Gene Control of Cellular Gene Control of Cellular ActivitiesActivities

DNADNA

Provides the info needed by the cells to produce Provides the info needed by the cells to produce specific enzymes needed for all cellular activitiesspecific enzymes needed for all cellular activities

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Carries information Carries information from the nucleus to from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and the cytoplasm and helps in the protein helps in the protein synthesis synthesis mechanisms of cell.mechanisms of cell.

RNARNA

Same as DNA Same as DNA exceptexcept

1.1. Ribose instead of Ribose instead of deoxyribosedeoxyribose

2.2. Uracil (U) is Uracil (U) is substituted for substituted for Thymine (T)Thymine (T)

3.3. It’s a single chainIt’s a single chain

Three Types of RNAThree Types of RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA)Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries DNA message from the DNA in the nucleus to Carries DNA message from the DNA in the nucleus to

the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm (ribosomes)(ribosomes)

Types of RNATypes of RNA

Transfer RNA (tRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transports amino Transports amino

acids within the acids within the cytoplasm to the cytoplasm to the ribosome'sribosome's

Types of RNATypes of RNA

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Makes up the identification code of each ribosome for Makes up the identification code of each ribosome for

specific protein manufacturingspecific protein manufacturing

Genetic codeGenetic code

The code contains the The code contains the information of amino information of amino acid in a particular acid in a particular protein.protein.

This code is present This code is present in mRNA as wellin mRNA as well

RNA code is in triplet RNA code is in triplet code called a code called a codoncodon. .

Codon’sCodon’s

Each Codon Each Codon correlates with a correlates with a particular amino acid particular amino acid or messageor message

We use a chart to We use a chart to determine what determine what message they are message they are telling us.telling us.

Two Charts Used OftenTwo Charts Used Often

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

Cell function is regulated by enzymesCell function is regulated by enzymes Enzyme is characteristic of its protein makeup.Enzyme is characteristic of its protein makeup.

DNA determines the individuality of an organismDNA determines the individuality of an organism

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

DNA serves as a template for synthesis of DNA serves as a template for synthesis of mRNA from free RNA nucleotides. This is Called mRNA from free RNA nucleotides. This is Called TranscriptionTranscription

Transcription AnimationTranscription Animation

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

mRNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm where mRNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm where they become associated with ribosome's.they become associated with ribosome's.

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

Translation: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Translation: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) temporarily binds mRNA to ribosome's temporarily binds mRNA to ribosome's insuring specific protein will be insuring specific protein will be manufacturedmanufactured

Specific tRNA molecules arranged as Specific tRNA molecules arranged as anticodons pick up and transfer mRNA anticodons pick up and transfer mRNA codons from cytoplasm.codons from cytoplasm.

Translation AnimationTranslation Animation

Gel ElectrophoresisGel Electrophoresis

The Process by which The Process by which a DNA fingerprint is a DNA fingerprint is made using restriction made using restriction enzymesenzymes

Restriction EnzymesRestriction Enzymes will cut DNA at will cut DNA at particular codons.particular codons.

Gel ElectrophoresisGel Electrophoresis

The cut up pieces are then separated in a The cut up pieces are then separated in a gel using the negative charge of the DNA gel using the negative charge of the DNA to move it across an agrose gel.to move it across an agrose gel. The smaller pieces will move faster then the The smaller pieces will move faster then the

larger pieces.larger pieces.

Gel Electrophoresis ActivityGel Electrophoresis Activity What can go wrong!What can go wrong!

KaryotypeKaryotype

A picture of paired A picture of paired chromosomes of an chromosomes of an individual.individual.