gaia when eu waste the climate
TRANSCRIPT
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WHEN THE EU WASTES
the CLIMATEThe EU Policy of Subsidising Energy
from Burning Waste
is Worsening the Climate
Joan-Marc SimonGlobal Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives
www.no-burn.orgJune 2010
ZeroWastefor
ZeroWarming
gaiagaia
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i When the EU Wastes the Climate
WHEN THE EU WASTES THE CLIMATEThe EU Policy of Subsidising Energy from Burning Waste is Worsening the Climate
1. ABSTRACT 1
2. CLIMATE CHANGE WORSENED BY GREEN ENERGY FROM INCINERATION 1
3. SUBSIDISING INCINERATION CONTRADICTS EU LAW 2
4. WHY IS THE SYSTEM GIVING WRONG INCENTIVES? 3
5. ENERGY PRODUCED BY INCINERATORS IS NEITHER RENEWABLE NOR GREEN 3
6. INCINERATION: GREEN ENERGY? 5
7. HOW TO FIX THE SITUATION 6
8. CASE STUDIES 7
FLANDERS, BELGIUM 7
FRANCE 8
ITALY 9
SPAIN 9
9. CONCLUSIONS 11
June 2010
by Joan-Marc Simon
GlobalAllianceforIncineratorAlternaves
www.no-burn.org
GAIAisaworldwideallianceofmorethan600grassrootsgroups,non-governmentalorganizaons,and
individualsinover89countrieswhoseulmatevisionisajust,toxic-freeworldwithoutincineraon.
Acknowledgments:
InFrance:CNIID-CentreNaonaldInformaonIndependantesurlesDechets,www.cniid.org
InSpain:ISTAS-InstutoSindicaldeTrabajoAmbienteySalud,www.istas.ccoo.es
In Italy: Ambiente Futuro, www.ambintefuturo.org
Coverphotoby:CentreNaonalDInformaonIndpendantesurlesDchets(CNIID),France
hp://www.cniid.org/
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When the EU Wastes the Climate 1
Leading sciensts and bioenergy experts
fromUSandEuropehavebeenannouncing
that an accounng mistake in Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) will
cause the measures intended to ghtclimate change to eecvely increase GHG
emissions1. Proper accounng can enable
bioenergy to contribute to greenhouse gas
reducons; improper accounng can lead to
increases in greenhouse gas emissions both
domescally and internaonally.
The root of the problem lies in a mistaken
understanding of Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) guidance. Whenreporng their GHG emissions, energy
companiesarenotincludingtheCO2released
fromburningbiomass(plantmaer).What
this means is that technically, countries
couldcutdowntheirforests,turntheminto
deserts and use the trees to replace coal,
andtheywouldsllreceivecreditfromthe
CDMforreducingemissionsfromcoal,even
whileincreasingoverallemissions.
Basedonthismistakenunderstandingofthe
IPCCguidance,theEUhasdeneditspolicy
1. ABSTRACT
ThisworkanalysesthecontradiconsofEU(EuropeanUnion)policywhenpromongandfunding
afalserenewableenergy-thatis,theenergyfromburningwaste.
AbigpartoftheenergyproducedbyEuropeanincineratorsisconsideredtoberenewableenergy,
whichallowsthemtoreceiveconsiderableratepremiumsandsubsidies.Thishastheeectofa
falsegreensubsidytoburnwastethatcouldberecycledorcomposted.Inrealitythesesubsidies
endupcreangtheoppositeoftheintendedeect:moregreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsinthe
shortterm,lesssustainabilityandlessincenvetogreentheeconomy.
on Renewable Energy (2009/28/EC) which
includes the energy from burning biogenic
waste (paper, cardboard, food waste, some
texles,etc.)asrenewableenergy.Thishas
triggeredagoodamountofsubsidiestobe
deployedtoburningwastewhen:
subsidizing incineraon contradicts
thespiritoftheEUwastelaw,
energy from incinerators is neither
green nor renewable.
2. Climate Change
Worsened By Green
Energy From Incineration
Photo
Court
esyofCNIID
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2 When the EU Wastes the Climate
Commissionacknowledges that prevenon,
reuse and recycling generate less GHG
emissions than incineraon or landll, yet
50%oftherecyclablesinEuropeareeitherburntorlandlled2.Moreover,EUlegislaon
encourages burning a waste stream that
could be anaerobically digested and then
composted,bringingthecarbonbacktothe
soil and hence helping, together with the
fullyandtrulyrenewableenergycomingfrom
anaerobicdigeson,ghtclimatechange.
The Waste Framework Direcve spells out
a waste hierarchy in which prevenon,
reuseandrecyclinghavepreferencebefore
incineraon with energy recovery and
disposal.Composngshouldthereforehave
priority over burning since biodegradablewastecanbecompostedandenergycanbe
extractedfromitviaanaerobicdigeson.
In reality, the premiums given to energy
from incineraon play a crical role in
making incineraon more aracve than
environmentally and economically sound
oponssuchasrecyclingandcomposng.
Hence,Europeanlegislaonpresentsaclearcontradicon between what it preaches
and what it really promotes; the European
3. Subsidising
Incineration Contradicts
EU Law
PhotobyCNIID
In Europe the greensubsidies or renewable
energies end up promoting
burning waste instead o
recycling. This gives wrong
incentives to the markets
and contradicts the wastehierarchy.
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When the EU Wastes the Climate 3
Because recycling and composng do not
generate electricity, they are deemed
ineligible for renewable energy premiums
inthecurrentsystemwhilstburningwaste,
which generateselectricity ineciently and
is a step lower in the waste hierarchy, sll
managestogetsuchreward.Thissystemof
premiums is awed. By favouring only the
produconofenergyiteecvelypenalises
savingenergy.
Prevenon, reuse and recycling save big
amountsofenergy,materialsandemissions
-insomecasesupto25mestheenergy
producedbyincineraon.Foreveryproduct
that is burnt a complete new process of
extracon, process, manufacture and
transporthastotakeplace.Yettheseenergy
savingsarenotaccountedforanywhereand
the market not only does not take theminto account but, with the premiums, also
penalises these most environmentally and
economicallysoundopons.
The European legislaon fails to translate
into policy the energy savings that
prevenon,reuseandrecyclingbringtothe
economy.Generangrealrenewableenergy
-notenergyfromincineraon-isimportant
but even more important is to reduce the
demand of energy and this can be done
dramacallyifwasteisprevented.
Ontopofthesystemofpremiums,thecurrent
Waste Framework Direcve upgrades most
incineraonplantstothelevelofrecovery.
Thispushforincineraononthelegislaon
sideiscomplementedontheeconomicside
withbillionsofEUregionalandcohesionfunds
and loans from the European InvestmentBankgoingtosubsidisethebuildingofnew
incineratorsalloverEurope.
The European Direcve 2009/28/EC3 on
the use of energy from renewable sources
classies burning biomass as a renewable
energy. The denion of biomass (Arcle2) includes biodegradable waste, which
opens the door to allow premiums on
the generaon of energy from burning
biodegradables.Everymemberstatedecides
on the percentage of biodegradable waste
presentinthewasteandhenceeligibletobe
subsidisedasrenewableenergy.However,in
memberstatessuchasFranceorSpain100%
of the electricity produced in incinerators,
regardless of the biodegradability of the
waste,iseligibleforpremiums.Italyfollowed
the same scheme but decided to change
it in 2007 thanks to the popular pressure
and following the EU Direcve now it only
subsidisesburningbiodegradablewaste.
Whenitcomestoclimatechange,thecarbon
emissionsofthenextdecadesarecrucialto
avoidthepointofnoreturninwarmingthe
planet. It is therefore necessary to reduce
carbon emissions in the shortest possible
termwhilstdecarbonisingoureconomies.
4. Why is the System
Giving Wrong Incentives?
by avouring only the
production o energy
the system is efectively
penalising the savings oenergy
5. Energy Produced by
Incinerators is Neither
Renewable nor Green
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4 When the EU Wastes the Climate
However legislaon discounts the biogenic
carbon-from30to50%ofthetotalcarbon
emissions depending on dierent naonal
laws-whichconsiderablyreducesthecarbon
emissionsthatcount-thisisanaccounng
rule that does not reduce the total CO2
emissions.
This is highly misleading because it puts
burning biodegradable waste at the same
levelascomposngandanaerobicdigeson.
However,therealityisthat,asacknowledged
bytheIPCC,composngmanagestocapture
andsequesterpartofcarboninthesoils
forsomeyearswhichhelptogainmeinthe
ghtagainstclimatechange4.Plusithaslots
ofposiveexternaliessuchas:
waterandmineralsretenonwhichhelp
toavoiddesercaonandoods,
creaonoflocaljobsinthecolleconand
treatmentofbiowaste, increase soil producvity (replacing
energyintensiveferlisers)and
helpreduceN2Oemissionsfrommineral
ferlisers, which is important since N2O
has a global warming potenal of 310
(310 mes more powerful than CO2
to
trapheat).
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
gCo2(equ)perkWhelectricityequivalent
Coal Fired Coal FiredStations
Oil FiredStations
Incinerator,Electricity only
Incinerator CHP Gas-fired CHP Incinerator,heat only
Emissions including all carbon
Source: Dominic Hogg,March 6, 2006
A Changing Climate for Energy from Waste,Eunomia Consulting,
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
gCo2(equ)perkWhelectricityequivalent
Emissions not counting biogenic carbon
Source: Dominic Hogg,Eunomia Consulting, March 6, 2006
A Changing Climate for Energy from Waste,
Coal Fired Coal FiredStations
Oil FiredStations
Incinerator,Electricity only
Incinerator CHP Gas-fired CHP Incinerator,heat only
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When the EU Wastes the Climate 5
Therefore burning biodegradable waste is
not only notclimateneutralbut,becauseof
opportunity costs and important neglected
externalies, has a negave eect on the
ghtagainstclimatechange.
Burning biogenic carbon is clearly not
green,ratheriteecvelydiscouragesthe
sustainablealternave,whichiscomposng.Plus, by subsidising the energy produced
withbiogeniccarbon(lessthan50%oftotal)
weincenvisetheburningoftheother50%
which normally includes recyclables which,
according to general consensus, will be
beeroprevented,reusedorrecycled.
Itisimportanttounderstandthatthegure
represenng the biogenic percentage of
the waste is not measured, but decidedby polics. Studies show that the eecve
biogeniccarboninthewasteislowerthanthat
normally considered eligible as renewable
energy. The UK esmates are that with
r e c y c l i n g
rates of 60%
the biogenic
carbon is
35% of the
M u n i c i p a l
Solid Waste
(MSW). The
d i f f e r e n c e
between the
p e r c e n t a g e
consideredfor
the subsidy
and the real
content of
biomass -
s o m e t i m e s
up to 20% - equals the amount of fossil
fuels whose burning is being subsidised as
renewableenergy,whichisagainstEUlaw.
Moreover, since biowaste includes a high
amountofwater(upto80%infoodwaste)
itremarkablylowerstheenergyeciencyofenergyrecoverythroughthermaltreatment;
therefore the energy eciency with which
theincineratorsareproducingtheelectricity
which qualies for green premiums in
many cases doesnt surpass 20% and is
typicallybelow25%.Whencomparingwith
windorsolarenergy-withenergyeciencies
above80%-butalsowithallothertypesof
powerstaonsbasedonfossilfuels(whose
eciencies are typically much higher)one wonders why such an inecient and
damagingtechnologyisbeingsubsidised.
6. Green Energy?
Photo
courtesyofGreenpeace
The renewable energy di-
rective distorts the waste
hierarchy. Incineration is
given priority in detrimento compost and anaerobic
digestion.
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6 When the EU Wastes the Climate
Paradoxically,thearcle13.6ofthedirecve
on renewable energy reads, In the case
of biomass, Member States shall promote
conversion technologies that achieve a
conversion eciency of at least 85 % for
residenalandcommercialapplicaonsand
atleast70%forindustrialapplicaons.
But this doesnt apply to burning organic
waste.Thesamedirecverulesthatonly
green power from non-hybrid installaons
(e.g. solar-photovoltaic systems, wind
turbines and hydroelectric power staons)shall have priority. Electricity from hybrid
installaons shall not have priority rights,
as it is deemed too dicult to determine
the proporon of sustainable and non-
sustainable electricity that is produced at
the same moment inthe same installaon.
However, the excepon to this is the
electricity from waste incineraon plants
whichqualiesunderthepriorityrules.
ThespiritoftheWasteFrameworkDirecve
is - through the applicaon of the waste
hierarchy - to encourage the treatment of
biodegradablewasteinaresponsiblemanner
and get real renewable energy out of it.
Unfortunately, EU renewable energy policy
does exactly the opposite and eecvely
subsidisesalessenvironmentallyfavourable
opon.
Thereisarealdangerthattheeortsofthe
EU to ght climate change will give results
onlyinthestascsbutnotinreality.
Energy from incineraon is neither green
nor renewable, hence, premiums to the
produconofenergyfromwasteshouldbe
stopped.
Energy savings in waste:When it comes to energy balances, the
biggestpotenalimpactofthewastesector
isinenergysavingsthroughtheprevenon
ComposngfacilityinNetherlands.PhotobyJoanMarcSimon/GAIA
7. How to Fix theSituation?
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When the EU Wastes the Climate 7
and hence reducon of waste and through
reuse.Therecyclingofwasteismoreenergy
intensivethanprevenonbutitissllbeer
for the environment than incineraon with
energy recovery5. This is recognised by the
Waste Hierarchy of the Waste Framework
Direcve and the only thing lacking isimplemenngitandsengtherightdrivers
and nancial incenves. It is therefore
crucialtoshipremiumsandsubsidiesfrom
incineraontothemostfavourableopons.
Renewable energy from waste:
Renewable energy can be extracted from
biodegradable waste through anaerobic
digeson and extra benets can be reaped
when bringing the carbon back to the soil.Studies show thatcomposng green waste
savesasmuchCO2asincineraon6.However,
when on top of direct CO2 emissions we
includesecondaryeects,suchasthepower
ofcomposttosequestercarbonorthefact
that incineraon hinders prevenon, reuse
and recycling, the eects of composng
notably overtake those of incineraon as a
wastetreatment.
When composng is complemented with a
prioranaerobicaldigesonprocess,thetotal
netsavingsareconsiderable.Plusanaerobic
digeson and composng dont distort
the treatment of the other waste streams;
on the contrary, a separate collecon of
biodegradable waste has the posive
externalityofallowingforahigherrecycling
eciencyoftheremainingwaste.
Premiums and subsidies:
The current system of premiums and
subsidies for incineraon in Europe clearly
favours the less environmentally-sound
opon and contradicts the goals that the
legislaonismeanttoachieve.Itisurgentto
shitheeconomicdriverstogetsoundwaste
andresourcemanagementinEurope.Atthe
least, a good system of market incenves
should denitely favour energy savings as
muchasitfavoursgeneraonofenergy.
Therefore,ifthereisnowilltoremovethe
current unfair system, the only sensible
approach compable with the current
premiums is the denion of an EU
methodology to account for the energy
savings of prevenon, reuse and recycling
whichshouldalsobeeligibleforpremiums.The fact is that having only premiums for
energy generated creates a big market
distoron.
The direcve on Renewable Energies
2009/28/EChasDecember2010asadeadline
for transposion. It is very important that
in the next months the member states
take the iniaveof priorisingthe properapplicaonoftheWasteHierarchyaheadof
themisleadingguidancethatisgivenbythe
RenewableEnergydirecve.
AnalysisofthesituaonindierentEuropean
countries:
FLANDERS, BELGIUM
In Flanders, incineraon is subsidised as
renewableenergyonlyforthegeneraon
of electricity.
Approximately 48% of the electricity
producedinanincineratorisconsideredto
begeneratedfrombiogenicsourcesandthus
renewable. The companies receive green
electricity cercates for this energy. This
subsidyis20to25pertonofwasteinput.
ConsideringthatinFlanders1.3milliontons
of wastes are incinerated per year we can
esmateasubsidyofbetween26and33
million.ThismeansthateveryFlemishcizen
paysaround5tosubsidiseincineraonand
0tosubsidisecomposngorrecycling.
8. Case Studies
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8 When the EU Wastes the Climate
It is important to note that the denion
ofbiogeniccarbonusedinFlandersisquite
wide and for instance 40% of wool in any
wool/nylon sweatshirt is considered to
be biogenic carbon and hence taken into
account as renewable energy when burnt.
The formula used to calculate this is alsodubious since non-biogenic energy can be
usedtodrybiogenicwaste.
FRANCE
Following the European Direcve on
renewable energy (2001/77/CE now
2009/28/EC),Francehasbeenimplemenng
a reducon of taxes on energy from waste
since 2006. In France, incineraon is
considered a source of renewable energy
(50%). But also all the energy produced is
consideredtoberecoveredenergywhich
allowsalltheenergytoqualifyfornancial
benets.At the sameme,inFrancethere
is a compulsory fee to buy the electricityproducedbyincineratorsandalowerVATtax
(5.5%insteadof19%)forthoseincinerators
thatrecoverheat.
For the electricity, nowadays the fees are
from4.5to5cents/kWhplusapremium
for energy eciency from 0 to 0.3 cents/
kWh7. The naonal company Electricite de
France(EDF)isobligedtobuythisenergyat
the established prices. In winter, when thedemandishigher,thefeescan
beincreasedwhichcausessome
incinerators to stock waste in
autumn and burn it when the
priceofenergyishigher.
Despitethegeneroussubsidies
toburnwaste-mostofwhich
couldberecycled-theindustry
connuestoaskforincreasesinthefees.Inmesofhighenergy
prices, there have been cases
inwhichgeneratorshavebeen
plugged into the grid to sell
moreelectricityandhenceget
moresubsidies.
In contrast, the French
incineratorsemittheequivalent
CO2 of 2.3 million cars and on
topofthatemitabignumber
dangerouspollutants8.
The naonal group CNIID
(Centre Naonal dInformaon
Independante sur les Dechets)
denounced in 2009 the
contradiconwiththepolluter
pays principle and the waste
hierarchy (2008/98/EC) that
incineratorsgettaxexempons
and premiums whilstPhoto
CourtesyofCNIID
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When the EU Wastes the Climate 9
constantlydiscouragingreuse,recyclingand
composng9. On the contrary, because of
itsharmfulimpactontheenvironmentand
climatechange,incineraonshouldbetaxed.
A new law from 2009 introduces a general
tax on pollung acvies (taxe gnralesur les acvits polluantes-TGAP)whichis
appliedtothewasteenteringanincinerator.
However this tax does not take into
accounttheimpactthatincineraonhason
climatechange-boththeGHGsemiedby
incineraonandtheemissionsthatcouldbe
savedifthewastewererecycled,composed
orreusedinsteadofbeingburnt.
ITALY
Between 2001 and 2007, the direcve
2001/77 was - intenonally - wrongly
implemented and resulted in 7% of the
electricity subsidising incineraon of
biodegradableandnonbiodegradablewaste
asgreenenergy.Thisissllbeingappliedfor
old incinerators whilst new ones fall under
2009/28direcveandonlyconsiderenergyfrom biogenic carbon to be renewable.
However, the percentage of renewable
energy has been arbitrarily established at
51%,whichisremarkablyhigherthanwhat
scienc invesgaons have demonstrated.
Theunitsubsidyhasbeendenedinsucha
waytoensureatargetpriceofenergyfrom
incinerators at 20 cents/kWh, i.e. three
mes higher than the typical market price
forenergy,whichisabletoreducethecost
ofincineraonbysome150/tonne.
The organisaon Dirio al Futuro10 is
requesng the company responsible for
electricity distribuon (Gestore del Servizio
ElericoNazionale)topaybacktotheItalian
cizensthe40billionthatsince2001Italian
cizens paid to nance renewable green
energy and instead ended up nancing
burning resources and generang more
polluon. That is, every Italian cizen has
subsidisedincineratorswithmorethan650
duringthelast9yearswithmoneymeantto
nancerenewableenergy.
SPAIN
In Spain, the premiums for energy from
incineraon are regulated according to the
Royal Decree 661/2007 and they will be
reviewedin2010.
Thesystemisverycomplexandthepremiums
mainlydependonhowmuchgasand/oroil
isaddedtothewastetoincreaseitscaloric
value(sothattheycanjumpfrom20%to35-
40% energy eciency and hence get morepremiums) and on whether the plant sells
theenergydirectlytothemarketoragreesto
sellitforaregulatedxedprice(6,449cents
/kWh).Ifitsellstheenergytothemarket,
thereareupperandlowerlimitsfortheprice
tomakesurethattheplantcoversthecostof
burningwaste.
In Spain, the energy produced by burning
municipal solid waste in 2008 was 2732GWh. The price of electricity in 2009 was
between 32.25 and 51.13/MWh but due
totheuctuaonofpricesandthedierent
composion of waste it is very dicult to
know how much money is generated in
premiumsorbyjustsellingtheenergyfrom
theSpanishincinerators.
Ifweassumethepriceof6,449/MWhfor
the producon of electricity of 2008, then
of 2.732 GWh Spanish cizens subsidised
incineraonwith177millionperyear.That
is, every Spanish cizen pays 4 a year to
subsidiseincineraonand0tosubsidise,for
example,compost.Onceagain,inacountry
with problems of advanced desercaon
itisdiculttoarguewhyitispreferableto
subsidise the opon of burning biowaste
beforebringingthecarbonbacktothesoil.
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10 When the EU Wastes the Climate
The current situaon regarding premiumstoincineraon-forthebiogenicfraconor
thewholeMSWishighlydangerousforthe
European Union because it sets the wrong
market incenves and it is highly probable
thatincreasesthecarbonemissions.
Moreover,theamountofwasteincinerated
in Europe will increase considerably during
the coming years thanks to the favourable
reclassicaon of incineraon in the newWasteFrameworkDirecveandthebillions
ofeurosgivenbytheEuropeanCommission
intheformofRegionalandCohesionFunds
and the contribuon of the European
InvestmentBankwithcreditsandloans.
Some 100 incinerators might be built in
southernandeasternEuropeinthecoming
years(mostofthemwithEUhelp).Oncethe
current west-European pracces of giving
premiums to energy from incineraon are
appliedtothenewincineratorswecouldsee
how, if all Europeans subsidise incineraonliketheBelgians,theFrenchortheSpanish,
2.5 billion per year would go to subsidise
the energy produced by incinerators in
Europe.Thisishalfofthecostofbuildinga
European-widesmart-grid11.
IfEuropeistofollowtheItalianpaern(72/
capita/year) up to 36 billion of taxpayers
money-notincludingthebillionsinstructural
and cohesion funds already invested inbuildingthefurnaces-wouldgotosubsidise
theenergythatsoinecientlyisproducedin
incinerators.WiththismoneyEuropecould
buildtheEUsmartgridinonly7years!
9. Conclusion
astepickersatCOP15,UNFCCC
Copenhagenstressclimate
netsofwastereducon,
cycling,reusingandcomposng.
otobyDaveCiplet
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When the EU Wastes the Climate 11
Europelivesinmesofeconomiccrisisand
rising public decits which forces the EU
and the member states to streamline their
supporng measures and encourage the
reallyrenewableenergies.Studiesprovethat
alotmoreenergyissavedifwasteprevented
orrecycled,yettheseenergysavingsarenotonlynotaccountedforbutalsodiscriminated
inthesubsidiesandprimesscheme.
Itishenceurgenttore-channeltheowof
publicmoneyfromsubsidiesandpremiums
toincineraontorealrenewableandgreen
technologies.
Endnotes:
1 Ninety sciensts urge the US Congress
nottoCookthebookshp://216.250.243.
12/90scienstsleer.pdf
2 The study Gone to Waste from FoErevealsthat50%oftherecyclablematerialin
theEUendsupdumpedorburnt(countries
like Germany, Holland or Denmark would
burnitwhilstcountrieslikePoland,Bulgaria
or Greece would bury it). According tothe
studythesematerialswouldhaveaminimum
potenalmonetaryvalueof5.25billion.
3 2009/28/EC hp://eur-lex.europa.eu/
LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:14
0:0016:0062:en:PDF
4 Favoino, Enzo and Hogg, Dominic, The
potenal role of compost in reducing
greenhouse gases. Waste Management
Research2008;26;61,hp://wmr.sagepub.
com/cgi/content/abstract/26/1/61
5Environmentalbenetsofrecyclingan
internaonalreviewoflifecyclecomparisons
forkeymaterialsintheUKrecyclingsector.
WRAP 20106 Kranert, M., Goschall, R., Bruns, C. &
Hafner,G,Energyorcompostfromgreen
waste? A CO2-based assessment. 2010
Waste Management. 30: 697-701.
7 hp://www.developpement-durable.
gouv.fr/energie/renou/se_ren_a4.htm
8 hp://www.invs.sante.fr/recherche/
index2.asp?txtQuery=dioxines+ordures&Su
bmit.x=0&Submit.y=09 hp://www.cniid.org/espace_
telechargement/actualite/dechets_climat_
explicaons.pdf
10 h t t p : / / w w w . d i r i t t o a l f u t u r o . i t /
vertenza.html
11 h t t p : / / w w w . g r e e n p e a c e . o r g /
international/en/publications/reports/
renewables-24-7/