has operating PRTR that provides the public with access to data on releases of specific substances to air, water and land individual facilities

Country has taken steps toward establishing PRTR

Country has demonstrated interest in PRTR

No activity

Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR)

http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvacd/cd5/toxic/cap4.pdf

Chemicals

Principal pollutants and industries that produce them

Textile

Sodium hypochloriteSolids in suspensionSulfuric anhydride Organic materialTextile mud

Iron Industry

Metal dustSalty dregsNitrogen oxideSulfur dioxideParticles in suspensionMetal ashesLeadBarium

PharmaceuticalIndustry

Benzene organic composed

CyanidesDisinfectantsScents

Agronutritional

OilConservativesOrganic materialFats

Beverages

AmmoniacCarbonic anhydrideHeavy metalsCarbonic anhydride

Oils and soap

Fat acidsOil emulsionsPhosphorus Nitrogen

Principal pollutants and industries that produce them (continued)

DDT use in malaria prevention programs in some Latin American countries 1993-1994

Natural Disasters

Economic costs of global great natural disasters (US$billion), 1950–2000In comparison

with the 1960s, economic losses during the 1990s increased by a factor of almost nine.

The costliest disaster was hurricane Katrina (2005) which cost US$ 125 Billions.

http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/pdfs/chapter2-9_disasters.pdf

95 101113

137153

128

153

122132 128

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Reported disasters, by year in the American hemisphere

World disasters report 2006 by “The International Federation Of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies”

Environmental Health

46%

33%

11%5%5%

Unsafe water andsanitationIndoor smoke forsolid fuelsLead exposure

Urban air pollution

Climate change

The Disability – Adjustment Life Year (DALY)

Is a statistical measure of the human cost of sickness in terms of number of healthy years lost due to illness and disability

http://www.paho.org/Selection.asp?SEL=TP&LNG=ENG&ID=5

Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY's)

for Latin America and the Caribbean

Communicable Diseases, Malnutrition & Reproductive Health

Non-Communicable Diseases

Injurieshttp://www.paho.org/english/hcp/hcn/hcn-prog-page.htm

0 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%

% of Global Disease Burden in DALYs

Environmental Fraction Non-environmental

DiarrheaDiarrheaLower respiratory infectionsLower respiratory infections

Other unintentional injuriesOther unintentional injuriesMalariaMalaria

Road traffic injuriesRoad traffic injuriesCOPDCOPD

Perinatal conditionsPerinatal conditionsIschaemic heart diseasesIschaemic heart diseases

Childhood clusterChildhood clusterLeadLead--caused MMRcaused MMR

DrowningsDrowningsHIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS

Diseases with Largest Environmental Contributions

http://www.paho.org/English/D/ImprovingHealth_HealthyEnvironments.ppt#364,9

MalnutritionMalnutritionCerebrovascular diseaseCerebrovascular disease

AsthmaAsthmaTuberculosisTuberculosis

SuicideSuicideDepressionDepressionPoisoningsPoisonings

FallsFallsHearing lossHearing loss

ViolenceViolenceLymphatic filariasisLymphatic filariasis

Lung cancerLung cancer

0 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%

% of Global Disease Burden in DALYs

Environmental Fraction Non-environmental

Diseases with largest environmental contributions

http://www.paho.org/English/D/ImprovingHealth_HealthyEnvironments.ppt#364,9

Stru

ctur

al D

eter

min

ants

Intermediate Determinants

Health Outcomes

Hea

lth S

yste

mFi

nanc

ing,

Hum

an a

nd M

ater

ial R

esou

rces

, Cov

erag

e,

Org

aniz

atio

n, P

rovi

sion

Social Employment, Education, Violence,

Demographic change

EconomicIncome Level,Distribution, Poverty

and Globalization

PoliticalDemocratization, Governance, Transparency, Accountability, Legislation and Human rights

EnvironmentalResource depletion, Climate change,

Vulnerability and Pollution

TechnologicalInformation Access and Innovation

and Development

Human BiologyGenetic Make-up, Natural Immunity

Poor Living Conditions

LifeChanges Style &

Behavioral

EnvironmentalRisks and Hazards

Life ExpectancyMorbidityMortality

Interaction between Health and Environment

http://www.paho.org/English/D/ImprovingHealth_HealthyEnvironments.ppt#364,9