gef handbook
TRANSCRIPT
() . . , .
Initiative and Referendum Institute Europe Green European Foundation asbl .
: 2011. : Leonore Gewessler Marina Barbalata : & : ANIMA GRAPHICS, : O, . , 57001 , . 2310 466776 : FDFA, Presence Switzerland
.
, 2010. v vv/ (The Greens/EFA) .
:
Bruno Kaufmann,
:
2
, Heidi Hautala , , Gerald Hfner 1. : 1.1 4 5 6 8
19 19 25 25 28 31 46 51 53 53 55 65 66 73 83 83 86 95
2. : 2.1 2.2 : , 2.3 : 2.4 : 2.5 , :
3. : 3.1 2003 3.2 : 3.3 () : 3.4 , ! 25 3.5 : ,
4. : 4.1 4.2 : 4.3 ; !
5. 5.1. 5.2 : 5.3 : 5.4 :
99 99 102 111 114 124
3
()1) : 2) 3) 4) :) ) ) ) 2009 2010 /
99 102 111 114 114 115 117 122
5)
130
12345678910 11 12 13 14 : eurotopia: , : : (petition) 23 : ; 29 33 36 45 50 56 58 67 80 85 89 91 96 98
1 - 2 - : (1793-2010) 3 - 51 4 - () : 5 - 10 6 - 7 - (2004-2010) 8 - 38 47 59 61 63 64 70 74
. , . , , . / Rolf Bchi, Paul Carline, Theo Schiller, Heidi Hautala, Andi Gross, Adrian Schmid, Diana Wallis, Martin Bhler, Anne-Marie Sigmund, Gerald Hfner, Carsten Berg, Johannes Pichler, Zo Felder, Daniel Schily, Christian Weger Joe Mathews. , . , Leonore Gewessler Marina Barbalata . , , Elisabeth Wanja Nina, : . . Bruno Kaufmann, 2010
5
Heidi Hautala
, . , , , . . . . , . , . 2001 . : , . , . . , , . .
, , Bruno Kaufmann, . , . Gerald Hfner, (Mehr Demokratie), . 2009 /. , , , , . . : . , . , . . Heidi Hautala , 1 2010
6
. .. , . . , , . . . , . . , .. . . , , , . .. , . . , , -
. , , , . , , . 2010 , , , , , . , , , , . , , , - .. , , . 2010 . , , , 16 . .
7
, . , , , . 6 , . . . , 2011, . -
. , , , , . , , , , .. .. . , . , . , , GREENS/ EFA
8
Gerald Hfner
: ; () () , . : , , , , . , , . , , , , . , , . . : . , , , , , , . , , - . , . , , , , . , . , . : , , . , . , , . . , . , . . , , . , , . , , . , , , .
9
! , 11 ( ) , . -, . , . , . , , , , . , , , . , . , . . . , , . , , , , .
, , . . , . , . . , , . , , . , . , , . , , . , . Bruno Kaufmann, . , . , 1 . , . Bruno Kaufmann, Michael Efler, Carsten Berg Arjen Nijeboer.
1. , . (...)
10
(Mehr Demokratie), (Referendum Platform), WIT (IRI Europe), , , , , . , , , . , , , . , . , . . . , ) , . . , , . , , . , ( ), .
, . , . , . , , . , , .
, , . , . , . , : ; , . , , , , . , , -, , , ; , 2009, . , , , . , .. ,
11
(European Referendum Campaign2) , , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , .
. , , , (, , , , , ..) . . , . , , . , , Gerald Hfner . , , , . : , , ; . , , , . , , , . , . , . , . , , . 4,
2009, , . , , , . , , . , . 3
2 - . www.erc2.org. (...) 3 rapporteur. (...) 4 , , , . (...)
12
. , , , .
, , , , ( ) . . , . ( ), . , . . , : Alain Lamassoure (, , ), Zita Gurmai (&, , ), Diana Wallis (. . & . ., , ) , Gerald Hfner (/, , ). , . , , , , . , , , , . .
, : . , . , . , , () , Diana Wallis, Zita Gurmai, Alain Lamassoure : , , . , . , , , . , , . . , , . . , : , . , . , . , , . , ( , -
13
Alain Lamassoure), , . , , , . , , . , , .
, : , . , . , , , , . , . , . , . , , , 2010 , , . , , , .
. , . , , . , . , , . . , , , , , . , . , . , , . . , , , , .
300.000 . , . , , , . . , . , . -
14
. , . , . . . . 300.000 . , - 300.000 , , . . , , ; ; 300.000 ; ; , , ; . , . . , . . , , . 300.000 -
. 100.000 300.000 , . , !
; . : . , , , . , . . ; ; , : . . , , . . , , , . , : , , . , , . , , .
15
, . , , . , , , , ,, .., . , .
, , , , , , . , , . . , . . -; ; -, . , , . , , -. , . . - ( 18 21
), . . , . . () . . . , ; , , 16. ( ) . . . . , , , 27 23 , . : . , 18 . ( 2010).
300.000 . , 300.000 . , , . , , , , , 2 -
16
. , , . , , , , . . , , , ( ) . , , . , , , -, . . , , .
, , . , , . , , , , , .. , . ( ).
. . . , , . , , : , , , , . : , , , , . ! , . , . . , , ,
; : ; . , . . , ! 1.000.000 . . , . , ( ) ,
17
- . , , . , , -
. , , , , . , 2010
Gerald Hfner . 70, / 2009. Gerald Hfner .. Mehr Demokratie e.V. Die Grnen (), . , , . , Gerald Hfner / . , , , .
1. :
1.1 . . . , 22, . 2013, , Puster . , . : , , .
Dolomiten . , 2011, 22. , , . : . , , 35 , ; , , . , , : : . -
shutterstock
20
Some rights reserved by wyzik
, 2010, (). ( ) : . . , , 50.000 , : 23 .
o
, 2011, . , : . : , , , , . 60 . , , , , , , . , google , 2000 . , /, . , SVP.
2014, 750.000 . 15 2015, 16 , 1.211.564 18 - . - .
Bruno Kaufmann
:
21
( ) . , / , . , , . , , . , , ; ( - ) , (slots) . , , , 21 .
, - , . 1 2015, , . , , . , . . , , , . , . 2016, , 36 -, 187 . , 21 , . , , , . , . : , . , , . , , .
Alpeninitiative
- . -
22
. , , : . : .
. , ( ) , . , (). , . , . ; . , , , . , . . : , ; , ; , . , , () () , 21 , . , , , . -
, ( Green European Foundation GEF) ( Initiative and Referendum Institute Europe IRI Europe), , . , . : , . , .. , . , . , 21 , . . . , 90, 2003. , . , , 2010, , .
:
23
, , , . , -- , . , , , . , , . , , , .
: . , , , . , , , . , , , .
Bruno Kaufmann , , , Falun ().
2. :
2.1 , (). 11 . , , (Margot Wallstrm..1, 5 , ). ; . , , ,
, , . , , , . , , . , , . . , , , . , , , . , , -
5 ..+ . (.)
istockphoto.com
26
6 ...2 18 19 , ( Economist ) . , 1989, , , . , -, , - . , () () . , -...3 () 2011, - -
. , , , , , , . . ( ) .
Omnibus fr Direkte Demokratie
, , , . , , , 7, . . , . , , , , (petition), ,
6 Grundgesetz. . (...) 7 , plebiscite, referendum. , . (...)
Bruno Kaufmann
:
27
8, . , . - , ! , . . , . . , : . , ,
IRI Europe
, . 10 1948 . 21 : [...] : . 2005, , 2010. 80, 40% , 2010 65%. :
8 . , ( ) . (...)
28
, / . : World Public Opinion 19 , 85% , 74% ...4 , .
-, : . , , ( ) . , Larry Diamond, Journal of Democracy, Foreign Affairs: , ...5 , , ; . 1639 , . , 1778 1880. , . . , . . 1793, , ( ): 90% , 10% . , , . , 19 20. 1901,
2.2 : , . 90 . , , . , : , , , . , , , . , , , , . , -
:
29
1 : , . , , . 1898, , . , , , . , , , . , , . , : . ,
. ()9 19 20 . , . , , 10. , , 1900 . , 11 1959 . , . , , . , , .
9 Peoples Party 1891 . Populists. (...) 10 , . , . . (...) 11 (peoples veto referendum), , . (...)
30
/
: 1) ( []12) 2) ( []) 3) [ ]. 26 , 21 , 18 23 .
IRI Europe
, , . . , , / . , ,
12 , . 3 () . (...)
:
31
2.3 : . . , . : . . , : . . 26 ( ) 2.700 ( ), , . , . , . , . , . , . , , , , .
. , .: IRI Guidebook to Direct Democracy 2010 ( 2010 ). Brandon Holmes (Citizens in Charge Foundation). : www.citizensincharge.org, www.2020globalforum.com, www.iandrinstitute.org
: , . .
Bruno Kaufmann
32
, 50.000 ( 1% ) . , . 2.200 1874, 7% . , 93% , . () , () (). , : , Vaud . , Graubnden, , 10 . ( 8 . ) . 1 10 . , 1.500 ( 1,2% ). , , , . 2003, , . 2010, ( 600.000 ) , , , . . Presence Switzerland
, 1848, 1874 1891. 1921 1977 2003, . , , , . , . , 100.000 ( 2% ) 18 . , . . . 100
:
33
:
IRI Europe
2 e-voting electronic voting, , ( ) - , . , , , . 80. , . , 2000 . ,
. , , 13 . 2002 . . . . , . , , , , -
13 . . (...)
34
. . , , . . . , . , . . , . , . , . : . , , . (Guichet unique), . , . , 2007 -
, . , . 1 2008 - 14 1995/96, , , , , .
, . , : , 15 2009. 29 2009 . 2010, 120.000 Fribourg, Solothurn, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen, Graubnden, Aargau, Thurgau . , .
14 , . (...)
Bruno Kaufmann
:
35
, 27a-27q . , . / . . , . , , . , , . , , , , , . -
, . , , . , .: IRI Guidebook to Direct Democracy 2010 ( 2010 ). Nadja Braun . : evoting.unisys.ch, demo.webvote.ch, www.bk.admin.ch/themen/pore/evoting/
, 1.500 , , . , , . , , .
: = 1793 ( ) = 1989
IRI Europe
36
, . , : , , . , , , . , . , (.. ), . , . . , 3 . . , : . , , . .
. , , . , , , . : , . , . , , , , , . . , (plebiscites) , . , , . ,
, : . , , , , () .
:
37
, . , , , . , . , : . , , . . , . , , (, , ) . . , . , , . , . -
. , : . , . ( General Typology of Modern Direct Democracy) , Rolf Bchi, . : , . (initiative) . (referendum) . (plebiscite) ( ) . , . , . , , : 1) ( , , ) 2) ( , , , ) 3) ( , ). 1, . , , -
38
. . . , , , . (.. 1/3 ) , .
: , : ( = /, = , = ) ( = , = , = ) ( = , = , = , = (), = , = , = ). (+) .
1 -
/ + / + ( )
+
+
:
39
( )
. , . , . () , . 1: . ( : , ). , , . . : , . , . 1.1: / [] . , , , . . (
). , , , ( ) . , . , . , . 1.2: / + [+] , ( ) . , . , . 1.3: [] . . / , . : , , , -
40
(Volksmotion15). , , / ( Obwalden). 1.4: [] (.. ) . 2: . ( : , ). ( ), .. . . ( ), ( ), ( ). : , . 2.1: / [] , .., . , -
, . ( ) . , , , . , ( ) . 2.2: / + [+] . , . 2.3: [] . ( ), . 2.4: [] ( ) . , : , . : , , .
15 , . (...)
:
41
2.5: [] . , . 3: . ( : , ). . (, , ) . , , . . , , . , . , , , . , . , . -
. , . : . 3.1: ( ) [] . , (.. ). 3.2: ( ) [] . , . , .: IRI Guidebook to Direct Democracy 2010 ( 2010 ). Rolf Bchi . www.iri-europe.org
, , . . , , , . , : , -
42
. . , . , , , 1973, 2009. : , (). , - , . , , . , ( 2010) , . , . , , , . , 2012, .
- . , , ( 47 -) , . , , . 25 , , . , . , , ( panchayat16) . , , . , : , . , , , . , -
16 . (...)
:
43
. , , : , . , . : , . , , , . , , () : . , , , , . , , , . , () 21 . , : : , . ,
. () , . : / , , , , , . , , , , .. . : , . () , , . , ( Green European Foundation) ( Initiative and Referendum Europe), , , ( ). : []. , .. () , ,
44
, , .. 11, . 1-3 . , , () () . , , , , . , , , . , , . . , 20 , . , , 11 . , . , ( ) ( ) : , , ,
( 2009)
, , , . , , , , , . , 2009. , . , , / Ferenc Gyurcsany , 2010, Victor Orban. , , , . ,
Some rights reserved by vocesbolivianas
, , / ( [] [+] ), .
, .
:
45
, , , . , -
( ). , , , 2010: , , .
4 ( ): . , 1994 . . ( ) . (Volksbegehren Volksentscheide ). . , : , , ( ). , . . , , . --
, - , . 18 . , , . , , : . : 1990 1998 , , . () , , , -, -. , , : , (, -) 90 . , -
46
, (CDU/CSU). , , . 90, , 2002, . : , .. , ( 2011) . , 2010 . . , : () / . , () . , , . , -
. , . 75% , .: IRI Guidebook to Direct Democracy 2008 ( 2008 ). Theo Schiller . www.mehr-demokratie.de
, . 25 , . , . . . , , , ( ) () ( ), .
2.4 : : . , , .
:
47
, . , 50% , , () . , , , . , . , -
. 2010 , 1.516 1793, . , (6 ), (7 ), (5 ) (4 ) (12 ). , / . 2 , , .
2 - : (1793-2010) 1793-1900 1901-1910 1911-1920 1921-1930 1931-1940 1941-1950 1951-1960 1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2010 % 58 14 21 36 40 36 38 44 116 129 235 157 924 60,9 0 0 0 1 0 2 13 22 50 30 24 28 170 11,8 . & . 3 0 3 2 7 3 3 4 8 12 76 39 160 10,5 0 4 5 6 6 11 5 7 14 7 15 20 100 6,6 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 19 34 22 35 32 151 10,2 61 18 29 45 53 52 68 96 222 200 385 276 1516 100 0,6 1,8 2.9 4,5 5,3 5,2 6,8 9,6 22,2 20,0 38,5 30,0 7,0
48
: , , , . . , , . , . , , , , , , . , , , . , . , , . , ( ) . () . ,
, . , , , .
, ( ) , . , . , , . , , , ( ) , 17. . , 18, 2007. , -
17 , , , . . (...) 18 , . , . (...)
Bruno Kaufmann
:
49
1921, : 63,3% , 53%. 80 , . , . , 19 , 20. , , , . , , . , 80 , , . , : 4 2010 , 2011. . , ( ) . , , , , , , . , . 2007,
34 . 30% . , , : , , 2010 . (Pan-African Council) (All-African Peoples Organisation): 53 800 . , , , . : , , , , ( ) , , -
50
, , . 5 , , . , , , . , () 2001 . , , . , . 2005, . , , , -, , , , . , (), . , , . , , . , . ( www.iri-navigator.org) , -
, . , , , , . (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance - IDEA). (Initiative and Referendum Institute US), (www.iandrinstitute.org), (Initiative and Referendum Institute Asia, www.iriasia.net). , , .. (Korea Democracy Foundation, www.kdemocracy.or.kr) (Taiwan Foundation for Democracy, www.tfd.org.tw), (Citizens in Charge Foundation, www.citizensinchargefoundation.org) (New America Foundation, www.newamerica.net), (www.coe.int) (www.idea.int). / . (Mehr Democratie www.mehr-demokratie.de), (Swiss Centre for Research on Direct Democracy - www.c2d.ch) (Democracy International - www.democracy-international.org).: .
:
51
, , . , ( - Initiative and Referendum Institute Europe IRI Europe, www.iri-europe.org) . , . , , , , . , , , , (, , ) . , , , ! , , , : . . , .. , , . , , -
, . .
2.5 , : , , . , . , 70, , , , . , .. . : , . , ( ), , . , , . , , .
52
:
, . . , . , , , . ; , , . , . , . : , -
. , , . , , , . , , , , , . , , . , . .
Bruno Kaufmann
3. :
3.1 2003 , 12 2003, . , , . Place Luxembourg, , , , . , , , , . , 13 , , . , . 16.12 ,
, AFP : . [...] . , , , 2002 . 19.57, DPA : . [...] -. ! , : , (). , : 12 2003; , , , , -
istockphoto.com
54
-, ;
, , . , ( ) , , . 12 , , , . , , : . . 2003 . , , , . , . , 20 , , , -. , , , -
European Parliament
2002
, . 1787 : (republic19) . : , , . , (1987) (1989) , , , ( ) , , . , , , -
19 republic democracy , res publica , ( ). . (...)
:
55
. , , , , . , , , , , 1989. , , , , , , . 1949, , , , . ...6 : , 1964, ...7 , . , , . 1988, ( . C 187/231). [...]
..8 / . 1993, ..9, ...10 90. , : 1990 eurotopia . . 1994, , , , , . , , , . 1996-97: .
3.2 : , 10% ( ) ,
56
6 eurotopia: 1989 , . eurotopia, 1991, , , 20 . 90. : , -...11 1994 , , -20 (Inter-Citizens Conferences ICC) Loccum21 . ...12 90 , (Mehr Demokratie) eurotopia. . , , . , ( -) . , -
, (Network of Direct Democracy Initiatives in Europe), (Democracy International) 2002. , , eurotopia . 22 20 eurotopia , 17 2001. , 6 . eurotopia . 2011, () , 20 .: The Rostock Process on the way to more direct democracy in Europe ( : ). Peter Kppen Stadtgesprche. www.stadtgespraeche-rostock.de
. , 90, eurotopia , , . 1996, -
20 . (...) 21 . (...) 22 . (...)
:
57
..13. 2002, (IRI Europe Convention Network), ...14 , Alain Lamassoure (. , ), Johannes Voggenhuber (/ ), Josep Borell Fontelles (. . ), Sylvia-Yvonne Kaufmann (. . ), Casper Einem (. . ) Jrgen Meyer (. . ). . 20 2003, ( [ ]), [ ]. 2003, Alain Lamassoure 43: . . Michael Efler Mehr Demokratie rollercoaster ..15, Jrgen Meyer . ( -46, , VI, CONV 724/03) . Meyer . 77 ..16 , , : -
, , . , () . 13 : . -46, . 4 , , , , , , . . , ( , , ), , . , . 29 2004, - ( ), , , , , , , , , . ,
58
Some rights reserved by RubyJi
, . : : . , , , , (29 ) (1 ), . , -. ( 2008 2009) , , 1 2009. ( 10 11 ) . , , . 1973 50 .
, , , 2005. , 20 2005. , 45% 65% ...17 , 76,7% . . , : , 7 , , . 26 , . , 51 -
. , , , , () . 51 , . . 45, 20
:
59
, . , 51 . ( ), , 3 - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 land 23/4/1972 10/5/1972 26/9/1972 2/10/1972 3/12/1972 5/6/1975 23/2/1982 27/2/1986 26/5/1987 18/6/1989 2/6/1992 18/6/1992 20/9/1992 6/12/1992 12/12/1992 18/5/1993 12/6/1994 16/10/1994 13/11/1994 20/11/1994 28/11/1994 9/4/1995 8/6/1997 22/5/1998
. . , 51 .
23 24
(%) 68,3% 83,1% 46,5% 63,9% 72,5% 67,23% 45,96% 56,24% 69,92% 88,06% 47,93% 68,7% 51,05% 49,7% 55,81% 56,77% 66,58% 56,88% 52,74% 73,64% 47,8% 55,88% 25,9% 61,74%
(%) 60,3% 70,9% 79,2% 90,4% 52% 64,03% 74,91% 75,39% 44,09% 85,4% 83,1% 57,31% 69,69% 78% 87% 85,5% 82,35% 70,4% 83,32% 49,1% 89% 82,05% 35% 56,26%
23 : , , . (...) 24 : - . (...)
60
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
28/5/1998 21/5/2000 28/9/2000 4/3/2001 7/6/2001 19/10/2002 8/3/2003 23/3/2003 12/4/2003 11/5/2003 17/5/2003 6/6/2003 14/6/2003 14/9/2003 14/9/2003 20/9/2003 19/10/2003 20/02/2005 29/05/2005 1/6/2005 5/06/2005 10/07/2005 25/09/2005 26/11/2006 12/06/2008 8/02/2009 2/10/2009
(-15) (-27)
(%) 55,1% 67,2% 46,87% 23,2% 46,13% 62,89% 53,6% 89,6% 83,8% 91,1% 92,5% 77,3% 77,3% 66,8% 42% 67% 89,6% 76,3% 45,3% 38,4% 54,6% 56,6% 56% 53,4% 46,6% 59,6% 67,1%
(%) 76,24% 48% 87,2% 55% 34,79% 48,45% 91,0% 60,3% 45,6% 63,4% 52,2% 58,9% 55,2% 64% 82,6% 72,5% 55,2% 42,3% 69,4% 62% 56,7% 90,5% 54,5% 45% 45% 51,5% 58%
:
61
-, [ ] ( ), . 2005 2008, (), , . (Initiative for Europe), . . , . . , , 2005 ; :
4 - () : Volksbegehren iniciativa popular indirecta Ptition citoyenne Volksmotion Initiativa delle Leggi Volksinitiatief Innbyggerinitiativ Citizens Initiative*
* 23
1) () . 2) . 3) . () [ ] , . () . , [] :
2007
()
62
. . / , . , , , () [ ]. 4. () , , , , -
, / [ ], / [ ] [ ]. , () , , . , , () / , . :
: . : .
:
63
, () / / . (12 - ) ( -) -
/ . () . , , , .. .
5 - 10 1.361.562 1.225.790 895.665 889.659 832.353 914.973 717.102 644.665 624.807 627.559 421.282 25,74% 21,23% 17,93% 17,74% 17,27% 15,53% 12,20% 11,17% 10,65% 10,53% 8,04% 40 1982 1997 1975 1969 1964 2002 2002 1997 2002 2004 1980
: Giese (2010), The Austrian Citizens Initiative: Legal Principles and Practice ( : )
: 70, . , 1978 . , : () [ ]. 500.000 , . ( ), -
. , .. , , . . , , 300.000 . , , ( ).
64
6 - (, .) () 23 (51% ) 1 (2%) 4 (9%) 0 3 (7%) 8 (18%) 6 () 17 (13,5% ) 34 (27%) 13 (10%) 21 (17%) 14 (11%) 7 (5%) 21
: Cuesta (2010), The Spanish popular initiative: an overview of its legal regime and practice ( : )
, , . , . () , . , , : , , . , . 40 , ( 15 114 ). , Victor Cuesta : . , , 15 , . ( 7 15)
...18 , ( ) . , . , : , . 9 ( ), , .. , . , ...19 , () , , , . -
:
65
, , , . (.. , ) , . : , () [ ] - : . , 80 () () . 1997, . . , , , , , . () , 100.000 . 100.000 ( , , ), . 1997, 100 ( ), 10
. 15 , 67 , . , , , . () , () . , , , . , , . [...] , ...20
3.3 () : () : () ( ), , , .
66
, ( , , , ), . () , , . () . , (), (), ( ), ( ), . , . , ( 10 11 ), . , . , 25 , . , , .
) , . , , , , . 2005. ; , , . , . , . , , . , , , . . , : Cecilia Malmstrm, (, 90 , eurotopia ), oneseat.eu ( ) , 2006. , 25 , : () () 200 . , . !
3.4 , ! 25 , , : . 2003, . , 11 2001, ( -
:
67
. ( ) ( - Campaign for Parliamentary Reform). , , oneseat ( ) . 18 2006, , , Olli Tikkanen, oneseat, . www.oneseat.eu ( ) () , oneseat : , , , . , , 430.000 140.000 ( , ), 8 : ( - European Disability Forum - EDF) 1997. , . ,
, - . . , . , , , . , . 2006, Cecilia Malmstrm . Berlaymont, . . , oneseat , , .
. , 2007 , , -
European Disability Forum
68
. . , . (European Citizens Initiative for Disabled People in the European Union) . , , , . -, . , , . 23 2007 . . , . , . , , . , . , .
, . , SIGN (), . : www.1million4disability.eu . -, . , . , , . , . , , . -, , , , , -. , 1,2 Margot Wallstrm. : , . -
:
69
, . . , , , . , , , , . , , : . (The ECI Initiative) (Initiative for the Initiative). , (European Student Forum), 2006, ( 2009). , ( European Citizens Action Service) (King Baudoin Foundation), . , , , , , . ,
. , , .: Initiative for Europe Handbook 2008 ( 2008). Helena Gonzalez-Sancho Bodero. : www.1million4disability.eu
. 2008, Carsten Berg, , , . 2008 , Berg : . , , . : 1. 100 . 2. / -, (, , , , ) -. 3. 100.000 . 4. 100.000 . 1 2, 3 4. , , ...21 , -
70
. .
, , 2004-2010.
7 (2004-2010) 1 oneseat - , , 20 , 1,2 . , . , 22 (2006), , .
2
! (Equality for All!)
(European Association for the Protection of Human Rights) 25
3
(Against Nuclear Energy) (European Health Initiative) (Partnership instead of membership for Turkey) , (For a political Europe of Freedom, Security and Justice)
(Friends of the , . Earth), Global 2000 , 13 , 630.000 (Dr Rath Health Foundation) , . , , . , 17
(2007).
4
5
2005.
6
, 2005. . , -25 ,
25 , , , - . (...)
:
71
7 (Efficient 112 all over Europe) (Help Africa)
-
(European emergency number association)
, . , 25
2005.
8
5 AIDS
, . 2004.
9
(Initiative pur un Service Civil Europen)
, . .
10 (Save our Social Europe) 11 1million4 disability
Volkshilfe
, . 2006. , . , , 28 , 1,65 . , . 2008.
(European Disability Forum)
12 1 (GMO Initiative I) 13 (Initiatives of applied anthroposophy)
-
2007.
, . , 11 , 21 , . (European Trade Union Confederation ETUC) , . , 22
14 (High Quality of Public Services)
72
15 (For a European Referendum on the EU Constitution) 16
-
(Union of European Federalists UEF)
, - 2007. , 13
, . , 23
2008.
17 (Emergency Initiative for Darfur) 18 (Referendum for the next EU Treaty) 19 Cancer United
, . , , . 2007. , 27
,
, 2006-2007 . .
20 (European Citizenship Initiative) 21 (European Referendum Initiative) 22 2 (GMO Initiative )
(European Citizens Action Service)
, . ,
Avaaz.org the world in action
, , , . . ,
.
:
73
-
, .
http://www.avaa z.org/en/eu_gmo . (www.free-sunday.eu) . (www.obesityday.eu)
23 - (Free Sunday Initiative)
,
24 - - (European Obesity Day Charter Initiative) 25 (Eat Greener Initiative) 30% , .
GlaxoSmithKline
, 15
, 12 , ( /)
Eatgreener.eu ( )
25 ( ) , . , , , , . , . ; , . .
3.5 : , 2011 26, 2012 . 2009 , , 2010 . , , , :
26 () . 211/2011 16 2011, . http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:065:0001:0022:EL:PDF. (...)
74
8 7 2009 ..22 2009 ..24
9 2009
..23
11 2009
..25 323 , : 159 , 133 31 ..26 : ..27 ..28 2010 ..29
11 2009 31 2010 17 2010
21 2010
31 2010
9 2010
2010
..30
14 2010
14 2010
()
30 2010
30 2010
(AFCO) (PETI) .
2010
1 2011 1 2012
:
75
21 , , , . , . , , , , , ( European Economic and Social Committee EESC), (Committee of the Regions CoR) (European Ombudsman). , , . , , . , ( ) . , , () () () . , Maros Sefovi, , : [...] . , , ! . . ,
, ...31 , , . , , , . 31 2010 (. . 24), , , . - ( , , ) , . , , , . () . , , 2011. , ( 31 2010, ) , . -
76
, , / . , () , () / . , , . , , , . , , : 27, () ( 5 6) 28 ( 4) - ( 929). , , , :
30 - . , , - (300.000) 31 , ( 3), , , 32 , -. , , . : , , , ( 3), ( 6)33 ( 7)34,
27 5 (. 211) . (...) 28 . . (...) 29 8 (. 2): , , , , . (...) 30 7 - ( ), - [] 750. 16.500 . (...) 31 . (...) 32 - / . -, . , . (...) 33 5 . (...) 34 6 . (...)
:
77
- ( 1)35 , - , ( 19)36 . , ( 21)37, 38. , . , / , : , . , (1) (1) . , , ! . , , ( 2-7)39.
, ( 11, . 1,)40. Sefovi 22 2010...32 , (. ) : 1) , Sefovi: , , , , 2) , , . , ,
35 . (...) 36 5 6 . (...) 37 22 . (...) 38 22 , 1 2015 , . 23 1 2011 1 2012 . (...) 39 9 2 , . (...) 40 ( 11 ) : [ ] , , . (...)
78
2010. ( : http://ec.europa.eu/prelex/detail_dossier_real.cfm?CL=en& DosId=199169) 31 2010, , , ( 2010): 14 2010 (. . 25), , - . , 300.000 100.000. , () , , . () - , , 76 . , , , , ( . 33 , . . 22) . .
, , ( 2010) . 50.000 ( ) , . , 2010, : 1) : ; ; ; 2) : ; ; 3) - : , -; 4) : , : 12, 18 24 ; 5) : ; 6) : ( ) . Maros Sefovi; ;
:
79
, Sefovi 22 2010 (: , , , , ) . , , , , . : (AFCO) Alain Lamassoure ( ) Zita Gurmai ( ) (PETI) Diana Wallis ( ) Gerald Hfner (/ ) . Alain Lamassoure, , ( Jrgen Meyer) , Diana Wallis 2004-2009. (2009), Gerald Hfner ( ) . Lamassoure, Wallis Hfner , ...33 2010, , Zi-
ta Gurmai, . , , . , : 1. . 2. - ( ). 3. - 12 , . 4. - , . 5. . . , , , 20 .
80
9 : , , . , - , . , , , , . : . , . , , . , . , . / -
( 2010)
, . , , . 68 ( ), , ( ) , . , . 2010, () , . , / ...34 2010, / , . ,
:
81
. , (24 12 ) - ( ). , / 16 . . , , , , , , . / . , (sui generis), . -
, , . , - , . , () . , .
/ / , , , , , , , . ! , , : .
4. :
4.1 . , . . , , , , . , . , : 2010 : . ,
, , , . , : -
istockphoto.com
84
, . , , . , . . . , , , . , , . , . . , , / . , , , . . , ; ; ; , ; , . ,
() . . , 2011, . , () . , , , , . , , , , : (Citizens Signpost Service41), (http://ec.europa.eu/citizensrights/front_end/index_el.htm) . 23 (http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/el/home.faces) SOLVIT, . SOLVIT - (http:// ec.europa.eu/solvit/site/index_el.htm) -
41 1 2010, . (...)
:
85
( European Consumer Service Network - http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/index_el.htm) 29 (-27 ), EURES (http://ec.europa.eu/eures/home.jsp?lang=el) (Your Voice in Europe - http://ec.europa.eu/yourvoice/), (https://www.secure.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/public/petition/secured/submit.do?language=EL). europedirect http://ec.europa.eu/europedirect/write_to_us/w eb_ assistance/index_en.htm, , , (http://www.ecas-citizens.eu) . , , , - .
10 (petition) : . . , . , . , . . : , . , . , 1.500 , . : ( 2001), -, . 1) , 2) 3) . , , .: www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/public. Claire Genta.
86
4.2 : : , . (. 99).
8 : . ( .) . 9 : . , () . 10 : : , , . , , . , , , , . , , 4 , . , , . , , , .
, / . , , , . , . , .
1 : : . 2 : . . 3 : . . 4 : . 25 . 5 : . , / . 6 : . , . 7 : . , . .
;
, .
:
87
1 : , . : . : , , , . . , . , () . , () -. . . , , , . , , . , . , , .
2 : , , , , , , , , . ( ) , , , . , , . , () . . , , . . , (, , ) .
88
, : , . , , : ) ) , . , , , , ) , -. . , . , , . , : ! 3 : , . , , . ; ; ; ; , .
, . , , . , , . , , . , / , . / , . 4 : - . , . , : , , . , . , , , ) ) , . , , , ! ; , , , , . ,
:
89
, , . , , . : , .
, , , .
11 23 . , . , , . , , 23 . 2.500 , ( ) , . , , . , , . . , . , ; . , . 2010, bloggingportal.eu , .
( 200 ) . http://www.bloggingportal.eu/blog/we-needyour-help-for-an-experiment/...35 , , , . , . , , , , . , ( , .). . , , . , . , (: ).
90
5 : , . , . , , , . , . ( ). : . , , , . . . ; ; . . , , . , , ,
() . , . , ! 6 : - : . , ( ) . , . , , . , 42. ; , . , : () . , , / . 2010, .
42 , : . . (http://europa.eu /rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/10/683&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EL&guiLanguage=el) (...)
:
91
12 : ; . , . , , . , , . , . , , . , , , / / : - (. 8 , ). 7 : . , , .. .
istockphoto.com
;
. iPhone iPad. Verafirma (www.democracy.verafirma.com) . , , , . - , , . / - , . , . , , 2005 . , 15.000 . . ,
92
( !). oneseat ( ) , , (GM Ban), . , , , . , , , , . . . , , , , , . 8 : , . , , : ) ) .
( ) . , . . - . , . , , - 12 . , , - . , 4.500 , , , .. 6.750 . - . , - . () , . , : ( ).
:
93
9 : , . , () , . , , Margot Wallstrm, . , , , . . () , , . : -
. 7 . , ( , ) , () . , . , , , , -
( )
94
. ( ) , Berlaymont , . , , , . 10 : , . , , . ( ) , .. , , . , , , , . . , . , . : , ( ). .
:
, , , , . , . : , / . , . , , , , , Cingram: . . , . . . , , , . , , . ,
:
95
, . , , , 15 ...36 . , Cingram. , ! , , , , . , , , . , , , .
( ) . . 43 . 44. , , (1) (1) , 1979. . . /, . (focal point) . , , , , () . () , ( ) . , . (), 95% .
4.3 ; ! . , , . , .
43 (online). (...) 44 , 1/1/2012 ( 6, . 2, ). (...)
96
, . , , . , (Forum of Civil Society - http://en.forum-civil-society.org/spip.php?article222) ( - www.ecas-citizens.eu) , . , . 13 . 1957 . , 350 . , . 2010, . 17 2010 : , . :
, , . , , : (ECI Campaign), (www.citizens-initiative.eu) Echo, . , , , , . 2010, (www.echologic.eu) , , Avaaz, . Avaaz ( , ) , . , . (, , , ). ( ..). ( , , .). , 14 2010 , : : . .
:
97
* , . , . , . : . , , , . : 2007 : . , Avaaz , . , (www.avaaz.org). , ( ), , () , ,
, , . : , , , . , . , 45.: www.eesc.europa.eu. Anne-Marie Sigmund, Christian Weger Patrick Feve. * 46
(www.2010globalforum.com). , ( European Citizens Initiative Office ECIO)47 ( 2011), (focal point) . , , .
45 (. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/afco/dv/ces910-2010_fin_/ces910-2010_fin_el.pdf). (...) 46 http://www.eesc.europa.eu/?i=portal.en.publications.18960. (...) 47 , http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/secretariat_general/citizens_initiative/docs/ecio_en.pdf. (...)
98
14 , . () 1921 , , , . , , , () 2011. (Austrian Institute for European Policy and Law)48 : , (, , , ) , , Google Map Screenshot
:
, , . .: The European Citizens Initiatives ( ) (2010). Johannes Pichler. www.initiativeoffice.eu
48 www.legalpolicy.eu/ (...)
5.
5.1. 2011, (), () . 84-93 . , (http://www.gef. eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Flyer_ECI_web_.pdf). , , 2012. , . -
. 11 2011 (eur-lex.europa.eu) (, 5769/11). : : : - : : - ( ) . (: ) 12 .
shutterstock
100
. . , , .
, , . 5: (2 ) 5) . , ( 2, . 4.1). . . , . . , , : ) : ( ) ( 4 . 2). ) : () ( 4 . 2). ) : , ( 4 . 2). , , ) 2 ( 4 . 3). , . / . , 365 , .
1-4: ( ) 1) . . 2) (). 3) , , . . , - (). () . (), . 4) , . ( 100 ), ( 200 ), ( 500 ) ( 2).
101
6-7: ( ) 6) ( , , ). . , ( 3 ). , ( 6 . 4-). . 18 (16 ) . . 7) , , ! , . , . , . ( () 2004/2003). , . 8: (3 ) 8) 365 , .
, () . 750 (.. 16.500 ). , , , , , . , , , , , - , . ( 8 . 2). , ( 4 . 5). , ( 7) . 9: (3 ) 9) , ( 10 . 1). , : ( 10 . 1) ( ) ( 11)
102
( 10 . 1). , , , . 10: ( ) 10) , . ; . ! ( 4 . 1). , (5769/11) , : , , , , . , , . , : www.europeancitizensinitiative.info ( ) www.initiativeoffice.eu ( ) www.citizens-initiative.eu ( ) www.ecas-citizens.eu ( )
5.2 : , 21 , . , : (). , . . () 34-39 . ( /: Nadja Braun, Rolf Bchi, Paul Carline and Joe Mathews.) 48 [ ] . . . : . . : , , . -
48 referendum ( ), (plebiscite). referendum , (plebiscite). (...)
103
, . ) ) , . : (referendum) . ( ) . ( / ), , () . ( / ), ( ), () . [ ] ( ) . . , , 50% 80% . , , . .
, , . , , . . , , . 1992 . . , , . , . , , , . , , () . , . [ +, +] . . , . -
104
, 49 ( ). () . [ ] , . , , 50% , .. . , . . , , . . . ( , ) . . (Glarus Appenzell Inner-Rhodes), . Appenzell, 2010, .
[ , ] / , . . . ( ) [ ] . , . , . [ ] . . ( - Plebiscite) [ ] ( : , ). . (, , ) . , , . . , , ,
49 . (...)
105
. , . , : . [ ] . / . [ ] . , . (referendum) . ( : , ). ( ), .. . . ( ), ( / ), ( ). : , (plebiscite). / [ ] -
, .., . , , . ( ) . , , , . , ( ) . / + [ +] . , . . . ( ) . , . , . . [ ] . . . .
106
. , (). , , . : . 50%+1 ( ) . . . . , . , , . . . , . ( ) / , , . , , . , ( ): . , . , .
, . [ +] . . . , , Nidwalden . . , . () ( ) . . .. ( iPhone iPad). , , , ( , ). 2010, . . () .
107
, , . , , . , . / , . . , . , . , . , . [ +] , , . .
. . , . 50. , ( 1997) 27 , . . . . , , , . () . . , . , . , / , .
50 () . 211/2011 16 2011, .
108
. . , , . / , . . . [ ] . / . , . . () . Volksmotion ( ) . , , . , Volksmotion . Schaffhausen Solothurn, Volksmotion 100 , Freiburg 300. Solothurn Volksauftrag. [ ] . ( ), .
. . ( ) ( : , ). ( ) . . : () , . , . () [ ] . . / , . () , . - () / . , . [ ] . . / . [ ] -
109
2009. - . 2011 . [ ] (.. ) . [ ] . / . / [ ] . , , , . . ( ). , , ( ) . , . , . , ( / ) . / + [ +] , ( ) . ,
. , . . / . ( ) . , . . . , (). , . , . , . , , , . . . , , . . ( ) . . .
110
( , , , ) . , ( ) . , . . () . . . , . () - . ( ) 1 2009. () . , (petition) . , .
/ . . , . , , .. , , , , . , / , (.. , , ). [ ] . . , , , , . , . ) , , . ) : . , , . . .
111
5.3 : www.europeancitizensinitiative.eu , . -
, ( 2009 2010). , , http://ec.europa.eu/ dgs/secretariat_general/citizens_initiative/consultation_en.htm , , :
(Austrian Institute for European Law & Policy), www.legalpolicy.eu, Johannes Pichler ([email protected]) Echo the Global Agora, www.echologic.org, Jan Linhart ([email protected]) (Scientific Institute for Direct Democracy), www.andigross.ch, Andi Gross ([email protected]) , ec.europa.eu/dgs/secretariat_general/citizens_initiative/index_en.htm, Mario Tenreiro ([email protected]) , www.eesc.europa.eu, Christian Weger ([email protected]) (Institute for Direct Democracy), http://www.balkanassist.bg/ en/news/view/53/Institute-for-Direct-Democracy, Atanas Slavov ([email protected]) (Centre for Research on Direct Democracy), www.c2d.ch, Andreas Auer ([email protected]) (Mehr Demokratie), www.mehr-demokratie.de, Michael Efler ([email protected]) (Permanent Forum of the Civil Society), en.forum-civilsociety.org, Philippe D. Grosjean ([email protected]) / , www.greens-efa.org, Gerald Hfner ([email protected]) Andrssy, , , www.andrassyuni.hu/, Zoltan Tibor Pallinger ([email protected]) , , www.univ.gda.pl, Anna Rytel-Warzocha ([email protected]) Philipps, , , www.uni-marburg.de, Theo Schiller ([email protected]) Turku, , www.utu.fi, Maija Setl ([email protected]) (Initiative for the European Citizens Initiative), www.citizens-initiative.eu, Carsten Berg ([email protected]) Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, , www.ulpgc.es, Victor Cuesta ([email protected]) , www.ecas.org, Tony Venables ([email protected])
112
: Transnational Democracy in The Making (2003), IRI Handbook 2004, the New Challenge of European Initiative & Referendum after the Convention ( (2003), 2004, ) : Bruno Kaufmann, Alain Lamassoure Jrgen Meyer : 276 , . The European Constitution (2004), Bringing in the People. The options and limits of direct democracy in the European integration process ( (2004) - H . ) : Bruno Kaufmann Fabrice Filliez : 58 . Initiative for Europe (2006), a roadmap to Transnational Democracy ( (2006) ) : Bruno Kaufmann, Diana Wallis, Jo Leinen, Carsten Berg Paul Carline : 120 , . Initiative for Europe Handbook (2008), The guide to transnational democracy in Europe ( (2008) - ) : Carsten Berg, Paul Carline, Bruno Kaufmann, Jo Leinen Diana Wallis : 120 20 . We change Europe (2008), the European Initiative Art. 11.4 (TEU) ( (2008) , 11, 4) : Johannes Pichler : Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag : 507 . Direct Democracy in the European Union (2009) ( ) : Johannes Pichler : Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag : 200 . The European Citizens Initiatives (2010), Into new democratic territory ( (2010) - ) : Bruno Kaufmann Johannes Pichler : Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag : 150 . The Treaty of Lisbon (2010), A Second Look at the Institutional Innovations ( (2010) ) , Egmont -
113
. . Guidebook to Direct Democracy (2010), In Switzerland and Beyond ( (2010) - ). : Bruno Kaufmann, Rolf Bchi Nadja Braun : 272 , . , www.europeancitizensinitiative.eu
114
5.4 : 2009: , 9 2009, , , (, 11 . 4). ( , , , ) 4 11 , . , , . , ( , ) . . 7 2009, . , . , ,
, . , . , , , . , : , , . , . , , , : . , .
115
. ( , ), 27 -. , . , . . . 11, . 4 , . .
. . , . , , , , , . , , , . , . , . , , , . , 2010, , , , , , . ( , ), : , , . , , .
2010: . , , . . ,
116
, , , , . . , . , . . . , . , . , 18 . . 300.000 - . , , 50.000 .
. 3 , . , . , , , , / , , -. . -. , . , , - , , -, , . , . , , . , , , . , -
117
. . , - . , . , , . ! , , . . , , , , -. , , . , , . , . , :
, , , . , www.initiativeoffice.eu . , , 9 2010
: / . . : , , , , , . [1] . , , . . .
118
, . , : 51 . ( ) . : . , ! ( .) . , . , () . , . , ( 225 52), . . , .
. / 1. - - . - , . , , , , , . , . , , -. . , ( ), 0,2% -. : , , -. 2. - , - ( ) . , -
51 . (...) 52 . . (...)
119
0,2% , 1.000 , , 160.000 ( ) . , , 50.000 , 0,8% . . , , , 0,05 1% . . 3. : . : . : , , 16 . . . : . , , . ,
. 4. , , . , . . : , . . , , : , , , , . -. . . . . , , . , . 5. 12 . : (24 ).
120
, , , , . , . , . , . . 6. : . , . . 7. : : - . . , . ,