2016Hagar Tzameret-Kertcher

Hanna Herzog | Naomi ChazanYulia Basin | Ronna Brayer-Garb | Hadass Ben Eliyahu

The Gender IndexGender Inequality

in Israel

׀ 32 ׀

Throughout the booklet women are marked in gray and men in black

Education Gendered Segregationof Professions

PovertyLabor Market

Power Time

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

1.20

1.10

1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

10.91

The Level of Inequality Over the YearsThe level of gender inequality remained largely stable between 2004 and 2010. Since 2011, the level of inequality was slightly reduced, but this was due more to the worsening in various aspects of men's employment than to the advancement in the state of women.

Violence againstWomen

Media and Culture

Health Periphery

Family Status

Arab Society

The Gender IndexThe Gender Index is an innovative tool developed by WIPS – The Center for the Advancement of Women in the Public Sphere at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, which serves to evaluate gender inequality in Israel across a spectrum of fields over time. The Gender Index is based on the calculation of gender inequality in Israel in key domains: education, the labor market, gendered segregation of professions, poverty, power, media and culture, health, violence against women, time and family status; as well as gender inequality in the periphery and gender inequality in Arab society in Israel. Every year the Index is developed and expanded. The Gender Index addresses issues of diversity and social structures of inequality by looking at the intersections of gender with ethnicity and graphical location. The Gender Index is a tool for decision-makers in the government and the public institutions.

Inequality

Equality

׀ 54 ׀

Average Monthly Salary, by Gender (NIS)

1996 2014

12,000

8,000

4,000

0

7,43911,114

2014

Popular Singers' Charts, by Gender

2004 2014

100%

50%

0%

Number of CEO'sLabor Force Participation, by Gender

2003 2014

40,000

20,000

0 1995 2014

80%

40%

0%

6,955

38,862

2014

59.2%69.5%

2014

12.5% 87.5%

2014

Continuous Gender Gap in All Areas of LifeIn most areas of life the gender gap is maintained in favor of men. In some areas the gender gap even increases over time.

׀ 76 ׀

Political and Economic Power

57.1%

Education

3.7%

Time

14.0%

The Labor Market

30.7%

Periphery

29.0%

Poverty

32.8%

Gendered Segregation of

Professions

52.4%

Arab Society

45.1%

women and Men in News Coverage

2005 2015

90%

60%

30%

0%

24%

76%

2015

Number of Women in the Knesset

1995 2014

30

15

0 2016

33

87

Continuous Gender Gap in All Areas of Life Magnitude of InequalityThe calculation of the magnitude of inequality enables to identify in which area the gender gap is the greatest and in which the smallest.

׀ 98 ׀

Rate of Those with 13-15 Years of Education

Rate of Those with 16+ Years of Education

2014

23.4%20.5%

25.9% 25.9%

2014

Gender Segregation in Professions and in HigherEducation

2004 2014

60%

30%

0%

Gendered Segregation in Higher EducationGendered Segregation in Employment

Gender Inequality in Professions

182,774

100,489

Hi-Tech Architecture and

Engineering

26,282

84,102

227,355

67,296

Teaching Professions

Health Professions

26,16135,579

Law

25,76420,925

Care Professions

174,978

13,252

Fields of Education

Fields of Employment

1995 2014

30%

15%

0%

1995 2014

30%

15%

0%

Education and EmploymentMore and more women are acquiring higher education and expanding their fields of study. However, structural and cultural obstacles limit their ability to translate these achievements into improvements in the labor market and in attaining power positions.

׀ 1110 ׀

1996 2014

5

3

1

Fertility Rate by Population Groups

Number of Part-Time Workers, by Gender

1995 2014

600,000

300,000

0

Jewish WomenMuslim Women Druze WomenChristian Women

3.353.112.272.2

Fertility Rate, 2014

Women Working Part-Time

Due to Home-Making

1996 2014

25%

15%

5%

Women Unemployed Due to Home-Making

1996 2014

40%

20%

0%

Heads of Single-Parent Families, by Gender

2000 2014

180,000

120,000

60,000

0

Work-Family BalanceWomen are still primarily responsible for care of family members and house work. This is Invisible Work which is unrecognized and unpaid, but functions as a barrier for women from a full and equal participation in the labor market and the public sphere

׀ 1312 ׀

Number of New Calls to Rape Crisis Centers

1996

4,154

2014

8,938

1996 2014

10,000

5,000

0

Feeling of Safety While Walking in the Street, by Gender

2004 2014

100%

50%

0%

62% 83%

2014

Incidence of Poverty after Transfer Payments and Taxes, by Gender

Recipients of Income Support, by Gender

1999 2014

25%

20%

15%

10%

18.3% 17.1%

2014

81,958

51,659

2014

2004 2014

140,000

70,000

0

VulnerabilityWomen on the whole are poorer than men and are more exposed to gender-based violence. These facts effect their presence and positions in the public sphere.

׀ 1514 ׀

Heads of Local Municipalities, by Gender

2004 2014

300

200

100

0 6

250

2014

23%

77%

Number of Women in theKnesset and the Government

1995 2014

30

20

10

0

Women MP's Women Ministers

Senior Academic

Faculty, by Gender

Women in Parliaments Around the World, 2016

Senior Managerial Positions, by Gender

2003 2014

140,000

70,000

0

59,644

96,496

2014

U.S.A19%

Sweden44%

Poland27%

Britain29%

Spain40%

Israel27%

Economic and Political PowerKey positions of power in the political and economic arenas are still largely held by men

׀ 1716 ׀

Diversity Among WomenIn order to fully understand the lives and perspectives of different women we also have to consider their ethnic and national identities, their economic status, geographic location, and exposure to violence. The intersection between gender and other social factors creates many differences among women, and point to the more disadvantaged groups. Thus, the average monthly wage of Arab women is significantly lower than that of Arab men and that of Jewish women. Women in the geographic periphery earn less than men in these locations and less than women in the center.

Labor Market Participation, by Gender

2003 2014

70%

35%

0%

28%

64%

2014

Average Monthly Salary in Arab Society in Israel, by Gender

Average Monthly Salary in the Center and the Periphery

2004 2014

8,000

4,000

0

5,271

7,190

2014

Average Monthly Salary of Jewish and Arab Women

Jewish

7,6625,271

Arab

Periphery8,648 nis

Periphery5,705 nis

Center7,699 nis

Center11,677 nis

׀ 1918 ׀

© The Van Leer Jerusalem Press, 2016Design: Yael Katzeer, katzeery@gmail.com | Printiv Press Jerusalem

Rethinking the gendered structure of the labor market to address the need for work-family balance (including altering the work patterns of men, rearranging responsibilities and rethinking time distribution between men and women in the home)

4

32 Using gender mainstreaming

strategies to ensure equal representation for women and men in decision-making at all levels

Promoting legislation that will ensure systematic data collection by gender

Setting measurable objectives for reducing gender gaps in various fields and achieving significant change within a decade1

Policy Recommendations

Reconceptualizing and recalculating national accounts to reflect the activities and economic contributions of the invisible work of women5

The Center for the Advancement of Women in the Public Sphere (WIPS) at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute is committed to gender mainstreaming as an overall strategy for promoting the democratic and civil status of women in diverse social groups. Through its focus on transforming the issue of gender inequality into a general social worldview that relates to both women and men and to all social structures the WIPS center aims to make gender equality an inseparable part of the thought and action of legislators and decision makers in various areas. WIPS conducts research, promotes strategic thinking, and initiates projects and programs in areas relevant to implementing gender mainstreaming and gender equality in Israel. The founders of WIPS seek to make it a framework that brings together women’s organizations, feminist activists,researchers, legislators, and decision makers, so that their dialogue and sharing of ideas will serve as a source of knowledge, guidance, and experience for anyone interested in promoting gender equality and gender mainstreaming in Israel.

The development and publication of the Gender Index was made possible by generous donations from the following foundations:

מדד המגדראי־שוויון מגדרי בישראל2016 20

16

ל רא

שבי

רי גד

מיון

שוואי־

•ר

גדהמ

ד מד

רחוב ז'בוטינסקי 43, ירושלים 9104001, ת"ד 4070, טל׳ 02-5605222; פקס 02-5619293

43 Jabotinsky St., Jerusalem 9104001, P.O.B. 4070, Tel. 972-2-5605222, Fax. 972-2-5619293

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זמן, בריאות, יחסי מרכז-פריפריה, החברה הערבית - ומאפשר לתת ציון כולל לרמת האי־שוויון

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העוצמה ובמדד עיתונים, וקריאת בטלוויזיה לצפייה זמן העדר של אינדיקטורים

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שלא כמו מדדי מגדר אחרים, המשווים בין ישראל למדינות אחרות על בסיס מספר מועט

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