gender, climate change and sustainable intensification - e. crowley, y. lambrou and m. tapio-bistrom
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Presentation by Eve Crowley, Yianna Lambrou and Marja-Liisa Tapio-Bistrom, CCAFS Science Workshop, Bonn, 10th June 2011TRANSCRIPT
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Gender, Climate Change and Sustainable Intensification: major research challenges
Eve Crowley, Deputy Director
Yianna Lambrou, Senior Officer
Marja-Liisa Tapio-Bistrom, Senior Officer
1CCFAS, Bonn 10-11 June 2011
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Women are a key resource in agriculture and CC adaptation
Source: ILO.Share of employed population by sector and gender
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
But they control less land
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Malawi Madagasc
Ghana
Viet NamTajikistan Pakistan
Nepal Indonesia Banglades
Panama Nicaragua
Guatemala Ecuador
Bolivia
Average farm size (ha)
Male-headed households Female-headed households
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Women farmers produce less per unit of land...
Gap between yields on male- and female-controlled plots in Burkina Faso
-41
-21 -18
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Sorghum Vegetables All cropsPercentage
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
…because they use fewer inputs (e.g. fertilizer)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Nigeria Malawi
Madagascar Ghana
Viet NamTajikistan
PakistanNepal
Bangladesh
Panama Nicaragua Guatemala
Ecuador Bolivia
Percentage of households using fertilizers
Male-headed households Female-headed households
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Economic and social gains from closing the gender gap Productivity gains
• 20 to 30 percent on women’s farms• 2.5 to 4 percent at national level
Food security gains• 12 to 17 percent reduction in the number of hungry• 100 to 150 million people lifted out of hunger
Broader economic and social gains• Better health, nutrition and education outcomes for
children• Builds human capital, which promotes economic
growth
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Main message Gender inequality imposes real costs on the
agricultural sector, food security, economic growth and broader social welfare.
Closing the gender gap is not just the right thing to do: • it makes economic sense
Yet women’s lower inputs use means less carbon emission/land conversion/petrol-based inputs • Can this model be scaled up as a basis for
sustainable intensification and climate change adaptation
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Greater gender equality is critical for climate-smart agriculture that yields
sustainable increases in productivity
resilience (adaptation)
reduces/removes greenhouse gases (mitigation) and
enhances achievement of national food security and development goals
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Gender differences mediate climate impacts skills/knowledge about the environment, animals,
crops• due to cultural values and experience roles/tasks
vulnerability and impacts• exposure to risk, opportunities, • due to pre-existing inequalities (access to assets)• can be more directly affected (if poor), because rely
more on natural resources
response and adaptation strategies • fewer options • access to different coping strategies and safety nets• thinner buffer, weaker resilience
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Social equality is also important Correlations (UNDP, HDI 2011):
• higher levels of carbon emissions and higher levels of human development (especially income) (also true for time series)
Regions are affected differently (S. Saharan Africa and Asia most affected by CC - precipitation)
Some countries have successfully reduced social and economic inequalities and environmental impacts simultaneously (Costa Rica, Tunisia)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Research principles Distinguish end users and their needs, involve those
who will sustain/implement projects from the beginning
Build on existing knowledge/institutions
Consult both men and women in vulnerability analysis, evaluations of methodologies, participatory policy processes
Incorporate gender-sensitive approaches in service and information provision
Set + track targets for women’s participation
Build in accountability for gender ($, M&E, incentives, capacities)
CCFAS, Bonn 10-11 June 2011 13
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Some existing gendered tools for CCAFS
Generic toolkit to integrate gender into CC research and planning (adapted SEAGA methodology to address climate change, tested Uganda, Bangladesh, Ghana) (FAO-CCAFS)
Methodology to incorporate gender differences in knowledge and coping strategies into long-term planning (tested India, FAO)
14CCFAS, Bonn 10-11 June 2011
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Research challenges- Cross ecosystem/community/aggregate impact of women’s production systems Data needs:
• economics of climate smart practices, including impacts of climate financing systems such as carbon payments
• differentiated impacts and differentiated choices, monitoring and measuring farmer resilience (biophysical and socio-cultural) and changes in farming practices and informal economy, impacts on the 4 food security pillars
Institutional needs: • building transparency and good climate-agriculture-food
security governance to buffer climate and market volatility impacts
• financing options to fund mitigation mechanisms• strengthening regional expertise/networks + capacities
CCFAS, Bonn 10-11 June 2011 15
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Research challenges- Community, household Data needs
• management of climate related risks in households at local, regional and national levels
• impacts of climate smart agricultural practices on both intra and inter household food security
• best policies and practices to reduce gender inequalities in access to rural resources, services, decision making
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Research gaps- climate smart sustainable intensification technologies
harvesting, processing and supply chain technologies and institutions that reduce losses and waste and generate income for women
best public services, infrastructure, domestic energy and water technologies to free-up women’s time and enhance income
how best to scale up sustainable production technologies which generate equal or greater gains for women, while maintaining their apparently comparatively low carbon foot print.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The State of
Food andAgriculture
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Thank you
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