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LIQIPAKAT@IE EKQI

Itokcirci acmacnhnh jacak

EKQINsea i ahsihcir `rt ncnknhtah, su, livi,

itn vn toprih, natca orihcirìjarcnknsaycn anr ki``ncnrah ocutuuhueijuc ntkacnràr.

Ju `hbn orti ih sohcirhi eiìr `nvikntkatar.

hsihcir ki``ncnra icthi `htrp jncarcajar mbn silap ockiy vnyi ckszce aesaranc`n n`nrne ck ynhknya astnkacnràr.

Rakyi, eakyihh jacak hbnsa jar neca ocup jisat knticcnrahsoy knticcnrn (icthi) `htrcknsa vn ckszce aesaranc`nsa uricirhh mnhnc i``r.

Jacaksnc ìyihi ockiyih, shiki-yihcki yocuyciyipcih acnrah tk sakyi`r.

Assz jar iìyi `thz vnor i i yiiyp cnbnahaza liyicn ah. Liyitti eickie aah hn maj aaltayicirhz ocurù vn jualtayicirhz hisc sicir`hz?


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hbn liyitti eicijackne aah òiìeaynhacnjacar ki``ncnra engntknecn anjici`cir.

Qc`rkìh vn ànr liyvihcirìh

eoruhkie aah enhàcnrahn uymuhjirhiecir lizrcikieci an `nvik nttacnr.Kiiricir vn naae jirhki ynrcnraahiit nttacnr.

hsihcir, yc`rkcirh orkihciri knsa,a``ntca grthicirì ii ìccirhh jarjarahnsrtknsa vn yihirììh ieih civcirhocuturùu oic yihmhcir vj. ociycirciitna tih`.

Qaynbnecnra paarkne aah eip iriyhì ocihahsihocu shiki-yihcki yocuyci topriacnynjacnbnaha mr` vn toprietih eipciryipt.

hsih, itnah ki``ncnra yieth vn nrattaahaengntta.

hsihcir jiz ki`nhcnra nratap eirtririeeuccihkiyi jici`cir.

hsihocu hbn ivciècir liyvihcirherecnra acn vbutcirh rtnrenh ìli sohriju erecnra acnynrne maynbne altayibheirciktr.


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hsihcir, tnknc altayicirh eirciètih

sohri ` mrhkhn hnk vnrknynjici`cir.Mznccnkne aah natca yhtnkcnrn jivurih

ahsihcir yzh jateasnc vn ki`nhsncjoyicirci joyi`.

rhnah, Nsea Ksrì ahsihcir mznvrnsah`nea jcmnya eolc (srkn) nhnhynac yi ì sayil joyicircirnhecnhàrayorcir`.

hsihh shiki-yihcki yocuyci engnttaa

ki``ncnr`nh jara n tuzùr.Piral joyuhbi hnkca jar tabirnt ki``nsa

ocih tuz, jiz jcmncnr`n o eiìr `nnrcaocku ea ahsihcir icth tuzci`natarkacnràr.

Listicetih eoruhki vn tnìva ikibycijateacnr n euccihcktr.

rhnah rnznhn, kiyìhoz maja jateacnr Nseaicirìh jnra tpti euccihckieti`r.

hsihcir natca `nhnyakcnr sohubuhì mizaeahcaa, sahàrak jozuecuu, atilszce majalisticecir tnìva aah jncarca jar kaetirkiyìhozu a ocirie tentkncnra mnrnetaahaengntkacnràr.

Jateasnc eenhca acicirh lik ki``ncnraocirie ik, tnrnjnhtah, enhàr, sigrih,srmih otu vj. siycijacar.

Listicecir jateacnrcn tnìva ntknyarnhnh ahsihocu ckn `n irnjucki uri aahn markatar.

Coekih Lneak maja nsea `hnkagibcir ckszce aesara aahuriihcirh jihì ynr icktr.

hsihocu ckn irn jucikikgieit `nhnkn-yihcki yocuyci jizlisticecir tnìva ntknyarnhkatar.

LPQI HIRAC J^C@^CIZ J^C^HIH KI@@NCNZ

Jnscnhkn/Ashki Qihir icirhpaa r aa ki ncnr Itn

Eoruhki/Rieciki Picir yohtirie vn topriecirpaarnrne liyit aah mnrnecaki``ncnra juckiy engnttacnr.

Ensaba icntcnr vn PoprieEipcir

Mayahkn Mayahkne aah hbn jateacnrah yiprievn eijuecirh sohri liyvih`nracnraha engn ttacnr.

@nra ncjasncnr

Mznccnkne Ki`nhsnc vn jateasnc joyicir Eolc(srkn)Kicilat (Qnac joyi)Rayil joyi (Euruh AA-Rcgr vn ànrcnra.

Listicecir Listicecir ih aya cnkn ijicir Mz ti (Jier AA-Rcgit)ip(Votisyuk ickahyukRcgit)@naae jateasnc acicir

RKQI@IH

EKQIQI


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RKQI

@nnrsaz ki`nhcnra icthi nvarkn, jth

listicecir ayacntarkn vn liyit sohsuzjaak`n uzitibie ckszce aesara juckiuricirhi sakyi (icaka), ju acnuriihciri i sakyib (icakast) nhar.

Rakyi tnorae tnknccnra ockiyih `nhnkn vnyihckiyi ìyihih ickicir anràa vnsastnkitae jacma jaraeaka siciyiki` aahjacak nacàr.

Ihbie sakyibcirh eakyiyi mnaah hbcnraocùu, pne oe iri vn mnrn mncataràecnramz ir` nàcknkncaàr.

RKQI

EKQI

NCNKNHP

Ncnknht eivrikhh ace ocirie e ihtae`hnk`n Nkpnòecnsah rt n gaeraycnockutur.

Ju rt ncnknht5 toprie, su, livi vn itntar.Ju gaear ìli sohri hc `hr Vcitoh vn

Irasto tirighìh ì ar`ncnhka, yiecie :666yc joyuhbi sakyibcir tirighìheuccihcktr.

@rt ncnknht eivrik Zhnsihs `hnkah`ntnre nàcka ocup Zojnrt Joycn, ncnknhteivrikh ynha`nh tihkci`.

Joycnuh tihkhi mrn ncnknht, jisatki``ncnrn iyrcikiyih ki``n `nkneta.

Civoasanr asn ju mr sicikcitrih yihki`nhnycnra yipirie eakyi jacakahn hnkcaeite yipktr.


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Ru Itn

Poprie

LiviRbie

Euru

Ascie

Roue

Irastoyi mrn 0 tnkncncnknht vn 0 tnkncznccae

RKQIRKQI EKQIEKQIJth ki``ncnrah enhàsah`nhocutuu `hcnh `rt tnknc uhsur Iyh bahs itokcirìh ocuih

sig ki``ncnràr.

RKQIHAH @HNKCNZ

RKQI IA

K.HBN-9766 IZIRA

PAVEKQIRAIA

K.R 9766ROHZIRA

GCODRPOHIA

K.R 9766ROHZIRA

HBNCEKQI IA

9=66ROHZIRA

Jitc hbncnr`nnrsaz ki`nhcnraicthi `htrkn

Pnìva ikicacicirh yipk

Qihki srnbairitrck

@nhnysncjacak

hnkca Pre-scik Rakyibcir

Bijar jah Liyyih

Nju Jnear Nr Ziza

jha Rahi

@nhny yhtnkaha ace `ngi euccihk

@nstacisyohu tihkcik

LBc, LHO2 nc`nsa

Ncnknhtcnrah shgcih`rckis

Ntac iceoc nc`nsaha mnrnecntarka

Kahnriccnra ahbncnka

@nnrsaz ki`nhcnr`nh icthh nc`nnàcknsahah ocihieszch aspitcikEatijh-Hngs i`c sakyieatijhyizk


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EKQIHAH PNKNCEIH^HCIZA

Rbie jar iy anrasahn itcih iy nenrahah esi jarsrn`n ìckis

Jar eiptiea su anrasahn jar iy ei krneenpètkz`n suyuh lnr tirighh krneenjah rnhmaacn joyihkis

Rv lic`nea pirgkh sec`hì eoeusuhuhlassnàcknsa

Eakyiy sakyiìh iyrih nh hnkca znccaecnr`nh

jarasa cknyn ìyic ockis`r.

@nhnysnc sohucirh ccknsa vn yorukcihkis

eakyihh tnknc eihuhcirhh ortiyi ekishi

hn`nh ockutur.

Eakyihh mncaknsa acn jnrijnr sig ncnknhtcnrah

nc`n nàcknsa vn ju ncnknhtcnrah jarjarcnraycn `naae

orihcirì nteacnakcnra sohubu acn eakyi acn acmaca ynha

eihuhcir engnàckatar.

EPCNHH EOZ^H^K^ EIH^H^

Civoasnr kaetir jncca ocih jar kaetir

eiciy (Rh) pirish aah n jar kaetir

livi jucuhih jar gihusi eoyirie tirtt.

@ili sohri gihusu aah`neacnrcn jarcaetn

stt vn shih eiciyh jnyiz jar toz

licahn (RhO) `hth mzcnkcnà.

Ocuih jnyiz tozu vn gihusu tnerirtirtthì jicihmti jncarcnàa etcn

acn nat ocùuhu jncarcnà.

@ili sohri jnhznr `nhnycnrcn iyh sohubi ucit.Ocuihjnyiz tozu (Eiciy oesat ) jnhznr yocci stth i asnjicihmti gihusi eoyùu Eiciyh etcnsahn nat etcn`neiciy nc`n nttaaha mzcnkcnà.

Ki``n yoetih vir nàcnknàa maja, virìh i yoenàcnknz. Ri`nbn jarah`nh tneahn hnjacar

Ki``nhah yipshìea `nakncnr eakyisic `naak ociriei`cih`rcr.

Eakyisic `nakn`n `naak hbnsah`n ki``ncnrah etcncnratopcik `naak sohrishìea ki``ncnrah etcncnra topcikhinattar.



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Rh + O: RhO99 =

Gn + R


GnR


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Jar ncnknhtah itokcir, ànr jar ncnknhtah itokcir acnjarcnnrnejacnaecnra knyìhi mntarnjacar.

Eakyisic acnkcnr`n (rniesayohcirì) itokcir jchknz.Qiha, eakyisic rniesayohcirì itokcir ocukiz vnyi

piricihkiz. Jar eakyisic rniesayoh, itokcirhmrupcihkicirhh `naknsaàr.

@ictohuh Itok Pnorasa Eitc Orihcir Eihuhuhu`nstnecnr.

Eitc Orihcir Eihuhu, aea ncnknht jar`nh gizci jacnaeocuturuyorsi, jarahah jncca jar kaetirhi eirce,ànrahah `naenh kaetircir irishì ee vn tiksiycirci agi`n nàcnh jar orih vir`r.

EIPCA OZIHCIZ EIH^H^

Eirjoh ncnknhtaycn oesadnhah ocuturùu aea jacnaevir`r juhcir eirjoh koho oesat (BO) vn eirjoh à oesat(BO:). Eirjoh kohoesat jacnaah`n jar eirjoh itoku acn

jar oesadnh itoku jarcnarenh , Eirjoh à oesatjacnaah`n jar eirjoh itoku acn aea oesadnh itokujarcnar.Lnr aea jacnaetn eirjoh itok siycir sijattutucùuhì oesadnh itokcir irishì 9/:orihhhocùu mzcnhar

EIPCA OZIHCIZ EIH^H^

B O

BO 9 9

BO: 9 :

B O

BO 9: mr 97 mr

BO: 9: mr 2: mr

97

IPOKPNOZACNZA

@ictoh itok tnorasah`n ncnknhtcnrah itokcirìh knyìhimncàa jncartacka, ihbie itokuh yips lieehì yorukyipckiktr.

Juhìh sohriea iritrkicir, itokuh a yipshiy`hcitkiyi yhncae ockutur.

9=

NCNEPZOHCIZHENGA

Kablnic Giriìy (9=19-9


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91

PLOKROHIPOKKO@NCA

D.D. Ploksoh (97-9106)

:6

PLOKROHIPOKKO@NCA

Ncnetrohuh jth itokcirì jucuhih tnknc jar tihnbaeocùu eijuc nàcàetnh sohri, D.D. Ploksoh tirighìhynha jar itok ko`nca acnra src`.

Ploksohi mrn, htr jar itokì nesa ye `nhmncnynhirt yecnr jucuhkic vn ju irt yecnr jucut necah`nockic.

Ncnetrohcir ju pozatag ye jucutu aah`n yzkncaàr.

:9

PLOKROHIPOKKO@NCA

Ploksoh, itokuzkc enen

jnhzntkatar.::

Z^PLNZGOZ@IPOKKO@NCA

Nrhnst Zutlnrgor`, itokuh a yipsh ortiyieirkie aah, icgi (i) piribecirhìh (Ln+:

ayohcir) yirircihirie jar àza `nhny yipktr.

Zutlnrgor`, jar ri`yoietag eiyhietih ichih icgipiribecirh (ri`yuk vn pocohyuk jarnr i-heiyhi`r) icth, mk, jier vj knticcnr`nh

yipck oe ahbn kntic yipriecir znrahnmh`nràah`n u sohucir mzcnà.

:2

ICGI VIZIBECIZ RICKIR @NHNQA

cgi piribecirhh oe jyejar esk, kntic yiprilnrlihma jar sipkiyiurikiìh mnnr.

Iz jar esk ligag sipkiyiuriyirie kntic yipri mnnr.

oe oe iz jar esk mncàecnrayh`n mnra `hnr.

:0

Z^PLNZGOZ@IPOK KO@NCA

Zutlnrgor , yipt icgipiribecir sickis`nhnyah`nh sohri, itok aahynha jar ko`nc acnra sr`.


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:>


Itok jye orihì jocuetihocukieti`r. Ju jocueti ncnetrohcirjucuhkieti`r.

Itokuh knrenzah`n, itokuh etcn vnpozatag yeh`nh sorukcu vn libka oeee ocih jar esk near`nejucuhkieti`r.

:7


near`ne nvrnsah`n,near`nah pozatag yehhtriccntarknyn yntnbnesiyì hnmitag yec vnetcncnra near`nah etcnsayihhì alkic nàcnjacnbneeiìr ee piribecir(ncnetrohcir)

jucuhkieti r `hbnsahaortiyi itt.

:=

VZOPOH WNHPZOHCIZHENGA

Zutlnrgor` itok ko`ncahn mrn, itokcirhnear`necnrah`n pozatag yec tnknctihnbaecnr vir`r.

Zutlnrgor`, ju piribecir 9191 ychìengntka vn i`hiprotoh `nkatar.

Dikns Bli`wabe, 912: `n itoknear`necnrah`n jucuhih vn jar tnkncpiribe ocih htrohcir engntta.

:01 -9,76::x96-91

Vrotoh 9,7=:7 x 6-:0 9,66=:== +9,76::x96-91

Htroh 9,7=01 x96-:0 9,66 6

26

IPOK^H PNKNC VIZIBECIZ

Itokìea

Viribe

Jic Etcnsa Jic Qe

Ncnetroh 9 -9

Vrotoh 9


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29

TOPOVCIZ

ou ncnknhtah aea yiì ìli gizciitoku ocup, juhcir @ictohuh a`àinttaa maja z`n `nacàr.

Jar ncnknhtah protoh vn ncnetrohsiycir nat gieit htroh siycir girecitokcirhi o ncnknhtah azotopcir`nhar.

2:

TOPOVCIZ

Jar ncnknhtah near`nah`nea protoh vn htroh siyshhtopcikhi o ncnknhtah etcn hukiris `nhar. Jar ncnknhtah itokuhuh near`nah`nea protoh siyshi

ì o ncnknhtah itok hukiris `nhar. Jar ncnknhtah itok hukiricir iyh gieit etcn

hukiricir girec itokcirhi o ncnknhtah azotopcir `nhar.

22

TOPOVCIZ

\T

ncnknhtah sakmnsa

I4 Etcn hukiris

T4 Itok hukiris

I ;p siys + h siys

T ;p siys

20

TOPOVCIZHI@CIH@ZCKIR

zotopcir, ncnknhtahi`hh sohuhi etcnhukiris mntaracnrnei`cih`rcr.

B9:

7

B92

7

B90

7

(Eirjoh-9:)

(Eirjoh-92)

(Eirjoh-90)

2>

EIZJOH^HTOPOVCIZ

7 protoh 7 protoh 7 protoh

9:-7 ; 7 92-7 ; = 90-7 ;

Re ristcihih icikcir

sak Knticcnr Euccihk icihcir

Varah

Jrohz

Ikicmik

Icth (iyir)

@nnrcamk

Cnlak

ncae

Jier vn aheo

Jier vn Eiciy

Mk, Bavi, Eiciy

Icth, Mk, Jier

%1:.> Mk, %=.> jiei jarkntic mnhnccaecn jier

Eiciy vn Euruh

@nkar, Eirjoh vn erok, haenc vnjier maja ànr knticcnr

Wa` i, p nh bn rn v n ei pknhtnncnraLnyenccnr, kieahn piricir

@a òcmusu

Kbnvlnr

@nnrca kbnvlnrcnr

Kntic yznycnra nratkn nhjarcntarkne aah ncnetrae vnnkn sihiyasah`n

Qesne yipc jahicir i vneprcnrah yipkh i,otokojac vj.

Iknticcnr Ikntic ocih la`rodnh, eirjoh, izot, oesadnh, gcor, gosgor, eert,

ecor vn ayot liyitkz aah oe hnkcaàr. Lnr icihì iknticcnrcn vn ohcirh jacnaecnraycn eircicr.

rhnah lnr ih socuùukuz livi jar oesadnh izot eirk`r.

kn suyuhì vn livuzcirì nznhgnetih ocirie euccihcih ecor,so`yuk acn jarcntaah`n sogri tuzuhu ocutur.

@a kibuhu so`yuk gcorr anrknetnàr.

Pngcoh tivicirhh yipsh ì gcor jacnaecnra ocuturur.

Juhuhci jarcaetn nckis, euruh eicnk (eirjoh), tnjnar, knrknr(BiBO2), eijirtki soìs (HiLBO2), jirìecir (sacasyukjacnaa) jarnr ikntic jacnaecnraàr.

Iknticcnrah Gazaesnc znccaecnra

Iknticcnrah gazaesnc znccaecnra mnhnccaecnknticcnraheahah tnrsaàr.

Kittrcir4 Iknticcnr, knticcnr maja pircie jar

mrhn silap `nacàrcnr. Iknticcnr mrh ocirie natcaàrcnr. Jiz

iknticcnr rnhecaàrcnr, gieit mnhnccaecnpircie `nac, kittrcir.

Mrh ocirie iknticcnrjarjarcnrah`nh girec` r. Qihìea

neac`n socìh siit yhhn orumrigat necah`nea eirjohu, scgr,jnyiz gosgoru (su icthì siecihr) vnayoù mrnjacarsahazMrigat (eirjoh)

Eert

Jnyiz gosgor

yo`

Ercmih`rcir4 Oì eouccirh i eit lic`n ocihcir

ercmih`rcir.

rhnah nckis (eirjoh) snrt vnercmih`r.

As vn Ncnetrae acntenhcaa4 Iknticcnr mnhnccaecn s vn ncnetraa aya

acntknzcnr5 gieit eirjohuh jar iccotropuocih mrigat hnrn`nysn knticcnr majancnetraa vn sy aya acntarcnr.

Ju hn`nhcn, ikir kieahnsa vnncnetraeca sprmn majaiymtcir iea ncnetraekotorcirhh gricir mrigattnh yipcr.

Roh `hnkcnr`n, uziy eipsccnrahah seiceihcirhh yipkhì i mrigattnhyirircihckiyi jicihktr.


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neacnjacarcae vn @vcmnhcae4 Oì sbiechì eit lic`n jucuhihcir

ercmih ocùu aah tnc vn cnvli licahnmntaracnknzcnr.

Gazaesnc Lic4Oì eouccirhì eirjoh, gosgor, eert,sncnhyuk vn ayot eit5 jrok sv5 mnrayn eicihànr iknticcnr asn miz`r.

@e eiyhiki hoetishi silaptarcnr.

Mnhnccaecn iknticcnrah nrakn vn eiyhikihoetis sbiececir >666Bhah icthì`r.

cnrah`nh eirjoh nh yesne eiyhikihoetishi silaptar (06666 B bavir).

Qir knticcnr

Qir kntic ocirie shgcih`rcih jar oe ncnknhtkntic vn ikntic irishì znccae mstnrarcnr.

Qir knticcnr knticcnrn jnhznrcnr5 gieit ohcireiìr pircie `nacàrcnr. Iyh zikihì knticcnreiìr s vn ncnetraa aya acntnknzcnr (yiracntenhàrcnr). Juhuh yihhì yir knticcnrneacnjacar vn `vcnjacar znccaetnàr.

Qir knticcnr`nh ocih jor, sacasyuk vn mnrkihyukko`nrh ncnetrae sihiya`n euccihcih ki``ncnr aahyir acntenh ockicirhìh òciy likki``n ockiznccaa tircir. znccaecn sacasyukuh jacmasiyirapcnrah`n euccihk yiymh`r.

Juriyi eiìr ncnknhtcnrah, kntic vn iknticocirie shgcih`rc`h mrè.

Jiz ncnknhtcnr hn kntic hn `n iknticocirie shgcih`rcr.

Iknticcnr mnhnccaecn uubuùr vn ncnetraaacntknzcnr, gieit mrigat (eirjoh) vn sacasyukikntic ocirie shgcih`rcr vn oe yesne

eiyhiki hoetishi silaptarcnr, iyh zikihìlnr aeasa `n ncnetraa acntar.

Bavi oì sbiechì sv ocih, tapae knticznccaa mstnrknynh jar ncnknhttar.

Ncnknhtcnrah kntic yi ì ikntic ocirieshgcih`rckishìea estcikicirhn`nhaycn eakyibcir ìli ee ncnknhtmrupcirhh znccaecnrah`nea jnhznrcaecnravn yhncakcnra ahbncnknyn jici`cir.

Ro`yuk-Votisyuk, Eicsayuk-Kimhnzyuk,Ecor-Jrok maja jnhznr ncnknht agtcnraahbncnhknyn jicih`.

Ro`yuk vn potisyuk jnhznr znccaecnrn kasilapcnr? (rhnah nrakn - eiykihihoetis, snrtcae, youhcue, pirciece)

Liviìea oesadnhcn iyh neac`n ka rniesayohimarnrcnr?

Oesatcnra, ecorrcnr, scgitcir vj. lihmarnhetnàr?

Ro`yuk vn potisyuk su acn hisc rniesayohimarnr?

Jacnae gorkccnra iyh k`r? Ro`yuk vn potisyukuh jacnaecnrah`nea

yecnra iyh k`r?


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=

Rakyi`ih Eakyiyi Ncnknht Nsea Quhihccir`ih 9


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.Ncnetroh acmasa irtir.7.Ncnetroh vnrkn nacakaizicr.=.Knticae eirietnr izicr..Ncnetroh acmasa izicr.7.Ncnetroh vnrkn nacaka irtir.=.Knticae eirietnr irtir.


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VNZ

QO@

E TNCC

ECNZ

4 . . . .

spx?Rormu;2


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Itokìh jar ncnetroh eopirckis, ncnetrohcir iris atkn euvvntaha

izictr. Ncnetroh jucutuhuh ìli ee libak n topcihkish,

jzcknsaha sicir.

Itoki acivn nàcnh jar ncnetroh asn ncnetrohcir iris atkn euvvntaha

irttrr. Ncnetroh jucutuhuh mnhacnknsahn òciysyci itok libkahah

jyknsahn snjnp ocur. Rohu ocirie, pozatag ayohcir htr

itokcirìh ìaki ìli ee, hnmitag ayohcir asn ìaki ìli

jyetr.

yohciki Nhnrdasa

Miz licah`nea, azocn nàcka jar itokìhncnetroh

uziecitrkie aah vnracknsa mnrnenh nhnrdaynyohciki Nhnrdasa ( Na)`nhar.

yohciki Nhnrdasa

Jar itokìh ace ncnetrohu eopirkie aah mnrneca ocihnhnrdayn Jarahbayohciki Nhnrdasa (Na 9)`nhar.

\(m)+ N9 \+

(m)+ n-

+9 yec ayohìh,jar ncnetroh eopirkie aah mnrneca.

\+(m)+ N: \+:

(m)+ n-

+: yec ayohìh jar ncnetroh (hb ncnetroh)eopirkie aah mnrnenh nhnrdayn `n hb yohcikiNhnrdasa `nhar.

\+:(m)+N2 \+2

(m)+ n-

Jar itokì ei tihn ncnetroh jucuhuyorsi, o eiìrayohciki nhnrdasa vir`r.

Juhcirìh nh e jarahba ayohciki nhnrdasaàr.

he ace eo ih ncnetroh esz jar itok ih

yohciki Nhnrdasa

eopkieti r.

eahba ncnetroh +9 yec jar ayohìh eoptuu aah jar

ncnknhtah aeahba ayohciki nhnrdasa, jarahba ayohcikinhnrdasah`nh ili jyetr.

yohciki nhnrdasa irtir.

Vnrayoàe sastnk`n iyhpnrayotti acnrcnàen mnhnccaecn,itokcirh ayohciki nhnrdacnra irtir.

Ju jnecnhacnh jar urukùr. he, iyhpnrayottiea itokcirh nhnrda eitkihcir

`naknz. rhn h, n n trohu r iz i o ih htr itoku, n r n

ye `n jar gizci`r. Qe gizci ocih jar near`nah iyh`nhnrda

snvaynsah`nea orjaticcnr`n jucuhih ncnetrohciri ocihneak nteasa n gizci ocur.

Ju ncnetrohcireopirkie mattaen mcnar. Ju hn`nhcn iyhpnrayotti acnrcnàen ncnknhtcnrah

ayohciki nhnrdacnra irtir.


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yohciki

Nhnrdasaizicr

Iyhmruptiea itokcirh itok hukiricirirtteinear`na nvrncnynh, ncnetrohcirci òcùruckuocih nhnrda eitkihcirhh siysì irtir, itokyiripjyr.

Itok i irtte i nh orjaticcnr`neancnetrohciri near`nah neak nteasa izicr.

Ju ncnetrohcirh eopirckiseociycir.

yohciki nhnrdasa izicr.

yohciki nhnrdasahn ntea n`nh jar jiei gietr `n ernsncsakntraàr. Itokuh cnetroh àzacaah`n ernsnc sakntrae yiphhjucuhkisayohciki nhnrdasaha irttrr. Ernsnc sakntrahn`nhaycn ncnetroh azacaa sp7 acn jatnh itokcirh ayohcikinhnrdacnra oe yesnetar. Ncnetroh ickcirs vn sp acn jatnhitokcir jnecnhnh`nh ili yesne ayohciki nhnrdasahnsilaptar. Horkic irtcir icthì I mruju ncnknhtcnrahah jarahbaayohciki nhnrdacnra irishìea sricikihhycn ockisjnecnhar4

AI3AAI3AAAI3AWI3WI3WAI3WAAI3WAAAI

Gieit ernsnc sakntrae ncnetroh azacaahn silap AAI vn WImrupcirenhàcnraha azcnynh mruptih ili yesne ayohcikinhnrdasahn silaptar. Rriciki asnycn `naaecae mstnrar4

sAI3AAAI3AAI3AWI3WAI3WI3WAAI3WAAAI

Ncnetroh cmasa Ncnetroh Igtahatnsa)4

Jar itokuh ncnetroh acmasa, o itokuh hnmitag ayoh licahnmnckn yitehc`r.

Jar itok, jar jiei itokìh ìli eociy ncnetrohicirie, hnmitag ayoh licahn mncayorsi, ju itokuh ncnetrohacmasa, tnea itokuh ncnetroh acmasah`nh gizci r.

Ncnetrohcir m eopircih jar jiei `nyakcn,ayohciki nhnrdacnra yesne ocih ncnknhtcnrah, ncnetroh

acmacnra gizci`r.

Vnrayoàe bntvnc`n socìh sii , yueir

ìhiiyi oru maàcàen ncnetroh acmasa irtir.

Ncnetroh cmasairtir

Ncnetroh

acmasa izicr

Ncnetrohnmitagcae4

Ncnetrohnmitagcae5 ncnetrohu nekneipisatnsahn `nhar.

Ncnetroh acmasa irttei ncnetrohnmitagcaeirtir.

Ncnetroh ac asa gizci ocih ncnknhtcnr ìlincnetrohnmitagtar.

Jacahnh nh ncnetrohnmitag ncnknht gcorùr (G).


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Ncnetroh

Ncnetrohnmitagcae4 jar itokuh eakyisic ji `i ncnetrohcir nekn yntnhn a

Ncnetrohnmitagcae irtir

izicr.


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G

T

ERNC WN E

KQ R C

@N

KNCNZ

9

Lnr ahsihh enhàhn zm znccaecnra,si-mz rnhma, eaco, joy vs. ocùu maja,lnr ki``nhah `n enhàhn zm jizznccaecnra vir`r.

Gazaesnc znccaecnrGazaesnc znccaecnr Ki``nhah jar jiei ki``nynKi``nhah jar jiei ki``nyn

`hknesazah mzcnhnjacnh vn`hknesazah mzcnhnjacnh vnccnjacnh `mrh acn acmacaccnjacnh `mrh acn acmacaznccaecnraàr.znccaecnraàr.

Ki``nhah rnhma, eoeusu, libka, licaKi``nhah rnhma, eoeusu, libka, lica

(miz, sv, eit), youhcuu, nrakn vn(miz, sv, eit), youhcuu, nrakn vneiyhiki hoetismajaeiyhiki hoetismaja

Jar ki``nhah eakyisic yipsacn acmacaznccaecnr`nhàr.

Eakyisic znccaecnra

Ki``ncnrah ànr ki``ncnrcn nteacnnrne ynhaki``ncnr ocuturijackn znccaecnra n

jarjarah`nh girec`r.

KI@@N@NEKI@@N@NE@NKCNZ@NKCNZ

GTERNC @NKGTERNC @NK EKQIRIC @NKEKQIRIC @NK Jatcastn eir yiynraha Rajaryi souecirhi jriet. Mh`z livi sbiec nesa 96ciri ahnrenh, mnbn asn nesa

:6cnra jucuyor. Irsouecir hn`nhaycn njnen suciròhirenh, su jorucir souecir hn`nhaycn pitci .itcirìh : kntrncae siretcirh ocutuu Enhttn, livicirnìti juz ensayor.


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Juz siretcirhisc ocukuocijacar?Ki``nhah `mrhkh`n lnrlihma jar

`naak ockukuùr?

`naak ockukuùr?

Eirìh Iìki Hn Ocù?

Eh nh snvàakazyihcirhìh jara `n eirhyikis`r.obuecuukuzunha`nh i irz eirci

oyhirenh Lncn `neirìh iìk yipkielnpakazah vizmnacknza`nac kaàr? Ihbie,eirìh iìkkz jarsrn sohri yoe ocurma`nr.

Eir hisc ocuur? Eirìh iìki jar srn sohri hn ocur? Eirìh iìkh nraknsahn snjnp ocih

gietr hnàr? Eirh yipshì hn vir`r? Eirh nraknsa srishì `mrhkh`n

lnrlihma jar `naak ocur ku? Eirh nraknsa srishì tihnbaecnrah`n

lnrlihma jar `naak ockukuùr?

Ru `hms hnàr?

Ep nenr toz nenr pu ri nenrairishìea jnhznrcaecnr vn girecirhncnràr?

GTERNC @NKNCNZGTERNC @NKNCNZKi``nhah `yipshì knyìhi mncnhKi``nhah `yipshì knyìhi mncnh

`nakncnrn`nakncnrn GTERNC @NKNCNZGTERNC @NKNCNZ `nhar.`nhar.


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GTERNC @NKNCNZHGTERNC @NKNCNZHTNCCECNZTNCCECNZ

Ki``nhah yips`nakn`nh si`nbn `Ki``nhah yips`nakn`nh si`nbn `mrhh`n knyìhi mncnhmrhh`n knyìhi mncnh`nakncnràr.`nakncnràr.

Gazaesnc `nakncnr sohubuhì ynhaGazaesnc `nakncnr sohubuhì ynhaki``ncnr ocukiz.ki``ncnr ocukiz.

Ri`nbn ki``nhah rnhe, neac, jyeceRi`nbn ki``nhah rnhe, neac, jyecemaja znccaecnra `naar.maja znccaecnra `naar.

GTERNC @NKNCNZGTERNC @NKNCNZ

Knrknr tnzmili cakoh èc`!!!

Cakoh suyu satrae isat `nàakaz jar isattar.Knrknr asn eicsayuk eirjohit jacnaaàr.Cakoh suyu(satrae isat) knrknr (eicsayuk eirjohit) acnnteacnnrne rniesayohi marnr.

@nkarah piscihkis

Vis, hnkca ortikcirì `nkar vn oesadnhah eakyisictnpeaknyn marknsaycn ocuih nkar oesattar.

Kiyicihki Jar kaetir su aahn jariz uh, jariz ì nenr eitcr

vn kiyiyci eirtrcrsi jar srn sohri likuruhznrah`n ee eijirbecir ocuur.

Tikihci likur eijirr vn epecnhnrneaeahcnar,yesncar.

,kiyiyci eire etcnhah lirnent licah`n ocùumrcr.

Kiyi lbrnbaecnra oickieti, jyknetnàrcnr. Qiha kiyicihki ociysz eohusuùr. Likuruh eijirkis, ju ociy srishì

eirjohàoesat mizhh knyìhi mncknsah`nhàr.


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EKQIRIC @NKNCNZEKQIRIC @NKNCNZ

Ki``nhahKi``nhah a yipshì knyìhia yipshì knyìhi mncnhmncnh`nakncnrn`nakncnrn EKQIRIC @NKNCNZEKQIRIC @NKNCNZ `nhar.`nhar.

. .

Neakn,eoeki,jozucki,pakn,rkn,sahàrakNeakn,eoeki,jozucki,pakn,rkn,sahàrak,,

GotosnhtnzGotosnhtnz ociycirvj. eakyisic `naknycn ocuur.ociycirvj. eakyisic `naknycn ocuur.

EKQIRIC @NKNCNZH TNCCECNZEKQIRIC @NKNCNZH TNCCECNZ

Ki``nhah a yipshì knyìhi mncnh`nakncnràr.

Eak isic n a kncnr sohubuhì nhaki``ncnr ocuur.

ZHNECNZ 4ZHNECNZ 4 Ekrh yihkis Rttnh yourt vn pnyhar yipckis @nkarah piscihkis Knyvncnrah rknsa Likuruh kiyicihkis Eukìh bik yipckis Neknah egcnhknsa Eijirtki tozuhuh znrahn cakoh seckis Bihccirh chbn rknsa hsihh sahàrak vn socuhuk yipkis Jateacnrah gotosnhtnz yipkis

zk suyuhìh saren yipckis @oicmizh yihkis @acnrakazah rknsa Qukurtihh licihkis Mkh ie liviì zikihci eirirkis

Itnjbnecnra vbutcirhìea eakyisicItnjbnecnra vbutcirhìea eakyisic`naakcnr sohubuhì e rntar.`naakcnr sohubuhì e rntar.

rkbnecnr irkne aah eakyisicrkbnecnr irkne aah eakyisic`naak sohubu sicmocuturur.`naak sohubu sicmocuturur.

Gotosnhtnz ociyjar eakyisic `naknàr.Gotosnhtnz ociyjar eakyisic `naknàr.

J^HCIZA JCQOZ K^Q@^H^T?J^HCIZA JCQOZ K^Q@^H^T?

Polukuh akcnhknsa eakyisic naknàr.Polukuh akcnhknsa eakyisic naknàr.NvahaNvaha jiìhi yipkie astnynhjiìhi yipkie astnynh jarahahjarahah

shknkashknkaearn znrahn su èknsaycnearn znrahn su èknsaycneakyisiceakyisic `naak knyìhi mncar.`naak knyìhi mncar.

EKQIRIC WN GTERNC @NKN CN CMC QIVACIH@AZACKAMZa@ ICAKIRA

9

E h yrtckis

:

Ruyuh ncnetrocaza

2

Rttnh yourt yipckis

0

Kukuh yihkis

>

Eajratah Qihkis

7

Oùhuh Erckis

=

Qiprih Ririrkis

Qiprih @ecknsa

97

Mkh eirirkis

Iiì vnracnh ociycirìea `naakcnra jncartahaz.Iiì vnracnh ociycirìea `naakcnra jncartahaz.

Bikh erckis gazaesnc eakyisic HEEkrh yihkis

Oùhuh erckis

Ntah orihkis

Rth neaknsa

Hiycohuh yrtckis

Rth eiyhikis

Kukuh nraknsa

Rih ensacknsa

Higticahah sjcakcnknsa

Ncjasnhah yrtckis

orijh secknsa

@nhaz suyuhuh julircikis

Eicnkah erckis

Eneah paaracknsa

Ruyuh ncnetrocaza

zk`nh saren yipckis

:0


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Gazaesnc-Eakyisic @naak

Ki``nhah gazaesnc znccaecnrah`n kny`ihimncnh `nakncnrn gazaesnc `naak `nhar.

E`h yrtckis, bikh erckis vn lc`naakcnra gazaesnc `naakcnrn rhnetar.

Gazaesnc `naak, ki``nhah eakyisic yipsh`natarknesazah mzcnhnjacnh vn ccnjacnhznccaecnrah`nea `naak`ar.

Eakyisic `naak asn ki``nhah girecki``ncnrn iyrkishi vnyi girecki``ncnrah nteacnnrne ynha ki``ncnraocuturkishi `nhar.

Eakyisic Pnpeakn Prcnra


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9. Qihki Pnpeaknsa

Qihki tnpeaknsa5 jar ki``nhah oesadnhcnjarcnkn tnpeaknsaàr.

Qihki aah

yihb ki``n,

livi (oesadnh),

tutuki sbiec mnrnear.

Qihki tnpeakncnra ìli oe s nhnrdasa nc`nntkne aah mnrnecntaracar.

rhnah mhce yiikì shkiì vn ynknepaarkn`n euccihcih òic mizh jar jacnakaocih propihh yihkis ju ikici`r.

B2L< + >O: 2BO: + 0L:O + s

Qihki tnpeakncnrahn iiìea rhnecnra `nvnrnjacaraz.

BL0 + :O: BO: + :L:O + s

Qihki tnpeaknsaha ùrùrijackne aah hnyipckic`r?

Qihkihh ocùu ortikì yihih ki``n acnoesadnhah acaeasa ensacarsnyihki nhmnccnhkaocur.

Ru4Itna sh`rnh ki``ncnr irishì nhhnkcasa suùr. Ru znccaecn eitki``ncnr`nea yihmhcir aah aya jarsh`rb`r.

Euk4Qihb ki``ncnrah oesadnhcnacaeasahah ensacnrne sh`rcknsah`neuccihcr. Euccihki ihhì eukuh yihbki``nya tikiknh rtknsa sicihkic`r.

Eirjohàoesat miz (BO:)4Qihih ki``nhahznraha eipciyih eirjohàoesat miz yihbki``nya oesadnhsaz jrieirie yihmhhsh`rcknsa ociy`r.

Mnhnccaecn ncae tpcnr`n jish icthì svlic`n tutucur.

Ju mizci ie icihcirì vn livi iekhhocùu ynrcnr`n yihmhh sh`rcknsaocùei zorùr.

Euru eakynva toz4Qihmh sh`rkn`neuccihcih nteah ki``ncnr`nh jarasa `n eurueakyisic tozùr. Ir sbiecetih (tilti,euki, iriji cistaa maja ki``ncnr`n) ocuihyihmhcir, svcirh (jnhzah vn trnvcnra)tutukishìh eih yihmhcir vn yihbmizcirh (livimiz-òicmiz vj.) jish icthìekishìh ocuih yihmhcirhsh`rcknsah`n euccihckieti`r.

Epe4 Epe yihih yznya tikiknh eipcir.Juhuh sohubu ocirie ì livi acn tnkis ensnrvn iyrbi soutki znccaahah jucuhkishn`nhaycn n yihmh sh`rb ocirieeuccihcr.


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@nkar hn`nh piscihr?

0Gn + 2O: :Gn:O2L:O

Viscihki lnr hneiìr `nkar acnoesadnhah tnpeaknynmarknsa ocirietihkcihyorsi i

ju tnpeaknhahmnrnecnknsa aahortikì oesadnh vn`nkarah yih srisuyuh ì jucuhkismnrneknetnàr.

Oesadnhvir Oesadnhyoe Oesadnhvir

Ru yoe Ru vir Ru vir

Ncki Ensacahbn Haah Eiriryor?

Nckicirh vnyi enrnvaz, pititns, irkut maja pne oe knyvnhahensacàecnrah`n eirirkicirhh snjnja yipcirhì jucuhih'pocagnhocoesaìz' (VVO) àyn i`cih`rcih jar nhzakàr.

Ju nhzak, liviìea oesadnhaha icp, nckiì jucuhih 'tihah'i`c eakyisicci jarcntarnrne eirirkiyi hn`nh ocur.

Nckiy enstaahaz vnyi eijuuhu soyùuhuz zikih, ensacknyznyah`nea lbrncnr n jchr, icr. Juriìea VVO'cirlivihh oesadnha acn jarcnnrne iyhnh `nkarah piscihkis maja

jar rnhe naaka ociy yiritrcir. @nkarah piscihkishì ocùu maja nckihh

eirirkis i yivi yihki tnpeaknsahn jar rhnetar.

Eilvnrnhma rnhmn hknya hcnknhah jar yocuohcir ensnr ensknz suyi eoykie vn livi acnacaeacnraha ensknetar, ihbie suìh eircècirhì

yahn eoyucikiyi `nvik n`nrcnr. B vatikahaeirirkiy hcnynjacar. Knyvnhah ensacka eskhicakoh enrsnhaz, aah`nea B vatikaha, tihahahoesadnh acn tnkish hcnr vn eirirki lzh izictr.


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:. enckn Pnpeakncnra

Qesne kaetirì eicsayuk la`ro-eirjohit jucuhihynr ict sucirhh liviìea oesadnh acn ocih tnkissrishì eirjohàoesat vn eirjohkohoesatuirie,eicsayuk eirjohit encknetnàr.

Jar ki``nhah anr jar ki``n anrasah`n eepiribecir lcah`n lokodnh ocirie ickishizhkn nhar.

zhkn kocnecnr vn ayohae ocirie aeayn iyrcr.nenr, ntac iceoc maja ormihae jacnaecnr kocneccnrahniyrcirie zhrenh HiBc, EA maja ayohae ki``ncnrayohcirhi iyrcirie zhrcnr.

HiBc vn EBc maja jiz kntic tuzcir suì oezhrenh ImBc vn VjBc: maja jiz kntic tuzcir asn

oe iz zhnh tuzcir`r. Litti juhcirh lazhknàa n sycnhnjacar. Jar enckn tnpeaknsah`n jncarca eityoh vn ihyohcir

jarcnnrne encne (encta) `nhnh vn zhknynhayohae jar eit vnrar.

Votisyuk ayo`r vn euruh(AA) hatrit suìzhnrne rnhesaz znctacnr ocuturihtuzcir`r.

:EA(suì) + Vj(HO2):(suì) VjA:(e) + :EHO2(suì)

Votisyuk hatrit suì oe zhr, ju yz`nhzncta`n eicr.

Ihbie, ocuih euruh ayoùr, tnpeaknsrishì zhknz vn eijh àjah`n enctaocirie eicr.

Ocuih eit szcnrne iyrcr vn yeihr.

Pnpeakn jar enckn tnpeaknsaàr.

Jic irs soekishi a`rirci kìlicn???!!!


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Jacak iìkcirhh yiptecir iritrkicirimrn. hsih a`rirhh ir soekishi eirjarn jar ocùu eihtcihktr.

hsih a`rirhì jucuhih ir ikohyietihòciy ir soekishìh lnknh sohriuymucihih a`rir acn kìlicn eaayaakncnr`nh, ir vn szcirìh ensahcaecneurtirkieti`r.

2. Htrcnkn Pnpeaknsa

Jic irshh soekis srishì vnràa sicmisaàetar.

Ju hn`nhcn `n ib lassa jizae ocih so`yukjaeirjohit vnyi ikohyieci àhàracnjacar.

Ircirh soekicirhì iby àhàrkne isatacn jizh htrcnkn tnpeaknsa siynsah`n ocur

Isatcnrah jizcirci vnràecnra tnpeakncnr,htrcnkn tnpeaknsa ocirie tihkcihr.

Nezotnrkae ocirie mnrnecnnh htrcnkntnpeakncnra sohuhì mnhnccaecn, tuz vn suocuur.

Isat + Jiz Puz + Ru + As

Joizaa Eprs'h`n eorozyoh tnlcaensa

stihjuc Iy`h havnrsatnsarntak ynsa vn IgntNatak, ^ymuciki vnIritrki Knrenza (IGIK)K`r Qr`. @o. @r.Eujaciy Eiptih, 06. ycjiek yipckis aah jar yctrigan eipitcpeipitckikis tirtkieohusu ocih jah >76 kntrnuzuhcuuhìea JoizaaEprs'h`n eorozyohtnlcaensa ocùuhu sycnà(Rijil mizntnsa , Obie :69:).

0. Qesnctmnhkn-hàrmnhkn Pnpeakncnra

0 Gn + 2 O: : Gn:O2

Jacahàa maja itkosgnrah yiecie jntn jarahaocuturih oesadnh, nvrnkaz`n `nkar piscihkisvnyi tiltihh yihkis maja ociycir mnrnecntarnhietagcaa yesne jar miz ocup yesnctmnhkntnpeakncnrahah nh jye sorukcucirhìh`r.

Nh mnhnc ihcikìyesnctmnhkn vnahàrmnhkn tnpeakncnra, ncnetroh icki vnyivnrkn ocirie jacahar vn ju tnpeakncnr esibirnòes tnpeakncnra ocirie agi`n nàcar.

Qiha5 yihki, piscihki ociycir iyhzikihì jarnr rnòes tnpeakncnraàr.


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Kntijocazkikzì knyìhi mncnh pne oetnpeakn,

Qnac jateacnrah mhn nhnrdasaha euccihirieeirjohàoesata mcueozi `htrknsa ocirie

jacahnh gotosnhtnz ociy,

Jateacnrah gotosnhtnz sohubu knyìhimntaràecnra mcueozuh kntijocazkiìeirjohàoesat vn suyi `hknsa jar

yesnctmnhkn ahàrmnhkn tnpeaknsaàr.

Eih jiheicir, eih altayib ocih li sticir aah mnrneca eihhsicihkis ikibyci eurucku jarakcnràr. Nnr eih jihìjucuhùysihz vnràahaz eihh, jar yiriìh ace iet maja ieerkz `nac eoyu erkz rnhetn ocùu àeeitahaza nekatar.Znhetnea ju girecce eihì oesadnh trihsgnraha mnrnecntarnhlnkomcojah kocnechh knrenzah`n ynr icih `nkar

ncnknhtahah yesnctmnhkn si yshh girecchìheiyhiecih`h jacayor kuyùhuz?Oesadnhbn giear ortikìea lnkomcojah`n jucuhih `nkarahahàrmnhka lica (Gn:+) eoyu erkz aenh oesadnhbn znhmahlnkomcojah (Gn2+) ie erkz`r. Lnkarncnr, eih oesadnhockiyih topcir ìkirìh icrcir vn livi mnarknynh zncpontcnr`n siecircir. Eih, oesadnhcn tnkis nt knàa aah Gn:+

ayohu yesnctmnhnknz vn rnhma `n eoyu erkz`r. Juhuhcijnrijnr, jar eizi srish i iyh topcir ìkir ensacàah`ntnkis licah`n ocùu liviìea oesadnh lnkomcojaha oesatcnr vnjycnbn eihh rnhma ie erkzyi `hr.@nkar maja jaroe ncnknht ocuturùecir jacnaecnr`nyesnctmnhkn siycirhh jar hn`nhcn `naknsaycn rnhecnrah`ngirecihkicir ii eir. rhnah, kihmihh jar oeyesnctmnhkn siys vir r vn kihmih4 KhO0- (+=, kor)KhO0:- (+7, ynac), KhO: (+0, turuhbu/eilvn), Kh:O2 (+2,knhnen), Kh:+ (+:, ie pnkjn) rnhecnrahn si laptar.

Ri`nbn yihki tnpeakncnra yesnctmnhkn-ahàrmnhkn tnpeakncnrahn rhnemstnracnknz.

Th + LBc ThBc: + L:

LIQIPAKAT@I EKQI

Pnkazcae ki``ncnra Bik vn jacnnhcnra Vorsncnh vn snrikae Eipcikibce Kutgietiea eakyi Jayocodae sastnkcnr`nea eakyi nvrn earcacaa vn eakyi pcnrah mnra hk

I`ca tpti eakyi Ru irtk Eozkntae eakyis Hihotnehocodavn eakyi cicir vn eakyi Rihit vn eakyi


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9

Kocneccnr, iyh vnyi girec tr`nh oe siyì itokuh jaririyi mncknsa acn ocuur.

Kocneccnr`nea ju itokcir, eakyisic ji ociriei`cih`rcih neak euvvntcnraycn jar iriì tutucurcir.

Itokcir ji yipirenh, ncnetroh azacacnraha enhàcnrahn nhyieh soy mizh ncnetroh azacaahn jnhzntknyn icrcir.

Eakyisic jih trh ncnetrohnmitagcae eivrik iecir.

:

2

Itokcir iris jicir

yohae Ji,

Eovicnht Ji,

Knticae Ji,

0

QOHAE JIQOHAE JI

Ncnetrohcir, è ayohciki nhnrdasahn silap kntic itokuhìhyesne ncnetroh acmasahn silap ikntic itokuhi ietircr.

>

7


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=

QOHAE JACNAECNZAH QIVR

yohae jacnaecnr`n gorkcjarakcnra jucuhur.

Jar gorkc jaraka, ayohae jacnaaocuturih eityohcir vn ihyohciririshìea nh ee orih`r.

.:692

:

zb zhnh rhne zncta

Rv Rv Iceocc su (suì iceoch zhknsa)Rv Eit Puzcu su (suì tuz zhknsa)

Rv Miz Ikohyiec su (suì ikohyih zhknsa)

Eit Rv Ikicmik (mktn bavihh zhknsa)

Eit Eit Varah (jierì aheohuh zhknsa)

Eit Miz Vicci`yukì l a rodnhah zhknsa

Miz Miz Izotti oesadnhah zhknsa

TNCPCNZ

THNH KI@@NKEPIZAHI MZN

NCNEPZECNPENHCHN

MZN

TB WN

THNH KI@@N

KEPIZAHI MZN

THZCNMZN

@nraae zncta4 zhnh ki``n kaetirhhznctahah kaetirhi orih yesne ocihznctacnràr.

Rnyrnctae zncta4 zhnh ki``n kaetirhhznctahah kaetirhi orih è ocih

znctacnràr.

Ncnetrocat znctacnr4 Ruì zhhbn esknhvnyi tikiknh ayohcirhi iyririe ncnetraaacntnh znctacnrn `nhar.Puzcir,isatcnr vnjizcirh sucu znctacnra ncnetrae iekh acntar.

Ncnetrocat Ockiyih znctacnr4 Ruìzhhbn ayohcirhi iyrckiyihznctacnràr.nenrca su,iceocc su.

@oykik zncta4

Jncarca jar sbieceti jar zncta znjacnbnakaetirìh ili iz ki``n jucuhùruyorsiju tap znctacnrn oykik zncta nhar.

@oykik jar znctayn, o sbiecetieaòyki hoetishi eiìr zhnh ki``nnecnhnjacar.

@oyku zncta4 Jncca sbieceti anrasahn ìli gizciki``n (zhnh) zcknynh znctacnrn òykuzncta `nhar.


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2

@oymuh znctahah Ocukis

Oecirh uzuhcuecir zhkn( )vn enckn ( ) lzcirhmstnrar. (i) zhnh ki``n zb aahn eohùuihì zhkn jicir. (j) Jar srn sohri enckn lzhnkca jar `nnrn ucir. (b) zhkn vn encknlzcir nat ocùu zikih zncta òymuh licn mncar.

Ir @oyku zncta4 Jncca sbieceti jarzncta òyki hoetish iirie ìli gizcizhnh jucuhùrih znctacnrn `nhar. Iròyku znctacnr eirirsz`r vnjnecntacàecnra zikih zncta`nea gizci ocihki``n erasticcnhnrne àjn enr.

Jar ki``nhah jncca jar zbhh jncca jar kaetirhì, jnccajish vn sbieceti zhnjacnh nh gizci kaetirhi oki``nhah zhrc nhar.

Lnr ki``nhah jncca jar zb`n zhnjacnbna ki``nkaetir girec`r.

zhrce mnhnccaecn 966 kC (966 bk2) vnyi 966 mzb`n zhnjacnh ki` nhah mrik bahsah`nhetcnsa ocirie vnracar.

rhnah, HiBc'h suìea zhrc :6B ì 27m/966 kC'àr. Ju agi`n`nh HiBc'h vnracnh

irtcirì 966 kC suì 27 m'ìh ìli gizcizhknynbnaihcicr.

@oymuh licn mncka ju znctayn ili gizci HiBc acivnnàcàa tieàr`n, acivn nàcnh HiBc zncta`nzhkn`nh eit lic`n eicibietr. Jycn jar zncta`n,eit ki``n acn o ki``nhah òymuh znctasa tnkislicah`nàr vn iricirhì jar ahikae nhmn szeohusuùr.

Ju nhmn zhnh kocneccnrah lzhh, encnhkocneccnrah lzhi nat ockisyci sicihr. @oyku jarzncta aah vnracnh zhrce nnrah`nh ili izkaetirì ki``n jucuhùrih znctacnrn asn "òykikznctacnr" nhar.

zhnh vn zb bahsa Rbiece Jish Ortie ayoh nteasa


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Jar zbb`n girec ki``ncnr yi ì jarki``n girec zbcnr`n zcrsnzhrcecnra girec ocur.

Jar zb kocnec yips vn ncnetraesncznccaecnra jiekhìh enhàsahn jnhznynhki``ncnra aya znr.

Ru pocir jar ki``n ocùuhìh pocirki``ncnr aah (isat,jiz,tuz,iceoc)aya jarzb`r. Ipocir yipìea H: ,L:,BL0 majaipocir zb ocih jnhznh`n aya zhr.

Ki``ncnrah zhrchn sbiech nteasaòyku jar zncta lizrcihrenh ichih yi ìvnracnh syi jic`r.

Jiz znctacnr lizrcihrenh nvrnyn s vnracar(nezotnrkae), jizcir ì nvrn`nh s icr(nhòtnrkae).

rhnah jar kaetir eit ikohyuk hatrit(HL0HO2) tuzu, jar `nhny tp anrsah`n suìzh`h`n zncta ocuuku acn jarcaetn`nhny tphh souùu mzcnhar. Ju ùrukzhkn acnkahah nvrn`nh s ic`h vnociyh nhòtnrkae ocùu mstnrar.

Ju tr zhkncnr`n, sbiece irtteizhrce irtir.

rhnah nhòtnrkae ocirie zhnh EBc,96B'ti 966 m suì 29.6 m zhrenh, >6B'ti0:.7 m zhr

HiOL, EOL maja jizcir vnyi LBc, LHO2 majaisatcnrah suì zhkncnra acn ocuihznctacnr`n sbiech irtt mzcnhar. Juùruk asn zhkn acnkahah nvrnyn svnràaha vn ociyh nezotnrkae ocùuhumstnrar

Ju tr zhkncnr`n sbiece irtteizhrce izicr.

rhnah Ca:BO2 96B sbieceti 966 m suì6.:2 m zhrenh >6B'ti ihbie 6.6< mzhr.

Mizcir, svcirì ìryi s vnrnrne zhrcnr.

Mizcirh svcirì zhknsa nezotnrkae jarsrntar vn sbiece irtkis acn mizcirhzhrcecnra izicr.

rhnah oesadnh mizhh jar catrn suìeazhrc :>B `n 6,62 m aenh >6B'ì6.6609 mriki `knetnàr.

Rv vn eit ki``ncnrah zhrc jishbijic `nacàr.

Mizcirh zhrc asn mizh jishbyci òruorihtc ocirie `naar.

Mizoz, eoci maja anbnecnr yesne jish icthìBO: mizhh zhknsaycn ancnhar. anhaheipi ic`hì jish itkosgnr jishbhi`nr vn zhk ocih BO: mizhh jar kaetir

eijirbecir ocuturirie zncta`nh uziecir vnepe ocuturur.


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9

Isat vn Jiz znctacnrah`nIsat vn Jiz znctacnrah`n

@nhmn@nhmncnk Jisikiecir4

9.Rucu ortikì mnrnecnnh tnpeakncnrah yizckisvn

zncta`nea rhcnrah jncarcnhknsa:.Jicihmti marnhcnrah nhmn licah`n asn tnpeaknyn

marnhcnrah vn rhcnrah nraakcnrahah jncarcnhknsaikibyci jar azncmn lizrcihkis

2.Ru uh a ohci kis aja alkic nàcnjacnbne jiz.

tnpeakncnrah jncarcnhnrne mnrneca virsiykcirh

yipckis

0.yohciki sijatcnrah`nh yirircihirie tnpeaknynmarnhcnrah vn rhcnrah `nhmn `nraakcnrahahjncarcnhknsa, zncta pL vnyi pOLhh

lnsipcihkis

Tiyg Isat znctacnrahahTiyg Isat znctacnrahah yohyoh @nraakcnrahah@nraakcnrahahvnvn pLpL @n@nnrcnrahah Lnsipcihkisnrcnrahah Lnsipcihkis

Ei `nnra 7,:.96-96 ocih 6.: K LBH uhsucu znctasah`nea ayohciki yz nsaha vn

`nhmn ihhìea zncta pL h lnsipciyhz.

9. Iiki49. Iiki4Pnpeakn `nhecnkahah yizckisPnpeakn `nhecnkahah yizckis

LBH + L:O L2O+ + BH-

:. Iiki4:. Iiki4@nhmn licah`nea tk jacnnhcnrah@nhmn licah`nea tk jacnnhcnrah `nraakcnrah`nraakcnrah

jncarcnhknsa ikibyci jar azncmn lizrcihkisjncarcnhknsa ikibyci jar azncmn lizrcihkis

ULBH[ UL2O+[ UBH-[

iihm4 .

Pnpeakn4

@nhmnIh4

-x K

(6.: x) K

+x K

x K

+x K

x K

2. Iiki2. Iiki44 EiEi ayohciki sijatahah yizckisvn `nhmnayohciki sijatahah yizckisvn `nhmn

`nraakcnrahah`nraakcnrahah lnsipcihkislnsipcihkis

LBH aahU [ U [

U [LBHBHOL

Ei

+

; 2

:. Iikiì jncartacnh `nhmn `nraakcnra,

`nhecnk`n ynrcnrahn eohucursi

x

x

;

:,696.:,7

:96


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:

x `nraaka ocùei ee jar `nnr`nocùuhìh isaàh jicihm `nraakahah yihhìalkic nàcnjacar `zny`nàr.

:.696:.7

:96 xx ;

:.696:.7 96: xxx ;

:.696:.7 96: xxx ;

x ; UL2O+ [ ; UBH-[ ; 9.99 x 96-> K

lkicah òrucuuhu ohiycikie aahayohciih isat yz`nsahah lnsipcihkic`r.

Isaàh ayohciki yz`nsa asn5

66>>.6%966:.6

9699.9966

>

;;

K

Kx

jiscih i

x

ocirie lnsipcihr.

yohciki yz`nsa 36.> ocùu aah alkicmnnrcaàr.

0. Iiki40. Iiki4 ULUL22O+[ vnO+[ vn pLpL lnsipcihkislnsipcihkis

@nhmn ihhì, x ; UL2O+[ ; 9.99 x 96->

pL ; -com UL2O+[

pL ; -com (9.99 x 96->)

.

zncta isaàe znccaetnàr

6.07: K isntae isat (BL2BOOL) znctasah`nea

ayoh `nraakcnraha vn zncta pL hlnsipciyhz

(BL2BOOL aah Ei ; 9.< x 96->).

9. Iiki49. Iiki4Pnpeakn `nhecnkahah yiz

ckis

Pnpeakn `nhecnkahah yiz

ckis

BL2BOOL + L:O L2O+ + BL2BOO

-

:. Iiki4:. Iiki4@nhmn licah`nea tk jacnnhcnrah `nraakcnrah@nhmn licah`nea tk jacnnhcnrah `nraakcnrah

jncarcnhknsa ikibyci jar azncmn lizrcihkisjncarcnhknsa ikibyci jar azncmn lizrcihkis

ULB:L2O:[ UL2O+[ UB:L2O:

-[

iihm4 .

Pnpeakn4

@nhmnIh4

-x K

(6.07: x) K

+x K

x K

+x K

x K


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2. Iiki2. Iiki4 Ei ayohciki sijatahah yizckisvn `nhmn4 Ei ayohciki sijatahah yizckisvn `nhmn

`nraakcnrahah lnsipcihkis`nraakcnrahah lnsipcihkis

Isntae isat aahU [ U [

U [::::::2

OLLB

OLBOLEi

+

;

:. Iikiì jncartacnh `nhmn `nraakcnra,

`nhecnk`n ynrcnrahn eohucursi

x

xxx

;

07:,696

x

x

;

07:,6

:

x `nraaka ocùei ee jar `nnr`nocùuhìh isaàh jicihm `nraakahah yihhìalkic nàcnjacar `zny`nàr.

07:,696 x

x ;

)07:,6)(96: ; xx

Kx 66:1.6;

0. Iiki40. Iiki4 lkicah mnnrcacalkicah mnnrcacaahah jncarcnhknsaahah jncarcnhknsa

lkicah òrucuuhu ohiycikie aahayohciih isat yz`nsahah lnsipcihkic`r.

66:1.6 Kx>%72.6%966

07:.6966 3;;

Kjiscihm

lkic Mnnrca

>. Iiki4>. Iiki4 UL2O+[ vn pL lnsipcihkisUL2O+[ vn pL lnsipcihkis

@nhmn ihhì, x ; UL2O+[ ; 6.66:1 K

pL ; -com (6.66:1)

pL ; :.>

zncta isaàe znccaetnàr

:> 6B `n `nhmn licah`nea 6.96 K HL2znctasa aah OL- ayoh `nraakaha vn pL h

jucuhuz.(Ej ; 9.< x 96->)

B4 pL ; 99.9

Htrcnkn PnpeakncnraHtrcnkn Pnpeakncnra Isatcnrah jizcirci vnràecnra tnpeakncnr,

htrcnkn tnpeaknsa ocirie tihkcihr.

Nezotnrkae ocirie mnrnecnnh htrcnkn

tn eakncnra sohuhì nhnccaecn, tuz vn su

ocuur.

Isat + Jiz Puz + Ru + As


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RoruRoru

>6 kc 6.: K HiOL znctasahah tikik

ycihtrcnknsa aah euccihckismnrnenh :> kc

cae

i. LBc

j. L:RO0

znctacnrahah kociratncnra hn ockic`r?

RoruRoru

>6 kc 6.> K EOL znctasa hn :> kc 6.: KLHO2 znctasa acivn nàcàah`n ocuihynha znctahah pL hnàr?

La`rocazLa`rocaz

La`rocaz, jar kocnech suyci vnràatnpeakncnrah mnhnc jar i``r.

Nh aya jacahnh la`rocaz tnpeakncnrah`nh jara,isaàe vnyi jizae znccaetnea tuzcirh suycivnr tnp kn nr r.

Tiyg JizTiyg Jiz Euvvntca Isat HtrcnknsaEuvvntca Isat Htrcnknsa

sohubu ocuih tuzcirh la`rocazasohubu ocuih tuzcirh la`rocaza

Euvvntca isat ocih LBc vn ziyg jiz ocih HL2 h htrcnkntnpeaknsa sohubu, HL0Bc tuzu ocuur vn zncta pL hh = `nhee ocùu mzcnkcnhar. Ju urukuh hn`nha HL0Bc h isaàeznccaetn jar tuz ockis`r.

HL0Bc, suì zh`h`n5HL0Bc(iq) HL0

+(iq) + Bc

-(iq)

Tiyg jiz HL2 h eohdumn isaà ocih HL0+ ayohu su ortikhì5

HL0

+

(iq)

+ L:

O HL2(iq)

+ L2

O+(iq)

la`rocaz tnpeaknsaha vnrar, yiha jar isat maja ivrihr. HL0+ uh isat

ayohciki sijatahah `nnra Ei ; >,7 x 96-96, suyuh Ei ; 9x 96

-90

`nnrah`nh ìli jye ocùuhìh ìli euvvntca jar isat majaìvrihirie zncta`nea L2O

+ `nraakaha hnkca c n irttrr vnzncta pL h `nr.

6.9 K HL0Bc znctasahah pL `nnrahnàr?(HL2 aah Ej ; 9.< x 96

-> )

9. Pnpeakn `nhecnkahah yizckis4

+ +0 (iq) : 2(iq) 2 (iq)


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>

:. azncmnhah liz

rcihkis

4

UHL0+[ UL2O

+[ UHL2[

Jicihm4 6.96 K 6 6

@nhmn Ih4 6.96 K - x x x

2. Ei ayohciki sijatahah yiz

ckis

vn`nhmn `nraakcnrahah lnsipcihkis

+

[U 0

22

+;

HLEi

)9.6()9.6(967.>

:96

x

x

x

xxx

;

;

Ei `nnra o eiìr eetr ea xahayohciih kaetir6.9K ìh ocùei

eetr. Ju hn`nhcn x, alkic nàcnjacar.

x: ; >.7 x 96-99

x ; UL2O+[ ; =.> x 96-7

pL ; -comUL2O+[

pL ; -com =.> x 96-7 ; >.92

Tiyg isat vn Euvvntca jiz tnpeakncnraTiyg isat vn Euvvntca jiz tnpeakncnra

sohubu ocuih jizae tuzcirh la`rocazasohubu ocuih jizae tuzcirh la`rocaza

Tiyg isat ocih BL2BOOL vn euvvntca jiz ocih

HiOL h htrcnkn tnpeaknsa sohubu, jizae

znccaetnea HiBL2BOO tuzu ocuur.

HiBL2BOO(iq) Hi+

(iq) + BL2BOO-(iq)

Tiyg isat ocih isntae isaàh, LBL2BOO, eohdumn jiz

ocih BL2BOO- ayohu euvvntca jar jiz`r vn suyci5

BL2BOO-(iq) + L:O LBL2BOO(iq) + OL

-(iq)

zncta jizaetar.

6.9 K HiBL2BOO znctasahah pL `nnrahnàr? BL2BOOL aah Ei 9.< x 96

->)

B4 pL ;


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Euvvntca isatcnrcn euvvntca jizcir

hhtrcnknsa sohubu ocuih tuzuh ihyoh vn

eityohu la`rocazn urikiz.

Euvvntca jar isat ocih LBc vn euvvntca jar

jiz ocih HiOL ah htrcnknsa sohubu

HiBc ocuup n`nnr kaetircirycimnrnecnnh tnpeaknyn sohubuhì ortik

pL htr`r, yiha, = àr.

Pikpoh znctacnrPikpoh znctacnr

Isat-jiz tikpohcir

, jar ziy

g isat vn ohuheohdumn jizh(tuzuhu) vnyi ziyg jiz vn

ohuh eohdumn isaàha (tuzuhu) anrnh sucu

znctacnr, tikpoh ocirie tihkcihr.

Ju sastnkcnrn rhne ocirie5 BL2BOOL -

BL2BOOHi vn HL0+ - HL2 vnracnjacar.

Pikpohcirh icki prnhsajaha L\ ziyg isaà vn ohuh

K\ tuzuyci (K5 Hi+, E+ maja la`rocaz ockiyih

eityohcir r) ocuturucih tikpoh sastnka asn5

L\(iq) + L:O \- + L2O

+

[U

2

L\

OL\Ei

+

;

UL2O+[ vn òciysyci pL, aea gietrn jic`r5

U [[U

[U

[U

[U2

Puz

IsatE

\

L\EOL ii ;;

+

9. Tiyg isaàh Ei sijatahn

:. Eohdumn isat-jiz agta `nraakcnrahah,UL\[ / U\-[, orihhi

Pikpoh znctayn OLPikpoh znctayn OL-- ayohu acivn nàcàayohu acivn nàcàah`n5ah`n5

tikpohuh isat jacnnhaycn tnpeaknyn marnr5tikpohuh isat jacnnhaycn tnpeaknyn marnr5

L\(iq) + OL- \- + L:O

Pnpeakn, UL\[ ah izickis hi vn U\-[ ah irtkishi hn`nh

ocur. Ihbie, tikpoh zncta`n L\ vn \- kaetir, acivn nàcnh

OL- kaetiryci eyiscih`hì ocùei gizci`r vn UL\[/U\-[orih, oe gizci `naknynbnetar. Ju ùrukì,ortik pLhìea `naak hnksnhknynbne eiìr iz ocur.

Pikpoh znctayn L+ ayohu (isat) acivnPikpoh znctayn L+ ayohu (isat) acivn

nàcànàcàah`n, tikpohuh jiz jacnnhaycn tnpeaknynah`n, tikpohuh jiz jacnnhaycn tnpeaknynmarnr5marnr5

L+(iq) + \-(iq) L\(iq)

Pnpeakn, U\-[ ah izickishi vn UL\[ ah irtkishi

hn`nh ocur.

UL\[/U\-[ orihhnkca c`n `naknynbnah`nh,pL ìea `naak hnksnhknynbne eiìr iz ocur.


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Pikpoh Eipisatnsa vn pL Lnsipcikicir4Pikpoh Eipisatnsa vn pL Lnsipcikicir4

Pikpoh eipisatnsa, tikpohuhhtrcntarnjacnbna nh gizci isat vnyi jizkaetir`r.

Eipisatn, tikpohuh yipcìsat vn jizhkaetirhi jic`r.

Pikpohuh pL asn isaàh ayohciki sijatahn vntikpoh yipshocuturih isat vn jiz nraakahnjic`r.

Pikpoh sastnkah`nea eohdumn isat-jiz agtahahkaetirhn eiìr gizci ocursi htrcnkn sohubu`nraakcnrah`nea girecihki orihì o eiìr izocur vn pL hnkca c`n `naknz.

PatrisyohPatrisyoh

Ncakaz`nea znctahah yichz pL hjackne

yntnrca ockiyijacar, aah`nea isat vn jiz

kaetircirhh vn bahsahah `n jacahknsa

mnrnenjacar.

Jar znctahah nraakahah, `nraaka jacahnh

jar jiei znctaycn tnpeaknsa sohubu

jncarcnhknsa, tatrisyoh ocirie tihkcihr.

@nraaka jacahknynh zncta ihicat

@nraaka jacahnh zncta asn tatriht

Isat vn jiz tatrisyohuh tnknca, isat vn jiz

znctacnrahah htrcnkn tnpeaknsahn

ìyihr.

Patrisyoh srnbah`n`nraaka jacahnh tatriht,

lnr jar iric9kc yn`nhe mncnbne neac`n`nrnbncnhàrackajrntocirie asakcnhàracnh jarbik joruhuh anrasahnòcùrucur.

@nraaka jacahknynhjncarca jar libkn silapnrcnh vnyi jnlnr`neaihicat znctasahn yiviyiviacivn nàcar.

Necnhnh tatriht kaetirhh, eakyisic

ocirie ihicat kaetirhi n`nnr ocùuih, n`nnrcae hoetis ocirie tihkcihr vnju `nnr`nh ihicat `nraaka jncarcnhnjacar.

Ju hoetiì, tatriht ocirie acivn nàcnhL O+ vn i OL- a ohu koc si s ihicattnea OL- vnyi L2O+ ayohu kocsiyshi nattar.

Pik htrcnkn mnrnecnar.


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6 kc 6.6> K LBc ihicat znctasahah 6.9 K

HiOL acn tatrisyohu


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Jicihm HoetisJicihm Hoetis

LBc + L:O L2O+ + Bc-6.6> K - -

- 6.6> K 6.6> K

pL ; -com UL2O+[ ; -com 6.6> ; 9.2

N`nN`nnrcae Hoetishbnsanrcae Hoetishbnsa

96 kc HiOL acivnsa

Isat vn jizh jicihm koc siycirhh lnsipcihkis

h; K.W

h LBc ; K . W

h LBc ; 6.6>(koc/C) x >6 (kC)

h LBc ; :.> kkoc

hHiOL ; K. W

hHiOL ; 6.9(koc/C) x 96 (kC)

hHiOL ; 9 kkoc

Isat vn jizh tnpeaknsa

LBc + HiOL Hi+Bc- + L:O

Jicihm4 :.> kkoc 9 kkoc - -

Pnpeakn4 -9 kkoc -9 kkoc +9 kkoc +9 kkoc

Eska htrcnkn

Pnpeakn

sohris49.> kkoc - 9 kkoc 9 kkoc

pL ; -comUL2O+[ ; -com 6.6:> ; 9.7

KLBc 6:>.676

>.9[U ;;

N`nN`nnrcae Hoetisnrcae Hoetis

Euvvntca isat LBc ah euvvntca jiz HiOL acn

tatrisyohuyci n`nnrcae hoetishì tikhtrcnkn mnrnecnar vn htr tuz ocih HiBc

ocuur.

Wnracnh rhnetn LBc ihicat znctasahah ji cih

koc siys:.> kkoc ocùuhi mrn n`nnrcaehoetishi ucikie aah acivn nàcknsa mnrnenh jiz

libka5

hHiOL ; :.> kkoc

kCCkoc

kkocWHiOL :>

)/(9.6

)(>.:. ;;

LBc + HiOL HiBc + L:O

Jic4 :.> kkoc :.> kkoc -

Pnpe4 -:.> kkoc -:.> kkoc +:.> kkoc +:.> kkoc

Pnpe.

sohr4- - :.> kkoc :.> kkoc

UL2O+[ ; UOL-[ oc uuhi mrn5

UL2O+[ ; 9 x 96-=

pL ; -com(9 x 96-=) ; =


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96

N`nN`nnrcae HoetisRohrisnrcae HoetisRohris:>.9 kC jiz acivnsa

hHiOL ; 6.9(k/C) x :>.9 (kc)

hHiOL ; :.>9 kkoc

LBc + HiOL HiBc + L:O

Jic4 :.> kkoc :.>9 kkoc -

Pnpe4 -:.> kkoc -:.> kkoc +:.> kkoc +:.> kkoc

Pnpe

sohr4- 6.69 kkoc :.> kkoc :.> kkoc

Pnpeakn sohrishì ortikì si`nbn 6.69 kkoc

HiOL irti eicr.

:>.9 kC jiz acivnsa sohrishì ihicat znctasahah

topcik libka =>.9 kC ocùuhi mrn5

UOL-[ ; 6.69 kkoc / =>.9 (kC)

UOL-[ ; 9.22 x 96-

pOL ; -com UOL-[ ; -com9.22 x 96-0 ; 2..9

=

96.9:

:0:0.1

.

:.


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99

Tiyg JizTiyg Jiz--Euvvntca Isat Patrisyoh NEuvvntca Isat Patrisyoh Nrasarasa

Gnhocgticnah

Kntac orihd


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9

Isatcnr

nea titti,jizknticcnra

znjacnh,

Jizcir

ibtitti,`nra`n eiymihce lassa

vnrnh

Mnhnc znccaecnrahn mrn

isat-jizahàeitrcnrah`n rnhe`naakahn hn`nh ocih

isat-jizahàeitrcnrah`n rnhe`naakahn hn`nh ocih

IRPCNZIRPCNZ

Kiva Purhusoc

i

`

h

ErkzyiErkzyi

JITCIZJITCIZ

rk

z

Purhusoc

i

`

h

Kivayn

Isat-Jiz PnoracnraIsat-Jiz Pnoracnra

9. Irrlnhaus Isat-Jiz Pnorasa

. - -

2. Cnwas Isat-Jiz Pnorasa

Irrlnhaus Isat-Jiz PnorasaIrrlnhaus Isat-Jiz PnorasaGiriìyh ieciyiki`znctacnr`neaayoh ocuuku vn ncnetrocatcnrahìvrihcirhi iece eizih`rktr.

R. Irrlnhaus

Irrlnhaus, ncnetrocatcnrah suìzhècnrah`n `nanh `nrnbncnr`npozatag vn hnmitag yec ayohciriiyrcècirsohubuhi uciktr.

(91 -91:=)


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:

Htr jacnae ocih isatcnrah suìzh`h`n L+ ayohu vn jar hnmitagayoh ocuturùuhu mzcnkcnkatar.

La`rodnh ecorr, suì zh`h`n L+

vn Bc- ayohcirhocuturkishn`nhaycn.

LBc(m) L+

(iq) + Bc-(iq)

L:O

L:O + __+

Irrlnhausi mrn, jizcir suìzh`h`n OL- ayohu vn pozatag ayohocuturih htr jacnaecnràr.

Ruì zh`h`n OL- vn Hi+

ayohcirhocuturih HiOL jar jiz`r

HiOL(e) Hi+

(iq) + OL-

(iq)L:O

_+L:O

++

LI L+ + I-

Irrlnhausi mrn

isatcnr

\OL \+ + OL-

jizcir asn

necah`n ayohcirhi iyrrcir.

Irrlnhaus isaà5 suì zh`h`nla`rodnh ayohu (L+) vnrnrne ayohciih

ki``ncnràr.

Irrlnhaus jiz5 suì

zh`h`n la`roesa` ayohu (OL-)vnrnrne ayohciih ki``ncnràr.

Pnora, isaàe vnyi jizae jacnaecnrah suì ayohcirhiiyrkisznrahn eurucùuhìh, si`nbn suìzhnh ki``ncnr aah mnnrcaàr.

Lnrlihma jar zmnh ortikhì isaàh, yahn jar isatocirie ìvrihibi`hcknetnàr.

Irrlnhaus, jizh gorkch`n OL mrujuhuh ockismnrnecacaaha sivuhkieti`r.

HiOL, EOL maja jizcirh znccaecnraha iecirenhHi:BO2 vn HL2 maja jacnaecnrah sucu znctacnrahah jizaeznccae mstnrkncnrahah hn`nhcnraha ieciyikiz.


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2

Jrohstn`-Cowry Isat-Jiz PnorasaJrohstn`-Cowry Isat-Jiz Pnorasa

91:2 ych`i, Jrohstn` (@ihakirei)vn Cowry (hmactnrn) jarjarcnrah`nh

i ksz o iri i kvn rr nh usPnorasah`n bnvipsz eicih hoeticiriy`hcitkie aah ynha jar tnora ortiyiitkcir`r.

Jrohstn`(9


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0

LBcLBc ++ OO LL ++LOL

++BcBc--

LL L

jijizziisatsat

+

Ru ortikhì, isatcnrah ayohcikissohubu ocuih L2O+

ayohciracn L:O kocneccnra irishìea la`rodnh jicirknyìhi mncar.

L2O+ ayohu, su kocneccnratirighìh sircr vn L1O0

+

la`ritcikla`rohyuk

Ihbie, ju yippritaetn, yahn L2O+ ayohu ocirie

ncn ichkieti`r.

L1O0+

ayohcirocuur vn eirircjaryipknyìhi mncar.

HL2h suì ayohcikis sohubujizae zncta ocuturkishh hn`nhahn o i r

+ _

Isatcnr, suyci tnpeaknyn maràecnrah`n, su

kocnechn L+ ayohu vnrnrne L2O+ ayohuocutururcir.

LBc s + L:O s L2O+

i + Bc-

i

isat jiz

Jizcir, suyci tnpeaknyn maràecnrah`n, sukocnech`nh L+ ayohu icirie OL- ayohuocutururcir.

HL2(iq) + L:O(s) HL0+

(iq) + OL-(iq)

jiz isat


58/115

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>

Ru, tnpeaknyn mar`aa ki``nyn jicocirie isat vnyi jiz maja

.

Lnk isat lnk `n jiz maja `ivrihih juki``ncnrn ikgotnr ki``n `nhar.

jiz isat


(iq) + OL-(iq)

9

:

isat jiz

jiz eohdumnisat


(iq) + OL-(iq)

jiz eohdumn isat

L+ icr

eohdumnjiz

isat


(iq) + OL-(iq)

isat eohdumn jizL+

vnrar


(iq) + OL-(iq)

Eohdumnisat-jiz agta

Eohdumnisat-jiz agta

isat jiz

Eohdumn IsatJiz agta

Eohdumn isat Eohdumn Jiz

L:O OL-

L:RO0 LRO0-

HL2HL0+

L:VO0- LVO0

:-

BL2BOOLBL2BOO-

BL2HL:BL2HL2+


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Isatcae vn jizce si`nbn sucuznctacnr n ka mnnrca ar?

LBc(m) + HL2(m) HL0Bc(e)

LBc(m) HL2(m)

Jrohstn`-Cowry tnorasa,isat-jiz tnpeakncnrahah si`nbn zn nr n mnrn nkn h

jncartknetnàr.

Cijorituir ortikhì mnrnecntaracnh `nhnycnr,

hn isaàe hn `n jizae znccan silap ocih sig suyuh

aah`n nat kaetirì L2O+ vn OL- ayohcirhh

jucuhùuhu mstnrknetnàr.

Rig suyuh anrasah`nea

ju ayohcirh eiyhihn ocijacar?

++ OO LL ++ LOL

++OO LL OO

--LL

LL L

jijizziisatsat

LL

Ruyuh yohciki Pnpeaknsa

Ruyuh Iyrki Pnpeaknsa


60/115

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=

@nhny sohucir, :>6B `n>>.> koc su anrnh 9 catrn sig suyuh

9.6 x 96-= kocir L2O+

vn iyhkaetirì OL- ayohcirhanràahamstnrknetnàr.

L:O + L:O OL- + L2O

+

:> 6B `n jncarca jar ihì lnr >>> kacyoh sukocnech`nh si`nbn jar tihnsa OL- vn L2O

+

ocuturkie znrn iyrr.

Ru yohciki RijataRu yohciki Rijata

L:O + L:O OL- + L2O

+

>>.> K>>.> K

+ 9.6 x 96+ 9.6 x 96--== KK + 9.6 x 96+ 9.6 x 96--== KK

-- 9.6 x 969.6 x 96--== KK

U [ U [

U [

:

:

2

OL

OLOLE

+

;

U [ U [ U [+; OLOLOLE 2

:

:

90==

2 969696 +

;;; KKOLOLEsu

Jizae znctacnr`n5 UOL-[ 8 UL2O+[

òciysyci5 UOL-[ 8 96-=

Isaàe znctacnr`n5 UL2O+[ 8 UOL-[

òciysyci5 UL2O+[ 8 96-=

Roru

Jar sucu znctayn :> B6 `n L2O+ ayoh `nraaka 9

x 96-> K ocibieneac`n isat acivn nàcknetnàr.Ju ùrukì, zncta`nea OL- ayoh `nraakahnàr?

pL vn pOLpL vn pOL@ihakireicjayoeakyib Rrnh Rrnhsoh,

La`rohyuk ayoh `nraakahah, nhzakitaetnpeakncnr`n hnkca jar roc oyhikis,

Jar znctayn necnhnh topcik isat `nraakaha mzhh`n jucuhùrucirie isatcaah ccknsahahyntnrsaz ockis,

Necnhnh isaàh ànr eakyisic ki``ncnrcnnteacnakn marnrne ayohciki kaetirhh`naknsa


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6B `n sig su 96-= K L2O+ ayohu

anràahn mrn5

sig suyuh pL 5

pL ; -com 96-=

pL ; =

:> 6B `n sig su 96-= K OL- ayohu anràahnmrn5

sig suyuh pOL 5

pOL ; -com 96-=

pOL ; =

Rig su nat `nraak`n L2O+ vn OL- ayohcir

anràah`nh

.

Juhuh ihcik, :> 6B `n pL ; = ocùuùrukcirì zncta

htr`r.


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Roru

L2O+ ayoh `nraaka, 96-> vn 96-96 K ocih aea

girec znctahah pL, pOL vn OL- ayoh`nraakcnraha lnsipciyhz.

pL ; -com UL2O+[

UL2O+[ ; UOL-[

zncta

htr UL2O+[ ; 9 x 96-= pL ; =

:>6B

pOL ; =

pOL ; -com UOL-[

UL2O+[ 8 UOL-[

UL2O+[ 3 UOL-[

isaàe

jizae

UL2O+[ 8 9 x 96-=

UL2O+[ 3 9 x 96-=

pL 3 =

pL 8 =

pOL 8 =

pOL 3 =

pL ckpL ck

rnhe `naaka potihsayokntraegire

hàeit r pL kntrn

H@EIPZH@EIPZ

hàeitrcnr, la`rodnh ayoh `nraakahn jicocirie jncarca pL iricecirhì mrcnjacarneac`n rnhe `natarnjacnh ormihae yipc

n nr r.

hàeitr, ortik pL hi yiha, ortikìeaL2O

+ `nraakahn jikcocirie mnrnecnnheakyisic tnpeakn sohubuhì rnhe`natarar.

Tiyg jar isat yipshì ocih ahàeitrtnpeaknsa jisatn

LAh L+ + Ah-

Girecrnhecnr

jrokoernsoc ynaca sir kiva

gnhoc gticnah rnhesaz pnkjn

turhusoc e rkz kiva

licei icrjicirhìea`naakcnr rnhe`n a a ka hn

LAh rnhesaz

Ah-pnkjngnhocgticnah

hn`nh ocur

Gnhocgticnah ahàeitrhh joyutcu yipshìea jicirhh isaàe vn jizaeortikì girecihkisyci rnhe naakcnra mzcnhar.


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Jaroe jatea pamknhta isat-jiz ahàeitrocirie euccihcijacar.

Hnrn`nysn tk knyvncnr vnyi anecnrsayihaàh jizcie erkz, kiva vnyi korrnheca pamknhtcnrn silaptar.

nckicirh, mccnrah vn acnecnrah erkz,ksr ana vn knhnenhah kivajizzkcnrah, jrtcnhah vn erkzcilihihh kor

@oic hàeitrcnr@oic hàeitrcnr

erkzcilihi

ihtlobyihah

ortihbi ana

sayil zk Isaàe ortik Jizae orti

Vnkjn KivaIsaàe ortik Jizae ortik

Erkz Qnac

Isaàe ortik Jizae ortik

Vnkjn Qnac

pL ei`pL ei`

pL KntrnpL KntrnJar znctahah pL`nnrahah, lissis ociriejncarcnhknsah`n pLkntrn ocirieasakcnhàracnh vn tnknc`nncnetrotcir acnpotihsayokntrneskcirhìh ocuihlissis balizcirìhyirircihcr.

Isat vn Jizcirh EuvvntaIsat vn Jizcirh Euvvnta

6.9 K LBA vn 6.9 K LG znctacnrahaanrnh aea iyrjnlnrn, znctacnrahacntenhcaecnraha jncarcnkne ikibyci jar`znhne eurucùuhì LBA znctasahahjucuhùu jnlnr`n cikjihh ìli mcyih`mzcnhkatar.

Juhuh hn`nhaha hisc iecirshz?


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Vocir eovicnht jii silap ocih LBc kocneccnrasucu ortikì, yiecie ocirie tikiknh(%11.117) la`rohyuk vn ecor ayohcirhi`hr.

LBc maja suyci tnpeaknsa sohubu yiecieocirie tikikayohciih isatcnrn, euvvntca isat`nhar.

Rucu ortikìea LG kocneccnra asn, la`rocazsohubu si`nbn % 6.:7 orihhì L2O+ vn G

-

ayohcirhocuturur.Pikiknh ayohciih LBc ah iesahn, LG majasuyci tnpeaknyn maràah`n esknh ayohciihisatcnrn asn ziyg isat `nhar.

Isat yohciki RijataIsat yohciki RijataLnrlihma jar LI isaàhah suì ayohciki tnpeaknsa,

LI(iq) + L:O(s) L2O+

(iq) + I-(iq)

n h n o u u h rsn, tnp knyn i t is tayohciki sijata5

U [LIIOL

Ei

+

; 2

Ru ortikhì lnr jar koc LG hah :.7 x 96-2

tnpeaknyn maràah`nh, ocuih L2O+ vnI- ayoh `nraakcnra, `nhmn`nea LI kocnec`nraakah`nh ocùei ètr.

Tiyg isatcnr aah Ei ayohciki sijatahah`nnra 9 `nh ee ocur.

rhnah, LG ayohciki sijatahah `nnra,7x96-0 `r.

U [LIIOL

Ei

+

; 2

Euvvntca isatcnr aah Ei 8 9

Tiyg isatcnr aah Ei 3 9

6.9 K HiOL vn iyrbi 6.9 K HL2znctacnra aah iyh`nhny tnerircihkvnHiOL znctasa jucuhih cikjihh ìlipircie e vnràa mzcnhkatar.

Ju ùrukuh hn`nha hn ocijacar?

yohae yipyi silap ocih HiOL, sucu ortikìtikiknh Hi vn OL- ayohcirhi iyrr.HiOL maja suyci tnpeaknsa sohubu yiecieocirie tikik a ohci ih jizciri euvvntcajiz `nhar.

Rucu ortikìea HL2 kocneccnrahah asn,kocneccnrahah si`nbn % 6.60: sa su ortikhìayohcir.HL2 maja suyci tnpeaknyn maràah`n esknhayohciih jizciri asn ziyg jiz `nhar.


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9:

Jiz yohciki RijataJiz yohciki RijataLnrlihma jar I- jizhh suì ayohciki tnpeaknsa,

I-(iq) + L:O(s) OL-

(iq) + LI(iq)

,ayohciki sijata5

U [ U [U [

;

I

LIOLE

j

U [ U [U [

;

I

LIOLE

j

Euvvntca jizcir aah Ej 8 9Tiyg jizcir aah Ej 3 9

Isat vn jizcir aah5euvvntca tihk, isat vnyi jizh suì ayohciki

eipisatnsaha5`nraak asn isat vnyi jizh zncta`nea kaetirh

i ecir.

rhnah, LBc znctasa aah euvvntca tihk, suycitnpeaknsa sohubu jye orihì ayohcirhi iyrthh57 K tihk LBc znctasahah `nraae, 6.7 K tihk asnLBc znctasahah snyrnctae ocùuhuh mstnrmnsaàr.

LI + L:O L2O+ + I

Ei, Ej vn Esu acaeasaEi, Ej vn Esu acaeasa

U [ U [IOL +2U [LIi

I

+ L:O LI + OL

U [U [

;

I

LIOLE

j

[U

[U 2

+

;

OL

E

E

OLj

i

U [ U [ jiEEOLOL ..2 ;

+

Esu ; UL2O+[ UOL[

suji ExEE ;

Rucu ortikì, la`rodnh jiyipih L\ mnhncgorkchn silap jar isat kocnech`nh, sukocnechn la`rodnh ietirk, L\kocnech`nea L itoku vn su kocnech`neaO itoku irishì knyìhi mncnh la`rodnh

Kocnec Qipsvn Isat-Jiz @ivrih

jihh euvvntahn jikc`naak mstnrar.

L:O L+ + I-O

L

L

L \La`rodnh

ji


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Vnrayoàe bntvnc`n socìh sii isatcae vnjizce euvvnta hisc `naak mstnrar?

Vnrayot Joyuhbi Ncnetrohnmitagcaah irtkisyci

L\ isatcae euvvnta irtir

WI WAI WAAI

H O G

Iyhpnrayottiea ncnknhtcnrah aeacaisatcnrahah isatcae euvvntcnra sricikishì,

jipociratnsa jiseh roc oyhir.

\ itokuhuh ncnetrohnmitagcaa hn eiìr gizciysijincnetrohcir\ itoku ntrighì o eiìryouhcir.

L \ jihh pocir eirietnra irtir.

L \ jieuvvnta izicr

Ru kocnech`nea O itoku acn L\ kocnech`neaL itoku irishìea la`rodnh jieuvvnta irtir.

L\ kocnech`nh L ah eopkiseociycir

L\ kocnechh isatcae euvvnta irtir.

Vnrayoàe bntvnc`n yueirìh iiyimaàcàen isatcae vn jizce euvvnta hisc

\ Itokuhuh Jyec\ Itokuhuh Jyec

WAAI

G

\ itokuhuh ncnetrohnmitagcaa izicr.

L \ jihh pocir eirietnra izicr.

Bc

Jr

A

LG, LBc, LJr vn LA kocneccnrahahisatcae euvvntcnra aah hnsycnynjacarsahaz?

WAAI

G

Bc

\ itokuhuh ipirtir.

Jieuvvnta ziygcir.

Jr

A

Isatcae euvvnta irtir.

Qipìh L h eopkiseociycir.


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LG LBc LJr LA

Ncnetrohnmitagcaegire

9.=< 6.17 6.=7 6.07

\ itok ip(pk) =: 966 990 922

Jiuzuhcuu (pk) 19.= 9:=.0 909.0 976.1

JiIyrkiNhnrdasa (eD/koc)

>71 029 27< :1=

Ei `nnra =.: x 96-0 9 x 967 9 x 961 2 x 961

Mrup joyuhbi isatcae euvvntcnrahahjncarcnhknsah`n itok iphìea irtìli nteacaàr.

Kocneccnrah isatcae euvvntcnra

LG 3 LBc 3 LJr 3 LA

Ncnetrohnmitagcae irtir, Jizce euvvnta izicr, Isatcae euvvnta irtir

Ncnetrohnmitagcae izicr

Itok ipirtir

Jizceeuvvntaizicr,

Isatcaeeuvvntairtir

OesaisatcnrOesaisatcnr

Qipshì knrenz itoki jicjar vnyijar`nh gizci OL mruju vn jiznh acivnocirie O itokcirha nrnh isatcnroesaisatcnr ocirie tihkcihr.

Q O Li j

Q-O-L yipshìea Q itokuhuhncnetrohnmitagcaa hn eiìr eesn O itokuacn irishìea ncnetrohnmitagcae gire o ei irjye ocur.

- OL- mrujuhuh yipìh iyrckis eociycir.

Jacnaah jizae eirietnra irtir.

Q itokuhuh ncnetrohnmitagcaa hn eiìryesnesn L O jihìea ncnetrohcir Litokuhìh o eiìr eociy uziecir.

Qipìh L ah iyrckiseociycir.

Jacnaah isatcae eirietnra irtir.


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znrah`nea pozatag yeh irtkisyci Bcitoku, L itokuhi jicO itokuhìea

ncnetroh youhcuuhu enhàhn òrunenr.

.

L ah yipìh uziecikiseociycir.

Kocnech isatcae eirietnra irtir.

Bc itokuhi jicO siysirttei

O L jincnetrohciryipìea ànr O

itokcirtirighìh ì neacar.

O L jiziygcir.

L hah yipìh uziecikiseociycir.

Kocnech isatcae euvvnta irtir.

L:RO0 vn L:RO2 kocneccnrah isatcaeeuvvntaha eyisciyh.

Eert itokuhuh gorkic ye irttei

L O jihìea ncnetroh youhcuu,yipìea ànr O itokcirtirighìhneacar.

Qipìh L ah uziecikiseociycir.

Kocnech isatcae euvvnta irtir.

L:RO0 , L:RO2 `nh ìli euvvntca isattar.

Wnracnh rhnecnr ahbncnhàah`n, yipìeaO siysirttei isatcae euvvntahahirtibi`hcnjacar.

Gosgor itokuhuh oesaisatcnrahah lnpsaziyg isat ocup isatcae euvvntcnra lnknhlnknh iyh`r.


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9=

KocnecQips

V itokuhuhyes. siys

+9 +2 +>

V itokuhuhgorkic ye

+9 +9 +9

Knrenz itoku V ocih oesaisatcnr`nea Osiysirttlic`n isatcae euvvntcnrajarjarahn oe yieh vn lnknh lnknh

iyh`r.Ju ùrukì, jar kocnech isatcaeeuvvntah`n L itoku jicockiyih vnichzbi knrenz itok Q n ji cocih O

siyshh àeeitn ichkismnrnear.Knrenz itoku iyhocih oesaisatcnraheuvvntcnrahah jncarcnhknsah`n knrenzitokuh yesnctmnhkn siycirhh mzhh`n jucuhùruckisì jizyihcmciri yoc iijacknetnàr.

Knrenz itok ocirie V itokuhu anrnhlnr jar oesaisaàh yesnctmnhkn siysjarjarah`nh girecocùuhìh isatcaeeuvvntcnrahah `n girecocibi`hcnjacar.

Isatcae euvvntahah jncarcnhknsah`nknrenz itokuh yesnctmnhkn siys`nacgorkic ye `nnrcnra eyiscihkic`r

Jar iknticah natca oesaisatcnrahah silapocùu yen jicocirie ì kocnechisatcae euvvntah`n `naak mzcnhar.

L2VO0 kocnec acn L:VO0-, LVO0:- vn

VO02- ayohciryci ocuturucih 6.9 K ce

,9.>, 0.0, 1.2 vn 9: àr.

Qipìea hnmitag ye `nnrahahirtkisyci isatcae euvvnta izickieti`r.

Wnracnh jacnaecnr`n, oesadnh itokcir

znrah`nea ncnetroh youhcuu irtt

eincnetrohcir, ncnetrohnmitagcaa yesne ànroesadnh itokcirtirighìh neacar.

Oesadnh itokcirhìea nesa ye hn eiìrgizciysi, ncnetrohcir anr oesadnh itokcirtirighìh o eiìr gizci neacar.

L ah jicihÒ itokuhuh ncnetrohyouhcuu irtir, L- O jipocircizicr vn Lhah yipìh iyrckiszorcir.


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91

s- ih`p- Mruju Ncnknhtcnrahah znccaecnra

Ca Jn J B H O G

Hi Km Ic Ra V R Bc

E Bi Mi Mn Is Rn Jr

Zj Rr Ah Rh Rj Pn A

Bs Ji Pc Vj Ja Vo It

Jizae OesatcnrIkgotnrae

OesatcnrIsaàeOesatcnr

BO, HO vn H:O yesnctmnhkn siyciroe è ocùuhìh sucu znctacnrahtr znccae mstnrar.

`- ruju ncnknhtcnrah`nh jizcirìjar`nh gizci oesat ocuturijacarcnr.

Ju oesatcnr, knrenz itokuh yehn jicocirie jizae vnyi isaàe znccaemstnrnjacarcnr.

Oesat@nnrcae Eitnmora

BrO Br:+ Jizae

Br:O

2Br2+ Ikgotnrae

BrO2 Br7+ Isaàe

Isatcnr Jizcir

Ikntic La`rrcnrLG, LBc, LJr, LBH,

LRBH, L:R

Kntic La`ratcnrLA, CaL, HiL,

EL, KmL:, BiL:

Ikntic Oesatcnr Kntic Oesatcnr

:, :, 2,HO:, V0O96

: , : , : ,KmO, BiO

Ikntic La`roesatcnrLOBc, LOHO:,

O:R(OL):, OV(OL)2

Kntic La`roesatcnrCaOL, HiOL, EOL,Bi(OL):, Ji(OL):

Ormihae Isatcnrah EuvvntaOrmihae Isatcnrah Euvvnta

Ormihae jacnaecnr ocih isntae isat(ntihoae isat) vn ntihoch kocnecyipcir

Isntae isat (ntihoae isat) NtihocEi ; 9,< x 96-> Ei ; 9.2 x 96-97

Isntae isaàh yipshì jucuhih B i jicoesadnh itokuhuh ncnetroh acmasahn`nhaycn, yahn iyhB i jicO Ljihìh ncnetrohcirnenr.

Isntae isattnea O - L ji, ntihocn eyisciìli ziyg ocur.

Isntae isat, ìli euvvntca isaàe znccaemstnrar.


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:6

Isntae isat maja Z-BOOL yipshi silaptk ormihae isatcnrah, Z mrujuhi jicocirie isatcae euvvnta girecihkicirmstnrar.

Z mrujuhuh uzuhcuu irtteikocnech isatcae euvvnta izicr.

BL2BOOL yipshìea isntae isat vnBL2BL:BL:BOOL yipshìea jutaraeisat aah Ei `nnrcnra srisyci 9.< x 96->

vn 9.> x 96-> tar.

Ormihae isatcnr`nea Z mrupcirhhyipshì, L ynrahn jar jiei itok vnyi

mrupcir ì jucuhijacar.

Isntae isat kocnech`nea aeahba eirjohii r i oku ynr hn i oku

jicih`hì ecorisntae isat nc`n nàcar.

Ei ; 9,< x 96-> Ei ; 9.0x 96-2

Ncnetrohnmitag Bc itoku, O Ljihìea O itokuhi iat ncnetrohcirenhàhn o ru nenr.

L hah kocnec`nh iyrckiseociycir.Kocnec BL

2

BOOL BL:

BcBOOL BLBc:

BOOL BBc2

BOOL

Ei x 96-: 9.=0 x 96-2 6.2< >.9: ::.0


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9

EKQIRIC PNVEKNCNZ@N @NHMN

:6. yy ch jicirhì izotuhjatea yntatarabacaah`nea rocihcicktvn `hyihh izot

nsisc

mjrncnrn oe gizcialtayibvir`. Mjrn vnpitciybcir aah euccihcihhatritcirh tikikasn aca`nea

nàcayorù vn ju shrceiyhiealtayibeircikyorù.Itkosgnr`nea izottih hatritnc`nsahah jietnracnr iribcacnyipckisasn neohokae`nacà.

Rohuhì izotuh snhtntae ocirie rntacknsahn eirirvnracà vn Ickihyiì ju yh`n ickiciri jicih`.Eakyimnr Gratz Lijnr, itkosgnr`nea izot vnla`rodnh`nh ikohyie nc`n ntknya jiir`.

Ju ickishìh òciyLijnrn 919< ychì Hojnc`c vnracà. Ickih eakyibsvn sihiyabasa Eirc

osb n i nr r tn i iri , sihiy o iri izotmjrnsa rntnbne sastnka eurùcir. Licnh izotcu mjrn

rntakah`n ju yhtnk euccihckieti`r.Lijnrah ju jiirseakyisic tnpeakncnr`n `nhmn

eohusu icthì ncn ichih jizprnhsapcnrnìyihkieti`r.

RARPNK

Nvrnhah ahbncnhkne znrn snacnh jckhn sastnk `nhar.Nvrnhah sastnk `hì eicih vn sastnkcn acaea`n ociheskhi asn nvrn `nhar. Rastnk vn nvrn irishìeanteacnakcnr nhnrda vn ki``n icvnraahn ìyihr.Nvrnh`n tr sastnk vir`r5

I e Rastnk4 nvrnsa cn lnk ki``n lnk n nhnr a ic vnraa ocih sastnkcnrn ie sastnk `nhar.

EipicRastnk4 nvrnsaycn ki``n icvnraa nhmnccnhka

juhi eir

h nvrnsaycn nhnrda ic

vnraa ocih sastnkcnrneipicsastnk `nhar. QictckRastnk4 nvrnsaycn ki``n vn nhnrda icvnraa

ockiyih sastnkcnrn yictcksastnk `nhar.

@NHMN

Eipicjar sastnk`n, sijat sbieceti mzcnhnjacarznccaecnrah naknzcaa licahn @NHMN `nhar.

@nh n gazaesnc vn eak isic nh n ockie znrnaea eski iyrcr5

GTERNC @NHMN

Ki``nhah a yips`nakn`nh, gazaesnc liccnra(eit, sv, miz) irishì jncarca irtcirì eurucih`nhmnyn gazaesnc nhmn `nhar.


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:

EKQIRIC @NHMN

Jar eakyisic tnpeakn`n, rnietagcnrah rhcnrn `hk

lzacn rhcnrah rnietagcnrn `hk lzhh nat ockis

licahn eakyisic `nhmn `nhar.

Eakyisic tnpeakn `nhmnyn ucithì ortikì lnk

rnietagcnr lnk `n rhcnr vir`r.

Znietag vn rhcnrah jarjarahn `hk lzciriyh`r.

EKQIRIC ZNIERQOHCIZ@I@NHMN

i) Lokodnh @nhmn4

Znietag vn rhcnrah iyhgizì ( yichz miz yiì sucu zncta`n ) ayohcirh jucuhùueakyisic tnpeakncnr`n eurucih nhmnynlokodnh nhmn `nhar.

ZHNAH5

BO(m) + O:(m) BO:(m)

gizì ocùuhìh eurucih nhmn

lokodnhàr

J) LNPNZODNH @NHMN4

Eakyisic jar tnpeakn`n rnietag vn rhcnr iyrgizcirì asn ( eit, sv, miz ) eurucih `nhmnyn

lntnrodnh nhmn `nhar.

Ei icjar sastnk`n esne sbiecetimnrnecnnh,

BiBO2(e) BiO(e) + BO:(m)


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2

@NHMNHH HPNC MZHK

Znhesaz ezc eilvnrnhma

y u z : 0mizrnhesaz, HO: mizasn ezc eilvnrnhmaàr.Pnpeakn eijhì rnhesaz H:O0 kocneccnra enhàiricirhì irpr. H:O0 kocneccnra esknhiyririe ezc eilvnrnhma jar miz ocih HO:kocneccnraha ocuturur.

Znhesaz H:O0 kocneccnrah`nh HO: ocukisyhh`nea acnratnpeakn lz, HO: kocneccnrahah mnrayn H:O0 ocuturkis

yhh`nea mnra tnpeakn lzhìh ili jyetr.

he5 jicihmti tnpeakn eijhì H:O0 `nraaka jyetr.Ihbie zikih aah`n tnpeakn eijhì HO: `nraaka `n

irtibi hìh, nra h`nea rniesa oh lzì irtir. cnra vn nrayh`nea tnpeakn lzcirjar srn sohri natcnhar5 àhikae `nhmn

euruckuocur.

Rastnk `nhmnyn ucitetih sohri lnr lihma jar rnhe `naakamzcnhknz.

Ju rhne aah acnra yh`nea tnpeakn5Znhesaz Eilvnrnhma

cnra vn mnra tnpeakncnrah lz natcaecnra5

Lza ; ea UH:O0[ Lzm ; em UHO:[:

cnra yh`nea tnp. lz ; Mnra yh`nea tnp. lz

ea UH:O0[ ; em UHO:[:

;

ea

em

UHO:[:

UH:O0[

; Rijat ; e`

@nraakcnr`n ea sijatcae yiha rnietagcnrah rhcnrn`hk lzacn rhcnrah rnietagcnr `hklzhnat ockishmnrnetarar ea ju ùrukeakyisic `nhmn licahah ocutuuhu mstnrar.

rniesayohcirh lnr aeasahah `n mnrnecntaahajncartkne znrn rniesayoh nhecnkah`nrnietagcnrcn rhcnr irishi snkjoceohur.


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EAKQIRIC @NHMN5

Eipicjar sastnk`n eurucih,Rbiece, jish vj. irtcir `naknàa srnbn

`nraakcnrahah naknàa, cnra yh`n rniesayoh lzhh mnra yh`n

rniesa oh lzhi n at ocù uZniesayohì nh iz nhnrdaca ùruk acn nh gizci

`znhsazcaah uzcit,Mzcnhnjacar ociycirh jattaa gieit mzcnhnknynh

ociycirh nvik nttaa,Zniesayohuh kneihazkishi jicockiyih

àhikae jar ociy`r

MNHNC E@ NAPCAA

iI(m) + jJ(m) bB(m) + `@(m)

Ju rniesayohuh `nhmn sijata

E` ; UB[b.U@[` necah n mstnracar.

UI[i.UJ[j

@nhmn sijata sbieci jic`r.

Eakyisic rniesayoh tnrs yh`n yizcrsi `nhmn sijataagi`nsa E`, 9/E` necah`n `nataracar.

@nhmn agi`nsah`n rniesayoh jar eitsiyacn irpcrsi,eitsiy`nhmn sijatahn E` stnc ocirie yihstcr(E`)h

@nhmn agi`nsah`n rniesayoh jar eitsiyacn jchrsn,eitsiy`nhmn sijatahah sijat bahsah`nh ee ichr.

E` (E`) 9/h

- Jarjarah`nh jiksz aea rniesayoh topcih`zikihynha rniesayohuh `nhmn sijata agi`nsa topcihihrniesayohcirh `nhmn sijatcnra irpkhi nattar.

@NHMN RIJAPA NAPCAECNZAHAH JAZCNPAZACKNRA

H:O(m) + O: : HO(m) E`; ?

H: (m) + O: H:O(m) E (9); :,=x96+9

ERKAJIRHBAHRAH@NH@NHMNRIJAPA5

Eipicjar sastnk`n miz gizhì mnrnecnnh

rniesayohcirì eakyisic nhmnya kocir nraakcnr

.

iI(m) + jJ(m) bB(m) + `@(m)

Zniesayohuh eska jishcir bahsah`nh agi`nsa5

EV ; (VB)b.(V@)

` ocur.

(VI)i.(VJ)

j

rhnah`nh yoci eirie E acn EV irishìea jihtytrntahaz

: RO:(m) + O:(m) : RO2(m)

E ;

URO:[

:

UO:[

URO2[E ;

URO2[:

ZP

VRO2

;

:

;VRO2

:

URO2[;W

hRO2;

ZP

VRO2 URO:[;W

hRO:;

ZP

VRO:

UO:[ ;W

hO:;

ZP

VO:

URO:[ UO:[ :

ZP

VRO:

ZP

VO::

VRO:VO:

E ;EV(ZP) EV ;E`(ZP)-9

EV ;E`(ZP)h

Pnp kns h 9666 n E ; 2.< x 96- sn Ep`nnraha lnsipciyhz.

99:> E `n Ep; 7.9 x 960 asn E` `nnraha

lnsipciyhz.

PNVEKNHH QH

@nhmn sijat, jar rniesayoh eirkhh ìligizci rh ocuturkie vnyi marnhcnrn jozuhkienacakah`n ocup- ocki hi eirir vnrkne aah

`n euccihcr. hbn rniesayoh orih(Y)lnsipcihr. Ju jyece nhmn sijata acntikiknh iyhneac`n tihkcihr. Gieit

lnsipcikiì rniesayohuh lnr lihma jar ihhìeakocir `nraakcnr (Y`ya vnrkne znrn ) vnyi

eska jishcir (Ypya vnrkne znrn ) euccihcr.E maja rniesayoh orihì jaraksaz jar siy`r.


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Jncarca jar ihìea rniesayoh eirkhh, rhcnryhhn ka yoesi marnhcnr yhhn ka eiyibih

jncarcnkne aah, Y yu E acn eircitrrz.Y E asnrhcnrah `nraakcnra nhmn`neah`nh iliyesnetar.( vnyi marnhcnrah nraakcnra oe

ètr. ). Ju urukì rniesayoh tnrs yh`n,m rnh nrn o ru nr nkn n k h n r. snrniesayoh acnra yh`n acnrcnkn nacakah`nàr vn

rhcnr ocuur. Y ; E asn eirk `nhmnjacnakah`nàr vn lnr aea yh`n `nakn aah jar

nacak yoetur


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Iiìvnracnh`nhecnkcnr`nknyìhimncnhociycirahàrmnhknvnyesnctmnhknrniesayohuocirieshgcih`rhzvnlnrjarnatcaeaahyesnctmnh,yesnctmnhnhvnyiahàrmnh,ahàrmnhnhki``ncnra

mstnrahaz.

:L+ + :n L:Bu+ Bu:+ + n

Km Km:+ +:n

HL2+L+ HL0

+

Im+ +Bc ImBc

:Bu+ Bu:+ + Bu=

Qesnctmnhkn rniesayohu

CatyukVotisyukJiryukEicsayukRo`yukKimhnzyukIckahyukKihmihaheoErok@nkar

Ca(e)E(e)Ji(e)Bi(e)Hi(e)Km(e)Ic(e)Kh(e)Th(e)Br(e)Gn(e)

Ca+(iq)E+(iq)Ji:+(iq)Bi:+(iq)Hi+(iq)Km+(iq)Ic2+(iq)Kh:+(iq)Th:+(iq)Br2+(iq)Gn:+(iq)

:+

+++++++++++

n-

n-

:n-

:n-

n-

:n-

2n-

:n-

: n-

2n-

:n--o i

HaencEiciyEuruhLa`rodnhJieryotMkBaviJrokEcorVcitahIcthGcor

o(e)Ha(e)Rh(e)Vj(e)L:(m)Bu(e):A -

Im(e)Lm(e):Jr-

:Bc -

Vt(e)Iu(e):G -

o (iq)Ha:+(iq)Rh:+(iq)Vj:+(iq):L+(iq)Bu:+(iq)A:Im+(iq)Lm:+(iq)Jr:Bc:Vt:+(iq)Iu2+(iq)G:

+++++++++++++

n:n-

:n-

:n-

:n-

:n-

:n-

n-

:n-

:n-

:n-

:n-

2n-

:n-

Eakyibcir,ncnetroeakyisicpaccnratihkcikie

aahmnhnccaecnesictck jarmstnrakeuccihrcir5

Th(e)/Th:+

(iq)//Bu:+

(iq)/Bu(e)

:>

Ihot Gizciririshìea Puzeprs Eitotshr

Knticaeacntenhcaeknticyipshìjucuhih

lirnentcancnetrohcirsiynsah`nmnrnecnarenh,znctaaah`neaacntenhcaeayohcirhieacn

.

Cikjihhyihkishsiciyihncnetraeiekasnncnetrohvnayohcirhjarcaetnlirnentcnraycntikikcihr.Ncnetrohcirznctaanrasahnmnknz.

:7

VacMnracaka Ncnetrohcirhaheoncnetrottihjier

ncnetroìlirnentahahsnjnja,nhjisatnecaycnsuyuhncicn`nhiekisociyyciiecihijacar.

ncicnhahsteskhìeasuicteskhìeasuìhìligizcipotihsayncnhnrdaynsilaptar.Ncnetrohcirhìhnmitagyecncnetrotihottihpozatagyecncnetrot eitoìòruiekishhhn`nha`npotihsayncnhnrdacnrairishìeagiretr.

Ncnetrohcirhpotihsayncnhnrdasaihottiìligizci r.@ociysycincnetrohcirenhàcaah`nhihottiheitoìòruieircir.

eancnetrotuhpotihsayncnhnrdacnrairishìeagirencnetrokotoreuvvnta(pacmnracaka)ociriei`cih`rcrvnNacnmstnracar.Woctkntrn i`vnracnhbalizacnccr. :=

Vacmnracakcnrastihìrteouccirì,yiha:>6B,9itkjishtivnmarnhvneihki``neohsihtrisyohcirhh9Kocùueouccir

,pacmnracakavnyistihìrtncnetrokotor

euvvnta`nharvnN6pacociriemstnracar. VacmnracakahahjarakaWocttur.ThBupacaaah

stihìrtpacmnracaka+9,96Wtur.

:-:,=9-9,77-6,1+6,7

NCNEPZOCTN6pac 3 6 ocih rniesayohcirh enhàcaah`nhmnrnecnknz. Ju rniesayohuh mnrnecnknsaastnhayorsi ìrìh ncnetrae nhnrdasa vnracknca ar. Juneac n enhàcaah`nh ocukiyih jar rnòesrniesayohuh ìrìh ncnetrae nhnrdasa vnracnrne

.

Ncnetrocaz rniesayohuh mnrnecnnjacknsa aah ncnetrotyznycnrah`nea nteacnakcnra ynhnjacnbnecnra `nnr`njar voctid uymucikie mnrnear. ^ymucihih ju voctidiir mnracak `nhar. Ir mnracak, `nvrnyn àrnet iekeiyhihh (pac) ncnetrotciri jicihkisyci nc`n nàcar.

Vac ncnetroh pokpismrnva stcnhar vn ncnetrohcirjarncnetrottih icr ànrahn acntar.27


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=

Vaccnr`nocùumajaahàrmnhknhahocùuncnetroteitot,yesnctmnhknhahocùuncnetrotihottur.Gieitjusngnrihotpozatag,eitotasnhnmitagtar.Vacahpozatagubuìakiihoti,hnmitagubuììakieitotijicihr.

Vaccnr`nearnòesrniesayohcirenhàcaah`nhmnrnecnar,jycnbneakyisicnhnrda`nhncnetraenhnrdasanc`nnàcar.Juhuhtnrsaocihvnenhàca ah`nhmnrnecnknynhrnòesrniesayohcirasnìrìhncnetraenhnrdasatnkahnàcnrnemnrnecntaracnjacar.rhnahnraka so`yukecorr`nh so`yukeitsvnecormiznc`nnàcnjacar.Jurniesayohuhpacmnracaka 9,2>ocùuhimrn,jurniesayohumnrnecntarnjackneaah(N6pac86ockisaah)+9,2>Wocttihìlijyejarmnracakuymucihkic`r.

2=

Vac+ -

Ihot Eitot

(+)ncnetrot (-) ncnetrot

26B`n vn 9 itk`n su vn sujulirhìh jilsnàcar.


88/115

lnkastry 906 Gicc :66:

:

Pirtick

Izhi eiìr tikiknh su òcu jar

jirìh sth `zmh jar et acneipitp, jirì yivii tnrsnvaràahaz n hn ockish jnecnrsahaz?

Jirìetiea suyuh ècknknsahahhn`nhaha hnàr?

Miz Jishb Hnàr?

V (Vi) ;I (k:)

G (H) V4Jish

G4Euvvnt

I4Icih

Miz jishb, miz tihnbaecnrah eijh np

genel kimya - İstanbul Üniversitesi ders notları (bütün konular)

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