PAPER 1: SECTION B: LIVING WORLD

4. MALAYSIA TROPICAL RAINFOREST

Use your exercise book – this is REVISIONMissing work? Ask your teacher or borrow a book.

Tables will need to be made bigger – check before you print.

Changing rates of deforestation

On the map below, point out: a) The two countries that have increased their deforestation rate the most (include the percentage increase in

numbers).b) The two countries that have done the most to reduce their rate of deforestation but remember they are still

cutting down their forests (include the percentage increase in numbers).c) Malaysia

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Causes of deforestation in Malaysia

Here are the causes of deforestation in Malaysia.Label each cause either ECONOMIC (to do with money) or SOCIAL (to do with people)

1980s: Clear felling makes Malaysia richClear felling = all trees are chopped down (big, small, fast and slow growing trees)Malaysia sold these trees to other countries and made lots of money.

The Bakun Dam HEP700km2 of land was flooded to make the dam. Water falls over the dam wall, turns turbines and makes hydroelectric power (HEP) for all the new industries in Malaysia (NEE).

Mining and drilling:Trees cut down so:

a) roads could be built to get the logging machines in.b) soil could be dug up to get at the tin and copperc) soil could be dug up for oil and gas.

Palm oil plantations (farms)1970s: Trees cut down and palm oil planted instead.Palm oil is found in lipsticks, soap and shampoo so sold for a lot of money.Plantation owners (farmers) given a break from paying taxes for 10 years so many landowners changed their land from forests to plantations to make more money.

1956 – 1980: Transmigration policyGovernment moved poor urban people crammed into cities to move and have more space in the forests.1500 hectares of trees cut down to make space for the new houses.Many of these people then set up oil palm plantations which meant more trees chopped down.

Choose one economic cause (to do with money) – create a set of pictures that will help you to explain why trees are chopped down in Malaysia without looking at the text (you are not allowed to use words in your pictures). Ask if you don’t understand the task rather than ignoring it.

Economic cause of deforestation in Malaysia:

Choose one social cause (to do with people) – create a set of pictures that will help you to explain why trees are chopped down in Malaysia without looking at the text (you are not allowed to use words in your pictures).

Social cause of deforestation in Malaysia:

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Impacts of deforestation in Malaysia.

Unscramble the words to explain shifting cultivation:

Shifting cultivation is a S I A U T L E S N A B ________________________ way of using the forest and it has very E T L I T L ________________ impact on the environment.

Add these words to the diagram below:Yields (amounts) forest Slash and burn Abandoned Warm

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Impacts of deforestation: Economic development costs the environment and the people of MalaysiaUse the information about the impacts of deforestation below to complete this table: Hint: choose examples that you think you will remember.

Impact of deforestation example

Information copied from the table below:

Positive economic

Negative economic

Positive social

Negative social

Positive environmental

Negative environmental

Impacts of deforestation: Orangutans dying:Orang-utans are losing their habitats and food supply. Many young orang-utans are killed or orphaned as the trees are chopped down so they may become an extinct species.

Penan people locked up:The local Penan Community protested against the logging companies that were deforesting their farming land. 100 protesters got put into prison.

Deforestation leads to climate change:Rising temperatures could destroy some forms of farming such as growing tea, fruit and flowers.

Palm oil money:Malaysia has made a lot of money from selling tropical hardwoods, palm oil and valuable minerals such as gold.

Bakun Dam steals Kenyah people’s land:9000 Kenyah people were forced to leave their land because of the building of the Bakun Dam. They are traditional subsistence farmers (farm enough to eat but not sell). They are struggling to survive with no land and many suffer from depression and alcoholism.

Cleared land used by TNCs:Companies will pay taxes to the Malaysian government which can be used to improve education, water supply and healthcare.

Job opportunities:Mining, palm oil plantations and the Bakun Dam leads to jobs for the local people.

Plants in the forest:Plants that could bring huge medical benefits could become extinct.

Bakun Dam:Hydro-electric power provides cheap and plentiful energy – water turns turbines to create electricity.

Roads for industry and tourism:Improved transport infrastructure opens up new areas for industrial

No forests for tourists to see:The number of tourists attracted to see the beautiful rainforests could decrease

Pollution affecting food chains:Land and rivers have been polluted by mining chemicals and this has affected

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development and tourism. so Malaysia will lose this income. local food chains.Impacts of deforestation: Soil erosion

Use the diagrams and choices of words below to complete the table.

Word choices:Leached (washed away) by the heavy rainfall hitting the ground.

Hold the soil together Soil is loose and gets washed away (soil erosion)

Protected from the rain by the canopy

Made from leaves rotting in the hot, wet weather

No fallen leaves to rot to make new humus

Lots of nutrients from the leaves rotting to form humus

Heavy rainfall hits the ground

Before deforestation After deforestationGround

Humus

Tree roots

Nutrient levels of the soil

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Impacts of deforestation: Contribution to climate change

Use the diagrams above to give three reasons why there is more carbon dioxide in the air after deforestation:

Reason 1: There is more carbon dioxide in the air after deforestation because….

Reason 2: There is more carbon dioxide in the air after deforestation because….

Reason 3: There is more carbon dioxide in the air after deforestation because….

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The value of tropical rainforests to people and the environment

Unscramble the letters on each of these pieces of information to explain why tropical rainforests are valuable to people:

These are the goods and services the rainforests provides for us. Complete this table – change the Xs to vowels (a, e, i, o, u):

Goods from tropical rainforests Services from tropical rainforestsFxxd crxps Xbsxrbxng CX₂

Wxld mxxt xnd fxsh Prxtxctxxn xgxxnst sxxl xrxsxxn

Xnxrgy frxm HXP Wxldlxfx hxbxtxts

Wxtxr Bxxdxvxrsxty

Mxdxcxnxs Xmplxymxnt xppxrtxnxtxxs

Bxxldxng mxtxrxxls (e.g wxxd) Nxtrxxnt rxcyclxng

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Strategies used to manage the rainforest sustainably

Strategies used to manage the rainforest sustainably

The rainforests are mainly being used in an unsustainable way. Using this homework, name one group of people who are using the rainforest in a sustainable way (i.e. they are using the rainforest but not damaging the rainforest so it can be used for future generations) ___________________________________________

Sustainable management 1: Selective logging and replanting

This is the process of selective logging and replanting:

Fully grown trees are selected because…

Arrows are painted on the trees so that…

Trees are removed from the forest using a buffalo…..

A replacement tree is planted so that….

Read the following explanations and add it in the most appropriate box above to explain the selective logging and replanting process:

….when the tree falls down it doesn’t damage little trees that will grow to full height and sold later.

….big trees make more money and the little trees are left to grow to full height.

……it will grow and be able to be chopped down in the next cycle of deforestation.

…..so that a road doesn’t need to be built to remove the tree.

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Sustainable management 2: Conservation and Education

Malaysia uses conservation and education to protect its rainforest. Match up the strategy with the correct description.

Malaysia conservation Description of conservation in MalaysiaNational parks and Permanent Forest Estates

Is a plan for avoiding the unnecessary use of natural materials such as wood, water, or fuel.

Conservation So people understand what happens, or will happen, if they don’t start using resources in a sustainable way.

Educating people about conservation An non-governmental organization (NGO) that buys up threatened areas and creates nature reserves.

Worldwide Fund for Nature

Areas that are protected from cutting down trees so they can be built on.

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Sustainable management 3: Ecotourism

Fill in the missing words using these choices:Environments Impact IncreasedSustainable Generations Damaged

Ecotourism is a type of ________________ development. The aim of ecotourism is to reduce the __________ that tourism has on naturally beautiful _______________________.

Any tourist destination can be harmed by _______________ levels of tourism. If areas are _____________ or destroyed, they might not be available to future _____________________.

Ecotourism in Malaysia:Use your own knowledge of what sustainable means to write an answer in the boxes below:

In the past:

Turtle eggs used to be eaten.

Now:

Malaysia have a turtle egg hatchery where tourists pay money to see the eggs hatch and then they let the tourists watch as the baby turtles are set free into the ocean.

This was unsustainable in the long term because…..

This is more sustainable because…..

In the past:Swiftlets are little birds who live in caves. All the swiftlet nests used to be harvested (collected) and sent to China so they could be made into an expensive soup.

Now:Malaysia only harvests one cave for the swiftlet nests. They leave one cave completely alone and do not take any nests. The other cave is open to paying tourists to take pictures of the caves and the swiftlets.

This was unsustainable in the long term because…

This is more sustainable because…..

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Sustainable management 4: International agreements

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)Fill in the missing words:

Logo Pine Sustainable

Rare International Mahogany

This __________________ organisation that promotes sustainable forestry across many countries, not just Malaysia:

Look out for the FSC _______ on goods that you buy so you know that:a) They are made from wood taken from forests grown in a ____________________ way.1. They will sell you fast growing wood like ___________ rather than hard, slow growing, __________

hardwood like ______________________.

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Sustainable management 5: Debt-for-nature swapping

U.S. and Indonesia Announce $28.5 Million Debt Swap To Protect Borneo’s Tropical Forests

*Borneo island is shared by Malaysia and Indonesia and Brunei

Fill in the missing words:Malaysia HICs LICsRainforests Develop Climate

Lower Income Countries like _____________________ borrowed money from Higher Income Countries (HICs) to ________________ their country. To pay off these debts ___________ deforested massive areas of their _____________________. Now, some _____________ have reduced the LICs debts in return for the agreement that rainforests will not be deforested to try and reduce global _______________ change.

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