gateway to the future · 2019-11-01 · **microbiologically influenced corrosion handbook...
TRANSCRIPT
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Diagnosing MIC from A Failure Analysis Perspective
Krista Heidersbach
Gateway to the Future
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How Bacteria Cause Corrosion?
• Varies significantly from metal to metal & type of bacteria• Aerobic acid‐producing bacteria produce organic acids• Sulfate‐reducing bacteria produce sulfuric acid• Slime producing microbes cause differential aeration cells / under deposit corrosion• Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Bacteria• Provide microclimate for sulfate reducing bacteria
• Aerobic bacteria may oxidize iron or manganese• Depolarization of the cathode by hydrogen‐utilizing bacteria
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Life Cycle of Bacteria / Biofilm
Metal Surface
Planktonic Bacteria
Step 1
Metal Surface
Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) development
Step 3
Metal Surface
Sessile BacteriaStep 2
Metal Surface
Growth & DiversificationStep 4
Metal Surface
Mature Colony
Step 5
Metal Surface
Repeat
Step 6
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Life Cycle of Bacteria / Biofilm Takeaways
• EPS / biofilm thickness limits access of chemicals to interior bacteria • Need to understand penetration power of biocides• Chemical vendor selling you a treatment package instead of single component is pairing chemicals which penetrate the biofilm with things that kill the bacteria
• Traditional monitoring is typically focused on Planktonic levels• Can be misleading
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Primary Standard Associated with Bacterial Testing
NACE TM 0194 ‐2014 ‐ Field Monitoring of Bacterial Growth in Oil and Gas Systems• Sampling Procedures for Planktonic Bacteria• Assessment and Sampling of Sessile Bacteria• Culture Techniques• Evaluation of Chemicals for Control of Bacteria• Non‐Media‐Based Field Methods• Select Appendixes
• Alternative Methods for Assessing Bacterial Populations• Growth Media Formulations
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Serial Dilution
Remove 1 ml of fluid & Inject
1 ml of fluid to be sampled
9 ml of growth media
9 ml of growth media
9 ml of growth media
9 ml of growth media
9 ml of growth media
9 ml of growth media
Remove 1 ml of fluid & Inject
Remove 1 ml of fluid & Inject
Remove 1 ml of fluid & Inject
Remove 1 ml of fluid & Inject
Growth Media will change color to signal bacteria viability
# of Bottles Turned
Range of Viable Bacteria per mL of Sample
1 1 to 10
2 10 to 100
3 100 to 1000
4 1,000 to 10,000
5 10,000 to 100,000
6 100,000 to 1,000,000
General Rule of Thumb for a “Bad
Level”
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Serial Dilution Test Kits
• Common “Flavors” of Tests• Low Nutrient Bacteria• Iron Related Bacteria• Anaerobic Bacteria• Acid Producing Bacteria• Sulfate Reducing Bacteria
• What’s in the jar?• Sugar• Water• Salt• Indicator
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria
Acid Producing Bacteria
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Problems with Serial Dilution• Samples degrade over time• Often measuring planktonic but corrosion is caused by sessile bacteria• Takes 30 days for reliable SRB results• Culturing should occur at temperature & salinity of process• Contamination• “While great advances have been made in cultivation techniques, it is now accepted that only 0.001‐15% of the viable bacteria are culturable by these classical microbiological methods.”• Corrosion 08652 Molecular Identification of MIC Bacteria from Scale and Produced Water: Similarities and Differences, Jan Larsen et al
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An Easy fix! Use Bio‐studs or Side Stream
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ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Photometry
• “ATP is a molecule found in and around living cells, and as such it gives a direct measure of biological concentration and health. ATP is quantified by measuring the light produced through its reaction with the naturally occurring firefly enzyme luciferase using a luminometer. The amount of light produced is directly proportional to the amount of ATP present in the sample.”• https://en.wiipedia.org/wiki/ATP_test
• Produced by all living cells – degrades quickly upon death• Can be measured with light• Does not distinguish between types of bacteria, or other living cells• No direct conversion of ATP concentrations to microbial concentrations• Used for trending, measuring biocide efficacy
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APS Adenosine 5 Phosphosulfate Reductase Measurement
• SRB’s possess a unique enzyme, APS • Adenosine 5 Phosphosulfate reductase measurement
• No growth media• Independent of salinity, temperature, and redox condition• Color change proportional to concentration of APS‐reductase present• Testing takes minutes• Brand names include: RapidChek, QuickChek
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qPCRQuantitative Polymérase Chain Reaction
• Amplifies specific gene sequences from target organisms• Genetic material is extracted from a sample• Quantify the copies of a specific gene • Does not distinguish between live, inactive or dead cells• Quantify the total amount of bacteria and subspecies against a known sample
• Cost $375 / sample at Lab #1• Total Bacteria, SRB, APB, Archaea
• Cost $900 / sample at Lab #2• SRB, APB, Methanogens, IRB, Metal Oxidizing, SOB, Denitrification, Nitrification, Nitrogen Fixing, Slime Producing, Total Bacteria
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NGSNext Generation Sequencing
• “DNA sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments”• Compared to a standard database to identify bacteria present
• Ballpark Costs • Houston Lab #1 ~$4000, or $1000/sample with a minimum of 5 samples• Baltimore Lab ~$1000 per sample
• Great for determining effect of biocide treatments
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Field Example #1
• New 316 stainless steel piping installed in 2019• Shop hydrotested using clean water (~21 ppm Cl‐)• Re‐tested in field. Waiting for water quality data• Failure occurred before start up
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Field Example #1
Inside Surface
Outside Surface
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Field Example #1
Next Slide
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Field Example #1 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
Big Picture Weld
Big Picture Dendrites
Dendrites
Element
Big Picture Weld (wt%)
Big Picture Dendrites (wt%)
Dendrites (wt%)
C 7.87 2.04 45.1N 10.13O 2.92 2.58 24.73Na 3.39 1.78Mg 0.21Al 0.4 3.94Si 2.72 2.02 0.22Mo 2.72 2.33P 0.1S 0.16 1.61Cl 2.53 2.66Pd 1.71K 0.18 0.16Ca 0.28 1.43Cr 24.7 28.26 0.77Mn 1.38 2.53Fe 53.61 51.18 2.15Ni 3.92 1.96 0.3Cu 0.31 3.02
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Field Example #1 – qPCR Results
Total Bacteria
(Cells/cm3)
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (Cells/cm3)
Acid Producing Bacteria (Cells/cm3)
Archaea(Cells/cm3)
Uncorroded <103 <103 <103 <103
Corroded <103 <103 <103 <103
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Field Example #1
• Diagnosis• Probably not MIC• More likely fabrication issues
• Feedback from client• Welders have been out there removing heat tint on the OD
• Suggests that there are heat tint issues on the ID / Iron contamination concerns• Shop hydrotested with clean water• Field hydrotested with unknown water source
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Field Example #2 ‐ Background
• 304 SS Potable water plant designed in 2017• Well water is removed from the ground, and treated to potable water quality• Treatment consists of filtration and injection of hypochlorite chemical• Supplies potable water to lab building near process unit• Supplies water to safety showers and eye wash stations within the process unit
• Header carrying water is 4” diameter and 100s of feet in length
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Field Example #2 ‐ History
• Plant started up in 2017• First failure March 2018, within 6 months of startup• Formal investigation began in May 2018• Sample removed from system in August 2018• Chloride content of water <100 ppm
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Field Example #2
Weld #1
Weld #2
Weld #4Weld #3
Inlet from main header
Weld at Pipe Support
Sample Connection Welds
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Tubercle #4
Tubercle #3
Tubercle #2
Tubercle #5
Field Example #2
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Field Example #2
Tubercle #2
Tubercle #3
Tubercle #4
Tubercle #5
Additional Areas with Stains
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Field Example #2Area under Tubercle #4 –Through Wall
Leak
Cross Section View Showing Pit Cavity ‐Tubercle #4
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Field Example #2Metallography of Through Wall Pit Under Tubercle
#4
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Field Example #2 – Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
Element Tubercle #3
Tubercle #4 Element Tubercle
#3Tubercle
#4
C 4.87 20.51 Ca 0.43 2.12
O 39.9 40.42 Ba 0.38Na 0.03 Cr 12.09 5.21Mg 0.16 Mn 0.06 4.84Al 0.27 0.33 Fe 38.15 21.65Si 1.19 1.83 Ni 0.56 0.44P 0.15 Cu 0.28S 0.95 0.14 Zn 0.27 1.71Cl 0.98 0.07
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Field Example #2 ‐ X‐Ray Diffraction Results
Compound Chemical Formula Tubercle #3 Tubercle #4Goethite FeO(OH) 30 55
Tongbaite, syn Cr3C2 3
Hematite, syn Fe2O3 8
Magnetite Fe3O4 8 26
Ferrihydrite, syn Fe1.44O0.32(OH)3.68 51
Calcite, syn Ca(CO3) 9
Todorokite Mn6O12(H2O)3 10
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Field Example #2 ‐ DNA Sequencing ResultsGenus Tubercle Sample
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5
Desulfovibrio 29.66% 27.14% 11.07% 5.37% 3.97%
Unclassified at Genus Level 9.94% 8.85% 9.06% 14.01% 10.99%
Dethiosulfovibrio 7.39% 7.30% 2.65%Ochrobactrum 6.18% 2.76%Marinobacter 4.65% 4.57%Halanaerobium 4.52% 5.46%
Pseudomonas 2.96% 7.97% 25.33% 35.84%
Bradyrhizobium 2.07% 7.60% 15.55% 4.63%
Chitinophaga 2.10% 2.47%
Phenylobacterium 8.40% 6.55%
Rubrivivax 3.38%
Novosphingobium 3.14%
Rhodospirillum 3.04% 2.16%Blastomonas 2.64% 5.97%Brevundimonas 5.10%Bdellovibrio 4.25%Arenimonas 2.01%
Total 67.37% 70.99% 55.34% 64.71% 70.29%
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Importance of the Type of Bacteria Present• Sulfate Reducing Bacteria
• Desulfovibrio – Found in all five samples• Generate H2SO4• Capable of oxidizing iron• Initial levels of iron and manganese in water were beyond the safe levels for human consumption and special filters were added to remove manganese
• Significant levels of manganese oxide were found in copper piping within the lab facility
• Bdellovibrio exovorus – Known to eat SRBs
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Importance of the Type of Bacteria Present
• Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (also thiosulfate reducing)• Dethiosulfovibrio• Halanaerobium
• Reduce thiosulfate to sulfite and elemental sulfur*• S2O3
2‐ SO32‐ + S0
• Reduce sulfite to sulfide*• SO3
2‐ + NADH H2S + NAD+ + 3H2O*July/August 2017 Volume 2 Issue 4 e00257‐17 msphere.asm.org
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Importance of the Type of Bacteria Present• Iron Reducing Bacteria
• Responsible for tubercle formation• Pseudomonas**
• Manganese Reducing Bacteria (MnRB)• Primary MnRB / IRB strains not present
• Gallionella, Sphaerotilus, Leptothrix and Crenothrix• Brevundimonas* may reduce manganese
**Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Handbook*July/August 2017 Volume 2 Issue 4 e00257‐17 msphere.asm.org
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Takeaways• Stainless steel is susceptible to MIC, Heat Tint Corrosion and Chloride Pitting• May be synergistic • May be independent• All should be considered during the failure analysis
• Cannot / should not diagnose MIC from morphology• Should not diagnose MIC without additional information
• Consider your water sources, oxygenation, solids, chlorides• Sulfur concentration• Chloride presence