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GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT OPERATIONAL PLAN
(2013–2020)
2014 PERFORMANCE SUMMARY
March 2015
Regional and Sustainable Development Department
ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank ADF Asian Development Fund BISP Benazir Income Support Program CBO community-based organization CPS country partnership strategy CWRD Central and West Asia Department DMF design and monitoring framework EARD East Asia Department EGM effective gender mainstreaming GAD gender and development GAP gender action plan GEN gender equity theme GMS Greater Mekong Subregion IND India MMF Multitranche Financing Facility MTR midterm review NGE no gender elements OP Operational Plan PAK Pakistan PARD Pacific Department PCR project completion report PRC People’s Republic of China REG regional RSDD Regional and Sustainable Development Department RY Reporting Year SARD South Asia Department SERD Southeast Asia Department SGE some gender elements SSIS small scale infrastructure schemes TVET technical and vocational education and training
NOTE
In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.
CONTENTS
I. OVERVIEW 1
II. COMPLETED OPERATIONS DELIVERING INTENDED GENDER EQUALITY RESULTS (LEVEL 2) 1
III. OPERATIONS SUPPORTING GENDER MAINSTREAMING AT APPROVAL (LEVEL 3) 3
IV. MIDTERM REVIEWS OF GENDER MAINSTREAMED PROJECTS (LEVEL 3) 12
V. COUNTRY PARTNERSHIP STRATEGIES (CPS) 12
LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, BOXES, AND APPENDICES
FIGURES
Figure 1: All ADB Projects Addressing Gender Concerns (Annual Trend) ..................................................................... 4 Figure 2: ADF Projects Addressing Gender Concerns (Annual Trend) .......................................................................... 7 Figure 3: Gender Mainstreaming in all ADB projects by Region .................................................................................... 8 Figure 4: Contribution to Overall Gender Mainstreaming by Region .............................................................................. 9 Figure 5: Gender Mainstreaming Across Sectors in ADB Projects, 2012–2014 ........................................................... 11 TABLES
Table 1: Project Completion Reports (PCRs) and Intended Gender Results, 2010–2014 ............................................. 1 Table 2: All ADB Projects Addressing Gender Concerns, 2010–2014* .......................................................................... 3 Table 3: Asian Development Fund Projects Addressing Gender Concerns, 2010–2014 ............................................... 6 Table 4: Gender Mainstreaming Across Sectors in ADB Projects Approved in 2014 ................................................... 10 Table 5: Country Partnership Strategies Gender Quality At Entry ............................................................................... 12 BOXES
Box 1: PAK: Sindh Coastal Community Development Project ....................................................................................... 2 Box 2: IND: Supporting Kerala’s Additional Skill Acquisition Program in Post-Basic Education (GEN Theme) ............. 5 Box 3: PRC: Gansu Baiyin Integrated Urban Development Project (EGM Theme)........................................................ 5 APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Reporting Year 2014 PCRs of Completed Sovereign Operations Categorized as GEN and EGM .......... 13 Appendix 2: GEN and EGM Projects Approved in 2014 .............................................................................................. 15 Appendix 3: Analysis of Midterm Review Reports ........................................................................................................ 19
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I. OVERVIEW
1. This report summarizes ADB’s 2014 performance in delivering on key gender targets and indicators set in the corporate results framework (as reported in the annual Development Effectiveness Review Report) and the Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Operational Plan 2013–2020 (Gender OP) results framework. It indicates that greater efforts of operations departments have resulted in generally positive performance towards achieving the overall Gender OP outcome of “improved gender equality results of ADB operations.” In 2012–2014, while gender mainstreaming at entry remained above targets, delivery of gender equality results at project completion, though improving, lags the corporate targets and requires enhanced efforts. Some pilot initiatives and thematic gender analysis are ongoing to inform gender designs that have stronger gender equality impact.
II. COMPLETED OPERATIONS DELIVERING INTENDED GENDER EQUALITY RESULTS (LEVEL 2)
2. By 2016 (on a 3-year average), ADB aims to achieve that 70% of completed sovereign ADB and the Asian Development Fund (ADF) operations (number of projects) categorized as a gender equity theme (GEN) or effective gender mainstreaming (EGM) fully meets the following criteria: (i) reported results using sex-disaggregated data; and (ii) reported successful achievements against the project gender action plan activities (measured as at least 70% of activities are implemented and completed) and targets (measured as at least 75% of gender-related targets are achieved). Project completion reports (PCRs) approved for the Reporting Year (RY), which starts from July of the previous year to June of the reporting year are used for the base of analysis. 3. On a 3-year average, 60% of ADB and 59% of ADF completed sovereign operations delivered the intended gender equality results in 2012–2014 from 49% in 2010–2012 and 55% in 2011–2013 for both ADB and ADF operations. To achieve the 70% target by 2016, ADB needs to substantially scale up its efforts to improve the implementation and delivery of gender equality results (Table 1). The list of completed sovereign operations categorized as GEN and EGM in RY 2014 is in Appendix 1.
Table 1: Project Completion Reports (PCRs) and Intended Gender Results, 2010–2014
GEN/EGM PCRs Rated Successful
Reporting Year Total GEN/EGM
No. (a)
ADB Total ADF GEN/EGM No. (b)
ADF
No. % of (a) No. % of (b)
2010 18 7 39% 15 6 40%
2011 32 15 47% 28 14 50%
2012 30 17 57% 26 14 54%
2013 20 13 65% 19 12 63%
2014 18 11 61% 18 11 61%
Total (2010–2012) 80 39 49% 69 34 49%
Total (2011–2013) 82 45 55% 73 40 55%
Total (2012–2014) 68 41 60% 63 37 59% ADB = Asian Development Bank, ADF = Asian Development Fund, GEN = gender equity theme, EGM = effective gender mainstreaming theme, PCR = project/program completion report
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4. Notwithstanding some improvement compared with the PCRs in the past, some of the 2014 PCRs included insufficient reporting on the intended gender equality results at entry and assessments at completion. In some cases, weak GAP designs (such as imprecise or process-oriented actions such as “women’s increased participation”, lack of or overly ambitious numerical targets, or too convoluted activities involving multiple actors simultaneously) made it difficult to properly implement such GAPs or report on the progress or achievements. In other cases, GAP was not fully implemented because the project as a whole failed to implement full project activities. 5. Although quantitative reporting with sex-disaggregated data and the systematic coverage of gender action plan (GAP) implementation and gender equity results in PCRs continued to improve, the qualitative reporting was mixed. The good practice gender equity results PCRs profiled individual case studies, and stories of the impact of the project and GAP on women’s lives.
6. Direct gender benefits included girls gaining stipends to attend school and access to a better quality of education, gaining legal identity with national registration for women previously without one, increased women’s visibility and collective bargaining power, increased voice and influence in irrigation management and in coastal community based organizations for women farmers and coastal women, increased access to credit for women, increased income for women through wage employment and livelihood training with access to credit, new employment opportunities and increased incomes for female teachers, health care providers, and skills training graduates, and improved awareness of HIV amongst female youth.
The project was explicitly designed to accommodate the constraints of strict gender-segregation and purdah in the project communities. The project facilitated national identity card registration for 6,055 women from community-based organizations (CBOs), who were previously without a legal identity, and voter registration for 5,108 women. Such elements of national citizenship are critical in giving women a legal persona, as well as enabling them to fulfill the basic eligibility requirement to access social safety net programs under the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP), also funded by ADB. Some 9,731 women were trained in technical skills including in livestock extension, natural resource management, vocational skills and healthcare, and over 2,300 in collective fish management. Over 1,500 women’s CBOs were established which helped enhance women’s visibility in public life and their collective bargaining strength. The increased representation of women at village level through the CBOs led to an improvement in access to services, as women were able to ensure that 62% of small scale infrastructure schemes (SSIS) were gender inclusive and sensitive to their concerns. Of the total SSIS, 18% had explicit gender concerns as the primary objective. Women received over 1,100 loans (75% of all loans), leading, in part, to the average monthly income of microfinance and technical training recipients increasing by between $20 and $150. The substantial gender equity results in this project broke new ground in getting women registered in isolated areas, allowing the lessons learned to enhance the significantly funded ongoing BISP project.
Box 1: PAK: Sindh Coastal Community Development Project
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III. OPERATIONS SUPPORTING GENDER MAINSTREAMING AT APPROVAL (LEVEL 3)
7. By 2016 (on a 3-year average), ADB aims to achieve 45% of sovereign ADB operations and 55% of ADF operations (counted in approved project numbers) to be categorized as GEN or EGM. A. Gender Mainstreaming in ADB Operations 8. In 2014, ADB’s performance in gender mainstreaming has stabilized to a level above the 45% target for ADB operations. The list of GEN and EGM projects approved in 2015 is in Appendix 2. For 3 years in a row in 2012–2014, 55% of all ADB sovereign operations were gender mainstreamed, slightly higher than 53% in 2011–2013 (Table 2 and Figure 1). Both ADB and ADF rates (para 14) of gender mainstreaming appeared to have peaked, while ADB and ADF differences have narrowed to a marginal difference. Gender mainstreaming investments in ADB operations accounted for 45% in 2012–2014. 9. The increased operational focus on improving design at entry, adopting more stringent gender project design requirements, and the proliferation of Multitranche Financing Facility (MFF) operations, explain much of the plateauing of gender mainstreaming trend in ADB sovereign operations. MFF operations account for 21% of gender mainstreamed operations in 2014 from 26% in 2013. Given the nature of MFF operations, the succeeding tranches mostly adopt and build on the design/framework of the main project and that has contributed to the flattening of gender mainstreaming trend at entry. Future innovations in gender project designs, including enhancing the quality of project gender action plans, will help raise gender mainstreaming performance.
Table 2: All ADB Projects Addressing Gender Concerns, 2010–2014*
Year
Gender Equity Theme
Effective Gender
Mainstreaming
Gender Mainstreaming
Some Gender
Elements
Projects Addressing
Gender Concerns
Total ADB-Wide
(1) % of total
(2) % of total
(1+2) % of total
(3) % of total
(1 + 2 + 3)
% of total
2010 9 8% 36 32% 45 41% 48 43% 93 84% 111
2011 7 7% 45 43% 52 50% 28 27% 80 76% 105
2012 6 6% 49 49% 55 55% 21 21% 76 76% 100
2013 6 6% 48 49% 54 55% 13 13% 67 68% 98
2014 8 8% 49 47% 57 55% 16 15% 73 70% 104
2010–2014 36 7% 227 44% 263 51% 126 24% 389 75% 518
2012–2014 20 7% 146 48% 166 55% 50 17% 216 72% 302 *Note: Computations reflected above included approved projects with additional financing due to cost overruns from 2010 onwards. This adjustment led to slight changes in the benchmarks set in 2012.
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Figure 1: All ADB Projects Addressing Gender Concerns (Annual Trend)
10. Gender equity theme (GEN): Despite renewed commitment to explore more GEN projects in the Midterm Review of the Strategy 2020, the percentage of ADB sovereign GEN operations have yet to display relevant improvements. The proportion of GEN projects on an annual basis reached 8% in 2014 (8 projects out of 104) from the 2 prior years’ 6%. Its 3-year average was at 7% by end 2014, from 6% in the previous year. In 2014, Central and West Asia Department (CWRD) had no GEN project (from one in 2013); East Asia Department (EARD) had one GEN project (from none in 2013); Pacific Department (PARD) has not been able to pursue any GEN project in the past 3 years; South Asia Department (SARD) had five GEN projects (from three in 2013); Southeast Asia Department (SERD) had two GEN projects, same as in 2013. A notable GEN project approved in 2014 was the IND: Supporting Kerala’s Additional Skill Acquisition Program in Post-Basic Education described in Box 2.
27% 31%
41%
50% 55% 55%
55%
38%
43%
50%
65%
57% 59% 57%
65%
76%
84%
76% 76%
68% 70%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Operations/ Projects numbers in %
GEN EGM SGE NGE GM ADB GM ADF Proj w/ gender concerns
Target 40%
Target 45%
*Category 1: Gender Equity (GEN); Category 2: Effective Gender Mainstreaming (EGM); Category 3: Some Gender Elements (SGE); Category 4: No Gender Elements (NGE)
Gender Mainstreaming (GM) = GEN + EGM Gender Concerns = GEN + EGM + SGE
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11. Effective gender mainstreaming (EGM): The percentage of all ADB sovereign projects categorized as “effective gender mainstreaming” (EGM) has kept to levels below 50%—it was at 47% in 2014, 49% for both 2013 and 2012, bringing the 3-year average to 48%. In 2014, EGM projects gravitated towards transport and water sector projects, which comprised 27% and 20% of the EGM projects, respectively. This was followed by the agriculture sector (15% of EGM projects), education and urban sectors (both constituting 9% of EGM projects) and industry and trade (7%). One of the notable projects with the EGM theme is the Gansu Baiyin Integrated Urban Development Project (Box 3). 12. Some gender elements (SGE): The trend of SGE sovereign projects has dipped to 13% in 2013 and 15% in 2014 from pre-Gender OP highs of 30% (average for 2010–2012). This is attributed to the more rigorous application of the SGE thresholds. Unless clear implementation mechanisms (e.g., consultant allocation) for gender-inclusive design features or mitigation measures are demonstrated, projects are not considered SGE. Most of the SGE sovereign projects in 2012–2014 were transport projects (32.8%), a far second was public
Box 2: IND: Supporting Kerala’s Additional Skill Acquisition Program in Post-Basic Education (GEN Theme)
The program, identified under the GEN category, aims to address the problem of low employability of Kerala’s youth - especially the young educated women who make up the majority of the unemployed - by complementing post-basic education with market-relevant and gender-sensitive vocational training and career counseling. In particular, the program will identify market-relevant vocational training and improve on existing ones; give higher secondary and undergraduate students (over 50% of whom would be women) with career counseling and skills training in the English communication, basic information technology, and other trades; provide vocational skills training to 70,000 to over 170,000 students (more than 50% females); improve students’ access to and use of training facilities by ensuring that the new and existing rehabilitated community skills parks and skill development centers have gender design features and are near enough to women students. By offering vocational training courses focusing on the growing service sectors, this program will expand career options for Kerala’s women. Moreover, the program will help promote gender parity in workforce participation through tailor-fitted career counseling and training modules, taking into account the different needs and aspirations of women and men.
Box 3: PRC: Gansu Baiyin Integrated Urban Development Project (EGM Theme)
The project aims to assist the local population - and particularly women - transition their livelihoods from small scale farming, mining and limited urban opportunities, to jobs emanating from the new urban industrial area which will be developed by the project. The project’s envisioned transformation is inclusive and environmentally sound for the resource-exhausted city of Baiyin. Expected project outputs include the (i) construction of centralized water supply and wastewater treatment systems, and a road for a new industrial park; (ii) upgrading of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) courses, one of which will be solely targeted to women; (iii) development of a labor market database to support industrial transformation; (iv) installing of intelligent transport systems for road safety and improved livability of the city; and (v) enhancement of environmental management of the industrial park. Apart from improved quality of life afforded by better public transport systems, women are expected to benefit from the project through the plethora of TVET courses to be developed and upgraded, at least one of which will be designed for women, i.e., restaurant/cooking and housekeeping services training. An accounting course, and training on labor laws and security will also be offered to women to prepare them for office work. The project will also ensure that women’s participation is robust (at least 30% female participation) in community management and decision-making processes.
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sector management (14.8%), followed by finance and energy sector projects making up 13% each, and agriculture projects (9.8%). 13. No gender elements (NGE): Sovereign projects under this gender category made up 30% of the total ADB sovereign portfolio in 2014, not far from the 32% recorded in 2013. This was higher than the 2012–2014 average of 28% amidst gender category screening that became more stringent in 2013. In the last 3 years, most of the NGE projects were those from the energy sector (37.6%) followed by transport sector (28%) and public sector management (16%). B. Gender Mainstreaming in Asian Development Fund (ADF) Operations
14. The proportion of gender mainstreamed ADF-financed projects was 57% in 2014 on an annual basis, slightly lower than the previous year’s 59%. The average for 2012–2014 was at 58%, slightly above the 55% target by 2016 (Table 3 and Figure 2). For GEN projects, the average was 10% for 2011–2013 and 2012–2014. This figure for ADF-funded EGM projects was at 47% by end 2014 from 49% by end 2013. The ratio of ADF projects addressing gender concerns (those that are classified under the gender equity theme, effective gender mainstreaming, and some gender elements categories) versus total ADF projects have slightly gone down to 74% for the period 2012-2014 from 78% in end 2013. This downward trend of “projects addressing gender concerns” has been associated with the rise in the proportion of NGE projects (from 24% in 2012, it has gone up to 32% in 2013 and 30% in 2014) and was related to more stringent application of SGE thresholds. Gender mainstreaming investments accounted for 55% of ADF projects in 2012–2014.
Table 3: Asian Development Fund Projects Addressing Gender Concerns, 2010–2014
Year
Gender Equity Theme
Effective Gender
Mainstreaming
Gender Mainstreaming
Some Gender
Elements
Projects Addressing
Gender Concerns Total ADB-Wide
(1) % of total
(2) % of total
(1+2) % of total
(3) % of total
(1 + 2 + 3)
% of total
2010 8 13% 24 38% 32 50% 25 39% 57 89% 64
2011 7 14% 26 51% 33 65% 11 22% 44 86% 51
2012 6 10% 29 48% 35 57% 13 21% 48 79% 61
2013 5 9% 28 50% 33 59% 6 11% 39 70% 56
2014 7 12% 27 45% 34 57% 10 17% 44 73% 60
2010–2014 33 11% 134 46% 167 57% 65 22% 232 79% 292
2012–2014 18 10% 84 47% 102 58% 29 16% 131 74% 177 *Note: Computations reflected above included approved projects with additional financing due to cost overruns from 2010 onwards. This adjustment led to slight changes in the benchmarks set in 2012.
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Figure 2: ADF Projects Addressing Gender Concerns (Annual Trend)
C. Gender Mainstreaming Distribution by Region (Annual Trend) 15. At 30% gender mainstreamed sovereign operations in 2014 (Figure 3), CWRD’s performance dipped from last year’s 43%, almost reverting to 2012’s 32%. EARD’s percentages have consistently declined from 100% in 2012 to 73% in 2013 and down to 64% in 2014. PARD also did not perform better at 60% in 2014 compared to the previous year’s 64%. Only SARD and SERD did well in comparison to last year, from 55% to 61% and 50% to 62%, respectively. Across all five regions in 2014, the range between the lowest (30%, CWRD) and highest (64%, EARD) was wide but not as much as in 2012 (32% to 100%).
38%
43%
50%
65% 57% 59%
57%
69%
91% 89%
86%
79%
70% 73%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GEN EGM SGE NGE Gender Mainstreaming Gender Concerns
*Category 1: Gender Equity (GEN); Category 2: Effective Gender Mainstreaming (EGM); Category 3: Some Gender Elements (SGE); Caterogry 4: No Gender Elements (NGE)
Gender Mainstreaming = GEN + EGM Gender Concerns = GEN + EGM + SGE
Operations/ Projects numbers in %
Target 50%
Target 55%
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16. CWRD, with 12% share to overall gender mainstreamed sovereign projects in 2014, 18% in 2013, and 11% in 2012, has been consistently the fourth among five contributors, trailing behind EARD with 16% in 2014, 20% in 2013, and 26% in 2012. PARD’s share has been contained in the past 3 years at 11% in 2014, 13% in 2013, and 7% in 2012. SARD has twice in a row consistently contributed the most number of gender mainstreamed operations accounting for 33% and 30% of ADB’s gender mainstreamed sovereign operations for 2014 and 2013, respectively (Figure 4). SERD, on the other hand, used to contribute the most GEN and EGM projects with 31% in 2012 but has since declined to 19% in 2013 and 28% in 2014.
Figure 3: Gender Mainstreaming in all ADB projects by Region
32%
100%
50% 50% 55%
43%
73%
64%
55% 50%
30%
64% 60% 61% 62%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CWRD (35%) EARD (79%) PARD (59%) SARD (56%) SERD (56%)
2012 2013 2014
Notes: 1. The number of projects with gender mainstreaming are indicated inside the bar while the percentage equivalent appears on top; and 2. The numbers in pharentesis () pertain to the 3-year averages ending 2014 3. Project counts include projects approved for additional cost financing due to cost overruns.
6 10 7 14 11 9 14 16 19 4 7 6 17 10 16
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Figure 4: Contribution to Overall Gender Mainstreaming by Region
Note: Project counts include projects approved for additional cost financing due to cost overruns.
CWRD 11%
EARD 26%
PARD 7%
SARD 25%
SERD 31%
2012
CWRD 18%
EARD 20%
PARD 13%
SARD 30%
SERD 19%
2013
CWRD 12%
EARD 16%
PARD 11%
SARD 33%
SERD 28%
2014
17 projects 6 projects
14 projects
14 projects 4 projects
10 projects 10 projects
16 projects
11 projects
7 projects
16 projects 7 projects
9 projects
6 projects
19 projects
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D. Gender Mainstreaming by Sector (3-year Average) 17. The plateauing of gender mainstreaming performance has been accompanied by unvarying patterns of sector distribution of gender mainstreamed operations (Figure 5). Indeed, in the past 3 years, education and health delivered 90% to 100% gender mainstreamed projects; agriculture, water, and other infrastructure delivered within a range of 80% to less than 90%; harder sectors’ contribution to gender mainstreaming remained at 50% or below with transport at roughly 55%; energy around 25%; while finance, and public sector management delivered about 30% to 40%. The only shift seen was in the industry and trade sector where gender mainstreamed operations jumped to 100% in 2014, although this is statistically insignificant, as three of the five projects in this sector derive from the same regional tourism project1. This nevertheless led to the spike in its 3-year average to 75% by end 2014 from 25% by end 2012. The slight drop in education gender mainstreamed operations to 92% in 2014 from the usual 100% was only due to a disaster recovery project (Table 4).
Table 4: Gender Mainstreaming Across Sectors in ADB Projects Approved in 2014
Sector
Projects
by Sector b
Projects with Gender Mainstreaming (2014)
Projects with Gender
Mainstreaming
No. % Latest:
2012–2014
Benchmark:
2010–2012 c
Energy 18 4 22% 25% 26%
Transportation 41 22 54% 55% 46%
Water 21 18 86% 88% 87%
ICT 0 0 0% 0% --
Urban (others) a 12 10 83% 90% 89%
Finance 6 2 33% 42% 42%
Education 13 12 92% 93% 78%
Agriculture 14 11 79% 79% 70%
Health 1 1 100% 100% 93%
Industry and Trade 5 5 100% 75% 25%
Public Sector Management (PSM) 12 3 25% 31% 33%
a Includes multi-sector projects with infrastructure components (e.g., urban sector development and disaster rehabilitation) and
public sector management projects and programs supporting policy reforms in core sectors. b A project may be assigned one or more sectors. c Project counts in 2010–2014 include projects approved for additional financing due to cost overruns. This led to slight adjustments
to the 2010–2012 benchmarks versus those recorded in the Results Framework under the Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Operational Plan, 2013–2020.
1 ADB operation in the industry and trade sector has been small, thus, gender mainstreaming work within this sector did not make a
dent to overall ADB operations.
11
22%
26%
25%
54%
58%
55%
86%
89%
90%
83%
83%
100%
33%
42%
50%
92%
100%
86%
79%
80%
78%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
40%
25%
38%
33%
78%
74%
75%
46%
42%
45%
14%
11%
10%
100%
17%
17%
67%
58%
50%
8%
14%
21%
20%
22%
60%
75%
63%
67%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Energy 2014
2013
2012
Transport 2014
2013
2012
Water 2014
2013
2012
ICT 2014
2013
2012
Urban 2014
2013
2012
Finance 2014
2013
2012
Education 2014
2013
2012
Agriculture 2014
2013
2012
Health 2014
2013
2012
Industry and Trade 2014
2013
2012
PSM 2014
2013
2012
Number of Projects
Projects with Gender Mainstreaming Rest of ADB Projects
Figure 5: Gender Mainstreaming Across Sectors in ADB Projects, 2012–2014
Core Sectors
Other Areas
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IV. MIDTERM REVIEWS OF GENDER MAINSTREAMED PROJECTS (LEVEL 3)
18. By 2016, Gender OP aims to achieve 80% of ADB sovereign operations with gender mainstreaming to report on gender action plan implementation status at project midterm review, both in the mission aide-memoire and the back-to-office report. 19. In 2014, of the 22 midterm review (MTR) missions of projects categorized GEN or EGM at approval, of which, 19 reported on the implementation progress of gender action plans (GAPs). This represents 86% of the MTR documents for gender mainstreamed operations, a notable progress from the 77% recorded in 2013 and 53% 3-year average recorded for 2010–2012.
20. Notably 9 (41% of the total) of the MTR reports indicate that the project had a slow start and a couple of these are still in either “actual problem” or “potential problem” rating. Of these, 7 MTR documents reported on GAP activities/implementation status while 2 did not. 12 MTRs reveal that the project reviewed was on track, all of which reported on the GAP (Appendix 3).
V. COUNTRY PARTNERSHIP STRATEGIES (CPS)
21. By 2016, 70% of CPSs (excluding interim CPSs) are to fully meet the following gender at-entry criteria: (i) adequate gender strategy in the main text; (ii) gender diagnostics in sector assessments; and (iii) gender indicators in sector road maps and CPS result frameworks (on a 2-year basis). 22. In 2014, four CPSs were approved, three (75%) of which met the criteria, up from 50% in 2013 (Table 5).
Table 5: Country Partnership Strategies Gender Quality At Entry
CPS Total CPS
meeting quality
% Out of Total
2-yr average*
Countries
2010 4 2 50%
Nepal*, Papua New Guinea*, Tajikistan, Kiribati
2011 6 3 50% 50% Bangladesh*, Cambodia, Lao PDR*, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Timor Leste*
2012 7 4 57% 53% Indonesia*, Kazakhstan*, Mongolia, PRC, Solomon Islands, Uzbekistan*, Viet Nam*
2013 4 2 50% 53% Thailand, India*, Nepal*, and Kyrgyz Republic
2014 4 3 75% 62% Bhutan*, Azerbaijan, Cambodia*, Fiji*
* Pertains to the percentage of CPSs over a period that (i) examine gender issues and include a clear gender strategy in the main text; (ii) analyze gender equality issues in sector road maps; and (iii) include gender indicators in the CPS and sector results framework.
23. While gender assessments are now routinely included in CPSs, sector diagnostics, and road maps, the quality of gender strategies and their meaningful integration into country strategies and overall results frameworks require more work. Gaps continue to exit between the gender assessments and the country gender strategies. Gender analysis rarely guides the selection of subsectors and ADB pipeline. To narrow existing gender gaps more projects that directly tackle persisting gender disparities should be explored for inclusion in the pipeline and sector roadmaps.
Appendix 1: Reporting Year 2014 PCRs of Completed Sovereign Operations Categorized as GEN and EGM
Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category PCR
Rating Gender Rating
CWRD PAK 2310 Sindh Coastal Community Development Project EGM HS S
CWRD PAK 2484/2645 Sindh Growth and Rural Revitalization Program EGM (SP2)
LS NS
CWRD TAJ 2271/0061 Sustainable Cotton Subsector Project EGM LS NS
SARD BAN 2070 Second Participatory Livestock Development Project GEN S S
SARD BAN 2015 Second Primary Education Development Program GEN S S
SARD NEP 2111 Skills for Employment Project GEN S S
SARD SRI 2084/2168/2618 North East Community Restoration and Development Project EGM S S
SERD CAM/VIE/LAO 0025/0026/0027 (G) Greater Mekong Subregion Regional Communicable Diseases Control Project GEN S NS
SERD INO 2163/2164 Community Water Services and Health Project GEN PS NS
SERD INO 2294 Madrasah Education Development Project EGM S S
SERD INO 2064/2065/4299 Participatory Irrigation Sector Project EGM S S
SERD LAO 0079 (G) Health System Development Project GEN S S
SERD LAO 2252/2253 Rural Finance Sector Development Program GEN S NS
SERD VIE 2115 Second Lower Secondary Education Development Project GEN S NS
SERD VIE 2223 Central Region Water Resources Project EGM S S
Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category PCR
Rating Gender Rating
SERD VIE 0046 (G) HIV/AIDS Prevention among Youth Project GEN S S
SERD VIE 1990 Housing Finance Project EGM S NS
SERD VIE 1979 Upper Secondary Education Development Project GEN S S
PRC rating: HS = highly successful: LS = less than successful: PS = partly successful: S = successful Gender PCR rating: S = successful: NS = not fully successful
Appendix 2: GEN and EGM Projects Approved in 2014
Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category
CWRD AFG 44482-025 Transport Network Development Investment Program - Tranche 4 EGM
CWRD GEO 43405-026 Urban Services Improvement Investment Program-Tranche 4 EGM
CWRD KAZ 44060-025 MFF Small and Medium Enterprise Investment Program Tranche 3 EGM
CWRD KGZ 41544-084 Investment Climate Improvement Program - Subprogram 3 EGM
CWRD KGZ 46537-002 Strengthening the Education System-Sector Development Program EGM
CWRD KGZ 46537-002 Strengthening the Education System-Sector Development Program EGM
CWRD PAK 47235-001 Trimmu and Panjnad Barrages Improvement Project EGM
CWRD UZB 45306-001 Takhiatash Power Plant Efficiency Improvement Project EGM
EARD MON 45010-002 Skills for Employment GEN
EARD PRC 45507-003 Yunnan Chuxiong Urban Environment Improvement Project EGM
EARD PRC 46040-003 Yunnan Pu'er Regional Integrated Road Network Development Project EGM
EARD PRC 46048-002 Jilin Urban Development Project EGM
EARD PRC 46050-002 Hubei Huanggang Urban Environment Improvement Project EGM
EARD PRC 46079-002 Guangdong Chaonan Water Resources Development and Protection Demonstration Project EGM
EARD PRC 47009-002 Guangxi Baise Vocational Education Development EGM
EARD PRC 46062-002 Gansu Baiyin Integrated Urban Development Project EGM
Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category
EARD PRC 45022-002 Jiangxi Ji'an Sustainable Urban Transport Project EGM
PARD FIJ 48141-001 Transport Infrastructure Investment Sector Project EGM
PARD REG 42291-025 Higher Education in the Pacific Investment Program - Tranche 1 (Additional Financing) EGM
PARD SAM 46436-002 Samoa AgriBusiness Support Project EGM
PARD SOL 46014-002 Provincial Renewable Energy Project EGM
PARD SOL 46014-002 Provincial Renewable Energy Project EGM
PARD SOL 48293-001 Transport Sector Flood Recovery Project EGM
PARD SOL 48293-001 Transport Sector Flood Recovery Project EGM
PARD TIM 45094-003 Road Network Upgrading Project (additional financing) EGM
PSOD IND 139 / 47922 Project Hippo: Hippocampus Learning Centres Rural Education Project EGM
PSOD IND 48278-001 Project Brick - Strengthening Rural Financial Inclusion and Farmer Access to Markets - Axis Bank and Yes Bank EGM
PSOD IND 48234-001 Project Yellow Apple - Dewan Housing Finance Corporation for Low-Cost Affordable Housing EGM
PSOD REG 48901-014 Project Saffron - Spice Value Chain EGM
PSOD REG 48901-014 Project Saffron - Spice Value Chain EGM
SARD BAN 39295-013 Third Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement (Sector) Project GEN
SARD BAN 42466-015 Skills for Employment Investment Program - Tranche 1 GEN
SARD BAN 44167-014 Flood and Riverbank Erosion Risk Management Investment Program - Tranche 1 EGM
Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category
SARD BAN 44212-013 Coastal Towns Environmental Infrastructure Project GEN
SARD BAN 45207-002 Irrigation Management Improvement Project EGM
SARD BAN 46168-001 SASEC Railway Connectivity, Akhaura-Laksam Double Track Project EGM
SARD IND 40648-034 Infrastructure Development Investment Program for Tourism (Tranche 3) EGM
SARD IND 41116-043 MFF - Jammu and Kashmir Urban Sector Development Investment Program - Tranche 3 EGM
SARD IND 42267-026 Rajasthan Urban Sector Development Program (Program Loan) EGM
SARD IND 42267-026 Rajasthan Urban Sector Development Program (Project Loan) EGM
SARD IND 43253-025 Karnataka Integrated Urban Water Management Investment Program - Tranche 1 EGM
SARD IND 47334-002 Supporting Kerala's Additional Skill Acquisition Program in Post-Basic Education GEN
SARD IND 43253-023 Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program - Project 1 EGM
SARD MLD 46122-003 Preparing Outer Islands for Sustainable Energy Development Project EGM
SARD NEP 33209-014 Community-Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector - Additional Financing EGM
SARD NEP 35173-013 Third Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project GEN
SARD NEP 44219-014 South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Power System Expansion Project EGM
SARD SRI 42251-018 Skills Sector Enhancement Program EGM
SARD SRI 47273-003 MFF - Integrated Road Investment Program - Tranche 1 EGM
SARD SRI 47273-004 MFF - Integrated Road Investment Program - Tranche 2 EGM
Dept DMC Loan/ Grant No. Project Name Category
SERD CAM 42334-014 Rural Roads Improvement Project II EGM
SERD CAM 46064-002 Technical and Vocational Education and Training Sector Development Program GEN
SERD CAM 46064-002 Technical and Vocational Education and Training Sector Development Program GEN
SERD CAM 46293-004 Greater Mekong Subregion Tourism Infrastructure for Inclusive Growth - Cambodia EGM
SERD CAM 41403-013 Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project EGM
SERD INO 43251-025 Metropolitan Sanitation Management Investment Project EGM
SERD INO 46094-001 Neighborhood Upgrading and Shelter (Phase 2) EGM
SERD LAO 46059-002 Governance and Capacity Development in Public Sector Management Program - subprogram 2 EGM
SERD LAO 46293-003 Greater Mekong Subregion Tourism Infrastructure for Inclusive Growth - Lao PDR EGM
SERD LAO 47300-002 Northern Smallholder Livestock Commercialization Project EGM
SERD PHI 45089-002 Senior High School Support Program (formerly Education Improvement Sector Development Program) EGM
SERD PHI 43396-014 Increasing Competitiveness for Inclusive Growth (Subprogram 2) EGM
SERD VIE 40080-024 Strengthening Sustainable Urban Transport for Ha Noi Metro Line 3 EGM
SERD VIE 45200-002 Sustainable Urban Transport for Ho Chi Minh City Mass Rapid Transit Line 2 EGM
SERD VIE 46293-005 Greater Mekong Subregion Tourism Infrastructure for Inclusive Growth - Viet Nam EGM
SERD VIE 37097-044 Integrated Rural Development Sector in the Central Provinces - Additional Financing EGM
SERD VIE 46066-002 Second Lower Secondary Education for the Most Disadvantaged Areas Project GEN
Appendix 3: Analysis of Midterm Review Reports
Dept DMC Loan/
Grant No. Project Name Category Overall Progress BTOR MOU
Gender Action Plan
(GAP) Matrix
Remarks 1= reported;
0 = not reported
CWRD GEO 2749 Urban Services Improvement Investment Program 1
EGM Execution is very slow in terms of physical progress and disbursements.
x √ x 1
CWRD PAK 2975 / 2976
Sindh Cities Improvement Investment Program - Tranche 2
EGM There had been implementation delays. x √ x 1
EARD PRC 2573 Guiyang Integrated Water Resources Management (Sector) Project
EGM Project implementation has been delayed.
√ √ x 1
EARD PRC 2648 Chongqing Urban-Rural Infrastructure Development Demonstration Project
EGM Project implementation was delayed for about 6 months.
x x x 0
EARD PRC 2759 Xinjiang Altay Urban Infrastructure and Environment Improvement Project
EGM Project implementation is on track. √ √ x 1
SARD BAN 2542 Participatory Small Scale Water Resources Sector Development Project
GEN
The gap between the project's weighted physical progress and the time elapsed since loan effectiveness has been closing.
√ √ √ 1
SARD BAN 2761 Third Primary Education Development Program
GEN Overall program progress is satisfactory.
x √ x 1
SARD BAN 2859 Second Teaching Quality Improvement in Secondary Education Project
GEN Project performance was poor. √ √ √ 1
SARD BAN 2696 Sustainable Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project
GEN
SARD IND 2617 Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise Development Project - Project Loan
GEN
The mission observed shortcomings with respect to meeting safeguards requirements. √ √ √ 1
SARD IND 2676 Infrastructure Development Investment Program for Tourism - Tranche 1
EGM To date while 50% of the project time has elapsed, contract award was 29.5% and disbursement only at 14.8%.
x x x 0
SARD IND 2806 Assam Urban Infrastructure Investment Program (AUIIP) tranche 1
EGM The loan is categorized as a potential problem.
x √ x 1
SARD NEP 0219 Community Irrigation Project GEN The project is rated "on track". x √ x 1
SARD NEP 0157 Second Small Towns Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project
GEN
Project is likely to achieve tis intended project outcomes and no changes in scope or implementation arrangements are required.
√ √ √ 1
SARD NEP 0299 Water Resource Project Preparatory Facility
EGM The EA requested ADB to extend the project completion period by 2 years
x √ x 1
Dept DMC Loan/
Grant No. Project Name Category Overall Progress BTOR MOU
Gender Action Plan
(GAP) Matrix
Remarks 1= reported;
0 = not reported
SARD NEP 2796 Decentralized Rural Infrastructure & Livelihood Project - >Laxmi Subedi - not yet concluded; 2nd week of Jan
EGM Project is on track. √ √ √ 1
SARD SRI 2790 Local Government Enhancement Sector Project
EGM The loan is on track. √ √ √ 1
SERD CAM 302 Emergency Food Assistance Project - Additional Financing
EGM The project is rated "potential problem". x √ √ 1
SERD CAM 2599 / 0186
Tonle Sap Poverty Reduction and Smallholder Development Project (TSSD)
EGM On track. √ x √ 1
SERD LAO 0235 Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project
EGM Progress is satisfactory & on track. √ x √ 1
SERD LAO 0242 GMS Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project
EGM The project still faces increasing risk of not achieving important project targets.
√ √ x 1
SERD PHI 2515 Credit for Better Health Care Project GEN Project elapsed period was 85.4%, contract awards were at 75.8% and disbursements were at 52.8%.
√ √ √ 1