INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT(JUNE 29, 2009 TO AUGUST 08 ,2009)GAYATRI OHRI07-ECE-141

PURPOSE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAININGThe main aim of my training at Air India was to get a first hand experience of working in an industryIt helped me in gaining practical knowledge about aviation. It also aimed at briefing me up about an organizations working.

COMPANY PROFILEDuring the 1920s and 30s, India was being introduced to the concept of Airlines which connected the world to the country.But, the first scheduled Indian airline called Tata Airlineswas launched by J.R.D. Tata in 1932. The govt. of India nationalized air transport industry through air corporation act. 1953. Thus Indian Airlines came into existence as a public sector undertaking on June 15th 1953. It dominated the Indian aviation sector during the 80s and 90s. The nationalization resulted in the creation of two corporations viz. Indian Airlines and Air India.Indian Airlines: To operate domestic services and short- range international services to adjacent countries.Air India: To operate for overseas services.

After being granted permission from the Government of India, on 15 July 2007, Indian Airlines and Air India merged and started to operate as a single entity. Post-merger the new airline was renamed as Air India. This new airline is also a member of the Star Alliance, the largest airline alliance. Indian Airlines is continuing its mission of providing an extensive air transport system to link the farthest corners of our country while acting as the second line of defense. Soaring through the skies, Air India today is one of the largest airlines in the world.

BOEING AND AIRBUSBoeing is American whereas Airbus is EuropeanBoeing has a seating capacity of about 423 passengers whereas Airbus has a capacity of 279They are generally used as commercial transportTHE TWO MOST EXTENSIVELY USED CARRIERS BY AIR INDIA ARE BOEING AND AIRBUSBOEINGAIRBUS

PRINCIPLE OF FLIGHTWhen an aircraft is airborne then instead of one force there a four forces acting on it viz. LIFT WEIGHT THRUST DRAG

HOW DO AIRPLANES FLY?

In an ideal situation, an airplane could sustain a constant speed and level flight in which the weight would be balanced by the lift, and the drag would be balanced by the thrust.

WHAT IS LIFT?Lift is the force created by the interaction between the wings and the airflow. It always acts upwardsIt is the 'most important force' as without it, an aircraft cannot ascend from ground and maintain altitude.It directly opposes the weight of an airplane Most of the lift is generated by the wings.

HOW IS LIFT GENERATED?Wings of an aircraft mainly contribute to the generation of lift Airplanes designed with special wings. These special wings are known as Airfoils (or Aerofoils).

CROSS -SECTIONAL VIEW OF AN AEROFOIL

There are mainly two fundamental principles governing the generation of lift:Newtons third law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. The air is deflected downward by the action of the airfoil, and in reaction the wing is pushed upward. Bernoullis principle:As the velocity of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases.The way the airplane's wings are shaped, forces the air going over the top of the wings to speed up in order to reach the end edge of the wing at the same time as the air traveling under the wing. The bottom air has to travel a shorter distancee to the end of the wing so that the air does not have to travel fast. These varying speeds create a difference in pressures.This air pressure difference exerts a upward force on the wings that forces the airplane to lift

WHAT IS WEIGHT?This force is due to the interaction between the aircraft's mass and Earth's gravity. It is a downward force. Since, an airplane is a combination of many parts, its weight is sum total of all weights

WHAT IS THRUST?Thrust is a mechanical forceThis force is created by an aircraft's engine It is required for forward motion. It is generated by the engines of the aircraft through some kind of propulsion system

WHAT IS DRAG?This force acts in reverse direction to that of 'ThrustIt hinders forward motion.(negative force) Every part of the airplane (even the engine) produces dragIt occurs due to skin friction

AIRCRAFT CONTROLSMove up and down PITCHRoll from left to right ROLLMove from left to right YAWThere are six main movement co-ordinates in an aircraft.

PITCHINGThe pitch axis - perpendicular to the aircraft centerline A pitch motion is an up or down motion of the nose of the aircraft It is caused by the deflection of the elevatorsThe elevators are a hinged section at the rear of the horizontal stabilizer.They work in pairs

ROLLINGThe roll axis lies along the aircraft centerline. A roll motion is an up and down motion of the wings of the aircraft.It is caused by the deflection of the ailerons.The ailerons are a hinged section at the rear of each wing. They work in opposition

YAWINGThe yaw axis is perpendicular to the wings A yaw motion is a side to side movement of the nose of the aircraft The yawing motion is caused by the deflection of the rudderThe rudder is a hinged section at the rear of the vertical stabilizer. the aircraft centerline.

BASIC PARTS OF AN AIRPLANE

FUSELAGE The fuselage includes the cabin and cockpit, contains seats for the occupants and the controls for the airplane.

VERTICAL STABILIZER & RUDDER The vertical stabilizer functions with the same principle a wing does, but is symmetrical. It is a main control surface of airplanes. It has a vertical position, usually in the tail of the aircraft and has a moving part which is called Rudder. RUDDER :- The rudder controls the Y-axis or Yaw of the plane and it is controlled from the cockpit with the pedals.

HORIZONTAL STABILIZER & ELEVATOR :- The horizontal stabilizer is the main control surface of the aircraftIts function is not to provide more lift but to control the Pitch of the aircraft and has a moving part called Elevator.ELEVATOR :-These are controlled by the longitudinal axis of the joystick or wheel. These help in pitching.

SPOILERS :-Spoilers are used for reducing lift. They are moving surfaces which are placed vertically across the airfoil. Spoilers are used mainly after touch down (landing).

AILERON :-Ailerons are moving surfaces usually placed near the tips of the wings.The function of an aileron is simple, by moving upwards or downwards it modifies the angle of attack of that section of the wing, sinking or lifting it. This change in the aerodynamic is due to the modification of relative curve of the airfoil.Ailerons are complementaryThey control the X-axis or roll movement of the aircraft..

FLAPS :-Flaps increase the wing surface or curve, generating more lift with the same speed. They are very used on low speed operations, mainly during landings and take offs.

SLATS :-A slat is a thin airfoil deployed form the leading edge of the wing. This acts as a new little wing, but it's objective is not to produce lift but to generate the circulation needed for it. Slat circulation will be opposite to wing circulation reducing the highest speed of the boundary layer. This reduces the maximum lift also, making its distribution along the wing softer, but allowing the boundary layer to detach later (by reducing the adverse pressure generated in the trailing edge).

JET ENGINE :-A jet engine produces thrust by compressing air and releasing it through a directed pipe or nozzle.

WING:-The wing provides the principal lifting force of an airplane.

DEPARTMENT OVERVIEWThe Avionics complex at which I was trained comprised of three overhaul shops:-Electrical overhaul shopRadio overhaul shopInstrument overhaul shopThese shops mainly dealt with repairing and testing of various parts of an aircraft.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLGenerally when we talk about ATC the image of men and women sitting in a tower comes to mind. However, the ATC is much more complex than thatThe ATC performs the tasks ofEnsuring safe operations of commercial and private aircraft Coordinating the movements of thousands of aircraftKeeping them at safe distances from each otherDirecting them during takeoff and landing from airportsDirecting them around bad weather Ensuring the smooth flow of traffic

Once the airplane plane takes off, the pilot activates a transponder device in the cockpit. The transponder detects incoming radar signals and broadcasts an amplified, encoded radio signal in the same direction The transponder signal provides the controller with the aircraft's flight number, altitude, airspeed and destination A blip representing the airplane appears on the controller's radar screen with this information beside itThe controller can now follow the planeAnd.. The same procedure follows during landing also

DISPLAY UNITS

The Airplanes are generally equipped with an Electronic Instrument System (EIS) which includes 6 DUs:The Captains and Co-pilots PFD (primary flight display)The Captains and Co-pilots ND (navigation display), The Engine/Warning Display (EWD) ECAM The Systems Display (SD).

The PFDs (Primary Flight Displays) supply :Information required to fly the aircraftAirspeed Vertical speed and altitudeFlight path trajectory deviation The NDs (Navigation Displays) present: navigation and weather radar informationECAM (Electronic centralized aircraft monitor) system:There are two ECAMS in the display panel (upper and lower ECAM)It incorporates the EWD and SD. The EWD presents engine primary and fuel quantity indications, flight control information and warning and/or caution messages. The SD presents aircraft status messages and system synoptic diagrams.

BATTERY POWER PACK

The power supply automatically energizes an external emergency exit light when aircraft power failure occurs.

It has three primary components:Cover assembly -The cover assembly allows access to rechargeable battery assembly and attaches to the housing assembly Battery assembly-The battery assembly attaches to the cover assembly A support assembly holds the housing assemblies and the battery assembly together. It has six carbon size, nickel cadmium cells welded together with nickel straps. A fully charged battery assembly can energize an emergency exit light for approximately 20 minutes.Housing assembly-The housing assembly contains the electrical components of power supply. A connector on the housing assembly connects the power supply to external control switches, emergency exit lights and power sources. The housing assembly also has a terminal assembly to connect power to the battery assembly.

AIR SPEED INDICATORAn airspeed indicator is an instrument in the cockpit that indicates to the pilot how fast the aircraft is traveling relative to the air outside. Airspeed indicator calibration is usually measured in knots (nautical miles per hour)Knots are units of speed equivalent to 1.852 kilometers per hour (about 1.151 miles per hour).It is an extremely important instrument that is used at all stages of flightIt helps the pilot to fly safely according to the specified speed rules.