galaxy fertility: nature versus nurture - sab · gary mamon (iap), sab keynote: galaxy fertility:...

Gary Mamon (IAP), SAB keynote: Galaxy fertility: nature vs. nurture, São Paulo, 7 Sep 2017

Galaxy fertility: nature versus nurture

the view from the local Universe

1

Fertility = Propensity to form stars given… stellar mass

fertility =

star formation rate

stellar mass

= sSFR

I Zw 18 = fertile NGC 3379 = M105 = infertile


Happy independence day!

2


Do galaxy properties depend on single parameter?

3

Internal stellar velocity dispersionBernardi et al. 03; La Barbera et al. 14 (early-type galaxies)

Stellar velocity dispersion in ETGs → stellar mass (not dark matter halo)

Mamon & Łokas 05a


“Central” galaxy properties = f(halo mass)st

ella

r mas

s

halo mass

observationssemi-analytical

simulationhydrodynamical

simulation

Bluck+16

abundance matching: N(>Mhalo) = N(>Mstars)Marinoni & Hudson 02 …

galaxy properties = f(σv) = f(Mstars) = f(Mhalo)


Satellite galaxies: properties = complicated!st

ella

r mas

s

halo mass

Bluck+16

(former centrals)observations

semi-analyticalsimulation

hydrodynamicalsimulation


Another parameter for central galaxies?

6

DM

con

cent

ratio

n

log stellar mass

Wojtak & Mamon 13

Mass-orbit modeling of central galaxies traced by their satellites

redder galaxies ⇐ earlier star formation higher DM concentration ⇐ earlier halo mass assemblystar formation history (SFH) = f(halo mass AND halo assembly time)“galaxy assembly bias”

Wechsler+02

Baade 44

age matching: N(>age halo) = N(>age stars)Hearin & Watson 13


SDSS Legacy SurveyZehavi+11

7

Zehavi+11;see Davis & Geller 76

Galaxy 2-point correlation functionsdP = [1 + wp(rp)] d⌦

Spatial correlation vs color (age)

red galaxies more strongly clustered


Galaxy bimodality

8

Schawinski+14(see Strateva+01)

colo

r

log stellar mass

colo

r

in color Knobel+15

log stellar masslo

g sS

FR =

SFR

/mst

ars star forming

passive

in star formation rate (SFR)sSFR = SFR/(stellar mass) = fertility

all

early-type

late-type


Physical Processes

9


What makes galaxies fertile?

10

presence of (cold) Molecular Gas

Star formation in Giant Molecular Clouds

Bigiel+11

SFR ~ (molecular mass) / 2.4 Gyr

molecular surface density

SFR

sur

face

den

sity

Kennicutt diagram

filled=localopen=global


Galaxy mergers

11

1.induce starbursts2.consume gas & rapidly quench SF

Di Matteo +08

time (Myr)

SFR

/ SF

R(t=

0)


What else quenches the fertility?

• supernova explosions • jets from active galactic nuclei

(powered by supermassive black holes)

12

Internal processes:

heat up OR mechanically remove (ram pressure) cold gas supply

Dekel & Silk 86

Silk & Rees 98

see Dashyan+17 (in revision) for analytical comparison of mechanical feedback in AGN vs SNe

AGN feedback can be positive!Begeman & Cioffi 89; Rees 89; Gaibler+12; Bieri+15,16

heat up OR mechanically remove (ram pressure) cold gas supply

Dekel & Silk 86

Silk & Rees 98


What else quenches the fertility?

13

External processes:

Prevent gas from falling into galaxy:low mass: entropy (temperature) is too highhigh mass: infall is supersonic

Rees 86Birnboim & Dekel 03

independent of environment


Fertility quenching by nurture (environment)

14

gas infall

Gary Mamon (IAP), SAB keynote: Galaxy fertility: nature vs. nurture, São Paulo, 7 Sep 2017 15

gas infall

Ram pressure from cluster gas suppresses: infall & possibly interstellar molecular clouds

Gunn & Gott 72

Cluster tides suppress infallLarson+80

Fertility quenching by nurture (environment)


Tidal Stripping for Elongated Orbits

shell of tidal radius has zero energy singular isothermal profiles for galaxy & cluster

16

neglect spin & resonances Mamon 00, astro-ph/9911333; Tollet, Cattaneo, GM+17 more complicated schemes: Gnedin+95; D’Onghia+10

orbit pericenter

mgalaxy

(r)

mvir

galaxy

⇡

Vperi

Vcirc

(Rperi

)

�M

cluster

(Rperi

)

Mvir

cluster

fraction of retained mass

independent of mstars/Mcluster!

�vstar ⇡ atide(Rperi)

✓Rperi

Vperi

◆velocity impulse

atide = �a ⇡ GM(R)

R3r


Ram Pressure Stripping for Elongated Orbits

singular isothermal profiles for galaxy & cluster

17

P = ⇢ICM(R)V 2cos ✓ram pressure

�v ⇡ P ⌃gasRperi

Vperivelocity impulse

orbit mass ratio pericenter

mgas

(r)

mvir

gas

⇡Vcirc

(Rperi

)

Vperi

�"⇢(R

peri

)V 2

peri

h⇢(R)V 2(R)iorbit

# mvir

galaxy

Mvir

cluster

!2/3

Mcluster

(Rperi

)

Mvir

cluster

fraction of retained gas mass

see also McCarthy+08, Ruggiero & Lima Neto 16

~ (mstars/Mgroup)2/3


Ram Pressure beats Tides (in removing gas)!

18

-3.5

-3-2.5

-2.5

-2

-2

-2

-1.5

-1.5

-1.5

-1.5

-1.5-1

-1

-1

-1

-1-0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-0.5

0

0

0

0

Log M ret,rp /M ret,td

mgal /Mcluster

10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0

Rp/Ra

0.1

0.2

0.5

1

typical orbit elongations

Ram pressure dominates

Tides dominate

log (fraction-gas-mass-retained-RPS/fraction-total-mass-retained-TS)

Irina DVORKIN

peric

ente

r / a

poce

nter

galaxy mass / cluster mass


Hydrodynamical simulation

19

Horizon-AGN

log Mstars/Mgroup < –4.5 –4.5 < log Mstars/Mgroup < –3.5 log Mstars/Mgroup > –3.5

orbital phase orbital phaseorbital phase

r/rvi

r(t)

mga

scold/m

axsS

FR

cold gas lost in single (several) orbit(s) for extreme (moderate) mass ratiossSFR drops in single (several) orbit(s) for extreme (moderate) mass ratios

Vladan Markov (M2 student)

extreme moderate


Environmental quenching of fertility ⇒ segregation

20


Segregation by nature

21

assembly bias: early collapsing halos: old stars

DM

con

cent

ratio

n

log stellar mass

Wojtak & Mamon 13

high density peaks collapse 1stt ~ (G ρ)–1/2

early assembling halos:more concentrated Wechsler+02

clustergalaxies

totalthreshold for red galaxies

red galaxies more frequent in & near clusters

see Kaiser 84; Evrard+90

primordial density field

galactic conformity to large distances?


Questions• Are environmental trends = f(group finder)?

• Do our imperfect measures of environment blur/bias the environmental effects

• Is quenching fast OR slow?

• How far do environmental effects act on galaxy fertility?

• Is observed segregation caused by Nurture (environment) OR Nature (initial conditions)?

22

Global environment: group mass

Local environment: galaxy position in group (central, inner/outer satellite)

Large-scale environment: filament/field

galaxies like MW = groups (w LMC/SMC, dwarf spheroidals…)?


How do we measure environment?

23

central galaxy

satellite galaxy

group

cluster clusterfilament

field

group/clustergalaxy

LEGEND


How to extract real-space groups from redshift-space data?

GM, Biviano & Murante 10

rmax

rvir

=

r�

2

✓�v

vv

◆' 11� 18

+κ σv

–κ σv

Dlos / r200

v los / v

200

∆ = overdensity / critical density

1993MNRAS.261..827M

real space

redshift space

Moore, Frenk & White 93

cz = H0D + vpec

redshiftdistortions


Group finders for spectroscopic galaxy samples

• Frequentist • Friends-of-Friends • Voronoi Tessellation • Dendrograms

25

Huchra & Geller 82

Marinoni+02

• Prior-based • Matched Filter • Yang • MAGGIE

Kepner+99

Yang, Mo, van den Bosch +05, 07

Duarte & Mamon 15

incomplete list!

Tully 87


Friends of Friends (FoF)

26

survey edge

survey edge


Friends of Friends (FoF)

27

line-of-sight linking length

trans

vers

e lin

king

leng

th

Dimensionless linking lengths in terms ofmean nearest neighbor separation: b = LL/⟨n(z)⟩–1/3

Optimal linking lengths (analytical + tests on mocks)b⟂ = 0.07 & b// = 1.1 Duarte & Mamon 14


Yang et al.’s Halo-based Group Finder

28

Yang, Mo & van den Bosch 04; Yang+07Domínguez Romero, García Lambas & Muriel 12

g(R, vz) = ⌃NFW(R) exp

✓� v2z2�2

LOS

◆> 10

c ⇢Univ

H0

group masses (hence virial radii) from: • FoF group luminosities (1st pass: M=300L) • Halo Abundance Matching on group luminosity (next passes)

• LOS velocity dispersion profile should be convex in log-log (not cst)• LOS velocity distributions not Maxwellian (outer radial vel. anisotropy)• ad hoc threshold for membership (10)• imprecise correction for lum. incompleteness (for SDSS flux-limited sample)• hard group assignment is unstable

weaknesses

Accurate group masses (global environment), BGG at center (local environment)

surfacedensity

density in projected phase spaceR = projected radius

vz = line-of-sight velocity


MAGGIE: Models & Algorithms for

Galaxy Groups, Interlopers & Environment

29

Duarte & Mamon 15

P (R, vz) =ghalo

(R, vz)

ghalo

(R, vz) + gilop

(R, vz)halo interlopersinterlopers

probabilistic

more realistic ghalo from ΛCDM 3D model with anisotropic velocitiesNFW

z

z

z

3D tracer density

σr(r) from solving Jeans equation β(r) from cosmo simulations

zz

3D LOSvelocity distrib.

= 1 – σθ2/σr2 = velocity anisotropy

Gary Mamon (IAP), SAB keynote: Galaxy fertility: nature vs. nurture, São Paulo, 7 Sep 2017 30

Duarte & Mamon 15MAGGIE: interlopers

Mamon, Biviano & Murante 10

DM particles in HD simulation: Borgani+04

Duarte & Mamon 15

SAM: Guo+11

P (R, vz) =ghalo

(R, vz)

ghalo

(R, vz) + gilop

(R, vz)

zz


MAGGIE: Models & Algorithms for

Galaxy Groups, Interlopers & Environment

31

Mamon & Duarte 15

• group masses by Halo Abundance Matching‣ on central galaxy luminosity or stellar mass (1st pass)‣ on total group luminosity or stellar mass (next passes)

• groups extracted from D- & L-complete subsamples

• group properties = sums weighted by probabilities


Testing Group Finders

32


Tests on mocks: group fragmentationmocks: SDSS-like galaxy catalog with errors on luminosities (0.08 dex) & stellar masses (0.2 dex)

matching extracted & true groups bymost luminous (L) or massive in stars (M) member

FoF clusters: high probability of being secondary fragment!

fract

ion

of e

xtra

cted

gro

ups

= se

cond

ary

fragm

ents

of t

rue

grou

ps

Duarte & Mamon 15

FoF-M (solid)FoF-L (dashed) Yang-MYang-LMAGGIE-MMAGGIE-L

only unflagged groups Ntrue≧3 & Nest≧3


Tests on mocks: group total mass accuracy

34

FoF virial theorem masses biased low by 0.15 - 0.5 dex, 0.3 dex at hi mass

only unflagged primary-fragment groups Ntrue≧3 & Nest≧3

Duarte & Mamon 15 log distance

log

lum

inos

ity

flux li

mit

1 2



Tests on mocks: group total mass accuracy

35

FoF virial theorem masses biased low by 0.15 - 0.5 dex, 0.3 dex at hi mass@log M = 13: 0.35 (FoF), 0.32 (Yang), 0.28 (MAGGIE) @log M = 14: 0.2-0.4 (FoF), 0.23 (Yang), 0.20 (MAGGIE) mass accuracy (dex)

only unflagged primary-fragment groups Ntrue≧3 & Nest≧3

Duarte & Mamon 15


log distance

log

lum

inos

ity

flux li

mit

1 2


Observational diagnostics of fraction of fertile galaxies

vs. environment

36


Effects of galaxy environment on red galaxy fraction

37

Peng+10: red fraction boosted at hi density (for lo Mstars) or hi Mstars (at lo density)

in stars

Peng+10

effe

ct o

f den

sity

effect of stellar mass

over

den

sity

(fro

m d

ista

nce

to 5

th n

eare

st n

eigh

bor)

Weinmann+06

spectral types

Weinmann+06: passive fraction boosted at hi group mass (less by position)& for innermost satellites (even at hi Mstars!)


Fraction of infertile galaxies

38

increases with halo, stellar mass, inner position in group(complicated!)

Woo+13see Weinmann+06; Peng+10; von der Linden+10

log Mstars/M⦿lo

g R

/r vir

log

R/r v

ir

log Mhalo/M⦿


Environmental effects as a function of group finder

39

Diego STALDERformer Doctoral student

INPE

in progress


fraction of fertile galaxies in SDSS

fblue(R) = f1R

R+ ablueKnobel+15

log stellar mass (M⦿)

log

sSFR

(Gyr

–1)

logistic regression (see Maria-Luiza Dantas talk)

ln

✓fquenched

1� fquenched

◆= a+ b log

✓R

rvir

◆� 1

clog

"✓Mstars

10

10.5

◆e c

+

✓Mstars

10

10.5

◆f c#+ d log

✓M

10

13

◆

formula chosen after comparison of ≠ ones with Bayesian evidence


strong variation with stellar mass

41

f SF

log stellar mass

especially at low end


≠ group finders on SDSS

42

radial trend sharpness of Mstars

hi-end trend of Mstars lo-end trend of Mstarstrend of Mgroup

ln

✓fquenched

1� fquenched

◆= a+ b log

✓R

rvir

◆� 1

clog

"✓Mstars

10

10.5

◆e c

+

✓Mstars

10

10.5

◆f c#+ d log

✓M

10

13

◆

FoFYangMAGGIE

Stalder, GM& Trevisan in prep.

–

quenching normalization


≠ group finders on SDSS

43

radial trend sharpness of Mstars


FoFYangMAGGIE


FoF: weaker trend with group mass, less quenching …

–

quenching normalization


≠ group finders on mock SAM

44

quenching normalization radial trend sharpness of Mstars


Henriques+15

MAGGIE: correct normalization & radial trend; too weak lo-end trend with Mstars vs SDSS: similar parameters, except slightly ≠ powers of Mstars


FoFYangMAGGIEPerfect


Radial variations

45

stellar mass →

← g

roup

mas

s f S

F

R/rvir


When are galaxies quenched as they fall into

groups & clusters?

46


Time for quenching star formation

47

virialized

infalling

backsplash

cluster

orbital classes of galaxies

virialized

infalling

backsplashcluster

orbital classes of galaxies fr

actio

n of

rec

ent

star

burs

ts

projected radius

Mahajan, GM & Raychaudhury 11

z=0 radial phase space of DM particlesMahajan+11

Galaxies only quenched when they reach virial radius on their way out

frac

tion

of r

ecen

t st

arbu

rsts

physical radius

Mahajan+11

A=infall

Time to rvir outwards: 2.5-3 Gyr from entry, 1.5-1.75 Gyr from pericenter Tollet, Cattaneo, GM+17

slow quenching!


Slow or fast quenching by environment?

48

Haines+15z=0 radial phase space of DM particles

1.7 Gyr after entry≈ < 0.5 Gyr after pericenter≣ Fast Quenching

Haines+15

z=0 projected phase space of DM particles

Oman & Hudson 16

4.5 Gyr after entry in 2.5 rvir≈ 0.75 Gyr after pericenter≣ Fairly Fast Quenching

cells of z=0 projected phase space of DM particles

Time to rvir outwards: 2.5-3 Gyr from entry, 1.5-1.75 Gyr from pericenter≣ Slow Quenching Tollet, Cattaneo, GM+17

4 Gyr from entry≣ Slow fading then fast quenching Wetzel+13


Slow quenching

49

Peng+15 (Nature)

4 Gyr


How far does the environment act on galaxy fertility?

Marina TREVISANPostdoc, IAP

in progress

fract

ion

of s

pect

ral t

ypes

von der Linden+10

distance from BCG / r200

log Mstars: 9.6-10 log Mstars: 10-10.3 log Mstars: 10.3-10.5

log Mstars: 10.5-10.7 log Mstars > 10.7


How far does the environment act on galaxy fertility?

2 r200 for low mstars10 r200 for high mstars


Explanations for large-scale environmental effects

• processing in filaments?

• backsplash galaxies?

• primordial density field?

• (pre-)processing in groups below mass threshold?

52

von der Linden+10


Backsplash?

53

Mahajan, GM+11

z=0 radial phase space of DM particles

Backsplash galaxies:have crossed cluster at least once

How far can they go?2 to 2.5 r100

Balogh, Navarro & Morris 00Mamon+04Gill+05

sometimes out to 3-4 r100 Sales, Navarro+07Ludlow, Navarro+098 r100: 50% of particles are bound

require ~4.3 σv to escape that far (possible) time to reach 8 r100 ≈ 2.3 Hubble times!possible if start at z=2! (t0/4)

infall

backsplash


Assigning galaxies to nearest group

54

von der Linden+10: d =

s✓R

r200

◆2

+

✓v

�v

◆2

(Yang+07):

redshift space

d = f

(b⌃

✓R

r200, c

◆exp

"�✓

v

�v

◆2#)

d =

s✓R

r200

◆2

+�

2

✓v

v200

◆2

surfacedensity

log (R / rvir)

v los

/ v

vir

●

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−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

−0.45 −0.05 0.35 0.75 1.15−0.85 1.35

log (r3D / rvir)

Yangz-space

real space distances in redshift spacefrom cosmological simulation

Trevisan+ in prep.


Assigning galaxies to nearest group

55

von der Linden+10: d =

s✓R

r200

◆2

+

✓v

�v

◆2

�

�

�

��

��

-�� -�� -�� -��

�

�

�

�

�� /��

v ��/v ��

von der Linden

Yangz-space

Trevisan+ in prep.

(Yang+07):

redshift space

d = f

(b⌃

✓R

r200, c

◆exp

"�✓

v

�v

◆2#)

d =

s✓R

r200

◆2

+�

2

✓v

v200

◆2

surfacedensity

which minimum group mass to assign galaxies?

Gary Mamon (IAP), Galaxies far beyond the virial radius of groups and clusters: the role of nature in the fraction of fertile galaxies, 22 June 2017, RoE/IfA

1-halo density profile to 20 rvir

56

Trevisan, GM & Stalder 17

NFW to 13 rvir for optimal group assignment mass in real spaceNFW to 10 rvir for optimal group assignment mass in redshift space

real space

Universe

num

ber d

ensi

tyre

sidu

als

redshift space

resi

dual

ssu

rface

num

ber d

ensi

ty


NFW-optimal group assignment mass

57

Trevisan, GM & Stalder 17

log Massign=12.3 for log Msample=13


Fraction of star forming galaxies with better galaxy assignment scheme

58

Knobel+15

log stellar mass (M⦿)

log

sSFR

(Gyr

–1)


min group assignment log mass = 13

59

600

600

●

log M stars, gal →

←lo

g M

grou

p13

− 1

4

0.0

0.4

0.8

10 − 10.5

600

600 ●

10.5 − 10.8

600

600

●

10.8 − 11.3

600

600

14 −

15

0.0

0.4

0.8

0.01 0.1 1.0 10

R / rvir

f SF

600

600

0.01 0.1 1.0 10600

600

●

0.01 0.1 1.0 10

stellar mass →

← g

roup

mas

s = centrals

fSF saturates at R ≈ 4 rvir

field fraction & quenching radius = independent of group mass

R90 where fSF(R90) = 0.9 fSF(∞)

600

600

●


←lo

g M

grou

p13

− 1

4

0.0

0.4

0.8

10 − 10.5

600

600 ●

10.5 − 10.8

600

600

●

10.8 − 11.3

600

600

14 −

15

0.0

0.4

0.8

0.01 0.1 1.0 10

R / rvir

f SF

600

600

0.01 0.1 1.0 10600

600

●

0.01 0.1 1.0 10


min group assignment log mass = 12.3

60

600

600

●


←lo

g Mgr

oup

12.3 −

13

0.00.2

0.40.6

0.81.0

10 − 10.5

600

600 ●

10.5 − 10.8

600

600

●

10.8 − 11.3

600

600

●

13 −

14

0.00.2

0.40.6

0.81.0

f SF

600

600

●

600

600

●

600

600

14 −

15

0.00.2

0.40.6

0.81.0

0.01 0.1 1.0 10

R / rvir600

600

0.01 0.1 1.0 10600

600

●

0.01 0.1 1.0 10

= centrals

stellar mass →

← g

roup

mas

s

⇒ pre-processing in groups of mass 12.3 to 13!

jump of fSF at 2.5 rvir (hi Mstars): lose quiescent small groups

fSF saturates at R ≈ 2 rvir(except for hi stellar mass)


Conclusions

61

• Are environmental trends = f(group finder)? Yes to some extent: try different group finders

• Do our imperfect measures of environment blur/bias the environmental effects? Yes: compare to mocks

• Is quenching fast OR slow? Fast after merging or strong ram pressure (low Mstars/Mgroup) Slow after moderate ram pressure (high Mstars/Mgroup)

• How far does environment act on galaxy fertility? = f(group min assignment mass) up to 2.5 virial radii

• Observed segregation by: Nurture (environment) OR Nature (initial conditions)? Mainly nurture!

galaxy fertility: nature versus nurture - sab · gary mamon (iap), sab keynote: galaxy fertility:...

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