Biology Semester 2 ReviewYour final exam will consist of 100 questions: 20 energy, 25 DNA & Protein Synthesis, 25 Genetics, 25 Cell Division and Reproduction, and 5 immune system.

Energy: Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

1. Which type of cells would you expect to have the most mitochondria and why?i. skin cellsii. nerve cellsiii. muscle cellsiv. bone cells

2. What is ATP and why is it important?

3. What is decomposition?

4. What is oxygen used for in cellular respiration?

5. What are the inputs and outputs of:

i. Photosynthesis?

ii. Cellular Respiration?

6. Write the chemical formula for photosynthesis reaction.

7. Write the chemical formula for the cellular respiration reaction.

8. What is chlorophyll, where is it located, and what is it used for?

9. Where does a plant’s dry weight come from?

10. What organelle is responsible for:

i. Photosynthesis?

ii. Cellular Respiration?

iii. DNA replication?

iv. Protein Synthesis?

11. Draw a picture of a chloroplast. Label the parts.

12. What is the significance of glucose in terms of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

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DNA & Protein Synthesis

13. How is RNA different from DNA?

14. Which nitrogen bases are found in RNA? (circle)

Cystine Guanine Adenine Thymine Lysine UracilCytosine

15. During protein synthesis… TRANSCRIPTION can be defined as:

a. RNA Proteinb. DNA RNAc. Protein DNAd. RNA DNA

TRANSLATION can be defined as:

a. RNA Proteinb. DNA RNAc. Protein DNAd. RNA DNA

16. Where does transcription take place?

17. Where does translation take place?

18. What is a codon?

19. How does the mRNA know what sequence to put the amino acids in?

20. How many mRNA bases code for each amino acid?

21. Use the diagram below to translate this DNA sequence into a protein:

DNA: TAC TCG ACT GTC ATG GTC

mRNA:

Amino Acid sequence:

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Genetics: Pedigrees and Karyotypes

22. Look at the pedigree to the right:

a. How many daughters did the first set of parents have?

b. How many people in the family were affected by the disease or trait?

c. How members of the family are carriers of the disease or trait?

d. Does the trait seem to be dominant or recessive? How do you know?

e. What is the chance that Treyvon will have a sibling who also has the disease?

23. Look carefully at this karyotype.

a. Is this person male or female? How do you know?

b. How many autosomes does this person have?

c. How many sex chromosomes does this person have?

24. One unfertilized egg of a housefly contains 6 chromosomes. After fertilization, how many chromosomes will the cells of the resulting offspring contain?

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a. 3b. 6c. 12d. 18

25. What numbers would you insert in the question and answer above to reflect the proper number of chromosomes in a human before and after fertilization?

DNA

26. The process by which new molecules of DNA are formed is calleda. reproduction b. reduction c. relaxation d. replication

27. What is the main function of DNA? e. carrying genetic information f. serving as an active site for respirationg. acting as an enzymeh. storing energy for cell growth

28. What are the 3 components of a DNA nucleotide? Draw and label the 3 parts of a nucleotide.

29. Look at the picture of DNA. Label the following parts:

i. Nitrogen basesj. Phosphatesk. covalent bondsl. deoxyribose sugar

30. Explain the rules of pairing the nitrogen bases:“adenine” goes with _____________“cytosine” goes with _____________

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31. Make a drawing that shows the relationship between the following terms: cell, chromosome, nucleus, DNA, nucleotide

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Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

CHARACTERISTIC MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Importance of process in the life cycle of a

cell/organism   

Type of reproduction    

Types of cells that undergo the process (areas of the body)

   

Types of cells produced by the

process

   

Number of divisions    

Picture    

Number of daughter cells produced at the end of the process

   

Mother cell’s genetic makeup compared to

daughter cells’ genetic makeup

   

Instructions: Compare the two processes of mitosis and meiosis by completing the table below. Read each characteristic and fill in the appropriate answer

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Health & Disease

Immune System

Describe what is happening in the picture. Use the terms:

antigen pathogen macrophage Killer T cell Memory cell Plasma cell Antibody

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Punnett Squares

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