gate & fencing
DESCRIPTION
Gate $ Fencing: Standards Methods of Measurement- Construction Methods - Available Technology in Malaysia - Principles of Measurement- SpecificationsTRANSCRIPT
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FENCING, GATE & SUNDRIES
AWANGKU NAZREEN AWG NAPRI ISMAIL RAZALI
MUHAMMAD RIDHWAN JAMALUDIN NURUL SHUHADA SHAMSUDDIN
NUR FATIN AMIRA AMBOK SULOH NUR AWADDAH NASHORDIN
NUR FARHANA KAMAL
PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING SERVICES AND EXTERNAL WORKS
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FENCING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
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FENCING COMPONENTS
(CHAIN LINK FENCING)
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Mild Steel Post And Bracings
Concrete Footings
Barbed Wire Arms
Straining Wires And Barbed Wires Chain Link Fencing
Barbed wires
Straining wires
Concrete footings
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TOOLS USED FOR FENCING
(CHAIN LINK FENCING)
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Fencing Pliers Purpose: It is used for gripping, pulling and tying fence wire.
Fencing Wire Cutter Purpose: To cut the fencing wire.
Post Hole Digger Purpose: To dig a hole for the terminal posts and line posts.
Wheelbarrow, Shovel and Hoe Purpose: To mix and transport the concrete. Hacksaw
Purpose: To cut the terminal posts or line posts.
Fence Stretcher Purpose: To stretch the chain link fence.
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METHOD OF INSTALLATION
(CHAIN LINK FENCING)
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1st: Preparing Fence Layout STEP 1
Locate your property's boundary lines. Set all the post to
be approximately 4" inside the property line so that
concrete footings do not encroach onto any adjoining
property.
STEP 2
Mark the location of each terminal post (corner, end, and
gate posts are called terminal posts) and also line post.
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2nd: Setting Terminal Posts and Line Posts
STEP 1 Dig terminal post and line post holes approximately 8" in diameter and 30" deep, with sloping sides. STEP 2 With crayon or chalk, mark the ground line on posts. Height, above level ground, of terminal posts will equal the height of the fence fabric plus 2". STEP 3 Center the posts in the holes. Make sure the posts are plumb and set at the correct height. (Crayon mark should be at ground level.) STEP 4 Surround posts with concrete in a continuous pour. Trowel finish around posts and slope downward to direct water away.
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3rd: Attach The Straining Wire To The Posts
STEP2 Tension your line wire. To achieve this you need to secure the end of
the line wire to the cylinder on your winder (simply thread the line wire through the hole in the cylinder, and wrap it round a few times).
STEP3 Once the line wire is secure, run it to the corresponding bracket on the
fence post at the far end of your run of fencing (this will either be another end post, a straining post, or a corner post).
The line wire should run past the spine side of the intermediate posts, and then clipped onto the spine using the clip tool and hog rings.
STEP1 For 1800mm and 1200mm high fencing
you will need three runs of line wire along the fence line.
Attach the corner brackets to the upright post by slotting them into the holes on the spine of the post.
A winder should then be bolted to the second hole on each bracket.
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4th: Attach The Chain Link To The Line Wire
STEP 1 Hold the roll of chain link upright against your starting post. The chain
link must be unrolled carefully from an upright position. In order to attach the chain link to your starting post, weave the supplied stretcher bar in and out of the links of the chain link.
Bolt the stretcher bar to each of the brackets to which the line wire has been secured.
Attach the stretcher bar to the same hole used to attach the winder, simply by using another nut to hold the stretcher bar in place.
STEP 2 The chain link should now be
rolled out along the runs of tensioned line wire (keeping the roll upright).
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GATE CONSTRUCTION METHOD
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A gate is usually placed to protect certain areas or to keep kids or pets in, intruders or animals out, or even just for privacy.
GATE
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Types of gate post : 1. Timber gate post. (Softwood and Sawn
green Oak gate posts) 2. Concrete gate post. 3. Steel gate post.
Types of gate post varies according to the
thickness and the width.
The wider the gates, the bigger the posts required to hold them up. And the taller the gates, again, the bigger the posts need to be.
Softwood gate posts Sawn green Oak gate posts Steel posts
Concrete gate post
GATE-POST
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Before fitting the posts into the ground:
Posts are weather cut on the top to enable water to run off.
Posts are the correct length (Depth of hole plus gate height plus clearances under the gate)
Once hole is dug, place a bit of hardcore/ballast into the bottom of the hole. This ensures any water drains away and helps to stop your posts from rotting. After that, give it a tamp down to compress it. Use the end of a lump hammer to do this.
Place post in hole and check for plumb (level) on one of the faces of the post and one of the edges.
1st: Sinking The Posts Into The Ground
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Tack on a couple of braces to the posts.
Fill the hole with concrete.
Once the hole has been filled with concrete, check for plumb.
Tools/Material required: Spade/Post hole digger Tape measure Spirit level Lump hammer Concrete Hardcore Source of clean water
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Place the gate in between the two gate posts and sit it on packers.
The gate should be able to stay in position by itself while the hinges are
screwed in place.
If the gate is to open inwards, then the hinges will be fixed to the inside of the
gate to the horizontal frame members.
If the gate is to open outwards, then the hinges will be fixed to the outside of the
gate, to the boards and in line with the
horizontal frame members.
Once the hinges are screwed in place, fit the gate latch. The latch should be
put half-way up the gate
2nd: Hanging (Fitting) The Gate
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Wood latches Field gate
latches
Twisted ring gate latches
GATE-STAY / GATE CATCHES
1. Latches
Lever Gate Latches
Thumb Latches
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Double strap Cranked Bands with Pins
2. Gate hinges
Heavy duty gate hinges
Wooden hinges
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3. Cane bolt
Cane bolt is use for fixing one side of a double gate or door opening.
It can also be used as a horizontal slide bolt, or to secure the top of a door to the head jamb.
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The gate stop is a vertical strip (made of according to materials)
fixed to the post.
It will block the gate from going further than intended and help
avoid any damage to the gate
latch and hinges when the gate be
excessively blown or slammed
shut for any reason.
Make the gate stop the same length as the gate and the position
will be determined by the thickness
of the gate and also by which side
of the gate that the hinges are on.
3rd: Fitting The Gate Stop
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Gate stops Prevent hinge, latch, and gate
damage and prolong gate life.
Gate stops can be installed after gate installation.
T- shape (stainless steel)
L- shape (stainless steel)
Vinyl
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GATE TECHNOLOGY
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TYPES OF GATE Swing Operates inward or outward
Usually used in areas where there are plenty space to swing the gate leaf
The single leaf is the most economical and easiest to install
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TYPES OF GATE (CONT'D)
Slide
Commonly used in residential, schools and commercial buildings
Slides on wheels from left to right or right to left
Excellent choice to replace swing gate when the site has limitations in space
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Automatic Gate
Operate themselves without having a person to open
or close them.
Automatic gates need a mechanical device or gate
operator to receive the signal and respond by
swinging or sliding the leaf of the gate.
How actually the gate operator works?
GATE TECHNOLOGY
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A) Swing Arm Operator (Mechanical)
There are two types of swing arm operator which are:
- Top Swing Arm Operator
- Bottom Swing Arm Operator
Easy to install, access for maintenance
Fast
GATE OPERATOR
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The only difference between the two is the location of the arm, as the name says, Top Swing Arm Operators have their arms attached to the gate near the middle height and highly visible
Unlike Top Swing, the Bottom Swing Arm Operators have their arm on the bottom which gives the gate a pleasing appearance when viewed from the outside
GATE OPERATOR (CONT'D)
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Hydraulic
Used for large and heavy gates
Use hydraulic fluids to operate their motion
Pros : produce more power than mechanical motors
Cons : expensive, need frequent inspection, less safe
GATE OPERATOR (CONT'D) B) Linear Arm Operator (Mechanical & Hydraulic) Mechanical
Used for light and small gates
Up to gates of 14inch long
Pros : easy to install, normally installed with solar panel
Cons : cannot operate with large gates
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C) Underground Operator
Used where aesthetics are important
Available in both mechanical or hydraulic versions
Usually installed to binary swing gates
GATE OPERATOR (CONT'D)
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D) Slide Gate Operator
More expensive need specialist with good mechanical skills
Usually used when the gate is on a steep grade or when the person cannot or do not want to open the gate outwards
Available in AC, battery and solar powered
GATE OPERATOR (CONT'D)
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FENCING TECHNOLOGY
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ELECTRIC FENCE A fence that uses electric shocks to deter
animals or people from crossing a boundary.
The voltage of the shock may have effects ranging from discomfort to death.
Most electric fences are used today for agricultural fencing and other forms of animal control, although it is frequently used to enhance the security of sensitive areas, such as military installations, prisons, and other security sensitive places.
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DESIGN & FUNCTION An intelligent electric fence primarily consists of
an energizer and bare wire fence structure.
The Energizer is an intelligent electronic device that converts the mains electricity into high voltage electric pulses and releases the pulses through the bare wires on the fence structure.
The pulses provide a non-lethal but painful shock to any intruder trying to gain access unlawfully to the property.
The high voltage pulses are powerful enough to penetrate through most of clothing materials, standard hand gloves and standard foot wears.
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ELECTRIC FENCING MATERIALS
Smooth steel wire Woven wire/barbed wire
Synthetic webbing woven with fine conducting wires
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ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC FENCE Always active and dependable Detect intrusion attempts Send SMS alerts Deny intrusion - Electric shocks Deter intruders Delay intrusions Easy installation Effective and Safe
DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC FENCE High maintenance effort High purchasing cost
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TYPES OF INSTALLATION
Electric fence on top of brick or stone wall
Electric fence on top of metal fence
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Full height electric fence Electric fence on top of swing gate
Electric fence on top of sliding gate
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APPLICATION
Electric Fence installed on top of wall around bungalow / detached house
Electric Fence installed on top of wall around bungalow / detached house
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Electric Fence installed on top of metal fence around housing estate
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FENCING MEASUREMENT
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TYPES OF FENCING
Two types of fencing, normally classified as:
Open type fencing
Close type fencing
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT Section W
Fencing
W.1 Generally
W.1.1 Particulars of the following shall be given:
a. Kind and quality of material (e.g. timber, concrete, or steel)
b. Preliminary treatments (e.g. impregnating or galvanising)
applied as part of production process or applied before
delivery to site
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT Fencing (contd)
W.1.2 Fencing specially designed to suit sloping ground (over
15 degrees from the horizontal) shall each be so described
W.1.3 Fencing set out to a curve but straight between posts
shall be so described irrespective of radius.
Curved fencing, defined as curved between posts, shall be so
described stating then radius
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT Fencing (contd)
W.1.4 Posts, struts and other supports which occur at.. (pp. 134)
W.1.8 Fencing shall be measured overall (i.e. over posts
and other supports). The height of fencing shall be
measured from the surface of the ground (or other base) to
the top of the filling (or to the top wire where there is no
filling) between the posts.
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OPEN TYPE FENCING
Clause W.2 Post-and-Wire Fencing
Clause W.3 Post-and-Rail Fencing
Clause W.4 Chain-Link and Wire-Mesh Fencing
Clause W.5 Cleft-Pale Fencing
Clause W.6 Palisade Fencing
Clause W.7 Metal Bar Fencing
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Open type fencing
W.2 Post and wire fencing
Measured in metres
State height of fencing, the gauge, and number of line-
wires, the method of attaching the line-wires to the
posts and the method of straining
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Post and wire fencing
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Open type fencing
W.3 Post and rail fencing
Measured in metres
State height of the fencing, size and number of horizontal rails and the method of fixing the rails to the
posts
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Post and rail fencing
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Open type fencing
W.4 Chain-link and wire-mesh fencing
Measured in metres
State height of the fencing, gauge and number of line wires, method of attaching the line-wires to the posts,
the size of mesh and gauge of wire in the fabric and the
method of attaching the fabric to the line wires
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Chain-link and wire-mesh fencing
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Open type fencing
W.5 Cleft-pale fencing
Measured in metres
State height of the fencing, spacing of the pales, the number of lines of binding wire and the method of fixing
the binding wires to the posts
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Cleft-pale fencing
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Open type fencing
W.6 Palisade fencing
Measured in metres
State height of the fencing, the size and number of horizontal rails, the method of fixing the rails to the
posts, the size and spacing of the pales, the treatment
of the tops (pointed, sharp, etc) and method of fixing
the pales to the rails
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Palisade fencing
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Open type fencing
W.7 Metal bar fencing
W.7.1 given in metres stating height, size, spacing..(pp. 135)
W.7.2 Railing reforming part of a building shall be given in accordance with section P (metalwork)
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CLOSED TYPE FENCING
Clause W.8 Close-Boarded Fencing
Clause W.9 Built-up Concrete Fencing
Clause W.10 Corrugated Fencing
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Close type fencing
W.8 Close-boarded fencing
Measured in metres
Stating height of fencing, size and nos of horizontal rails, method of jointing, etc (pp. 135)
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Close-boarded fencing
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Close type fencing
W.9 Built-up concrete fencing
Measured in metres
Stating height of fencing, size and thickness of the
infilling units between posts, the method of jointing the
units to the posts, the size of cappings and the method
of fixing the cappings to the infilling units
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT Built-up concrete fencing
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Close type fencing
W.10 Corrugated fencing
Measured in metres
Stating height, size and number of horizontal rails, etc
(pp. 135)
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PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
Corrugated fencing
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GATE MEASUREMENT
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Gates
Based on SMM Section W.11
W.11.1 Generally : Gates shall be enumerated
State size and method of construction
Hinges and locks and fastenings and the like shall be given in the description
Gate-posts (other than forming part of the fencing) shall be enumerated stating the size
Holes for gate posts shall be given in accordance with W.14
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W.11.2 Wicket gates shall be enumerated as extra over the item in which it occurs stating the size, method of assembly, fixing including framing, accessories, etc.
Gate-steps, gate-catches and independent gate-stays shall each be enumerated separately stating the method of fixing. Excavating and bedding in concrete shall be given in the description stating the composition and mix of the concrete.
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SUNDRIES
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Concrete Spurs
Used as support for timber posts
Most of the time used as repair spurs, in the case of rotting, cracked posts.
Fixed to timber posts with bolts
Pre-cast
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SMM 2 Clause W.12
Measured in nos
State the size and fixing method
State the size of bolts and holes in description
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Special Posts
End post
Angle-posts
Integral gate-posts
Straining post
Struts
Etc
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SMM 2 Clause W.13
Measured in Nos, as Extra Over
State size and depth below the ground
For struts; state size, number and fixing method
Example of description:
EXTRA OVER for ends post ...........mm ...........mm x ...........mm height; bedded in and including plain concrete Grade 20 as specified pad foundation size ...........mm x ...........mm x ...........mm deep; all necessary excavation, formwork and painting
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Holes And Mortices For Posts
Holes are excavated to install posts, spurs, struts and other supports
Mortice is a hole or recess cut into a part which is designed to receive a corresponding projection (a tenon) on another part so as to join or lock the parts together.
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Holes
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Mortices
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SMM2 clause W.14
Holes measured in Nos, stating the size and depth, nature of the filling and disposal of surplus soil.
Mortices shall be given in accordance with the rules in appropriate sections.
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GATE & FENCING SPECIFICATIONS
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SPECIFICATION
SECTION N.3 - FENCE AND GATES
1 General
1.1 Unless otherwise shown in the Drawings, fencing shall be of chain link type as specified hereunder.
1.2 Unless otherwise stated in the Drawings, the height of the fence shall be 1500mm from the ground up to the full height of the chain link.
1.3 The fence shall be erected to the extent and location as shown in the site plan. Where fencing is to be located on the boundary of the Site, the Contractor shall ensure that its construction shall not infringe the adjoining properties.
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SPECIFICATION(contd) 2 Mild Steel Post and Bracings
2.1 Unless otherwise shown in the Drawings, mild steel angle posts and bracings shall be of size 57mm x 57mm x 6mm. All steel members for fencing and gates shall be to the approval of the S.O.. Before delivery to the Site, the steel members for fencing and gates shall be precut and assembled at the Contractor's workshop and painted with one coat of approved metallic primer.
2.2 Where three strands of barbed wires are required, a mild steel angle arm 430mm long, of the same cross sectional dimension as the post shall be welded at the top of the post at 45 degrees inclination. Where six strands of barbed wires are required, two pieces of mild steel angle arms as specified hereinbefore shall be welded to the top of each post forming the shape 'Y' with each arm having three strands of barbed wires.
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SPECIFICATION(contd)
3 Chain Link Mesh, Straining
3.1 Chain link mesh, straining wires and barbed wires shall be made of galvanized steel and of approved quality. The mesh shall be of size 64mm made up of 3.25mm (10 gauge) diameter wire. Straining wires shall be of 4.06mm (8 gauge) diameters and barbed wires shall be of 2.64mm (12 gauge) diameters.
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SPECIFICATION(contd)
4 Fencing
4.1 Unless otherwise shown in the Drawings, the mild steel angle posts shall be erected at 3000mm centres commencing from the gate post and the posts shall be embedded plumb in concrete footings of size 250mm x 250mm x 600mm deep. Mild steel angle bracings of the same cross sectional dimensions as the post shall be fixed at all corners, bends, junctions, gate posts and at every five bays of straight fencing.
4.2 The bracings shall be fixed at an inclination of 45 degrees to the horizontal with top end bolted to the post, 300mm below the top of the post and the bottom end encased in concrete footing as described hereinbefore.
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SPECIFICATION(contd) 4. Fencing (contd) 4.3 The chain link mesh shall be stretched across the posts and secured in place using approved fencing clips. The end of chain link fencing abutting mild steel gate posts shall be fixed by means of 19mm x 3mm mild steel flat straps drawn through the mesh and bolted using 10mm diameter mild steel bolts to 25mm x 25mm x 6mm mild steel plates welded to the posts at equal intervals of 300mm. Where gate posts are non metal, the termination of the fencing at the gate shall be by means of another mild steel angle post fixed to one side of the gate post and strengthened by bracing as described hereinbefore. The chain link mesh shall then be strained by three strands of 4.06mm (8 gauge) diameter galvanized steel straining wires threaded through the mesh and fixed to the posts.
4.4 Where shown in the Drawings, the bottom of the chain link mesh shall be buried in continuous 1:3:6-25mm concrete curbs. Unless otherwise detailed in the Drawings, the cross-sectional dimension of curbs shall be 125mm wide x 375mm high with 150mm protruding above the ground. The portion of the curb above the ground shall be rendered with 13mm thick 1:6 cement render to a wood float finish.
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5 Gates
5.1 The gates shall be constructed as detailed in the Drawings.
6 Painting of Fence and Gates
6.1 The metallic primer previously applied to the steelwork at the workshop shall be touched up where necessary. Unless otherwise specified, the posts, bracings and gates shall be finished with two coats of approved aluminium paint.
SPECIFICATION(contd)