gastrointestinal-pancreatic net management
TRANSCRIPT
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Dr Chandan K DasDepartment of Medical OncologyInstitute Rotary Cancer Hospital
All India Institute of Medical Science
Management of Neuroendocrine Tumor
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Neuroendocrine System
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Neuroendocrine System
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20042003200220012000199919981997199619951994199319921991199019891988198719861985198419831982198119801979197819771976197519741973
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Inci
denc
e pe
r 100
,000
- NE
Ts
Inci
denc
e pe
r 100
,000
– A
ll m
alig
nant
neo
plas
ms
All malignant neoplasm
Neuroendocrine tumors
Adapted from: Yao JC, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(18):3063-3072.
Incidence
Plateau
1.09
5.25
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Colon NeuroendocrineStomach
29-year limited duration prevalence analyses based on SEER
Pancreas Esophagus Hepatobiliary0
100
1,100
NET Prevalence in the US, 20041,200
Median survival (1988 – 2004)103,312
cases (35/100,000)
No.
of c
ases
(th
ousa
nds)
Adapted from: Yao JC, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(18):3063-3072.
NETs Are the 2nd-Most Prevalent Gastrointestinal Tumor:
• Localized• Regional• Distant
203 months114 months39 months
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NET: Demographics:
Lepage C, et al. Gut. 2004;53(4):549-553.
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Sites (SEER data)• Common sites of origin are:
• GI tract• Lungs• Pancreas
7
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Primary Location of NET Asia Pacific Region
Stomach 6%Liver 4%
Bile duct and gallbladder 3%Omentum/abdominal lining 1%Rectum 1%Ovary 1%Lung 1%
Hwang T, et al. Presented at: 8th Annual ENETS Conference; March 9-11, 2011; Lisbon, Portugal. Abstract C48.
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IRCH AnalysisPatient Characteristics N=55Median Age years (Range)
50 years (14-74)
Male: Female 1.2:1Presenting Symptoms
Abdominal Pain(81.8%)Diarrhoea(23.6%)Flushing(5.4%)Weight Loss(38.18%)Anorexia (25.45%)
ECOG PS Ps<2 45.45%Primary Site
Pancreas(34.54%)>unknown18%>SI 17%>colon 11%>Stomach 11%
Metastatic 87.27%Metastatic Sites Liver 85.41%>LN37%>bone 6%
Mallick et al, 2015 Unpublished
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Key Issues in The Management:1. How do we define the disease?
Nomenclature, Classification & Pathology.2. Who needs treatment and when?
Patient Selection.3. Which treatment and in what sequence?
Treatments.4. What is the role of biologics, somatostatin analogues, cytotoxics
and biomarkers?Unanswered Questions.
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1.How do we define the disease?Nomenclature, Classification and Pathology
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Evolution of Terminology & Classification:Historic Evolution:1907 1963 1970 1980 1995
Carcinoid
Williams & Sandler
Soga & Tazawa
Histologic
WHO
Granular Stain Techniques
Capella
Size & Invasion
• Benign.• Benign or Low Grade
Malignant.• Low Grade Malignant.• High Grade Malignant.No Prognostic or Predictive Validation
Oberndorfer
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Scarpa A, et al. Mod Pathol. 2010;23(6):824-833.
Prognostic Influence of Ki67-Labelling
< 2%
15%
75%
Pape UF, et al. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008;15(4):1083-1097.
Ekeblad S, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(23):7798-7803. Vilar E, et al. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2007;14(2):221-232.
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Evolution of Terminology & Classification:AJCC Criteria of Grading:
AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, Seventh Edition (2010) published by Springer New York, Inc.
Grade Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NETs Differentiation
Low Grade (G1) <2 mitoses/10 HPF AND/OR <3% Ki-67 index
Well-differentiated NET
Intermediate Grade (G2)
2–20 mitoses/10 HPF AND/OR 3–20% Ki-67 index
Well-differentiated NET
High Grade (G3) >20 mitoses/10 HPF AND/OR >20% Ki-67 index
Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma
G1 G3G2
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Evolution of Terminology & Classification:Correlation of Tumor Grade With Survival:
1. Rindi G, Klöppel G, Alhman H, et al. Virchows Arch. 2006;449:395-401. 2. Rindi G, Klöppel G, Couvelard A, et al. Virchows Arch. 2007;451:757-762. 3. Pape UF, Jann H, Müller-Nordhorn J, et al. Cancer. 2008;113:256-265.
0 50 100 150 200 250
Survival Time (mo)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Cum
ulat
ive
Surv
ival
G1
G2
G3
G1 vs G2G1 vs G3G2 vs G3
P=0.040P<0.001P<0.001
N=193
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Evolution of Terminology & Classification:NETs Are Often Diagnosed Late:
Vinik AI, Silva MP, Woltering EA, et al. Pancreas. 2009;38:876-889.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Time (yr)
Primary tumour growth
Metastases
Flushing
Diarrhea
Death
Vague abdominal symptoms
Estimated time to diagnosis: 5 to 7 yr
*
*
*Symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
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Evolution of Terminology & Classification:Metastatic Disease Is Common at Presentation:
Localized Metastatic
50%
27%
23%
Distant metastases
Regional spread
Data from an analysis of 28,515 cases of NET identified in the SEER registries
Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3063-3072.
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2. Diagnostic Evaluation:
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Pan-neuroendocrine markers
Cytosolic NSE, PGP 9.5
Related to secretory granules Chromogranin
Related to synaptic vesicles Synaptophysin, VMAT
Intermediate filaments NF, CK HMW
Adhesion molecules N-CAM
Immunohistochemical NE markers:
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Solcia E, Kloppel G, Sobin LH. Histological Typing of Endocrine Tumours, 2nd ed, 2000.
Histology
CgA
synapto
SSTR
HE
Ki67
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Chromogranin A*(in 70%-90% increased in metast. NET)
Pancreatic Polypeptide, PP(in 40%-55 % elevated);
a-HCG, β-HCG(in ~ 30% elevated)
Neuron specific enolase (NSE)(in ~33% elevated)
*The height of Chromogranin A level correlates with tumor load,
an increase over time indicates tumor progression
Circulating Tumor Markers:
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Modlin IM, et al. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(9):2427-2443.
PPI
Chronic AtrophicGastritis
PPI H2RAs
Small cell lung cancer Prostate cancer Breast cancer Ovary Cancer
Chronic atrophic gastritis PancreatitisInflammatory bowel disease Irritable bowel syndrome Liver cirrhosisChronic hepatitis Colon cancer HCCPancreatic adenocarcinoma
Pheochromocytoma Hyperparathyroidism Pituituary tumors
Medullary thyroid carcinoma Hyperthyroidism
CgA
ENDOCRINE DISEASE
GASTRO- INTESTINAL DISORDERS
NON-GI CANCER
Arterial hypertension Cardiac insufficiency Acute coronary syndrome Giant cell arteritis
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Systemic rheumatoid arthritisSystemic inflammatory response syndrome Chronic bronchitisAirway obstruction in smokers
INFLAMMATORYDISEASES
Renal Insufficiency
RENAL DISORDERS
DRUGS
Causes of Chromogranin A Elevation:
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Diagnostic Imaging:
Whole body Screening& Staging
Endocrine Pancreatic tumor< 1cm
Routine imaging
Primary tumour Screening& Staging
Octreoscan (111Indium-DTPA- Octreotide)/ SPECT:
Endoscopic ultrasonography
ultrasonography of the liver CT (+ angiography), MRI
Positron emission tomography (PET)with 11C-5 HTP,11C-L-dopa or 18F-FDG
68Gallium-DOTANOC-PET
ENETS-Guidelines 2011/NCCN NET Guideline 2015
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3. Therapy for Advanced/Metastatic Disease
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Therapy of NETsThree principles
• Control of hormonal symptoms
• Control of tumor growth
• Improvement of survival?
Symptomatictherapy
Surgicaltherapy
Antiproliferativetherapy
• Cure• Debulking• Treatment /
Prevention of complications
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Surgery of primary NET
GI NET• < 1cm – excision or
endoscopic removal• 1 to 2cm – conservative
surgery if superficial, exophytic• > 2cm - radical surgery• Upper abdominal exenteration –
in selected individuals
pNET• Enucleation, distal
pancreatectomy,pancreaticoduodenectomy
Encasement of coeliac axis / SMA / SMPV confluence is considered UNRESECTABLE
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Surgery of metastatic NETDebulking/ palliative surgery –
1)Resectable primary tumor and non-operable liver metastases
2)Small bowel primary :might cause intestinal obstruction
“ Debulking surgery can be attempted when 90% of tumor is removable”
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Liver transplantation
• Investigational• Age < 50 yrs• Primary tumor in lung or bowel• Pretransplantation somatostatin therapy• Median time to recurrence is 1.9 yrs
• Significantly better survival for functional as opposed to non-functional tumours (69% at 5 years vs. 8% at 4 years)
• Overall 5 yr survival is 36% - 90% and disease free survival is 12% - 77%
Roseanu et al Transplantation 2002; 73:386–394.
J Hepatol 2007;47:460–466.
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Liver directed therapy
• Hepatic artery embolization: lipiodal, small plastic particles, gelatin foam particles (response rate - 25 to 35%)
• Hepatic artery chemoembolization: streptozocin >doxorubicin response rate – 50%
• Radiofrequency ablation- for tumors <3cm .• Median survival of 3.9 yrs. • Symptomatic relief in 76%.
“Post embolization syndrome”- abdominal pain,nausea, fever , fatigue, elevated liver enzymes. Crises related to massive release of hormones
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Susini et al ,Annal of Oncology 2006, 17(12)
Prevalence on NET type: SSTR1 SSTR2 SSTR3 SSTR4 SSTR5Pancreas 68% 95% 46% 93% 57%Midgut 80% 86% 65% 35% 75%Inhibitory effect:Hormone secretion + + +Proliferation + + + +Induction of apoptosis + +
Somatostatin Receptors (SSTR)
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Susini C, et al. Ann Oncol. 2006;17(12):1733-1742.
Octreotide LAR(10-30 mg / 28 days im)
Lanreotide(60-120 mg / 28 days sc)
Pasireotide LAR40-60 mg IM q28 Days
Octreotide(2-3 x 50-500 ug sc / d)
Somatostatin Analogs Therapy
S
S
al a
g ly
lyasns
cys ph e
ph e
ph e tr
p lyst
h r
ph e
t h r
s e r
cys
D-phe cy s
phe
ly sc
thyrs
Octreotide acetate
D-trp
Thr- ol
D-phe c
ly sv
alc y
y sS
tyr
s
Lanreotide
D-trp
Thr
- NH2
S
SomatostatinS
S
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Phase III Study of Octreotide LAR: PROMID
Patients:• Well-differentiated
midgut NET• Treatment-naïve • Locally inoperable or
metastasized N = 85
Octreotide LAR 30 mg im/28 days
Placeboim/28 days
Primary endpoint: • Median time to tumour progression
Rinke A, Müller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4656-4663.
1:1
RANDOMI
ZE
Secondary endpoints:• Objective tumour response rate• Symptom control• Overall survival
Treatment until CT/MRI
documented tumour
progression or death
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study
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Octreotide LAR 30 mg Significantly Prolongs TTP:
HR = hazard ratio. PROMID = Placebo-controlled prospective Randomized study on the antiproliferative efficacy of Octreotide LAR in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine MIDgut tumours; TTP = time to progression
Rinke A, Müller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4656-4663.
Octreotide LAR vs placeboHR=0.34 P=0.000072[95% CI: 0.20–0.59]
Based on conservative ITT analysis
Prop
ortio
n W
ithou
t Pr
ogre
ssio
n
1.0
.75
.50
.25
00 6 12 18 24 30 36 42
Time (mo)48 54 60 66 72 78
Octreotide LAR (n = 42)Median 14.3 mo
Placebo (n = 43)Median 6.0 mo
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Lanreotide Acetate in NET: CLARINET Trial
Caplin et al,N Engl J Med 2014;371:224-33.
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Octreotride LAR PROMID Rinke et al
Lanotride CLARINETCaplin et al
Pasireotide
Wolin et al
SSTR SSTR2 SSTR2 SSTR1-5
N 85 204 110
BASELINE DISEASE 40 CS70%Liver rescected
96%SD NA
Functional status both Non functional only Both
Ki 67 <2% <10% NA
Resected primary 70% 40% na
Response 66%ORR 60% RR
PFS 14.3 vs 6 m 11.8 vs 6.8 m
SSTR Analogues
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Chemotherapy for NET
ESMO clinical practice guideline on NET 2015
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Capecitabine-Temozolomide in NET
Strosberg JR, et al. Cancer 2011;117(2):268-275
Capecitabine Temozolomide every 28 days
750 mg/m2 . (days 1–14)200 mg/m2 x 1 (days 10–14);
n = 30: 22 NF; 2 gastrinoma; 2 insulinoma; 2 VIPoma; 1 glucagonoma;
1 gastrinoma/glucagonoma
Retrospective analysis
G3–4 adverse events (12%): anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevation of liver enzymes
100
80
60
40
20
0
–20
–40
–60
–80
–100
Progressive Disease
Partial Response
70% ORR18m PFS
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Gem-Ox in NET
• Metastatic NETs n=144 (37 pancreatic NETs, 33 gastrointestinal NETs, 23 bronchial NETs, and 11 NETs of other/unknown origin)
• GEMOX: median 6#• ORR: 23%• PFS: 7.8m and OS 31.6 months
Dussol as et alCancer. 2015 Oct 1;121(19):3428-34. doi: 10.1002/cncr.29517. Epub 2015 Jun 8.
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Neuroendocrinal Tumors:Molecular Events & Therapeutic Implications:2. mTOR Inhibitor:
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
Cellular Growth
ProteinSynthesis AutophagyResistance to
Apoptosis++
ProliferationAltered
Metabolism
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Everolimus in NET : RADIANT-2
Everolimus 10 mg/day + Octreotide LAR 30 mg/28 days
n = 216
Placebo + Octreotide LAR 30 mg/28 days
n = 213
Treatment until disease progression
RANDOMIZE
1:1
Multiphasic CT or MRI performed every 12 wk
Crossover
Primary endpoint: • PFS (RECIST)
Secondary endpoints: • Tumour response, OS, biomarkers, safety, PK
Enrollment January 2007–May 2008
Phase III, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial
Pavel M, Hainsworth J, Baudin E, et al. Presented at: 35th ESMO Congress; October 8-12, 2010; Milan, Italy. Abstr LBA8.
Patients with advanced NET (N=429)• Advanced low- or intermediate-
grade NET• Radiologic progression <12
months• History of secretory symptoms
(flushing, diarrhea)• Prior antitumour therapy allowed• WHO PS ≤2
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PFS by Central Review:*
Time (mo)No. of patients still at riskE + OP + O
216213
202202
167155
129117
120106
102 84
8172
6965
6357
5650
5042
4235
3324
2218
1711
11 9
43
11
10
00
* Independent adjudicated central review committee• P-value is obtained from 1-sided log-rank test• HR is obtained from unadjusted Cox model
E + O = everolimus + octreotide LARP + O = placebo + octreotide LAR
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
Perc
enta
ge E
vent
-free
Kaplan-Meier median PFSEverolimus + octreotide LAR: 16.4 moPlacebo + octreotide LAR: 11.3 mo
HR = 0.77; 95% CI (0.59–1.00) P=0.026
Total events = 223Censoring timesE + O (n/N = 103/216)P + O (n/N = 120/213)
Pavel M, Hainsworth J, Baudin E, et al. Presented at: 35th ESMO Congress; October 8-12, 2010; Milan, Italy. Abstr LBA8.
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4242
Sunitinib in Advanced pNET:
• Phase III randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial• Trial stopped after early unplanned analysis showed efficacy and safety benefit
Primary Endpoint: PFSSecondary Endpoints: OS, ORR, TTR, duration of response, safety, and patient-reported outcomes
Patients with advanced pNET, N = 171/340 patients enrolled
Sunitinib 37.5 mg/day orallyContinuous daily dosing*
n = 86
Placebo*n = 85
*With best supportive careSomatostatin analogues were permitted
Raymond E, Dahan L, Raoul J-L, et al. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:501-513.
1:1
RANDOMIZE
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Progression-free Survival:*
4343
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1.0
Prop
ortio
n of
Pat
ient
s
5 10 15 20 250
Sunitinib
39 19 4 0 086Sunitinib28 7 2 1 085Placebo
Number at riskTime (mo)
Placebo
Kaplan-Meier median PFSSunitinib: 11.4 moPlacebo: 5.5 moHR = 0.42 (95% CI, 0.26–0.66) P<0.001
Raymond E, Dahan L, Raoul J-L, et al. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:501-513.
PFS at 6 months was 71.3% vs 43.2%
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Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT) 177Lu-DOTA,Tyr3]octreotate
Higher affinity for somatostatin receptorsGamma emission allow post-therapeutic biodistribution studiesPR, MR and SD responses are reported in the majority of patientsTumor regression was correlate with a high uptake on Octreoscan imaging
Lu 177Linker(DOTA)
Vector(NOC)
STR2
Concept & design by M Schultz
Modified Somatostatin
Lu 177Linker(DOTA)
Vector(NOC)
β
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PRRT Evidence till nowSTUDY N O.S in
YrRESPONSE ORR HEMATOLOGIC
TOXICITY(GRADE 3 OR 4)
RENAL TOXICITY
Imhof et al(1-10cycles)
1109 (NETs)
3.8 CR O.6%PR 34%SD 5.2%
30% 12.8% transient
grade 3 or 4
9.2%permanent
grade 4
Cwikla et al(2-3cycles)
60(GEP-NETs)
2.2 23% PR50% SD
72% 5%persistent
grade 3 or 4
10% grade 2 or
3
Kwekkeboom et al
(4 cycles)
504(NETs)
3 2% CR28% PR16% MR35% SD
(GEP NETs)
9.5%transient
grade 3 or 4
Few and mild
(NETs)
Kwekkeboom et al, JNM, Vol. 26 Nr13 May 1 2008/Cwikla et al, Annals of Oncology 21: 787–794, 2010/Imhof et al Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011, Jun 10;29(17):2416-23
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Take Home Message:
• NET not rare.
• Surgery is the cornerstone in curative management.
• Serum Biomarkers Are helpful for monitoring and prognostication
• Molecular targeted therapies/PRRT are the hope for tomorrow.
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Remembering Steve Jobs