gender consequences

7/22/2019 Gender Consequences

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Consequences of Gender

Inequality


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Women today are paid, on average, only 77 centsfor every dollar paid to men. And the gap is even worsefor women of color - African American women earn only64 cents and Latina women earn only 55 cents for

each dollar earned by males. To help address this unfair and unacceptable wage gap,

President Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Acton January 29, 2009,1 restoring the protection againstpay discrimination that was stripped away by the

Supreme Courts decision inLedbetter v. Goodyear Tire& Rubber Co.


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Total Parental Leave

(Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2008)

Protected Leave Countries

Three Years France and Spain

Two Years Germany, Sweden, Norwayand Austria

Over One year U.K., Ireland, Italy, Greece,

Japan, New Zealand

One full year Australia, Canada, Denmark

6 months Finland, Belgium, Netherlands

24 weeks USA


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Paid Parental Leave(Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2008)

Paid Leave Countries

47 Weeks Sweden and Germany

At least six months Norway, Greece, Finland,

Canada, Spain and JapanBetween four and

six months

Italy, France, Ireland,

Denmark, Spain, Belgium, and

Portugal

Fewer than four

months

Austria, Netherlands, New

Zealand, United Kingdom,

Switzerland

None Australia and USA


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The Second Shift

an extra month a year, comprised by theadditional time women spend onhousework and childcare compared to

men The stalled revolution - Womens roles

have changed substantially to include bothfamily and work, while mens roles, workdemands, and demands of childrearinghave changed very little


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Gender ideologies

Traditional is the belief that the husbands role should beas sole breadwinner and the wifes role should be assole homemaker/childrearer.

The person holding a purely egalitarian ideology expects

that men and women identify in the same spheres (ofwork, of family, or some combination of the two) andshare power within marriage equally.

Between the traditional and egalitarian ideologies is thetransitional ideology in which the husband identifies as

the primary breadwinner who supports his wifes desireto work (to help earn money) as long as she alsoidentifies primarily with the home.


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The Cultural Cover Up

Conflicts between the demands of work and family aretreated as personal issues of individual women insteadof treated as social problems shared by women andmen.

In most marriages, the woman's paid work is stillconsidered a mere job, in contrast to the man's career.Thus the woman's first shift - her employment - is likelyto be devalued, thereby rationalizing her continuingresponsibility for the second shift.

Gender ideologies and reality seldom match - Much ofthe time, it is the wife who sacrifices her professedvalues in order to save her marriage


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How involved are American men in the tasks of

child care and housework? Do you expect that

men will change their behavior around the

house? What social factors might bring aboutmore gender parity relative to household tasks?

Is it possible to have it all--family, career, house,

friends, and community involvement? What

compromises would you make regarding thesegoals?


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How realistic are most expectations for

two-career couples? What strategies might

they employ to deal with the stress and

role-overload created by the two-careerfamily lifestyle?

What should the government and industry

do (if anything) to help solve the day carecrisis in America?


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Strategies

Womens strategies

Direct Married men who planned to share

Initiated exhaustive talks

Indirect- Played helpless

- Physical illness

- Female wiles Supermoming end up feeling numb

Doing both shifts - Cutting back at workflagging selfesteem - Cutting back on housework, marriage, self andchild - Seeking help

Mens Strategies

Avoid sharing

Their career was toodemanding

They werent brought up to dohousework

Substitute offerings

Appreciating their wivesefforts


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Eating disorders: scope of the

problem

Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate

of any psychiatric illness, about 10%

Women are far more likely than men to engage

in disordered eating90-95%


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Pro-anorexia Communities Online

Issues of authenticity - Guarding against

wannarexics

High status from missing a period, lanugo

Many formsbulletin board, static

website, blog, social network sites, email

groupsno offline corollary

RitualsThinspiration


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The Beauty Myth

(1) How many girls and women do I know

who believe in this myth?

(2) Which corporations are profiting from

their misery?

(3) What am I doing to reject the myth and

help others reject it?


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While our society certainly makes it easier to be

"beautiful" and "thin" than what it deems "ugly"

and "fat," women who are regarded as paragons

of attractiveness are derided, taken lessseriously and treated as empty objects. They're

always accused of getting something they didn't

deserve, and accusing themselves of such.

They're also terrified of losing the advantagethey have -- of growing older or plumper.


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"The real issue has nothing to do with

whether women wear makeup or don't,

gain weight or lose it, have surgery or

shun it, dress up or down, make ourclothing and faces and bodies into works

of art or ignore adornment altogether. The

real problem is our lack of choice."


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Rape as a social problem

Feminist reconceptualization of rape: From

passion to power

The Rape Culture is best defined as a culture in

which rape is prevalent and pervasive and issanctioned and maintained through fundamental

attitudes and beliefs about gender, sexuality,

and violence.

Stereotypical images of criminals and victims


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Bullying and Sexual harassment

Middleschoolers

Workplace

Role played by institutionsschool,family, church, media

Anti-gay bullyingwhy do the victims

commit suicide?


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Masculinity and Friendship

Way (2013) - A central dilemma for boys growing up inthe United States is how to get the intimacy they wantwhile still maintaining their manliness.

During early and middle adolescence most boys do have

close male friendships in which they can share theirdeep secrets.

only in late adolescencea time when, according tonational data, suicides and violence among boys soar that boys disconnect from other boys - fear that if they

seek out close friendships, they will be perceived asgay or girly.


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Homophobia in Boys Friendships

Pascoe (2013) - bullying that appears

homophobic is actually targeted at not-

masculine-enough boys, and, interestingly,

plays an important role in heterosexualboys friendships

Reminding each other to be acceptably

masculinedominant, powerful,unemotional


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Three Types of Couple Violence

intimate terrorism: violence enacted in theservice of taking general control over onespartner

violent resistance: violence utilized in responseto intimate terrorism - not the same as self-defense

situational couple violence: violence that is not

embedded in a general pattern of power andcontrol but is a function of the escalation of aspecific conflict or series of conflicts

gender consequences

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