gender, age, and health original content copyright © holt mcdougal. additions and changes to the...
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Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Chapter 10: Gender, Age, and Health
Case Study: He Said, She Said
Section 1: Gender
Section 2: Age and Disability
Section 3: Health
Experiment: Applying What You’ve Learned
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Although generalizations can lead to problems,
understanding the differences between gender-based
communication styles can lead to healthier relationships.
Sociolinguist Deborah Tannen likens the difference to
communication across cultures. The differences are
instilled in children as they play. The focus on different
goals for the same conversation can lead to stress.
Case Study: He Said, She Said
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender
• The specific behaviors and attitudes that a society establishes for men and women are called gender roles.
• Individuals learn appropriate gender-role behavior through socialization.
• Gender roles are both different and unequal. In general, to be female is to be in a position of lesser power in society.
• Women have worked hard to overcome inequality in education, work, and politics.
Section 1 at a Glance
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Focus• How are gender roles and identity formed?
• How does gender play into social inequality in the United States?
Main Idea
• Individuals learn appropriate gender behavior through socialization.
In many societies, gender roles lead to social inequality.
Gender
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
How did expectations about women in the workplace change over time?
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender is the behavior and psychological traits considered appropriate for men and women. Gender roles are the specific behaviors established by society for men and women. Gender identity is the awareness of being masculine or feminine as defined by society.
• Margaret Mead studied expectations across three cultures and found differences.
• Differences are seen as proof that gender is social, not biological.
Between Cultures
Gender Roles and Identity
• Babies are given different toys.
• Expected behavior, interests, and strengths are different for young boys and girls.
• Expectations are learned early.
Gender Identity & Socialization
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender Roles and Social Inequality
• In most societies, gender is the primary factor used to determine a person’s social standing.
• Sociologists ask why this is.
• One widely held view is that gender inequality is related to human reproduction.
• Over time patriarchy, a system in which men are dominant over women, arose.
• Conflict perspective suggests that male control of economic and political spheres have reinforced their dominant position.
• The idea of institutionalized discrimination is sometimes given as a reason for inequality.
• Sexism is the belief that one sex is by nature superior to the other.
• Sexism becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Check
Sequence
How have gender roles changed over time?
Answer: Roles are less restrictive for women, who are more strongly encouraged now to have careers and other roles outside the home.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
The Women’s Movement
• Officially begun in 1848
• Demanded suffrage, the right to vote
• Used civil disobedience
• Resurfaced in 1970s
Education
• Since 1979, more women than men in college
• Women focus on education and humanities, while men focus on engineering and the professions
Gender Inequality in the United States
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Work
• Wage gap—The level of women’s income relative to that of men
• Glass ceiling—The invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper-level positions
• Second shift—The work a working mother does in the home
Politics
• Women make up 52 percent of voting-age people, but only between 16 and 24 percent of elected offices
• Some women have been appointed to high office
Gender Inequality in the United States (cont.)
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Click on the image to the left to play the Interactive.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Check
Analyze
How do gender roles affect the opportunities available to
men and women in American society?
Answer: Often, gender roles influence the types of careers men and women pursue or dictate which jobs they will get or how far they will go in their careers. The glass ceiling still limits women in male-dominated fields, while similar restrictions do not seem to hinder men in female-dominated professions.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Age and Disability
• While age discrimination still exists, many Americans are attempting to change the stereotypical image of people aged 65 and older.
• The populations of the United States and the world are aging.
• Elderly Americans have become both a political force and a topic of debate.
• Many people with disabilities, some of whom are also elderly, face discrimination and prejudice in addition to dealing with their health problems.
Section 2 at a Glance
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Focus• What is ageism?
• What are the population trends of the aging world?
• How do the politics of aging affect elderly Americans?
• What issues do Americans with disabilities face?
Main Idea
As society ages, the concerns of the elderly take on increasing
importance. Many elderly people have disabilities, as do many other
Americans.
Age and Disability
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Living in the Zone
What's the secret to living to be 100 years old?
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
• In preindustrial societies, rank rose with age.
• In industrial societies, middle-aged have the greatest social power.
• Ageism is the belief that one age category is by nature superior to another age category.
• The stereotype of elderly is unproductive, cranky, and physically or mentally impaired, but in reality most people over 65 are self-sufficient, active members of society.
• Media uses youth to sell products and focuses on negative aspects of aging.
Ageism
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: in TV commercials that have older people selling products such as denture preparations, burial plans, or medications, or the news, which focuses on negative aspects of aging such as poverty and poor health
Identify Supporting Details
How can ageism be seen in American society?
Reading Check
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Today there are about 705 million people aged 60 and older worldwide. Japan has the oldest population in the world, while Uganda has the youngest. Median ages are increasing across the globe.
• The “graying of America” is the phenomenon of an increasing percentage of Americans being 65 or older.
Aging in the United States
The Aging World
• Advances in health care result in longer lives.
• The baby-boom generation, the largest age group in the United States, is reaching the age of 65 and older.
Causes
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: People live longer because health care and living conditions have improved: the huge baby-boom generation is aging.
Summarize
What are the two primary reasons for the graying of America?
Reading Check
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
• As the number of senior citizens increases, their image has changed to one of a powerful voting bloc.
• AARP, National Council of Senior Citizens, the National Council on Aging, and the Gray Panthers are groups that bring attention to the needs of the aging.
• AARP is the largest special-interest group in the United States.
The Politics of Aging
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Challenges to Government
• One major concern is the Social Security system.
• As baby boomers retire, the dependency ratio—the number of workers for each person receiving Social Security—decreases.
• The number of people receiving benefits is increasing, and they are receiving benefits for a longer period of time, due to longer life expectancies.
• Medicare (health insurance for elderly) and Medicaid (health insurance for low-income) are the sole source of insurance for about one-fourth of elderly Americans.
Age Inequality in the United States
• Although the elderly are in general better off than other groups, certain segments of the elderly, such as African Americans and women, have a higher rate of poverty than the general population.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: possible answers—the Social Security system; health care, especially Medicare and Medicaid; issues linked to poverty
Analyze
What are the major political issues of concern to elderly people?
Reading Check
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
The term disability covers a variety of conditions, including physical disabilities; chronic health impairments; mental retardation; mental illness; and visual, hearing, or speech impairments.
• One stereotype is that people with disabilities cannot do productive work.
• Many cannot find jobs and those that do earn less.
• Government policies aim to fix this problem.
Prejudice and Discrimination
Americans with Disabilities
• The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 has perhaps brought the most sweeping changes.
• The ADA makes discrimination against people with disabilities illegal.
The ADA
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975; Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988; Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Find the Main Idea
What efforts have been made to guarantee civil rights for Americans with disabilities?
Reading Check
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Health
• Many Americans are concerned about three aspects of the nation’s health-care system: cost, quality, and access.
• Health care costs are rising, but many Americans are concerned that the same health insurance plans that allow them to pay their medical bills may not provide the highest quality of care.
Section 3 at a Glance
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Health
• The distribution of physicians, both geographically and within the medical profession, affects Americans’ access to health care.
• The health-care system faces such issues as health insurance, inequality and health, alternative medicine, and the global challenge of AIDS.
Section 3 at a Glance (cont.)
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Reading Focus• What are the three main concerns about health care in the United
States?
• What are the major issues facing the American health-care system today?
Main Idea
Americans are concerned about the cost and quality of health care. Not
all Americans have equal access to the health-care system.
Health
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Do you have a health clinic in your grocery store?
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Health care is a priority for Americans, who worry about the
cost of, the quality of, and access to health care.
• The United States spends more on health care than any other country.
• Cost of health care has risen quickly.
• Advances in medical care and increased cost of drugs account for most of the increase.
Cost of Health Care
Health Care in the United States
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Quality of Health Care
• Managed care plans provide members with health-care services in exchange for a monthly or annual charge.
• The plan limits costs by requiring members to use certain doctors and to have certain treatments.
• Although managed care plans have reduced the cost of care, many Americans feel that managed care has reduced the quality of care.
• A “patients’ bill of rights” has been introduced in Congress several times, but has never been passed.
Access to Health Care
• Studies show a surplus of doctors.
• Most doctors are concentrated in wealthy urban and suburban areas.
• In poor inner-city and rural areas, there are fewer doctors but more people in need of care.
• Underserved areas usually have a greater number of people with chronic diseases and many elderly people.
• There are more specialists than general practitioners.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: rising costs, inability of many to afford or get approved for insurance, options limited by cost-control measures of managed-care plans, shortage of doctors in some areas
Identify Cause and Effect
What trends cause Americans to be concerned about the cost and quality of and access to health care?
Reading Check
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Health Insurance
• 84 percent of medical costs are covered by insurance.
• The kinds of procedures and treatments covered differ among private and public insurance plans.
• Some argue for a centrally planned national health system.
Alternative Medicine
• Alternative medicine uses unconventional methods such as acupuncture, acupressure, or herbal remedies.
• Alternative methods have little regulation.
Inequality and Health
• Poor people are more likely to receive inadequate care.
• People who live in poverty have a higher rate of health issues.
AIDS
• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) attacks the immune system.
• No cure has been found, but new drugs seem to slow the disease.
Health-Care Issues Today
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Answer: health insurance—access issues because not all employers cover it, companies can reject people for pre-existing conditions; inequality—lack of insurance for some, shortage of doctors in poor and rural areas; alternative medicine—not scientifically tested, often not covered by insurance; AIDS—number of people infected strains the system, no cure, fatal
Infer
How are these four issues affecting the American health-care system?
Reading Check
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Testing Gender Differences
Are men and women really that different from each other?
• In this lab, you will explore the differences between men and women.
• Work in small groups to review the process of creating an experiment and brainstorm a list of differences.
• Form a hypothesis and present it to the class.
1. Introduction
Experiment: Applying What You’ve Learned
• As a group, review the seven-step process of designing an experiment. Look back to Chapter 1 for a detailed explanation.
2. Review the Research Process
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
3. Discuss Gender Differences
• Create a list of differences in social characteristics of men and women.
• What are some stereotypes of men and women?
• In what ways might men and women be different?
• How do we measure differences?
4. Design Your Experiment
• Form a hypothesis.
• Determine what data you need.
• Design an experiment to gather this data.
• Consider what results you expect.
• What conclusions can you draw about human behavior?
Experiment (cont.)
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
5. Present Your Experiment
• Describe your group’s experiment with the class.
• What concerns do your classmates have?
• How would your classmates have improved the experiment?
• Can your classmates replicate your experiment?
• Use your classmates’ comments to revise and improve your experiment, and prepare a written description for your teacher.
Experiment (cont.)
6. Discussion
• What did you learn from this lab? As a group, discuss the following:
• How successful was the class at designing experiments?
• What did the best experiments have in common?
• What were some common weaknesses in the experiments?
• Why do stereotypes persist?
• Would your data have been different if your experiment were performed in a different country?