“Gender Equitable development Projects”APMASS & WAP, AIT:

Vietnam

Phùng Thị Vân AnhGender Trainer/ ConsultantCentre for Community Empowerment (CECEM)

GENDER & DEVELOPMENT

BASIC CONCEPTS

• Sex indicates biological characteristics of man and woman .

• People are born male or female. With very few exceptions they remain male or female throughout their lives in terms of their biological make-up. The biological

• differences between men and women are identified at birth. For example: only women can give birth; only men can have sperms …

Sex

• Gender indicates the characteristics, positions and roles of man and woman in all social relationships.

Gender

Sex & Gender

Sex Gender Biological At birth Universal (everywhere) Can’t change naturally - Only women can give birth and breastfeed the children

Social Result of trained or educated Various (different form societies to societies, cultures to Can be changed over time - Women can become a president

- men can take a good care of children

Which picture refers to gender? Sex differences?

What we see daily…Quản lý nhà nước

Lao động sản xuất

Chăm sóc con cái

Các hình ảnh hàng ngày

• Those pictures refer to sex or gender?

Gender• What do they talk about men and women?Their job/ what they do

Quick quizz

Refer to the activities that men and women actually do; can be changed at a time, conditions and situations.

• Productive roles: refers to the work of generating income that men and women do, to make products or services as well as process raw materials to get income.

• Reproductive roles: refers to the childbirth and other related activities, that most of the time is spent for taking care of the family members and community, searching fuel and water, preparing food, taking care of the child, education and taking care of the seniors, which are almost unpaid.

Gender roles

Productive role (Farming, producing):

referring to the production activities that women do for the market and for their family to generate income (paid by money or products)

Productive role (Farming, producing):

referring to the production activities that women do for the market and for their family to generate income (paid by money or products)

Reproductive role (house chores/ caring for family) :

Referring activities to caring and maintaining the basic needs of family and its member such as : food, shelter, education, healthcares reproduce production + taking care of potential workforce

Reproductive role (house chores/ caring for family) :

Referring activities to caring and maintaining the basic needs of family and its member such as : food, shelter, education, healthcares reproduce production + taking care of potential workforce

Community management role Referring to the activities that women do to ensure thesupply of resources at community level as an extended role of reproductive role (rituals, ceremony celebration, community services activities…)

Community management role Referring to the activities that women do to ensure thesupply of resources at community level as an extended role of reproductive role (rituals, ceremony celebration, community services activities…)

Women’s 3 main roles (paid & unpaid)

Basic/ Pratical gender needs: often related to shortage in working and living conditions such as: foods, water, living place, income, health care and work. If these needs are met, life of men/women would be improved without being influenced to labor distribution as well as the dependant position of the women in the society

The strategic gender needs: are needs relayed to labour distribution, power, gender control. These needs change according to specific social, economic, and political situation in which these needs form. Female: legal rights, domestic violence... Male: rights to take part in raising kids, privacy... On meeting these needs, the imbalanced relationship of labor distribution between two genders would be changed

What we often hear…

Only men could be excellent surgeons

Women should be teachers, nursery

teachers

• Those thoughts, perceptions refer to Gender or Sex?

• How will they affect women and men’s life?

• is negative and partial attitude acknowledgement and assessment of the characteristics, position, role and capacity of man or woman.

• Are viewpoints from others assuming that men or women are able to do or should do, unable to do or should not do something

Gender stereotype

• In some families:• Girls cant pursue higher education/ should not be

invested in girl’s education such as for boys• Boys shouldn’t do housework- they are very tiny and

worthless jobs• Girls can not inherit;

• In some workplaces:• Male workers should take the heavy and hazadours jobs

( according to the list of prohibited female workers)• Can’t recruit female workers who have little chidlren/ or

give those women lower wage

What do those saying mean?

• Those sayings are just prejudice or already become a specific actions?

Question

LIST OF JOBS ARE NOT ALLOWED TO USE FEMALE LABOR (TTLB - 03, LĐTBXH-YT, 1/1994)

1. Directly melting metal at ovens2. Burn metullurgy ovens;3. Work related to open radio-active resources; 4. Chop down big trees, saw, trim branches high

above;5. Train driver;6. Diver; ......................;

Gender Discrimination

• Is the restaint, elimination, unacknowledgement or unfavor roles, positions of men and women, causes inequality between men and women in every social and family aspect (K5, Đ5, Luật BĐG);

Direct discrimination: from implementing laws, regulations or routines

Indirect discrimination: from executing laws, regulations or routines

Gender Discrimination

Vacancy Announcement by a Ministry in Vietnam (2009)

..............................Department Inspector Seeking employment of 10 graduated

from Universities major in:

- Accounting: 02- Economics: 01 (male)- Law: 01 (male)- Social work: 01 (male)- Human Resource: 01 (male)- Mine Exploitation: 01 (male)- Electrics, Engineering or Labor Protetion: 01 (male)

Direct Discrimination

Announcement: Training Workshop invitation

.................................................................. ................................................................... Notice:

Participants with children under 36 month old are not allowed to bring the kids along during training

Indirect Discrimination

Gender Equality

• Gender equality indicates that man and woman have equal position and role; are given equal conditions and opportunities to develop their capacities for the development of the community, family and equally enjoy the achievement of that development.

• It does not mean that women and men are the same or have to become the same, but that their rights, responsibilities, social status and access to resources do not depend on whether they are born male or female.

• Gender Equality is the goal

Gender Equality

Conditions to be able to enroll in local vocational trainings:

• Engineer: height: >= 160; weight: >= 50 kg…

• Sewer: being skillful, careful and patient is a plus;

Gender Equity

• is about equality of outcomes and results. It is a means to ensure that women and men, girls and boys have an equal chance not only at the starting point but also when reaching the finishing line. It is about the fair and just treatment of both sexes that takes into account the different needs of the men and women, cultural barriers and (past) discrimination of the specific group.

• Equity is the method to achieve gender equality goal

Gender Equity

Gender and development project

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Gender = Women ?????

1970s

1980

Vietnam• Before 2006: Women Liberation, CEDAW

(1981)• Domestic Violence Law – 2006• Law on gender equality – 2007

1. Decree No.70/2008/NĐ-CP 04 Jun 2008 of Government regulates in details the execution some terms of the Gender Equity Law

2. Decree No.48/2009/NĐ-CP 19 May 2009 of Government regulates on measures to Gender Equity

• Name and tell the meanings of studied concepts

• Why development projects need gender attribute?

Discussion Questions