gainesday arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Buzz with Bees: Native and Managed
Pollinators
Hannah Gaines DayDepartment of Entomology
University of Wisconsin, Madison
![Page 2: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Protecting wildlife through the conservation of invertebrates and their habitat since 1971.
Major Programs: • Endangered species • Aquatic invertebrates• Pollinator conservation
www.funet.fi
Advocacy, Education, Restoration, and Applied Research
![Page 3: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline
• The importance of pollinators• Biology and natural history of bees• Resource requirements of native
bees• Crop pollination by bees• Threats to native bees• Native bee research at UW• Native bee conservation strategies
![Page 4: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Pollination
• Transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma
• Wind, gravity, or animal mediated
© Bruce Newhouse
![Page 5: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pollinators
• Birds, bats, bees, moths, butterflies
![Page 6: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Pollinators
• Birds, bats, bees, moths, butterflies• Bees are the MOST IMPORTANT
pollinators– Actively collect pollen– Floral constancy– Branched hairs
![Page 7: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• 85% of all flowering plants • 35% of global crop production
R. Winfree
How important are bees?
![Page 8: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Poor fruit set resulting from poor pollination
![Page 9: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
One in every three bites you eat is dependent on insect pollination.
![Page 11: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What is a bee?
• Hymenoptera– Ants, bees, wasps
•6 legs, 4 wings• Vegetarian
– Provision nests with pollen
• Great pollinators!– Pollen sticks to
feather-like hairs
![Page 14: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Bees versus wasps
• Carnivorous• Simple hairs• More aggressive• Examples: yellow
jackets, hornets, paper wasps
![Page 15: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Bees versus flies
• Feed on decaying matter, feces, and blood
• Also feed on nectar • 2 wings, short stubby
antennae• Prominent eyes• Examples: house flies,
hover flies
![Page 16: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Native bees versus honey bees• Single, non-native species• Perennial colony with queen• Wax hives• Produce honey
![Page 17: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Honey bees are not native, but• Generalist pollinators• “Easy” to manage• Work well with modern agricultural
system
![Page 18: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
How many bees are there?
• ~20,000 species worldwide• ~4000 species native to North
America• ~500 species native to Wisconsin
![Page 19: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Photos: James Cane; Steve Javorek (Ag Canada); Edward S. Ross
Honey bee (Apis mellifera)
Bumble bee (Bombus edwardsii) Leafcutter bee (Megachile sp.)
Polyester bee (Colletes sp)
![Page 20: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Photos: Bruce Newhouse; Edward S. Ross; Mace Vaughan; USDA-ARS/Jack Dykinga
Metallic sweat bee (Agapostemon sp.) Yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus sp.)
Mason bee (Osmia sp.) Sweat bee (Halictus sp.)
![Page 21: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Metallic sweat bee (Agapostemon sp.)
Mason bee (Osmia sp.)
Sunflower bee (Svastra sp.)
Long-horned bee (Mellisodes sp.)
Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
Carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp.)
Photo: Gene Barickman, IL NRCS
![Page 22: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Photo: Stephen L. Buchmann
![Page 23: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Social behavior of bees
• Solitary (majority of species)• Social (only 10%)
– Honey bees (NOT native)– Bumble bees
![Page 24: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Solitary bee life cycleSpring
Summer
Fall
Winter
(Photos: Dennis Briggs)
![Page 25: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Social bee life cycle (bumble bee)Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
![Page 26: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Nesting behavior of bees
GroundStem
S. Camarzine
Cavity
![Page 27: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Ground nesting (~70% of bees)
![Page 28: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
P.Westrich
Ground nesting (~70% of bees)
K. Ullmann
![Page 29: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
© Edward Ross
Stem nesting (~30% of bees)
www.pestweb.comwww.warrenphotographic.co.uk
Leaf-cutter bees (Megachile sp.)
![Page 30: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Stem nesting bees
• Leaf-cutter bees (Megachile addenda)
![Page 31: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mud cap closure
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Pollen mass
Egg
Mud wall
Cross-section of silk cocoons
Stem nesting bees
![Page 32: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Stem nesting bees
www.agf.gov.bc.ca
T. Stoehr
• Mason bees (Osmia sp.)
![Page 33: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
S. Camarzine
Cavity nesting (bumble bees)
K. Ullmann
![Page 34: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cavity nesting (bumble bees)• 45 species in North America• Annual colony with 100-300 workers• Specialist pollinators of red clover,
blueberry, cranberry, eggplant, tomato
Photos:Eric Mader, Elaine Evans
![Page 35: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Resource requirements
• Flower availability– Early spring through fall
• Nesting resources– Undisturbed soil, woody habitat, or nest
boxes
![Page 36: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Landscapes
• Some landscapes already provide adequate resources.
A. Bennett
![Page 37: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Landscapes
• Some do not.
A. Bennett
![Page 38: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Why is the landscape important?• Central place foragers• Flight distance proportional to size of
bee
![Page 39: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Crop pollination by bees
• One in every three bites…
![Page 40: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Crop pollination by bees
Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
![Page 41: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
US Agriculture
www.gallery.photo.net
![Page 43: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Honey bee decline
• Mites, disease, Colony Collapse Disorder
Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
Varroa mite
![Page 44: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Causes of Colony Collapse Disorder• Disease/pathogen?• Israeli Acute
Paralysis Virus?• New strain of
Nosema?• Pests?• Poor diet?• Insecticide
exposure?• Stress?• Not cell phones or
Bt Corn
![Page 45: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Honey bee rental rates (CA)
1995-2005
![Page 46: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Honey bee rental rates (CA)
1995-2005, plus almonds, 2006-20082006
2007
2008
![Page 47: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
How does the honey bee decline effect Wisconsin farmers?• Hive fees increase• Hive quality decreases
![Page 48: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Native bees and crop pollination• Active earlier in
season and day • Collect both pollen
and nectar• Buzz pollination• No rental fees• Keep honey bees
moving• Not susceptible to
honey bee diseases
![Page 49: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Significance to agriculture
- Native bees provide insurance against honey bee decline
- Efficient crop pollinators
R. Winfree
![Page 50: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
![Page 51: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Native bees and crop pollination• More efficient than honey bees• Active earlier and in cooler weather• Not effected by honey bee diseases• Free!
![Page 52: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Native bees also in decline
© Derrick Ditchburn
© Johanna James-Heinz
© Jodi DeLong
© Peter Schroeder
Yellow-bandedFranklin’s
Rusty-patchWestern
![Page 53: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Images: The Xerces Society
Native bees also in decline
- Yellow Banded Bumble Bee (Bombus terricolla) once very common, now gone
![Page 54: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
What threats do they face?
- Disease and pathogen from commercially reared bumble bees
- Agricultural intensification- Pesticide exposure- Loss of habitat
![Page 55: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Bees and Wisconsin agriculture
![Page 56: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Bee researchers at the UWBrian Spiesman
Rachel Mallinger David Lowenstein
Hannah Gaines Day
![Page 57: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Native bees in cranberry
– 182 species of bees– More woodland = more bees
![Page 58: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Cage Treatment
p = 0.007Y
ield
(bb
l/acr
e ±
SE
)
Closed Open
![Page 59: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Native bees in apple
• ~80 species of bees• >50% of all visits to apple
flowers• Habitat diversity -> bee diversity
![Page 60: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Native bees in apple
![Page 61: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Native bees in cucumber
• 65 species• More natural habitat = more
bees
![Page 62: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Native bees in grasslandMore flowers = more bees
![Page 63: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Native bees in biofuels
Werling et al. PNAS 2013
Greater plant diversity = more bees, more pollination
![Page 64: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Pollinators need habitat
Photo: Rollin Coville
![Page 65: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
How can you provide habitat?• Nesting resources • Floral resources
![Page 66: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Nesting resources
• Artificial nest boxes
K. Ullmann
K. Ullmann
Photos: Matthew Shepherd; NRCS/Lynn Betts
![Page 67: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Nesting resources
• Bare, undisturbed ground
Photo: Bob Hammond, CO Coop Ext
![Page 68: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Nesting resources
• Natural habitat
© NRCS Lynn Betts © Mace Vaughan
![Page 69: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Floral resources - diversity
![Page 70: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Foraging resources - timing
TAXA APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT
Colletes (inaequalis, validis)Andrena
Augochlora pura
Augochlorella striataHalictus (females)
Lasioglossum (females)Osmia
Bombus © Data from Steve Javorek, Agriculture Canada
• Bee flight periods in Nova Scotia
![Page 71: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Floral resources - timing
• Spring ephemerals
![Page 72: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Floral resources
• Systemic pesticide use in commercial nurseries
![Page 73: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Foraging resources
• How to select good bee plants– Locally native plants are better for
native bees– Minimum of 3 blooming plants at all
times throughout the season (spring, summer, fall)
– PLANT IN CLUMPS FOR BEST RESULT!
![Page 74: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Protecting the bees• Restrict insecticide use
•Use active ingredients with least impact on bees
•Spray at night
•Consider alternatives
• Companion planting
• Pheromone traps and baits
•Restrict herbicide use
K. Ullmann
![Page 75: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Native bee conservation
• Plant diverse floral plantings that bloom throughout the season
• Create and protect nesting sites (nest boxes, bare ground, natural areas)
• Limit chemical use in your garden AND ask at the nursery where you buy plants if plants have been treated with SYSTEMIC pesticides
![Page 76: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Take home message
• Bees are important– 1 in 3 bites you eat depends on bees!
• Relying on a single pollinator species is risky– Decline threatens our food supply
• Plant flowers!
![Page 77: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Further resources
The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)
![Page 78: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Further resources
The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)– Pollinator Conservation Resource
Center•Plant lists•Conservation
guidelines•Pesticide
guidelines
![Page 79: GainesDay arboretum-bee-talk-4-7-14](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062615/548a976eb4795952028b459f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Further resources
Insect identification• Bug Guide (www.bugguide.net)• Discover Life (www.discoverlife.org)