Gender Inequality

Announcements

1.Evaluations 2. Quiz # 5 (Wednesday, December 3) 3. Quiz # 6 is cancelled

Announcements

Quizzes (5 * 10 points each) 50 points 11.90%

First Exam (100 points) 100 points 23.80%

Second Exam (100 points) 100 points 23.80%

Third Exam (100 points) 100 points 23.80%

Assignments (5*10 points each)

50 points 11.90%

Participation/Attendance(0.5*40 class sessions)

20 points 4.76%

Total 420 points 100%

Announcements

Final Exam will be posted online on Friday Due date for the Final exam is Monday

(December, 8) Review session on Friday?

Gender inequality

Gender inequality is the unequal and biased treatment between the two sexes in terms of wealth, income, and status

Gender roles

Gender is continuously created and re-created by all the social actions we perform daily

“Doing gender“ Socially prescribed roles

Gender Identity Traits Submissive Emotional Receptive Intuitive Passionate Caring Sensitive Cooperative Timid Weak

Dominant Independent Rational Assertive Analytical Strong Brave Ambitious Active Competitive

Gender as Master Status

Gender guides: How females/males think about

themselves How they interact with others What positions they occupy in society Gender creates inequality

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Overall White Latinos Black

Male

Female

Of those who go to college how many receive a bachelor’s degree within 5 years?

Students enrolled in doctoral programs

Field Women Men

Agriculture 35% 65%

Mathematics 33% 67%

Engineering 17% 83%

Computer Science 24% 76%

Social sciences 47% 53%

Biological sciences 48% 52%

Physical sciences 27% 73%

Psychology 69% 31%

Doctorates in Science, by Sex (Statistical Abstract, 2002)

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Medicine Law

Male

Female

Gender Differences in Professional Degrees

Female Count Male CountAdvertising 1 Army 1Advertising agent 1 Broadcasting 1Anchor woman 1 Business/Finance 1Business/Finance 1 CIA 1Costume Designer 1 CPA 1Criminal psychologist 1 CSI or cop 1Dental hygienist 1 Great architect 1Dentistry 1 Hotel manager 1Forensic investigator 1 Lawyer 2Forensic scientist 1 Nurse 1Lawyer 1 Related to animals 1Med. school 1 Research 1Medical research 1 Sports agency 1Nurse 1 Undecided 4Pediatric dietitian 1Pharmacist 3Physical therapist 3Physical therapist/Athletic trainer 1Registered nurse in emergency room 1Research 2Social work 2Teacher (high school) 1Teacher (secondary) 1Translator 1Undecided 10UNICEF 1Veterinarian 1Total 42 Total 18

Expected Income

Gender Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Female 18000 100000 46981.48 21225.656

Male 24000 80000 48576.92 15761.036

Expected income

Female Income Male Count

Advertising 21, 500 Army 40,000Advertising agent Broadcasting 62,500Anchor woman Business/Finance 35,000Business/Finance 22, 500 CIA 45,000Costume Designer 20,000 CPA 40,000Criminal psychologist CSI or copDental hygienist 40,000 Great architect 24,000Dentistry 100,000 Hotel manager 35,000Forensic investigator Lawyer 60,000Forensic scientist Nurse 50,000Lawyer 50,000 Related to animalsMed. school 75,000 Research 40,000Medical research Sports agency 70,000Nurse 55,000 Undecided 4Pediatric dietitian 40,000Pharmacist 50,000Physical therapist 30,000Physical therapist/Athletic trainer 50,000

Registered nurse in emergency room 70,000

ResearchSocial work 40,000Teacher (high school) 18,000Teacher (secondary) 40,000TranslatorUndecidedUNICEF 77,500Veterinarian 55,000Total 42 Total 18

Wage discrimination

Wage discrimination means that one group of people is paid less than another group of people when other characteristics of the group are the same

In the gendered case of wage discrimination, women are paid less as a group than men as a group are paid

Men's Median Weekly Earnings

Women's Median Weekly Earning

Weekly Pay Difference

Wage Gap

Advertising and Related Sales $875 $677 $198 77.40%Computer Programmers $1,048 $902 $146 81.70%Cooks, except short order $355 $303 $52 85.50%Correctional Institution Officers $642 $505 $137 78.70%Data Entry Keyers $502 $477 $25 95.00%Editors and Reporters  $813 $697 $116 85.70%Elementary School Teachers $836 $750 $86 89.70%Engineers, Architects and Surveyors  $1,170 $968 $202 82.70%Financial Managers $1,170 $837 $333 71.50%Health Aides, Except Nursing $380 $367 $13 96.60%Insurance Sales  $872 $580 $292 66.50%Investigators and adjusters, except insurance $534 $495 $39 92.70%

Janitors and cleaners $404 $336 $68 83.20%Lawyers $1,610 $1,237 $373 76.80%Maids and Housemen $350 $311 $39 88.90%Managers, Medicine and Health $1,110 $750 $360 67.60%Nursing Aides, Orderlies and Attendants  $386  $367  $19 95.10%Physicians  $1,626 $947 $679 58.20%Production, Craft & Repair $645 $479 $166 74.30%Psychologists $966 $719 $247 74.40%Real Estate Sales $945 $712 $233 75.30%Registered Nurses $957 $870 $87 90.90%Secretaries, Stenographers, Typists $544 $496 $48 91.20%Social Workers $741 $632 $109 85.30%Teachers, Elementary School $836 $750 $86 89.70%Teachers, Secondary School $842 $767 $75 91.10%Waiters and Waitresses  $357 $311 $46 87.10%

Gender inequality circle

Jobs labeled "women's jobs" are not seen as avenues for advancement

Women response to such jobs by low commitment, few career ambitions

All that contributes to the view of women as suitable only for low-level jobs.

Pink-Collar Occupations

Pink-collar occupations-those that are predominantly female.

clerical workers, retail sales workers, sewers, waitresses, private household workers, nurses, and non-college teachers. Women make up more than 70 percent of retail

salespersons and of non-college teachers

Gender inequality

Despite more women moving into higher-ranking positions, pay between the sexes remains unequal

Inequality

There is also inequality between men and women in the opportunity for advancement in professions

Many professional women hit the glass ceiling, which prevents them from achieving upward mobility within an organization

Men in traditionally female jobs such as teaching find themselves riding the glass escalator to the top of the corporate ladder

Some of the facts

U.S. women do most of the household work and childrearing

Sexual harassment remains a common workplace hazard for women

Men still dominate U.S. political life

Why do gender inequalities exist?

Some argue that differences in human biology

Women have children Less time for career

Functionalist approaches (Talcott Parsons)

Society as a system of interdependent parts

Family operates most efficiently with a clear- cut sexual division of labor

Females act in expressive roles Males act in instrumental roles

Gender Roles (functionalism)

Expressive roles--providing care and security to children, offering children emotional support

Instrumental roles--being a breadwinner in the family

These two complement each other Balance

The Conflict Perspective

Relationship between females and males has been one of unequal power

Men have dominant position over women Preindustrial time: size, physical

strength, freedom of childbearing duties made men more powerful

The Conflict Perspective

Contemporary society: physical strength is not important

Gender roles assign different qualities and behaviors

Similarity with Marx Males are like bourgeoisie (control most of the

society’s wealth, prestige, and power) Females are like

The Interactionist Perspective

Interactionists argue that gender inequality persists because of the way we define men and women and their appropriate roles in society

Language helps perpetuate inequality