gender research as labor activism

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mark hendrickson

Gender Research as Labor Activism:

The Womens Bureau in the New Era

It is not, afer all, because they are women, but because they are the

low wage group that we must study their problems and discover the basis

or determining their wages.

M V K, W I S

( W B)

Te women o today, as well as their employers . . . want acts, and

i the acts are presented strongly and clearly they will get action. But the

acts must be collected first, and the field is open and crying or attention

rom scientists and health experts as well as rom industrial engineers.

1921 W B B

I A OC, N L,


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Colorado State University

notes

1. 66 Cg., H.R. 13229, A A E D L B K W B, W B g 1920.

2. M L R, W B U S D L, Monthly Labor Review 11 (J 1920): 17475. Cg, H, C A, Sundry Civil Bill, 1920, Part 2, 65 Cg., 3 ., 10 F 1919,155671. W N D N W W, New York imes, 3 F1918, 56. Og W I S (wis) g g g g

, wis D L (dol). I g , wis wis, W B, . I gz 1920 wis. Af 1920, I W B. F g, A K-H, In Pursuit o Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest

or Economic Citizenship in wentieth-Century America (N Y, 2001), 3542.3. F N C Lg ff -

g g g, K K S, P C Pg E: T N C Lg A A L

Lg, U.S. History as Womens History: New Feminist Essays, . L K. K,A K-H, K K S (C H, 1995), 51.


23/35


5. O , K K S, A S, SS, Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany(I, 1998), 511.

6. I W B, g g -z ff g- F A Egg S x U.S. PH S ffi - , N B E R A F L R B g - ff . F g gz g fi g - , F AEgg S, Te welve Hour Shif in Industry (N Y, 1922), 22427;

Annual Report o the Surgeon General o the Public Health Service o the United States(Wg, D.C., 1919), 4143; U.S. P H S, C 8- 10- , Public Health Bulletin106 (Wg, D.C.: 1920). T PH S fi ff g . S T Pg Fg, Public HealthBulletin 117 (Wg, D.C., 1921);Annual Report o the Surgeon General o the PublicHealth Service o the United States (Wg, D.C., 1920), 3738; Annual Report othe Surgeon General o the Public Health Service o the United States (Wg, D.C.,1921), 32;Annual Report o the Surgeon General o the Public Health Service o the UnitedStates (Wg, D.C., 1924), 26. F g , H S D M G, New Yorkimes, 4 D 1920, 17; B L W, New York imes, 23 N 1922,6; Eg O -H D, New York imes, 19 N 1922, 44; FEg-H D A S M, New York imes, 7 J 1923, 10; T HD, New York imes, 20 S 1922, 16; T Eg-H Sf CI, New York imes, 18 J 1923, 12.

7. J S, As Minority Becomes Majority: Federal Reaction to thePhenomenon o Women in the Work Force, 19201963 (W, C., 1983), 9. F W W II W B, K A Lg, Womens

Work and Public Policy: A History o the Womens Bureau, U.S. Department o Labor,19451970 (B, 2000).

8. S M, Childrens Interests/Mothers Rights: Te Shaping o Americas ChildCare Policy(N H, 1999), 93.

9. K-H, In Pursuit o Equity, 35.10. I., 42.11. F W P F L T M, New York imes, 2 O 1927,

W21. P fi W B q - -; x, L P, W A I R 8,500,000,

New York imes, 6 N 1927, XX4; M W W D 30-YP, New York imes, 14 D 1928, 46; T R M W I


24/35


American Federationist33 (M 1925): 333; A, T W W,AmericanFederationist32 (N 1925): 1073; S. P. Bg, T H R W W Eq Wg,Journal o Political Economy31 (Ag 1923): 536;M A, I W I, Te Personnel Journal6 (F1928): 32930; A, R Ig G B, Proceedings othe National Conerence on Social Work (A 1920): 14042. W g gg ,g x J 1929, f D A; D Wg H I Cg F C E, New York imes, 18 J 1929, 3;T -J W, New York imes, 19 J 1929, 13.

12. F gg g,

N C Lg, K K S, P C Pg E: T N C Lg A A LLg, U.S. History as Womens History: New Feminist Essays, . K, K-H, S, 51.

13. E B S. J. Kg, M O W: (R)CgL, M, S, Journal o Womens History 15 (A 2003): 91.T g g-g g, P B g. S P B, T D P: W A P S, 17801920,American Historical Review89 (J 1984): 62047. Dg 1990 x g g . S TS, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: Te Political Origins o Social Policy in the UnitedStates (Cg, 1992); S K S M, W D: MP Og W S F, G, G B, U S, 18801920,American Historical Review 95 (O 1990): 1067108; LG, Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History o Welare (Cg,M., 1995; N Y, 1994); R M, Creating a Female Dominion in

American Reorm, 18901935 (N Y, 1991).

14. F z g,, , E B, O I Ng: G, R, Wg P H,Journal o Policy History17 (2005): 7592; S B Kg, M O W; S, S, S, Social JusticeFeminists in the United States and Germany; K-H, In Pursuit o Equity; JL. G, Gender and the Politics o Welare Reorm: Mothers Pensions in Chicago, 19111929 (Cg, 1997), 811. M x . H. M z g . . H. M, Class,Citizenship, and Social Development, S M L (NY, 1964), 65122. F fl , , g-

, g gg z US, L K, T Mg Cz, Journal o American History84


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16. C -U W U A U.S. D L,Monthly Labor Review 8 (N 1918): 19091. S M A, WW R I R P? Proceedings o the Academy o PoliticalScience in the City o New York 8 (F 1919): 1316; A, Wg WW,Annals o the American Academy o Political and Social Science 81 (J 1919):12329; M V K, F P W I,Annals o the American

Academy o Political and Social Science 81 (J 1919): 8794. T wtul, - g A, g. S B C N W U Lg,Modern Labor Review 9 (J 1919): 26772. F g, 1920 fW W II, J B, Now Hiring: Te Feminization o Work in the United

States, 19001995 (Cg S, x., 1997), 7879, 13537.17. H Sg, I: G S S, Gender and

American Social Sciences: Te Formative Years (P, 1998), 3.18. S,As Minority Becomes Majority, 28.19. F ffi g B L S

g, Ax K, Out o Work: Te FirstCentury o Unemployment in Massachusetts (Cg, 1986); M F, KgC: P Ig L Q Lg Pg E, Te State and Economic Knowledge: Te American and British Experiences, . M O.F B S (Cg, 1991), 24668; J L, Carroll Wright andLabor Reorm: Te Origin o Labor Statistics (Cg, M., 1960).

20. Ag , T M B W C . . . , - , , g- g g , g [sic] - g g fig J C q g - . E N, ., P I D A 19181955,

W B, RG 86, Bx 11, F 331, N A (f na).21. Ag g , g

gfi g , , g , fi g, g , S g gz, g . I.

22. M. C T ( B M Cg) P W, 28M 1921; Mg D R ( wtul) S J J. D,21 M 1921; S W gz -

A, g . S L H U ( , N R C), 25 M


26/35


23. M A, G M. F, ., Biographical Dictionary o AmericanLabor(W, C., 1974), 8889; M A M W, Woman atWork (M, 1951; W, C., 1973). T V K A VK fl 1920. Offi , V K W B C,g M. F B. G C P. N ( B L S). O , A C g V K, 2 A 1926, S S C, mvk P (f mvk P), S Cg, Bx 71, F W B C. L V K A g . T gg V K g

A, q g V K . I g x V K, g g , R Sg F D IS g x x . F A V K, Bx 64 71, mvkP, .

24. T . H $1,860 . W B, T S W G S, Bulletin 53(1926), 56, 45.

25. W B, Fifh Annual Report o the Director o the Womens Bureau(Wg, D.C., 1923), 20. T A -q . I 1921 A R, A B C Lg R, $1,800 g g g D L . Agg, B g F g, ff . W

B, Tird Annual Report o the Director o the Womens Bureau (Wg, D.C.,1921), 22.

26. W B, T S W G S, 3941,4445.

27. W B, T N P W A I, Bulletin 12(1920), 16.

28. W B, T O Pg W, Bulletin 27(1922), 3.29. D - , , -

, , , , , , , , , , .

30. W B, T O Pg W, 89.31. I 50,000 1910 , -


27/35


, , g- , - , , ffi . W B, T O Pg W 1920.

32. I., 2630; W B, F A Wg W, Bulletin 46 (1925),67; S P B, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in

American Department Stores, 18901940 (U, I., 1986).33. F x, W B, H P W I,

Bulletin 18 (1921), 6; W B, W K I, Bulletin 29 (1923),8085; W B, T S Wg-Eg W F S, Bulletin30 (1923); W B, F S Bg W F SC, Bulletin 41(1925); W B, W O I, Bulletin 44(1925), 8;W B, W W F S, Bulletin 49(1925).

34. W B, H P W I 6; M A,

R Ig G B, Proceedings o the National Conerence oSocial Work (Cg, 1920), 141.

35. W B, W Wg K, Bulletin 17 (1921), 21, 5382.36. W B, T F S Bg W: A -

, B 23 (Wg D.C.: GPO,1922), 4. Ag A, B P g zg x ffi g . I., .

37. W B, F S Bg W F SC, 89. Ag A, f P, N J, M q x . I., x.T x P, N J - J, F; W-B H , P; B,M.

38. I., 17.39. W B, W R I I, Bulletin 21 (1922).40. W B, W K I, 5557. T -

x K W B fig . B

x g A - x , g. S W B,W AI, Bulletin 34 (1924), 54. I , g x-, g g g g x g , g g g . W B, W I, Bulletin 56 (1927), 44.

41. Rgg g f , g, T , g g x

g ffi g g . I


28/35


g, . W B, W N J I,Bulletin 37 (1924), 33.

42. W B, W D I, Bulletin 58 (1927), 3536. T g . I 1920, g . T g g gfi g . W B, W G S; W G S, Te Survey, 12 J 1920, 378.

43. W B, W Wg K, 31.44. W B, W Gg I, Bulletin 22 (1922), 7.45. I., 31.46. I., 32. F g

, W B, W A I,Bulletin 26(1923), 6, 2747; W B, W K I, Bulletin 29(1923), 2957; W B, W S C I, Bulletin 32(1923),1214; W B, W A I, Bulletin 34 (1924), 5270; WB, W I, Bulletin 56 (1927), 5, 3944; W B,W D I, Bulletin 58 (1927), 68; W B, W M, Bulletin 55 (1926), 5, 18.

47. W B, W M I, Bulletin 35(1924), 8.48. F V K I x

g , M V K, N S Ng W I, Lie and Labor(J 1919): 13435; V K S W, 3 S1918, V K S W, 18 A 1919, W B, RG 86, FC D, 19181920, V K, A-M, na. O V K - g N ULg, G P L B, Blacks in the City: A History o the NationalUrban League (B, 1971), 200203. F V K , GA, M V K Sfi Mg, A Mental Revolution: Scientific

Management Since aylor, . D N (C, O, 1992), 10229; TS-Ag S Og T, Bg E P,

C M K, Engendering Social Science: Te Formative Years, . HSg (P, 1998), 293325. I 1932, E P S M.A. N Y U V A P NgW N Y C. Dx A. W, S D: T V E G Ng,Journal o Negro Education 9 (A 1940): 265.

49. F, ., Biographical Dictionary o American Labor, 8889.50. B Kg, M O W, 9293.51. F , 35.7

g 53 . A 1920, 7 g .

B g, g - g. E D C, B


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American Social Science (W, C., 1985); L, Carroll Wright and Labor Reorm; W . M J P. Gg, Te First Hundred Years o the Bureau oLabor Statistics (Wg, D.C., 1985).

52. Q J A S, T W B, 19201950: FR F Wg Eg (P.D. ., D U, 1977), 3940; P S.F, Women and the American Labor Movement: From World War I to the Present (NY, 1980), 12526.

53. U C W I S U S,D L, 4 O 1918, 4 R W B U.S. D L, 19181965: P I, 104042. F S, W F. W, W Fg S, New Republic, 1 M 1919, 14446. O ff z

ff, W B, B W G W: Mz R S,Journal o Southern History44 (Ag 1979): 42140.

54. D Ng E, Te Negro at Work During the World War andReconstruction: Statistics, Problems, and Policies Relating to the Greater Inclusion o Negro

Wage Earners in American Industry and Agriculture (Wg, D.C., 1921; , NY, 1969),133.

55. I N C S W, H B I, C I T Aff Ng W, Proceedings o National Conerence o Social Work (Cg, 1919), 523. Ez RH, Ng D S U S: A I, Journal oNegro History8 (O 1923): 385.

56. O Ng, Southern Workman 52 (M 1923): 11.57. H D Ng E Gg E. H,

g C U. S -- W--I S V K - uses J 1920 M 1922. EzR H g L C, A, g F U A.B. 1903, - U Cg 1905 1907. I 1924 fi A A

ywca, 1935 - H 21 A D. S x H. J A. G M C. C, .,

American National Biography, 1999, .. Ez R H. Ez R H, M Ng W W, Southern Workman (F 1922), 66. AH, Ng D S U S: A I, 384442.T H M.A. C U.

58. W B,Ng W I, Bulletin 20 (1922), 11.59. I., 28. O fi , S fif fi g 3,000

q . S E L. S, Ng W I, Lie and Labor 6

(M 1921): 143.60. W B, Ng W I, 29.


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63. W B,Ng W I 15 S, Bulletin 70 (1929), 47.L g, Pg x.S C B U Vg U Cg. M A mvk, 10 F 1928, mvk P, Bx71, F 1107, W B-C.

64. W I, New Republic (26 J 1921), 321.65. W R. B, Investigation and Responsibility: Public Responsibility in the

United States, 18651900 (Cg, 1984); W J. N, Te Peoples Welare:Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America (C H, 1996).

66. W B, S L Affg Wg W, Bulletin 40 (1924), 1.S M A, W W Wg: T W B W W, Proceedings o the National Conerence o Social Work (Cg, 1921),

285; M N. W, T Eff L L W W, Proceedings o theNational Conerence o Social Work (Cg, 1927), 31213.

67. I g -g g M, nicb g g, - M -g q g. O , fi g g .nicb,Minimum-Wage Legislation in Massachusetts (N Y, 1927). A g g. I MYg N W P, A , O g - . E g g . . . fi 95 g Wg.M A M Yg, 20 O 1921, N W P P, 19; V H, Bound by Our Constitution: Women, Workers, and the Minimum Wage(P, 1994), 113.

68. B 1927, gg . W B, S L Affg Wg W, 1.S M A, W W Wg: T W B S W W, Proceedings o the National Conerence o Social Work (Cg, 1921)

285; M N. W, T Eff L L W W, Proceedings o theNational Conerence o Social Work (Cg, 1927), 31213.

69. N C S C, x g , x , . T g g- - x . WB,I W I, Bulletin 19 (1922), 19; W B, S S H W W I, 1113. T x g g , WB, T E W Ng, Bulletin 64 (1928).

70. wis,L L W I I, Bulletin 2 (1919), 10, 1319.71. H, C A, Sundry Civil Bill, 1920, 1561.


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g fi g g g . , V K D. A H B L S fi g g . V K wis g , g S g g x g. HAP-Y-2,1561. W W R W, New York imes, 23 J 1918, 11. W IS, P E W Dg W I NgF, N.Y., Bulletin 1 (1918); I P W Ng F: W I S M R T S, Lie and Labor(J1919): 2122; P E W Dg W I Ng

F, N.Y.,Monthly Labor Review 8 (J 1919): 23146. F , W B, S E W I, Bulletin 3 (1919);W B, Wg C M P 1919, Bulletin 4(1919).

73. wis, L L W I I, Bulletin 2 (1919), 4, 11,2629.

74. W B, S Eff Lg Lg H W W, 7. F , W B,I W I, Bulletin 19 (1922); W B, H C W W I Vg, Bulletin 10 (1920); W B, L L W I I; W B, W M I,Bulletin 35 (1924); W B, W R I I, Bulletin 22 (1922);W B, W A I, Bulletin 34 (1924); W B,W M I, Bulletin 24 (1922).

75. I x S , , ; 35 g g - ; 34 S g g g. WB, I W I, Bulletin 19 (1922), 78.

76. W B, H C W W I Vg, Bulletin 10 (1920), 6. Dg f W W I,

f fi g g. W B, L L W I I,2729; W B, W M I, Bulletin 35 (1924); WB, W R I I, Bulletin 22 (1922), 13. I , fi g g- ffi gz . W B, W A I, Bulletin 34 (1924), 1.

77. W B, W M I, Bulletin 24 (1922), 14.78. E F. R,An Analysis o the Report o the Ohio Minimum Wage Commission

(C, 1925); H. B. H, R, American Economic Review (S1926): 49597.


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g. W B, T D M-Wg L U S, 19121927 (1928), 14. S -g f 1923. O g g 1923, (M Wg) g N Y -g g. T N D, g B 1934.

80. B x g -g , g C, K, M, M, Wg, - . W B,T D M-Wg L U S, 19121927, 26.

81. I, 37071. F q , WB, I W I, 36, 50. W B, I A W N J, O, wis , Bulletin 60 (1927); W B,W M I 5; W B, W D I,Bulletin 58 (1927), 78.

82. A Adkins g . . . . A g [ g ] g . C Wg Rg C C, New York imes, 12 A 1923, 11.

83. Q L W C B Cg, New York imes, 22 J1926, 2.

84. W B, T Eff L Lg EO W, Bulletin 65 (1928), x, 54. I g , B W P gz U.S. C I R (cir) g- g . g, gz W I C (wic), g - x f cir. T wic g gz g g

g . T , g . T g g , P g. Ig, fi J R. C cir , , , g g g . W B, TEff L Lg E O W, Bulletin 65(1928), x. T q . F

, 1921, x- N J -g- M g -


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- g. W B, S Eff Lg Lg H W W, Bulletin 15 (1921), 8, 17, 24. F g g , E S, W W Fg Hg S,New York imes, 17 J 1966, 6; L W C B Cg New Yorkimes; S New York imes, New York imes, 11 M 1926; W WDg, New York imes, 12 M 1926, 26.

85. K K S, P C Pg E: T NC Lg A A L Lg, U.S. History asWomens History: New Feminist Essays, . K, K-H, S, 51.

86. T - . W B, SEff Lg Lg H W W, Bulletin 15 (1921), 1516. S M N. W, T Eff L L W W, Proceedings o the

National Conerence o Social Work (Cg, 1927): 315. M x fi x .M V K L R, 1 F 1927, Bx 18, mvk P.

87. mvk E M. S, 8 J 1923, Bx 23, mvk P. Tg NE, V K fi g . I g , V K f . S mvk L R, 1 F 1927, Bx 18, mvk P; Wg W IF, 1919, A F I Cg Wg W, Wg,D.C., 28 O 1919 ( . 6), Bx 24, F 487, mvk P.

88. S -g g fAtkins, . F , C, I,M, N H, N J, N Y, O -g g. I g, g- g . I g g , g g , , , g. T g g . I, , , (fi, ) . F ff

Adkins, W B,S S H L W MWg R, Bulletin 137 (1936), 2.

89. T x - g Muller v. Oregon 208 U.S. 412(1908), g ff g , g, g . Tg , Fx F, gg g, 1916 , ff ff . F,H L R C L, Harvard Law Review (F 1916):

367; H, Bound by Our Constitution: Women Workers and the Minimum Wage, 103.90. W B, S: T Eff L Lg E


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91. W B, S: T Eff L Lg EO W, . H gz, N C Lg, f S C Wg, D.C. -g .H, Bound by Our Constitution, 13031. F 1920 g g , MH, Sg S: G, Ng Ogz, Mg L Kg 1920, Politics and Partnerships, . ES. C Dg G (Cg, g). F x g, Mg F. Bg, Homestead: Te Households o a Milltown (N Y, 1910) 35,17172; H. M. V, Industrial Fatigue and Effi ciency(N Y, 1921); Eg L. C M G, Te Health o the Industrial Worker (P, 1921); C

G, Te Miners Freedom: A Study o the Working Lie in a Changing Industry (NY, 1925); C S. M, Industrial Psychology(N Y, 1925); J G,Fatigue and Effi ciency: A Study in Industry (N Y, 1912); Fx F, Te Case

or the Shorter Work Day(N Y, 1916). C R. W, T -H Sf,American Labor Legislation Review 13 (J 1923): 10818; W, Steel: Te Diary oa Furnace Worker(B, 1922). S g P H S 8 .

92. wis, L L W I I, Bulletin 2 (Wg,D.C., 1919), 11; K-H, Out to Work: A History o Wage-Earning Women in theUnited States (1982; Ox, 2003), 200.

93. T , Ag 5 g gffi , , g g, . W B, S Eff Lg LgH W W, 10. F g g, W B, H L Lg W T S, 89.

94. W B, S S H W W I,Bulletin 43 (1925), 43; wis, Labor Law or Women in Industry in Indiana, 11, 1820.

95. W B, L L C M, Bulletin 52(1926), 1418.

96. F x g - x, L K, T C, S C, N D,American Historical Review 110 (O 2005): 105279. O g ff , K MLg, Iq M Wg L F W B,New York imes, 25 A 1937, 6.


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gender research as labor activism

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