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Copyright © 2006 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
abcGeneral Certificate of Education Psychology 5181/6181 Specification A
PYA3 Social Psychology and Research Methods
Mark Scheme 2006 examination - January series
Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates� responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates� scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner.
It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates� reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year�s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper.
PYA3
� A
QA
GC
E M
ark
Sche
me,
200
6 Ja
nuar
y se
ries
2
U
NIT
3 (
PYA
3)
SO
CIA
L P
SYC
HO
LO
GY
AN
D R
ESE
AR
CH
ME
TH
OD
S
QU
AL
ITY
OF
WR
ITT
EN
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
N (Q
oWC
)
2 m
arks
Th
e w
ork
is c
hara
cter
ised
by
clea
r ex
pres
sion
of i
deas
, a g
ood
rang
e of
spec
ialis
t te
rms a
nd o
nly
few
err
ors i
n gr
amm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g th
at d
etra
ct fr
om
the
clar
ity o
f the
mat
eria
l. 1
mar
k Th
e w
ork
is c
hara
cter
ised
by
reas
onab
le e
xpre
ssio
n of
idea
s, th
e us
e of
som
e sp
ecia
list t
erm
s and
err
ors o
f gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g th
at d
etra
ct fr
om
the
clar
ity o
f the
mat
eria
l. 0
mar
ks
The
wor
k is
cha
ract
eris
ed b
y po
or e
xpre
ssio
n of
idea
s, lim
ited
use
of sp
ecia
list
term
s, er
rors
and
poo
r gr
amm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g an
d le
gibi
lity
whi
ch
obsc
ure
the
clar
ity o
f the
mat
eria
l.
ASS
ESS
ME
NT
OB
JEC
TIV
ES
ON
E A
ND
TW
O
A
O1
Ass
essm
ent
obje
ctiv
e on
e =
know
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of p
sych
olog
ical
th
eorie
s, te
rmin
olog
y,
conc
epts
, st
udie
s an
d m
etho
ds
and
com
mun
icat
ion
of
know
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of p
sych
olog
y in
a c
lear
and
eff
ectiv
e m
anne
r. A
O2
Ass
essm
ent
obje
ctiv
e tw
o =
anal
ysis
and
eva
luat
ion
of p
sych
olog
ical
the
orie
s, co
ncep
ts, s
tudi
es a
nd m
etho
ds a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
n of
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
psy
chol
ogy
in a
cle
ar a
nd e
ffec
tive
man
ner.
AO
3 A
sses
smen
t ob
ject
ive
thre
e =
desi
gn,
cond
uct
and
repo
rt
psyc
holo
gica
l in
vest
igat
ion
(s)
choo
sing
fro
m a
ran
ge o
f m
etho
ds,
and
taki
ng i
nto
acco
unt
the
issu
es o
f re
liabi
lity,
val
idity
and
eth
ics,
and
colle
ct a
nd d
raw
con
clus
ions
fro
m th
e da
ta.
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k Sc
hem
e, 2
006
Janu
ary
serie
s �
PYA3
3
Sect
ion
A �
Soc
ial P
sych
olog
y
T
otal
for
this
que
stio
n: 3
0 m
arks
1 (a
) Giv
e tw
o ex
plan
atio
ns o
f why
peo
ple
yiel
d to
maj
ority
influ
ence
.
(3 m
arks
+ 3
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
(fo
r ea
ch e
xpla
natio
n)
3 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d ex
plan
atio
n of
why
peo
ple
yiel
d to
maj
ority
influ
ence
that
de
mon
stra
tes r
elev
ant k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
The
ex
plan
atio
n m
ay u
se a
ppro
pria
te p
sych
olog
ical
term
inol
ogy,
or
refe
r to
expl
icit
rese
arch
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, th
ey c
hang
e th
eir
beha
viou
r so
that
the
rest
of t
he g
roup
like
s the
m, t
his i
s no
rmat
ive
soci
al in
fluen
ce, b
ut th
ey m
ight
not
cha
nge
thei
r bel
iefs
on
ly th
eir b
ehav
iour
. 2
Les
s det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
less
det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
expl
anat
ion
of w
hy p
eopl
e yi
eld
to m
ajor
ity in
fluen
ce th
at
dem
onst
rate
s rel
evan
t kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or
exam
ple,
they
con
form
bec
ause
they
are
uns
ure
how
to b
ehav
e an
d w
ant t
o be
cor
rect
. 1
Bas
ic
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
bas
ic e
xpla
natio
n of
why
peo
ple
yiel
d to
m
ajor
ity in
fluen
ce th
at d
emon
stra
tes s
ome
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge
but
lack
s det
ail a
nd m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed.
For e
xam
ple,
sim
ply
sayi
ng
that
it is
a re
sult
of N
orm
ativ
e In
fluen
ce.
Maj
ority
inf
luen
ce i
s w
hen
a pe
rson
cha
nges
the
ir be
havi
our
as a
res
ult
of r
eal
or
imag
ined
gro
up p
ress
ure.
Thi
s may
be
due
to se
vera
l rea
sons
: •
Peop
le c
onfo
rm s
o th
at t
hey
are
liked
and
bel
ong
to t
he g
roup
, ie
nor
mat
ive
influ
ence
.
• Pe
ople
con
form
bec
ause
the
y ar
e un
sure
and
wan
t to
be
corr
ect,
ie i
nfor
mat
iona
l in
fluen
ce.
• Pe
ople
may
als
o co
nfor
m b
ecau
se th
ey c
hang
e th
eir b
elie
fs, i
e in
tern
alis
atio
n.
0 Fl
awed
or
inap
prop
riat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
expl
anat
ion
whi
ch is
flaw
ed o
r an
inap
prop
riate
exp
lana
tion
that
fails
to d
emon
stra
te a
ny k
now
ledg
e or
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
topi
c. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e m
ay
offe
r a re
ason
why
peo
ple
yiel
d to
min
ority
influ
ence
or t
he
reas
on is
inco
rrec
t.
PYA3
� A
QA
GC
E M
ark
Sche
me,
200
6 Ja
nuar
y se
ries
4
1 (b
) (i)
Exp
lain
one
eth
ical
issu
e th
at h
as a
risen
in so
cial
influ
ence
rese
arch
. (3
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
3 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d de
scrip
tion
of th
e et
hica
l iss
ue th
at
dem
onst
rate
s rel
evan
t kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e ha
s giv
en a
n ou
tline
of
dec
eptio
n, w
hich
show
s exp
licitl
y w
hy th
is is
an
impo
rtant
issu
e (f
or e
xam
ple,
it p
reve
nts f
ully
in
form
ed c
onse
nt b
eing
giv
en, m
akes
par
ticip
ants
dis
trust
ful o
f fut
ure
rese
arch
par
ticip
atio
n et
c).
2 L
ess d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e de
scrip
tion
of th
e et
hica
l iss
ue th
at
dem
onst
rate
s rel
evan
t kno
wle
dge.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
may
giv
e a
less
det
aile
d ou
tline
, whi
ch
show
s som
e un
ders
tand
ing
of w
hy th
is is
an
impo
rtant
eth
ical
issu
e. L
ack
of in
form
ed c
onse
nt m
eans
pa
rtici
pant
s don
�t kn
ow w
hat t
hey
are
sayi
ng y
es to
. 1
Bas
ic
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
bas
ic d
escr
iptio
n of
the
ethi
cal i
ssue
that
dem
onst
rate
s som
e re
leva
nt
know
ledg
e bu
t lac
ks d
etai
l and
may
be
mud
dled
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
may
giv
e a
basi
c ou
tline
of
the
use
of d
ecep
tion
in o
bedi
ence
rese
arch
, whi
ch sh
ows l
ittle
und
erst
andi
ng o
f why
this
is a
n im
porta
nt e
thic
al is
sue.
Dec
eptio
n is
not
telli
ng p
artic
ipan
ts a
bout
the
stud
y. C
orre
ctly
iden
tifyi
ng a
n et
hica
l iss
ue w
ould
als
o re
ceiv
e on
e m
ark.
Ther
e ar
e se
vera
l et
hica
l is
sues
tha
t ca
ndid
ates
may
of
fer,
but t
he m
ost l
ikel
y on
es a
re th
ose
iden
tifie
d on
th
e sp
ecifi
catio
n; e
g, d
ecep
tion,
inf
orm
ed c
onse
nt
and
the
prot
ectio
n of
par
ticip
ants
from
psy
chol
ogic
al
harm
.
How
ever
, ot
her
ethi
cal
issu
es
(suc
h as
co
nfid
entia
lity,
th
e ne
ed
for
priv
acy,
rig
ht
to
with
draw
etc
) are
als
o re
leva
nt a
s lo
ng a
s it
coul
d be
re
leva
nt to
soc
ial i
nflu
ence
(S.
I.) r
esea
rch.
Th
ere
is
no r
equi
rem
ent
to m
ake
this
lin
k to
S.I.
exp
licit
(it
wou
ld b
e ha
rd to
thin
k of
any
eth
ical
issu
es th
at h
ave
no li
nk to
S.I.
rese
arch
). M
ere
iden
tific
atio
n of
et
hica
l gu
idel
ines
eg
de
brie
fing,
w
ould
no
t co
unt
as
issu
es
with
out
iden
tific
atio
n of
the
unde
rlyin
g is
sue
they
add
ress
.
0 Fl
awed
or
inap
prop
riat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a d
escr
iptio
n w
hich
is fl
awed
or a
n in
appr
opria
te d
escr
iptio
n th
at fa
ils to
de
mon
stra
te a
ny k
now
ledg
e or
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
topi
c. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e ha
s des
crib
ed
som
e pr
oced
ures
of a
stud
y th
at h
as b
een
cons
ider
ed u
neth
ical
.
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k Sc
hem
e, 2
006
Janu
ary
serie
s �
PYA3
5
1 (b
) (ii
) Out
line
how
psy
chol
ogis
ts c
ould
dea
l with
the
ethi
cal i
ssue
you
hav
e gi
ven
in (i
) abo
ve.
(3 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
3 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d ou
tline
of h
ow p
sych
olog
ists
hav
e de
alt
with
the
ethi
cal i
ssue
that
dem
onst
rate
s rel
evan
t kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e ha
s giv
en a
n ou
tline
of p
resu
mpt
ive
cons
ent:
it in
volv
es in
form
ing
a gr
oup
of p
artic
ipan
ts
who
are
sim
ilar t
o th
e ac
tual
par
ticip
ants
of t
he n
atur
e of
the
rese
arch
and
ask
ing
if th
ey w
ould
take
pa
rt in
the
stud
y. I
f the
y ag
ree,
than
the
psyc
holo
gist
can
ass
ume
the
real
par
ticip
ants
wou
ld a
lso
take
pa
rt.
2 L
ess d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e ou
tline
of h
ow p
sych
olog
ists
hav
e de
alt
with
the
ethi
cal i
ssue
that
dem
onst
rate
s rel
evan
t kno
wle
dge.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
may
giv
e a
less
det
aile
d ou
tline
, of p
resu
mpt
ive
cons
ent t
hat s
tate
s the
psy
chol
ogis
t wou
ld a
sk o
ther
peo
ple
if th
ey w
ould
take
par
t in
the
rese
arch
and
if th
ey a
gree
, the
psy
chol
ogis
t wou
ld g
o ah
ead.
1
Bas
ic
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
bas
ic o
utlin
e of
how
psy
chol
ogis
ts h
ave
deal
t with
the
ethi
cal i
ssue
that
de
mon
stra
tes s
ome
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge
but l
acks
det
ail a
nd m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed.
For e
xam
ple,
deb
rief.
Ther
e ar
e se
vera
l w
ays
in w
hich
psy
chol
ogis
ts d
eal
with
eth
ical
iss
ues.
The
se c
an i
nclu
de a
tho
roug
h de
brie
fing,
pr
ior
gene
ral
cons
ent,
pres
umpt
ive
cons
ent,
the
use
of e
thic
al c
omm
ittee
s. W
hich
ever
m
etho
d a
cand
idat
e of
fers
it m
ust r
elat
e to
the
ethi
cal
issu
e of
fere
d in
(i).
0 Fl
awed
or
inap
prop
riat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
outli
ne w
hich
is fl
awed
or a
n in
appr
opria
te o
utlin
e th
at fa
ils to
de
mon
stra
te a
ny k
now
ledg
e or
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
topi
c. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e ha
s des
crib
ed
a w
ay o
f dea
ling
with
an
issu
e th
at is
not
the
one
outli
ned
in (i
) or t
he e
xpla
natio
n is
inco
rrec
t.
PYA3
� A
QA
GC
E M
ark
Sche
me,
200
6 Ja
nuar
y se
ries
6
1 (c
) �E
xter
nal v
alid
ity is
a b
road
con
cept
and
can
incl
ude
ecol
ogic
al v
alid
ity.�
Brie
fly o
utlin
e tw
o st
udie
s of o
bedi
ence
. C
onsi
der w
heth
er su
ch st
udie
s sho
w e
xter
nal v
alid
ity.
(18
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a
AO
1 cr
iteria
is
sa
tisfie
d by
an
ou
tline
de
scrip
tion
of
two
stud
ies
of
obed
ienc
e.
This
may
rel
ate
to a
ny a
spec
ts o
f th
e st
udy
(aim
s, pr
oced
ures
, fin
ding
s an
d/or
con
clus
ions
). H
owev
er,
this
mat
eria
l sh
ould
hav
e th
e po
tent
ial t
o re
late
to e
xter
nal v
alid
ity.
AO
2 cr
iteria
co
nsis
ts
of
a co
nsid
erat
ion
of
whe
ther
su
ch
stud
ies
are
exte
rnal
ly v
alid
; ie
whe
ther
find
ings
can
be
appl
ied
to o
ther
setti
ngs.
Ther
e ar
e nu
mer
ous
appr
opria
te s
tudi
es th
at c
andi
date
s m
ight
off
er, b
ut th
ose
iden
tifie
d on
the
spec
ifica
tion
are
likel
y to
be
the
mos
t com
mon
; eg
Milg
ram
, M
eeus
& R
aaijm
aker
s. O
ne a
ppro
pria
te s
tudy
that
can
dida
tes
may
off
er is
H
oflin
g et
al.
It is
als
o po
ssib
le fo
r can
dida
tes
to c
onsi
der Z
imba
rdo�
s pr
ison
si
mul
atio
n, p
rovi
ded
they
mak
e it
clea
r tha
t it i
nvol
ved
the
pris
oner
s ob
eyin
g th
e gu
ards
. Ex
amin
ers
can
acce
pt a
bro
ad u
nder
stan
ding
of
wha
t is
mea
nt b
y th
e te
rm
exte
rnal
val
idity
: w
heth
er t
he s
tudy
can
be
gene
ralis
ed t
o ot
her
setti
ngs
(eco
logi
cal
valid
ity),
to
othe
r pe
ople
s (p
opul
atio
n va
lidity
) an
d tim
es
(his
toric
al v
alid
ity).
The
com
men
tary
com
es f
rom
a c
onsi
dera
tion
of w
heth
er s
uch
stud
ies
wer
e ex
tern
ally
val
id; i
e by
con
side
ring
whe
ther
they
can
be
gene
ralis
ed to
oth
er s
ettin
gs
(eco
logi
cal
valid
ity).
One
of
the
mai
n cr
itici
sms
face
d by
Milg
ram
was
tha
t hi
s st
udy
lack
ed e
colo
gica
l va
lidity
(O
rne
& H
olla
nd),
that
the
situ
atio
n w
as n
ot
real
istic
to th
e pa
rtici
pant
s (ex
perim
enta
l val
idity
) and
that
this
in tu
rn a
ffec
ted
thei
r be
havi
our.
One
of t
he s
treng
ths
of H
oflin
g et
al�s
stu
dy w
as th
at it
was
con
duct
ed
in t
he r
eal
wor
ld a
nd t
hus
was
hig
h in
eco
logi
cal
valid
ity.
How
ever
, the
re h
ave
been
crit
icis
ms
(Ran
k &
Jac
obso
n) o
f H
oflin
g et
al,
that
the
situ
atio
n th
e nu
rses
fin
d th
emse
lves
in
was
unr
ealis
tic a
nd u
nlik
ely
to o
ccur
in
the
real
wor
ld.
The
fin
ding
s w
ere
also
not
repl
icat
ed, u
nlik
e M
ilgra
m�s
find
ings
, whi
ch w
ere
repl
icat
ed
both
in th
e U
S an
d in
oth
er c
ount
ries.
Thu
s it
was
pos
sibl
e to
arg
ue th
at in
fac
t M
ilgra
m�s
fin
ding
s ca
n ac
tual
ly b
e cl
aim
ed t
o ha
ve e
colo
gica
l va
lidity
whe
reas
H
oflin
g et
al�s
do
not.
Sim
ilarly
, Zim
bard
o�s
pris
on s
imul
atio
n st
udy
has
not b
een
repl
icat
ed,
alth
ough
it
coul
d be
pos
sibl
e fo
r ca
ndid
ates
to
argu
e th
at H
asla
m�s
re
cent
stud
y �T
he P
rison
� is
a re
plic
atio
n of
Zim
bard
o�s s
tudy
in a
diff
eren
t set
ting,
th
us p
rovi
ding
som
e ev
iden
ce o
f ec
olog
ical
val
idity
. (A
lthou
gh th
is m
ore
rece
nt
stud
y ch
alle
nges
Zim
bard
o�s f
indi
ngs p
ossi
bly
due
to b
oth
popu
latio
n an
d hi
stor
ical
va
lidity
.) M
any
of t
he e
arly
stu
dies
use
d on
ly m
ale
parti
cipa
nts
(and
Am
eric
an
unde
rgra
duat
es a
t tha
t) th
us th
ey c
an b
e sa
id to
lack
pop
ulat
ion
valid
ity.
Can
dida
tes
who
onl
y ou
tline
one
stu
dy o
f ob
edie
nce
will
be
rest
ricte
d to
a
max
imum
of
4 m
arks
AO
1 as
it w
ill b
e pa
rtial
per
form
ance
. If
they
off
er m
ore
than
two
stud
ies,
then
all
shou
ld b
e m
arke
d an
d cr
edit
give
n to
the
best
two.
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k Sc
hem
e, 2
006
Janu
ary
serie
s �
PYA3
7
1 (c
)
Mar
ks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns
A
O1:
Out
line
of tw
o st
udie
s of o
bedi
ence
AO
2: E
valu
atio
n of
ext
erna
l val
idity
in st
udie
s of o
bedi
ence
6
Acc
urat
e an
d re
ason
ably
det
aile
d Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
accu
rate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
outli
ne o
f tw
o st
udie
s of o
bedi
ence
that
dem
onst
rate
s rel
evan
t kn
owle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e ha
s ou
tline
d tw
o st
udie
s in
deta
il, su
ch a
s pro
vidi
ng a
n ac
cura
te
outli
ne o
f the
pro
cedu
res o
f bot
h st
udie
s, or
a le
ss d
etai
led
desc
riptio
n of
all
aspe
cts o
f the
stud
y.
12-1
0 In
form
ed c
omm
enta
ry
• W
ithin
the
time
cons
train
ts fo
r thi
s par
t of t
he q
uest
ion,
ther
e is
eff
ectiv
e us
e of
mat
eria
l to
addr
ess t
he q
uest
ion
and
prov
ide
an in
form
ed c
omm
enta
ry.
• Ef
fect
ive
anal
ysis
and
eva
luat
ion
of m
ater
ial.
•
Bro
ad ra
nge
of is
sues
and
/or e
vide
nce
in re
ason
able
dep
th, o
r a n
arro
wer
ra
nge
in g
reat
er d
epth
. •
The
stru
ctur
e is
gen
eral
ly c
lear
and
coh
eren
t. 5-
4 L
ess d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e ou
tline
of t
wo
stud
ies o
f obe
dien
ce th
at d
emon
stra
tes r
elev
ant
know
ledg
e. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e ha
s out
lined
the
stud
ies
brie
fly, w
ithou
t pro
vidi
ng m
uch
deta
il.
If o
nly
one
stud
y is
out
lined
, thi
s is a
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly
deta
iled
(Max
4 m
arks
).
9-7
Rea
sona
ble
com
men
tary
•
Ther
e is
app
ropr
iate
sele
ctio
n of
mat
eria
l to
addr
ess t
he q
uest
ion,
but
this
is
not a
lway
s use
d ef
fect
ivel
y to
pro
duce
a re
ason
able
com
men
tary
. •
Rea
sona
ble
anal
ysis
and
eva
luat
ion
of m
ater
ial.
•
A ra
nge
of is
sues
and
/or e
vide
nce
in li
mite
d de
pth,
or a
nar
row
er ra
nge
in
grea
ter d
epth
.
3-2
Bas
ic
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
bas
ic o
utlin
e of
two
stud
ies o
f ob
edie
nce
that
dem
onst
rate
s som
e re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e bu
t lac
ks
deta
il an
d m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed.
If
onl
y on
e st
udy
is o
utlin
ed, t
his i
s les
s det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly
accu
rate
.
6-4
Bas
ic c
omm
enta
ry
• Th
e se
lect
ion
and
use
of m
ater
ial p
rovi
des o
nly
a ba
sic
com
men
tary
. •
Bas
ic a
naly
sis a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
mat
eria
l.
• Su
perf
icia
l con
side
ratio
n of
a re
stric
ted
rang
e of
issu
es a
nd/o
r evi
denc
e.
1-0
Ver
y br
ief/f
law
ed o
r in
appr
opri
ate
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ou
tline
whi
ch is
ver
y br
ief/f
law
ed o
r an
inap
prop
riate
out
line
that
fails
to d
emon
stra
te a
ny k
now
ledg
e or
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
topi
c. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e m
ay
outli
ne st
udie
s tha
t do
not r
elat
e to
obe
dien
ce o
r the
des
crip
tion
is in
corr
ect.
3-0
Rud
imen
tary
/abs
ent o
r ir
rele
vant
com
men
tary
•
The
sele
ctio
n an
d us
e of
mat
eria
l pro
vide
s onl
y a
rudi
men
tary
com
men
tary
, or
com
men
tary
is a
bsen
t or w
holly
irre
leva
nt.
• A
naly
sis a
nd e
valu
atio
n ju
st d
isce
rnib
le o
r abs
ent.
PYA3
� A
QA
GC
E M
ark
Sche
me,
200
6 Ja
nuar
y se
ries
8
2 (a
) G
ive
two
expl
anat
ions
of w
hy p
eopl
e yi
eld
to m
inor
ity in
fluen
ce.
(3 m
arks
+ 3
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a M
arks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
(For
eac
h ex
plan
atio
n)
3 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d ex
plan
atio
n of
w
hy p
eopl
e yi
eld
to m
inor
ity in
fluen
ce th
at d
emon
stra
tes r
elev
ant k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
may
off
er a
det
aile
d an
d ac
cura
te e
xpla
natio
n of
why
peo
ple
yiel
d po
ssib
ly u
sing
psy
chol
ogic
al
term
inol
ogy.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e sn
owba
ll ef
fect
, ini
tially
a fe
w p
eopl
e yi
eld
but
grad
ually
this
influ
ence
get
s stro
nger
and
stro
nger
as m
ore
peop
le p
ay
atte
ntio
n to
the
min
ority
�s v
iew
. 2
Les
s det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
less
det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
expl
anat
ion
of
why
peo
ple
yiel
d to
min
ority
influ
ence
that
dem
onst
rate
s rel
evan
t kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e of
fers
the
corr
ect r
easo
n to
geth
er w
ith li
mite
d bu
t acc
urat
e fu
rther
det
ail.
For
exa
mpl
e, if
the
min
ority
is
com
mitt
ed to
its v
iew
s, it
is fo
cuse
d an
d ve
ry e
nthu
sias
tic p
eopl
e m
ight
be
influ
ence
d by
it.
1 B
asic
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a b
asic
exp
lana
tion
of w
hy p
eopl
e yi
eld
to m
inor
ity
influ
ence
that
dem
onst
rate
s som
e re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e bu
t lac
ks d
etai
l and
may
be
mud
dled
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
mer
ely
iden
tifie
s a re
ason
(eg
cons
iste
ncy)
.
Ther
e ar
e se
vera
l ex
plan
atio
ns f
or w
hy p
eopl
e yi
eld
to t
he m
inor
ity:
the
snow
ball
effe
ct (
as a
few
peo
ple
mov
e to
war
ds th
e m
inor
ity s
low
ly m
ore
and
mor
e al
so f
ollo
w t
his
path
); th
e th
eory
of
soci
al i
mpa
ct (
stre
ngth
, nu
mbe
r +
stat
us,
imm
edia
cy);
the
diss
ocia
tion
mod
el
(soc
ial
cryp
toam
nesi
a).
The
lat
ter
coul
d be
pre
sent
ed a
s on
e ex
plan
atio
n or
su
bdiv
ided
into
seve
ral e
xpla
natio
ns.
Info
rmat
iona
l soc
ial i
nflu
ence
is a
lso
an e
xpla
natio
n fo
r min
ority
influ
ence
(th
ose
with
mor
e kn
owle
dge
or g
reat
er st
atus
pro
vide
info
rmat
ion)
. M
osco
vici
di
stin
guis
hed
betw
een
com
plia
nce
and
conv
ersi
on
and
sugg
este
d th
at it
is th
roug
h co
nver
sion
that
the
min
ority
can
influ
ence
the
maj
ority
. Pe
ople
are
mos
t lik
ely
to y
ield
to th
e m
inor
ity w
hen
it is
: •
cons
iste
nt (i
e co
nsis
tent
in it
s opi
nion
s)
• fle
xibl
e (ie
not
unb
endi
ng, r
igid
and
dog
mat
ic)
• co
mm
itted
(ie
focu
sed,
ent
husi
astic
and
has
inve
sted
in it
s vie
ws)
. C
andi
date
s m
ay p
rese
nt th
ese
as s
epar
ate
expl
anat
ions
(an
d pr
ovid
e de
tail
by re
ferr
ing
to re
sear
ch s
uppo
rt) o
r may
bun
dle
them
toge
ther
as
an a
spec
t of
a p
erso
n�s b
ehav
iour
.
0 Fl
awed
or
inap
prop
riat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
expl
anat
ion
whi
ch is
flaw
ed o
r an
inap
prop
riate
ex
plan
atio
n th
at fa
ils to
dem
onst
rate
any
kno
wle
dge
or u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he
topi
c. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e m
ay o
ffer
an
expl
anat
ion
of w
hy p
eopl
e yi
eld
to m
ajor
ity in
fluen
ce o
r the
exp
lana
tion
is in
corr
ect.
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k Sc
hem
e, 2
006
Janu
ary
serie
s �
PYA3
9
2 (b
) D
escr
ibe
the
aim
s and
pro
cedu
res o
f one
stud
y of
obe
dien
ce to
aut
horit
y.
(6 m
arks
) M
arki
ng C
rite
ria
Mar
ks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
6 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d de
scrip
tion
of
the
aim
s and
pro
cedu
res o
f a st
udy
of o
bedi
ence
that
dem
onst
rate
s re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
has
cove
red
aim
s and
pro
cedu
res b
ut n
ot n
eces
saril
y in
the
sam
e am
ount
of
deta
il.
5-4
Les
s det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e de
scrip
tion
of th
e ai
ms a
nd p
roce
dure
s of a
stud
y of
obe
dien
ce th
at d
emon
stra
tes
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge.
If
onl
y th
e ai
ms o
r pro
cedu
res a
re o
utlin
ed, t
his i
s acc
urat
e an
d re
ason
ably
de
taile
d (M
ax 4
mar
ks).
3-2
Bas
ic
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
bas
ic d
escr
iptio
n of
the
aim
s and
pro
cedu
res o
f a
stud
y of
obe
dien
ce th
at d
emon
stra
tes s
ome
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge
but
lack
s det
ail a
nd m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed.
If
onl
y th
e ai
ms o
r pro
cedu
res a
re o
utlin
ed, t
his i
s les
s det
aile
d bu
t ge
nera
lly a
ccur
ate.
Ther
e ar
e se
vera
l stu
dies
that
can
dida
tes
may
sel
ect,
but i
t is
likel
y th
at th
ey
will
cho
ose
one
of M
ilgra
m�s
stu
dies
, al
thou
gh a
ny s
tudy
of
obed
ienc
e is
cr
editw
orth
y.
The
ques
tion
expl
icitl
y as
ks f
or a
ims
and
proc
edur
es, s
o no
cr
edit
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
for f
indi
ngs
or c
oncl
usio
ns.
Can
dida
tes
do n
ot n
eed
to
cove
r bot
h th
e ai
ms
and
the
proc
edur
es in
equ
al d
epth
to a
chie
ve h
igh
mar
ks,
but t
hey
do n
eed
to e
xplic
itly
cons
ider
the
aim
s. F
or e
xam
ple,
A
ims :
M
ilgra
m�s
aim
s w
ere
to s
ee w
heth
er p
eopl
e w
ould
obe
y an
unj
ust
com
man
d fr
om a
per
son
in a
pos
ition
of a
utho
rity,
whe
ther
they
wou
ld g
o so
fa
r as
to
harm
an
inno
cent
per
son.
H
e al
so w
ante
d to
inv
estig
ate
whe
ther
G
erm
an�s
wer
e di
ffer
ent.
If Z
imba
rdo�
s st
udy
is o
ffer
ed,
cand
idat
es m
ust
mak
e hi
s ai
ms
expl
icitl
y re
leva
nt to
obe
dien
ce fo
r the
pro
cedu
res t
o be
cre
ditw
orth
y.
Var
iatio
ns o
f Milg
ram
�s st
udie
s can
be
coun
ted
as o
ne st
udy.
1-0
Ver
y br
ief/f
law
ed o
r in
appr
opri
ate
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
des
crip
tion
whi
ch is
ver
y br
ief/f
law
ed o
r an
inap
prop
riate
des
crip
tion
that
fails
to d
emon
stra
te a
ny k
now
ledg
e or
un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e to
pic.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
has d
escr
ibed
a
stud
y w
hich
was
not
con
cern
ed w
ith o
bedi
ence
or t
he d
escr
iptio
n is
in
corr
ect.
PYA3
� A
QA
GC
E M
ark
Sche
me,
200
6 Ja
nuar
y se
ries
10
2 (c
) D
iscu
ss a
t lea
st tw
o cr
itici
sms t
hat h
ave
been
mad
e of
rese
arch
into
maj
ority
influ
ence
. (1
8 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a
AO
1 cr
edit
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
for a
des
crip
tion
of tw
o or
mor
e cr
itici
sms o
f m
ajor
ity in
fluen
ce re
sear
ch.
AO
2 cr
edit
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
for t
he e
valu
atio
n of
thes
e cr
itici
sms.
Ther
e ar
e se
vera
l cr
itici
sms
of m
ajor
ity i
nflu
ence
res
earc
h th
at a
can
dida
te
mig
ht o
utlin
e.
Ethi
cs/D
ecep
tion:
Fo
r ex
ampl
e, A
sch�
s w
ork
was
crit
icis
ed f
or i
ts u
se o
f de
cept
ion.
Par
ticip
ants
wer
e no
t to
ld t
hat
it w
as a
stu
dy o
f co
nfor
mity
. H
owev
er, i
t cou
ld b
e ar
gued
that
with
out d
ecep
tion
it w
ould
not
hav
e be
en
poss
ible
to c
ondu
ct s
uch
rese
arch
. A
lso,
the
parti
cipa
nts
wer
e de
brie
fed
and
did
not c
ome
to a
ny h
arm
. Ec
olog
ical
val
idity
: A
sch�
s re
sear
ch w
as c
arrie
d ou
t in
a l
abor
ator
y an
d th
eref
ore
can
be c
onsi
dere
d ar
tific
ial.
His
toric
al b
ias :
Pe
rrin
and
Spe
ncer
�s r
esea
rch
thro
ws
doub
t on
the
val
idity
of
Asc
h�s
orig
inal
find
ings
, the
y cl
aim
ed th
at it
dem
onst
rate
d a
hist
oric
al b
ias;
it w
as
�a c
hild
of
its ti
me�
. H
owev
er, w
ork
by D
oms
and
Ave
rmae
t fou
nd e
vide
nce
to
supp
ort A
sch,
thus
dis
putin
g th
e hi
stor
ical
bia
s. Po
pula
tion
bias
: A
sch
only
use
d m
ales
and
Am
eric
an m
ales
at
that
, m
akin
g ge
nera
lisat
ions
to o
ther
pop
ulat
ions
diff
icul
t. C
andi
date
s co
uld
also
con
side
r cr
oss-
cultu
ral r
esea
rch
(for
exa
mpl
e by
Sm
ith a
nd
Bon
d) in
thei
r eva
luat
ion.
C
andi
date
s ne
ed o
nly
offe
r tw
o cr
itici
sms;
if th
ese
are
desc
ribed
in d
etai
l and
use
d ef
fect
ivel
y, th
en fu
ll m
arks
cou
ld b
e aw
arde
d. E
xam
iner
s ne
ed to
be
awar
e of
the
brea
dth/
dept
h tra
de-o
ff.
Som
e de
scrip
tion
of th
e st
udie
s is
cre
ditw
orth
y as
long
as
they
illu
stra
te th
e cr
itici
sm.
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k Sc
hem
e, 2
006
Janu
ary
serie
s �
PYA3
11
2 (c
)
Mar
ks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns
A
O1:
Out
line
of tw
o or
mor
e cr
itici
sms o
f maj
ority
influ
ence
AO
2: E
valu
atio
n of
thes
e cr
itici
sms
6
Acc
urat
e an
d re
ason
ably
det
aile
d Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
accu
rate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
outli
ne o
f tw
o or
mor
e cr
itici
sms o
f res
earc
h in
to m
ajor
ity
influ
ence
that
dem
onst
rate
s rel
evan
t kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e ha
s off
ered
a ra
nge
of c
ritic
ism
s (br
eadt
h) o
r tw
o bu
t in
deta
il (d
epth
).
12-1
0 In
form
ed c
omm
enta
ry
• W
ithin
the
time
cons
train
ts fo
r thi
s par
t of t
he q
uest
ion,
ther
e is
eff
ectiv
e us
e of
mat
eria
l to
addr
ess t
he q
uest
ion
and
prov
ide
an in
form
ed
com
men
tary
. •
Effe
ctiv
e an
alys
is a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
mat
eria
l.
• B
road
rang
e of
issu
es a
nd/o
r evi
denc
e in
reas
onab
le d
epth
, or a
nar
row
er
rang
e in
gre
ater
dep
th.
• Th
e st
ruct
ure
is g
ener
ally
cle
ar a
nd c
oher
ent.
5-4
Les
s det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
less
det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
outli
ne o
f tw
o or
mor
e cr
itici
sms o
f res
earc
h in
to m
ajor
ity
influ
ence
that
dem
onst
rate
s rel
evan
t kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e ha
s onl
y ou
tline
d a
few
crit
icis
ms b
riefly
.
If o
nly
one
criti
cism
is o
utlin
ed, t
his i
s acc
urat
e an
d re
ason
ably
de
taile
d (M
ax 4
mar
ks).
9-7
Rea
sona
ble
com
men
tary
•
Ther
e is
app
ropr
iate
sele
ctio
n of
mat
eria
l to
addr
ess t
he q
uest
ion,
but
this
is
not a
lway
s use
d ef
fect
ivel
y to
pro
duce
a re
ason
able
com
men
tary
. •
Rea
sona
ble
anal
ysis
and
eva
luat
ion
of m
ater
ial.
•
A ra
nge
of is
sues
and
/or e
vide
nce
in li
mite
d de
pth,
or a
nar
row
er ra
nge
in
grea
ter d
epth
. •
If o
nly
criti
cism
one
is c
onsi
dere
d, th
is is
info
rmed
(Max
8 m
arks
).
3-2
Bas
ic
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
bas
ic o
utlin
e of
two
or m
ore
criti
cism
s of r
esea
rch
into
maj
ority
influ
ence
that
dem
onst
rate
s so
me
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge
but l
acks
det
ail a
nd m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed.
If o
nly
one
criti
cism
is o
utlin
ed, t
his i
s les
s det
aile
d bu
t ge
nera
lly a
ccur
ate.
6-4
Bas
ic c
omm
enta
ry
• Th
e se
lect
ion
and
use
of m
ater
ial p
rovi
des o
nly
a ba
sic
com
men
tary
. •
Bas
ic a
naly
sis a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
mat
eria
l.
• Su
perf
icia
l con
side
ratio
n of
a re
stric
ted
rang
e of
issu
es a
nd/o
r evi
denc
e.
• If
onl
y on
e cr
itici
sm is
con
side
red,
this
is re
ason
able
.
1-0
Ver
y br
ief/f
law
ed o
r in
appr
opri
ate
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ou
tline
whi
ch is
ver
y br
ief/f
law
ed o
r an
inap
prop
riate
out
line
that
fails
to d
emon
stra
te a
ny
know
ledg
e or
und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
topi
c. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e ha
s des
crib
ed c
ritic
ism
s rel
atin
g to
min
ority
in
fluen
ce o
r the
des
crip
tion
is in
corr
ect.
3-0
Rud
imen
tary
/abs
ent o
r ir
rele
vant
com
men
tary
•
The
sele
ctio
n an
d us
e of
mat
eria
l pro
vide
s onl
y a
rudi
men
tary
com
men
tary
, or
com
men
tary
is a
bsen
t or w
holly
irre
leva
nt.
• A
naly
sis a
nd e
valu
atio
n ju
st d
isce
rnib
le o
r abs
ent.
PYA3
� A
QA
GC
E M
ark
Sche
me,
200
6 Ja
nuar
y se
ries
12
Sect
ion
B �
Res
earc
h M
etho
ds
3
T
otal
for
this
que
stio
n: 3
0 m
arks
Ever
y Ja
nuar
y lo
ts o
f peo
ple
join
a g
ym to
get
fit,
but t
hen
stop
goi
ng a
fter a
few
mon
ths.
A te
am o
f psy
chol
ogis
ts d
ecid
ed to
inve
stig
ate
why
this
hap
pens
. Th
e ps
ycho
logi
sts
cont
acte
d se
vera
l gym
s an
d as
ked
perm
issi
on to
inte
rvie
w th
ose
peop
le w
ho jo
ined
dur
ing
Janu
ary.
Th
ey p
ut u
p po
ster
s in
eac
h of
the
gym
s ask
ing
for p
eopl
e to
take
par
t in
thei
r stu
dy.
Ever
y pe
rson
who
agr
eed
to t
ake
part
was
tol
d th
e pu
rpos
e of
the
stu
dy a
nd t
heir
full,
inf
orm
ed c
onse
nt o
btai
ned.
In
Jan
uary
, ea
ch p
artic
ipan
t w
as
inte
rvie
wed
to fi
nd o
ut w
hy th
ey jo
ined
, and
wha
t the
y ho
ped
to a
chie
ve.
Each
par
ticip
ant w
as a
lso
info
rmed
that
a p
sych
olog
ist w
ould
inte
rvie
w th
em a
gain
in a
few
mon
ths t
ime
to se
e ho
w th
ey w
ere
getti
ng o
n.
Mar
k sc
hem
e fo
r Q
uest
ion
3: w
here
the
wor
d on
e ap
pear
s in
a qu
estio
n po
sitiv
e m
arki
ng d
oes n
ot a
pply
and
onl
y th
e fir
st a
nsw
er is
cre
dite
d.
(a)
Stat
e th
e ai
m o
f thi
s stu
dy.
(2 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a M
arks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
2 A
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled
Stat
emen
t of t
he a
im is
bot
h ac
cura
te a
nd d
etai
led.
For
exa
mpl
e, m
entio
ning
bo
th fi
ndin
g ou
t the
reas
ons w
hy p
eopl
e jo
in in
the
first
pla
ce a
nd w
hy th
ey
leav
e a
gym
, or o
ne o
f the
se fa
ctor
s with
ela
bora
tion
(eg
why
they
join
and
the
fact
ors t
hat i
nflu
ence
this
reas
on fo
r joi
ning
). 1
Bas
ic
Stat
emen
t of t
he a
im is
bas
ic, l
acki
ng d
etai
l and
may
be
mud
dled
and
/or
flaw
ed.
For e
xam
ple,
sim
ply
stat
ing
to fi
nd w
hy th
ey jo
in.
AO
3 Th
e ai
m o
f th
is s
tudy
was
to s
ee th
e re
ason
s w
hy p
eopl
e jo
in a
gym
and
al
so th
e re
ason
s why
they
stop
goi
ng w
ithin
a fe
w m
onth
s.
0 In
appr
opri
ate/
inco
rrec
t St
atem
ent o
f the
aim
is in
appr
opria
te (f
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e m
ay d
escr
ibe
the
proc
edur
e) o
r the
aim
is in
corr
ect.
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k Sc
hem
e, 2
006
Janu
ary
serie
s �
PYA3
13
(b)
Out
line
two
adva
ntag
es o
f usi
ng in
terv
iew
s in
psyc
holo
gica
l res
earc
h.
(2 m
arks
+ 2
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns (f
or e
ach
adva
ntag
e)
2 A
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled
The
adva
ntag
e is
bot
h ac
cura
te a
nd d
etai
led.
For
exa
mpl
e,
inte
rvie
wer
s can
mak
e su
re th
at th
e pa
rtici
pant
real
ly u
nder
stan
ds
the
ques
tion
by c
larif
ying
the
ques
tion
or e
xpla
inin
g it
to th
e pa
rtici
pant
.
1 B
asic
Th
e ad
vant
age
is b
asic
, lac
king
in d
etai
l and
may
be
mud
dled
an
d/or
flaw
ed.
For e
xam
ple,
inte
rvie
ws a
re a
flex
ible
way
of
getti
ng d
ata.
AO
2 •
Allo
ws
the
inte
rvie
wer
to f
ocus
thei
r qu
estio
ns o
n th
e to
pic
that
is o
f sp
ecifi
c in
tere
st to
them
.
• In
terv
iew
s al
low
the
int
ervi
ewer
to
obta
in l
ots
of i
nfor
mat
ion
from
the
pa
rtici
pant
and
to m
ake
sure
that
they
und
erst
and
the
answ
er g
iven
.
• Pa
rtici
pant
s can
ask
que
stio
ns a
nd c
larif
y an
ythi
ng th
at th
ey d
on�t
unde
rsta
nd.
• In
uns
truct
ured
inte
rvie
ws
parti
cula
rly, a
wid
e ra
nge
of to
pics
can
be
cove
red
and
the
inte
rvie
wer
can
inv
estig
ate
issu
es t
hat
they
had
not
pre
viou
sly
cons
ider
ed.
• In
terv
iew
s ca
n co
nsid
er s
ensi
tive
issu
es t
hat
mig
ht b
e pe
rson
al a
nd w
hich
a
parti
cipa
nt m
ight
not
wis
h to
div
ulge
if m
ore
impe
rson
al m
etho
ds w
ere
used
. Th
ese
answ
ers d
o no
t nee
d to
be
cont
extu
alis
ed in
ord
er to
gai
n fu
ll m
arks
, alth
ough
se
tting
the
answ
er w
ithin
the
cont
ext o
f th
is s
tudy
is o
ne w
ay o
f el
abor
atin
g th
eir
answ
er a
nd g
aini
ng m
arks
.
0 In
appr
opri
ate/
inco
rrec
t Th
e ad
vant
age
is in
appr
opria
te (f
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e de
scrib
es w
hat a
n in
terv
iew
is ra
ther
than
the
adva
ntag
e) o
r the
ad
vant
age
is in
corr
ect.
PYA3
� A
QA
GC
E M
ark
Sche
me,
200
6 Ja
nuar
y se
ries
14
(c)
(i) W
hat i
s mea
nt b
y th
e te
rm d
eman
d ch
arac
teris
tics?
(2
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns
2 A
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled
The
expl
anat
ion
of d
eman
d ch
arac
teris
tics i
s bot
h ac
cura
te a
nd
deta
iled.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
ese
are
cues
in th
e en
viro
nmen
t tha
t cau
se
a pa
rtici
pant
to a
lter t
heir
beha
viou
r in
som
e w
ay a
s the
y try
to
mak
e se
nse
of th
e si
tuat
ion
they
are
in.
1 B
asic
Th
e ex
plan
atio
n of
dem
and
char
acte
ristic
s is b
asic
, lac
king
det
ail,
and
may
be
mud
dled
and
/or f
law
ed.
For e
xam
ple,
dem
and
char
acte
ristic
s mak
e pa
rtici
pant
s cha
nge
thei
r beh
avio
ur.
AO
1
Dem
and
char
acte
ristic
s ar
e cu
es i
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t th
at m
ight
alte
r pa
rtici
pant
s be
havi
our (
the
envi
ronm
ent c
an in
clud
e th
e in
vest
igat
or�s
beh
avio
ur).
The
y ch
ange
th
eir b
ehav
iour
and
act
acc
ordi
ng to
the
cues
they
pic
k up
. D
eman
d ch
arac
teris
tics
can
incl
ude
such
thi
ngs
as:
the
parti
cipa
nt t
ryin
g to
gue
ss w
hat
the
rese
arch
er i
s try
ing
to f
ind
out,
so t
he p
artic
ipan
t tri
es t
o be
have
in
a he
lpfu
l (o
r un
help
ful)
man
ner.
Oth
er d
eman
d ch
arac
teris
tics
may
resu
lt in
par
ticip
ants
beh
avin
g in
way
s th
at th
ey d
on�t
usua
lly b
ehav
e, fe
elin
g th
at th
ey a
re b
eing
eva
luat
ed a
nd th
en fe
elin
g st
ress
ed o
r ner
vous
. Pa
rtici
pant
s may
als
o w
ant t
o sh
ow th
emse
lves
in th
e be
st li
ght
and
show
a so
cial
des
irabi
lity
in th
eir a
nsw
ers t
o in
terv
iew
s. N
o ne
ed to
con
text
ualis
e th
e an
swer
. Ex
amin
ers
shou
ld n
ote
that
mat
eria
l can
not b
e do
uble
cre
dite
d, b
ut c
an b
e im
porte
d or
exp
orte
d be
twee
n (i)
and
(ii).
0 In
appr
opri
ate/
inco
rrec
t Th
e ex
plan
atio
n is
inap
prop
riate
or i
t is i
ncor
rect
.
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k Sc
hem
e, 2
006
Janu
ary
serie
s �
PYA3
15
(c
) (ii
) Exp
lain
one
way
in w
hich
dem
and
char
acte
ristic
s mig
ht a
ffec
t thi
s stu
dy.
(3 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a M
arks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
3 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d ex
plan
atio
n of
a
way
in w
hich
dem
and
char
acte
ristic
s mig
ht a
ffec
t thi
s stu
dy th
at d
emon
stra
tes
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e ha
s ex
plai
ned
how
the
parti
cipa
nts m
ight
cha
nge
thei
r beh
avio
ur a
nd lo
cate
d it
with
in th
e co
ntex
t of t
he st
udy.
Par
ticip
ants
kno
w th
at th
e ps
ycho
logi
sts w
ill
inte
rvie
w th
em a
gain
and
this
act
s a m
otiv
ator
and
they
cha
nge
thei
r be
havi
our,
they
try
hard
and
do
not d
rop
out.
2 L
ess d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e ex
plan
atio
n of
a
way
in w
hich
dem
and
char
acte
ristic
s mig
ht a
ffec
t thi
s stu
dy th
at d
emon
stra
tes
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
way
the
inte
rvie
wer
as
ks q
uest
ions
cau
ses p
artic
ipan
ts to
giv
e ce
rtain
ans
wer
s. 1
Bas
ic
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
bas
ic e
xpla
natio
n of
a w
ay in
whi
ch d
eman
d ch
arac
teris
tics m
ight
aff
ect t
his s
tudy
that
dem
onst
rate
s som
e re
leva
nt
know
ledg
e bu
t lac
ks d
etai
l and
may
be
mud
dled
.
AO
3 O
ne p
ossi
ble
way
in w
hich
dem
and
char
acte
ristic
s m
ight
aff
ect t
his
stud
y is
that
the
parti
cipa
nts k
now
wha
t the
aim
is a
nd th
at th
ey w
ill b
e
re-in
terv
iew
ed i
n a
few
mon
ths.
Thi
s m
ay c
ause
the
m t
o ch
ange
the
ir be
havi
our a
nd m
otiv
ate
them
to tr
y ha
rder
whe
n at
tend
ing
the
gym
. O
r the
w
ay in
whi
ch th
e in
terv
iew
er a
sks
the
ques
tions
(lea
ding
que
stio
ns, t
one
of
voic
e, b
ody
lang
uage
) m
ay in
fluen
ce th
e pa
rtici
pant
s w
hen
answ
erin
g th
e qu
estio
ns.
Fo
r ful
l mar
ks th
e an
swer
mus
t be
cont
extu
alis
ed.
0 Fl
awed
or
inap
prop
riat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
expl
anat
ion
whi
ch is
flaw
ed o
r an
inap
prop
riate
ex
plan
atio
n th
at fa
ils to
dem
onst
rate
any
kno
wle
dge
or u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he
topi
c. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e de
scrib
es e
xper
imen
ter b
ias o
r the
ex
plan
atio
n is
inco
rrec
t.
PYA3
� A
QA
GC
E M
ark
Sche
me,
200
6 Ja
nuar
y se
ries
16
(d)
(i) Id
entif
y th
e sa
mpl
ing
met
hod
used
to se
lect
par
ticip
ants
in th
is st
udy.
Jus
tify
your
ans
wer
. (2
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns
2 A
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled
Iden
tific
atio
n an
d ju
stifi
catio
n of
the
met
hod
of sa
mpl
ing
is b
oth
accu
rate
and
det
aile
d. F
or e
xam
ple,
usi
ng so
me
of th
e m
ater
ial o
n th
e le
ft an
d pu
tting
it in
con
text
; put
ting
up p
oste
rs in
the
gym
s and
us
ing
thos
e pe
ople
who
vol
unte
ered
to ta
ke p
art.
1 B
asic
Id
entif
icat
ion
and
just
ifica
tion
of th
e m
etho
d of
sam
plin
g is
bas
ic,
lack
ing
deta
il, a
nd m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed a
nd/o
r fla
wed
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, it
w
as a
self-
sele
cted
sam
ple
of p
eopl
e w
ho v
olun
teer
ed.
AO
3 Th
e pa
rtici
pant
s w
ere
sele
cted
by
putti
ng u
p po
ster
s in
the
gym
s an
d us
ing
all t
hose
w
ho re
spon
ded,
they
wer
e a
volu
ntee
r or s
elf-
sele
cted
sam
ple.
The
impo
rtant
thin
g is
that
can
dida
tes
just
ify th
e m
etho
d th
ey h
ave
iden
tifie
d an
d do
not
sim
ply
iden
tify
the
sam
plin
g m
etho
d.
0 In
appr
opri
ate/
inco
rrec
t Id
entif
icat
ion
and
just
ifica
tion
of th
e m
etho
d of
sam
plin
g is
in
appr
opria
te (f
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e m
ay d
escr
ibe
the
inte
rvie
w m
etho
d) o
r the
exp
lana
tion
is in
corr
ect.
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k Sc
hem
e, 2
006
Janu
ary
serie
s �
PYA3
17
(d)
(ii) O
utlin
e on
e w
eakn
ess o
f the
sam
plin
g m
etho
d us
ed to
sele
ct p
artic
ipan
ts fo
r thi
s stu
dy.
(2 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns
2 A
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled
Wea
knes
s of
the
met
hod
of s
ampl
ing
is b
oth
accu
rate
and
det
aile
d.
For
exam
ple,
cor
rect
ly id
entif
ying
the
wea
knes
s an
d el
abor
atin
g it.
Su
ch a
s, th
e sa
mpl
e m
ight
not
be
repr
esen
tativ
e; p
eopl
e w
ho
volu
ntee
r are
not
the
sam
e as
oth
ers.
1 B
asic
W
eakn
ess o
f the
met
hod
of sa
mpl
ing
is b
asic
, lac
king
det
ail,
and
may
be
mud
dled
and
/or f
law
ed.
For e
xam
ple,
sim
ply
iden
tifyi
ng
the
wea
knes
s: it
mig
ht n
ot b
e re
pres
enta
tive.
AO
3
Wea
knes
ses
of b
oth
self-
sele
cted
sam
ples
/vol
unte
er s
ampl
es:
the
peop
le w
ho
resp
ond
may
not
be
typi
cal
of t
he t
arge
t po
pula
tion
so t
he s
ampl
e w
ill n
ot b
e re
pres
enta
tive;
vol
unte
ers
are
ofte
n m
ore
mot
ivat
ed a
nd p
erfo
rm b
ette
r th
an o
ther
pe
ople
. Fo
r ful
l mar
ks th
e an
swer
mus
t be
cont
extu
alis
ed.
If m
ore
than
one
wea
knes
s is g
iven
, onl
y th
e fir
st o
ne c
an b
e cr
edite
d.
0 In
appr
opri
ate/
inco
rrec
t W
eakn
ess o
f the
met
hod
of sa
mpl
ing
is in
appr
opria
te (f
or e
xam
ple,
th
e ca
ndid
ate
may
des
crib
e a
stre
ngth
) or t
he e
xpla
natio
n is
in
corr
ect.
PYA3
� A
QA
GC
E M
ark
Sche
me,
200
6 Ja
nuar
y se
ries
18
(e)
Out
line
one
reas
on w
hy a
pilo
t stu
dy sh
ould
hav
e be
en c
arrie
d ou
t in
this
inve
stig
atio
n.
(3 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a M
arks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
3 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d ex
plan
atio
n of
w
hy a
pilo
t stu
dy sh
ould
be
used
, in
the
cont
ext o
f thi
s stu
dy th
at d
emon
stra
tes
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
psyc
holo
gist
s wou
ld
carr
y ou
t som
e in
terv
iew
s bef
ore
hand
to m
ake
sure
that
thei
r que
stio
ns a
re
clea
r so
give
them
use
ful i
nfor
mat
ion
as w
ell a
s allo
win
g th
em to
mod
ify a
ny
ques
tions
if n
eces
sary
. 2
Les
s det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
less
det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
expl
anat
ion
of
why
a p
ilot s
tudy
shou
ld b
e us
ed, i
n th
e co
ntex
t of t
his s
tudy
, tha
t de
mon
stra
tes r
elev
ant k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e ps
ycho
logi
sts t
ry o
ut th
eir q
uest
ions
bef
ore
hand
and
mak
e ch
ange
s if t
hey
need
to.
Or t
he e
xpla
natio
n is
acc
urat
e an
d de
taile
d bu
t not
with
in th
e co
ntex
t of
the
stud
y.
1 B
asic
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a b
asic
exp
lana
tion
of w
hy a
pilo
t stu
dy sh
ould
hav
e be
en u
sed,
that
dem
onst
rate
s som
e re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e bu
t lac
ks d
etai
l and
m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed.
For e
xam
ple,
they
try
out t
he q
uest
ions
bef
oreh
and.
AO
1 +
AO
3 A
pilo
t stu
dy a
llow
s th
e re
sear
cher
s to
dis
cove
r an
y po
tent
ial p
robl
ems
in
the
desi
gn b
efor
e th
e m
ain
stud
y is
car
ried
out.
For
exa
mpl
e, in
this
cas
e, it
w
ould
ena
ble
the
rese
arch
ers
to c
heck
the
cla
rity
of t
he q
uest
ions
bef
ore
they
star
t the
inte
rvie
ws.
The
y w
ould
be
able
to e
nsur
e th
at p
artic
ipan
ts a
re
will
ing
to a
nsw
er th
eir q
uest
ions
. Fo
r 3 m
arks
, the
ans
wer
mus
t be
loca
ted
with
in th
e co
ntex
t of t
he st
udy.
0 Fl
awed
or
inap
prop
riat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
expl
anat
ion
whi
ch is
flaw
ed o
r an
inap
prop
riate
ex
plan
atio
n th
at fa
ils to
dem
onst
rate
any
kno
wle
dge
or u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he
topi
c.
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k Sc
hem
e, 2
006
Janu
ary
serie
s �
PYA3
19
(f)
At t
he e
nd o
f 4 m
onth
s, th
e ps
ycho
logi
sts r
e-in
terv
iew
ed a
ll th
e pa
rtici
pant
s.
(i) W
rite
one
ques
tion
that
the
psyc
holo
gist
s mig
ht h
ave
aske
d th
at w
ould
gen
erat
e qu
antit
ativ
e da
ta.
Expl
ain
why
resp
onse
s to
this
que
stio
n w
ould
ge
nera
te q
uant
itativ
e da
ta.
(1 m
ark
+ 2
mar
ks)
(ii
) W
rite
one
ques
tion
that
the
psyc
holo
gist
s mig
ht h
ave
aske
d th
at w
ould
gen
erat
e qu
alita
tive
data
. Ex
plai
n w
hy re
spon
ses t
o th
is q
uest
ion
wou
ld
gene
rate
qua
litat
ive
data
. (1
mar
k +
2 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns (f
or e
ach
ques
tion)
1 A
ppro
pria
te
The
ques
tion
is a
ppro
pria
te.
0 In
appr
opri
ate/
inco
rrec
t Th
e qu
estio
n is
inap
prop
riate
or i
ncor
rect
.
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns (
for
the
expl
anat
ion)
2 A
ccur
ate
and
Det
aile
d Th
e ex
plan
atio
n of
why
the
ques
tion
wou
ld g
ener
ate
the
type
of
data
is b
oth
accu
rate
and
det
aile
d. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
ques
tion
wou
ld
allo
w p
artic
ipan
ts to
des
crib
e th
eir f
eelin
gs a
nd a
ttitu
des a
nd so
w
ould
be
in w
ords
(qua
litat
ive)
. 1
Bas
ic
The
expl
anat
ion
of w
hy th
e qu
estio
n w
ould
gen
erat
e th
e ty
pe o
f da
ta is
bas
ic, l
acki
ng d
etai
l, an
d m
ay b
e be
mud
dled
and
/or f
law
ed.
For e
xam
ple,
sim
ply
sayi
ng it
s num
bers
.
AO
3 C
andi
date
s co
uld
offe
r an
y qu
estio
n th
at w
ould
be
appr
opria
te f
or a
n in
terv
iew
of
this
nat
ure
and
exam
iner
s sh
ould
take
a fa
irly
tole
rant
app
roac
h he
re.
For e
ach
type
of
qu
estio
n it
is
impo
rtant
th
at
it ge
nera
tes
the
appr
opria
te
type
of
da
ta.
Qua
ntita
tive
data
isco
ncer
ned
with
the
quan
tity,
how
muc
h th
ere
is o
f so
met
hing
. Th
is d
ata
is r
epre
sent
ed in
num
eric
al f
orm
. Q
ualit
ativ
e da
ta is
con
cern
ed w
ith th
e qu
ality
of b
ehav
iour
or o
f an
expe
rienc
e. I
t is c
once
rned
with
feel
ings
and
em
otio
ns
and
is re
pres
ente
d in
wor
ds.
An
exam
ple
of a
que
stio
n ge
nera
ting
quan
titat
ive
data
wou
ld b
e:
�On
aver
age
how
man
y tim
es d
o yo
u go
to th
e gy
m e
ach
wee
k?�
It is
qua
ntita
tive
beca
use
the
answ
er w
ould
be
in th
e fo
rm o
f a n
umbe
r; ie
num
ber o
f tim
es p
er w
eek.
A
n ex
ampl
e of
a q
uest
ion
gene
ratin
g qu
alita
tive
data
wou
ld b
e:
�Wha
t ha
ve y
ou a
chie
ved
by g
oing
to
the
gym
?�
It is
qua
litat
ive
beca
use
the
answ
er w
ould
be
in t
he f
orm
of
wor
ds,
it w
ould
be
an e
xpla
natio
n of
the
pa
rtici
pant
s ow
n ex
pect
atio
ns.
0 In
appr
opri
ate/
inco
rrec
t Th
e ty
pe o
f que
stio
n is
inap
prop
riate
or i
s inc
orre
ct.
PYA3
� A
QA
GC
E M
ark
Sche
me,
200
6 Ja
nuar
y se
ries
20
(g)
One
eth
ical
issu
e th
at w
as ta
ken
into
acc
ount
in th
is st
udy
was
info
rmed
con
sent
.
(i)
Ide
ntify
two
othe
r eth
ical
issu
es th
at th
e ps
ycho
logi
sts s
houl
d ha
ve ta
ken
into
acc
ount
in th
is st
udy.
(2
mar
ks)
(ii
) Fo
r eac
h of
the
ethi
cal i
ssue
s you
hav
e gi
ven
in (i
) abo
ve, o
utlin
e ho
w th
is st
udy
coul
d ha
ve b
een
carr
ied
out i
n an
eth
ical
ly a
ccep
tabl
e w
ay.
(2
mar
ks +
2 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Cri
teri
a M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns (f
or th
e et
hica
l iss
ue)
2 A
ccur
ate
Id
entif
icat
ion
of t
wo
ethi
cal
issu
es i
s ac
cura
te.
For
exa
mpl
e, r
ight
to
with
draw
, ens
urin
g co
nfid
entia
lity
of re
spon
ses.
1 Id
entif
ied
Onl
y on
e et
hica
l iss
ue is
iden
tifie
d.
0 In
appr
opri
ate/
inco
rrec
t Id
entif
icat
ion
of e
thic
al is
sues
is in
appr
opria
te o
r inc
orre
ct.
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns (
for
each
way
of d
ealin
g w
ith th
e is
sue)
2 A
ccur
ate
and
Det
aile
d Th
e w
ay o
f dea
ling
with
the
ethi
cal i
ssue
is b
oth
accu
rate
and
det
aile
d.
For e
xam
ple,
exp
lain
ing
to a
ll pa
rtici
pant
s tha
t any
thin
g th
ey sa
y du
ring
the
inte
rvie
w w
ill b
e tre
ated
in c
onfid
ence
and
all
the
info
rmat
ion
will
be
kept
secu
rely
. O
r if t
he is
sue
is ri
ght t
o w
ithdr
aw, t
ellin
g pa
rtici
pant
s th
at th
ey c
an le
ave
at a
ny ti
me
and
givi
ng th
em th
e op
portu
nity
to d
o so
at
the
first
and
seco
nd in
terv
iew
. 1
Bas
ic
The
way
of d
ealin
g w
ith th
e et
hica
l iss
ue is
bas
ic, l
acki
ng d
etai
l. F
or
exam
ple,
telli
ng e
ach
parti
cipa
nt a
t the
star
t of t
he st
udy
that
they
hav
e th
e rig
ht to
with
draw
.
AO
2 &
AO
3
Ther
e ar
e se
vera
l iss
ues t
hat c
ould
be
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt: r
ight
to w
ithdr
aw, p
rivac
y,
conf
iden
tialit
y.
Can
dida
tes
shou
ld b
e ab
le to
sho
w h
ow th
e st
udy
coul
d be
con
duct
ed to
ens
ure
it is
et
hica
l. T
hese
cou
ld in
clud
e en
surin
g th
at th
e pa
rtici
pant
s� p
rivac
y is
not
inva
ded,
in
form
ing
all
parti
cipa
nts
that
the
y ha
ve t
he r
ight
to
with
draw
fro
m t
he s
tudy
, m
akin
g su
re a
ll th
e in
form
atio
n co
llect
ed r
emai
ns c
onfid
entia
l (s
ome
of t
heir
answ
ers m
ight
con
cern
sens
itive
issu
es).
In th
is p
artic
ular
stu
dy th
e pa
rtici
pant
s ar
e no
t be
ing
dece
ived
and
thei
r in
form
ed
cons
ent
has
been
obt
aine
d, s
o th
ese
issu
es a
re n
ot c
redi
twor
thy.
N
o m
entio
n is
m
ade
in th
e st
imul
us m
ater
ial o
f th
e ag
e of
the
parti
cipa
nts
and
a ca
ndid
ate
mig
ht
just
ifiab
ly c
onsi
der
the
issu
e of
par
ticip
ants
bei
ng u
nder
age
and
ther
efor
e ne
edin
g pa
rent
al c
onse
nt.
(A c
ase
coul
d (ju
st) b
e m
ade
for t
he is
sue
of p
rote
ctio
n fr
om h
arm
, if a
s a
resu
lt of
ta
king
par
t, pa
rtici
pant
s sp
end
too
long
in th
e gy
m, t
hey
mig
ht c
ause
som
e da
mag
e to
them
selv
es!)
Th
ere
is a
fol
low
-thro
ugh
in th
is q
uest
ion,
if a
can
dida
te id
entif
ies
an is
sue
in (
i),
but t
he s
olut
ion
is n
ot a
ppro
pria
te to
that
issu
e, c
redi
t can
onl
y be
giv
en to
(i)
and
not t
o (ii
).
0 In
appr
opri
ate/
inco
rrec
t Th
e w
ay o
f dea
ling
with
the
ethi
cal i
ssue
s is i
napp
ropr
iate
or i
s in
corr
ect.
AQA GCE Mark Scheme, 2006 January series � PYA3
21
Assessment Grid
Question Part AO1 AO2 AO3
1 (a) 6
(b) 6
(c) 6 12
Total for Question 1 18 12
2 (a) 6
(b) 6
(c) 6 12
Total for Question 2 18 12
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 2 3
(d) 4
(e) 1 2
(f) 6
(g) 2 4
Total for Question 3 3 6 21
QoWC 2
Total for unit 39 30 21
% weighting AS 20.4 12.9
% weighting A2 10.2 6.5