1. Globalizations Effects on Labor
Inequalities

2. To determine the effects of globalization on the gender inequalities within the work force.
Focus

3. Definition:
Globalization
Exports
Imports
United States
England

4. Cultures
United States
China
Mexico

5. America

6. Mainstream
Developed Countries
High concentration of females in global service sector
Causes
Higher education
Increased fertility rates

7. Gender Inequalities
Median annual salary
Men = $26,500Women = $19,500
Women are cheaper, which increases their chances to be hired.
Service Sector

8. Gender
Labor Force
My Ethnography
Inequalities
Globalization

9. Traditional Western* Gender Stereotypes (Macionis 2001)
Feminine TraitsMasculine Traits
-Submissive -Dominant
-Dependent -Independent
-Unintelligent -Intelligent
-Emotional -Rational
-Receptive -Assertive
-Intuitive -Analytical
-Weak -Strong
-Timid -Brave
-Content -Ambitious
-Passive -Active
-Cooperative -Competitive
-Sensitive -Insensitive
-Sex object-Sexually aggressive
-Attractive due to physical appearance -Attractive due to achievement
* The West refers generally to the cultures and peoples of Europe, North and South America, Australia and New Zealand
This chart was used to help with the observations of my ethnography

10. The Factory
Observations in Assembly
Men
Hard manual labor
Management/Supervisors
Women
Involved in Manual Labor
Few management positions
Generally Equal Wages

11. The Factory
Observations in Main Office
Men
Higher positions
Salesmen were all men
International Sales
Contrasts with stereotype since females are more social
Men = Assertive
Women
Secretarial positions

12. The Bank
Findings
Management
Men = Majority
Women were present
Had five or less individuals, which compared to men was small
Women
Repetitive jobs
Folding statements, verifying CDs, etc.

13. The Bank
Findings.Continued
Tellers
All women
Job requires social skills and a receptive nature, both of which are common female stereotypes.

14. Conclusions
Men and women are typically put into careers that fit the stereotypes defined by Macionis
Therefore American culture is biased to a degree
America culture seems to influence gender inequalities substantially more when compared to globalization
We have been taught these biased views

15. China

16. Work Force
Study by Shu, Zhu, and Zhang
Surveyed 19,499 individuals
Findings
Gap of 24 percent between genders.
This gap was present in areas that have yet to be influenced by globalization
Chinese that were employed by foreign industries were making 34 percent more when compared to the private sector
Conclusions
Women are frequent employees of foreign industries
Export-oriented industries

17. Work Force
Females
Provide a large percentage of Chinese labor
Occupied careers pertain to international production and commerce
Positive of globalization

18. Work Force
Developed Countries
China
Globalization moves women into the industrial sector
Approximately 80 percent of the workers that make up these factories are younger women
Increases the overall number of women in the work force

19. Industry: Wage Comparison
Number of Yuan

20. Conlcusions
Globalization changes the status of current jobs
Creates new jobs and thus rearranging the market
However, higher jobs are often given to men
Chinese culture influences gender job opportunities
Therefore, gender inequalities can be blamed on culture
Chinese Labor Market

21. Mexico

22. Labor Market
Study
Observing two different globalized industries in Mexico
Tourism
Cancun
Global Assembly
Cuidad Juarez

23. Tourism
Globalization
Positives
Encourages job opportunities for the locals
Predominantly women
Negatives
Low pay
Require few/no skills
Available only during certain seasons

24. Global Assembly
Globalization
Cuidad Juarez
Provides jobs for 54 percent of the womens labor force
Similar positives and negatives when compared to Cancun

25. Percentage of the Hispanic Female Work Force in each Sector

26. Percentage of the Hispanic Male Work Force in each Sector

27. Global Industries Effects
Income
Median income for females was only slightly higher in Cuidad Juarez when compared to Cancun
Income inequality was lower in both cities when compared to the national average
The number of women in the work force increased from 33.1 percent to 38 percent over 6 years
Females earnings increased as well by 8.1 percent

28. Globalization does influence gender inequalities, but not always negatively
It promotes females in the labor market
Pays higher wages for men and women
Provides more job opportunities for both genders
Conclusions

29. Overall Results

30. Increase of women in the work force
Increase in wages
GlobalizationPositives
Technological advances
Workers gain more skills

31. Makes women cheap labor sources
Younger generation replaces older because of technology
Globalization Negatives

32. Conclusions
Globalizations positive effects on these cultures outweighs any negative
Inequalities were present in each culture, however these were not caused by globalization
Culture bias was the reason for these inequalities
Women and men are given different educational and developmental opportunities