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Strong Correlations and High Strong Correlations and High Temperature Superconductivity: The Migdal Eliashberg Theory The Migdal Eliashberg Theory Gabriel Kotliar Center for Materials Theory Rutgers University Rutgers University

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Page 1: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Strong Correlations and HighStrong Correlations and High Temperature Superconductivity:The Migdal Eliashberg TheoryThe Migdal Eliashberg Theory

Gabriel KotliarCenter for Materials Theory

Rutgers UniversityRutgers University

Page 2: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

•Multiband Superconductivity was considered immediately after BCS theory, in connection with transition metals. 

•The physics of multiple gaps is best understood in terms of thebest understood in terms of the quasi‐spin model. 

Page 3: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

•Within months of the discovery theory and expteriment had converged on an answer.J. M An and  W. Pickett PRL  (2001)Kortus and Mazin PRL (2001)Y Kong O V Dolgov O Jepsen and O Andersen Phys. Rev. B 64, 020501 (2001)Rev. B 64, 020501 (2001)•And applications followed. 

A. Gurevich et al.  Supercond. Sci. Technol. 2004, 17, 278‐286

Page 4: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a
Page 5: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Basic Physics of MgB2Two very different set of bands sigma y g(2d)  and pi (3d). Two types of Electrons.Two types of Fermi Surfaces.Sigma bonds very strong. Deformation potential 13 3v/A amazing for a metal.Only a fraction of the electrons areOnly a fraction of the electrons are strongly coupled to those phonons.Two gaps.Two gaps. A case clear case of momentum space differentiation. 

J. M An and  W. Pickett PRL  (2001)Kortus and Mazin PRL (2001)Y Kong O V Dolgov O Jepsen and O Andersen Phys. Rev. B 64, 020501 (2001)

Page 6: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB2 Lamda is a matrix.

The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a doubly-deg bond-concentrated in a doubly deg. bondstretching mode . Deformation potential is large. Few phonons have large linewidth [ Electrons affect large linewidth. [ Electrons affect phonons] . Only sigma electrons are strongly coupled. Eliashbergf ti

Y Kong et al PRB 64 02051 (2001)

function.

Y. Kong et al., PRB 64, 02051 (2001)

DStrong coupling betweenbond-stretching modes and stiff bonds

Page 7: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Two Gap Superconductivity: tested experimentally Using many probes. For example photoemission.  

Experimental verification  of the two gap picture by many  photoemission groups in the world. 

Page 8: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Excitations in a  Superconductor

• Anderson Bogolubov quasiparticles.  Can be imaged directly  by ARPES. • Bogolubov Anderson density oscillations. Phase fluctuations, pushed to the plasma frequency by long 

i t ti W ld b G ld t d th t trange interactions. Would be Goldstone mode that got Higgsed.• Amplituded mode. [ “Higgs boson”] first observed in NbSe2NbSe2.Zooryakumar and Klein PRL 45, 660 (1980).   Littlewoodand Varma PRL 47, 811 (1981). • Out of phase oscillations of the phase mode. FirstOut of phase oscillations of the phase mode.  First pointed out by Leggett. Prog Theor Phys 36, 901 (1966)• Possibly measured in MgB2 by Raman. PRL 99, 227002 (2007)

Page 9: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a
Page 10: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Historical Note: just before the discovery of cuprate superconductivity ( ) h h f(1986)  there was not much going on in terms of increasing Tc. 

Mitrovic and Allen in Solid State Physics  

Page 11: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

160timeline of discoveries

160

140 copper‐oxides

120

100Unconventional s.c. very different, more open shells

80

60

iron based stronger Coulomb interactions common principles at work  ?

40

20 NbNi Nb3SnNb3Ge

MgB2conventional s.c.

20

01910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1990 2000 20101980

Hg Pb Nb

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1990 2000 20101980

heavy fermions organics

Page 12: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Superconductivity from Repulsion(k) = ( Cos(kx)‐Cos(ky))

33

Vkk’  can resembles and exchange constant J(k‐k’)or a

separable 

constant  J(k k )or  a spin suscepbilityk‐k’

22 44

pmodel scatters only between t i l

11triangles. V12, V23, V14, V34 >0

Real Space Picture On site Contrast with phononReal  Space Picture . On site interaction strongly repulsive. Nearest neighbor attractive. Oscillatory in space.  

Contrast with phonon mediated which oscillates in time, since at short times is repulsive. 

Page 13: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Correlated Superconductivity • Order parameter transforms according to non trivial representation of the symmetry group of the crystal. K dependence.crystal. K dependence.•Higher  energy scales are involved.   Fermi liquid state has not been reached, near Tc optimal.  •New tools will probably be needed!!•New tools  will probably be  needed!!•Cluster DMFT, a natural generalization of the ME theory.• Model Hamiltonian: identify common features• System Specific Calculations: identify  materials trends.trends.

Look at superconductivity in cuprates with the tools we have.the tools we have.

What controls Tcmax ? 

Page 14: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Fortunately the background material has been covered in Antoine Georges  earlier  

l l icourse . See last two lectures in

Material Dependence of Tc

Page 15: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 047003 (2001)

As the apical oxygen is pulled out of theAs the apical oxygen is pulled out of the plane Tcmax goes UP! 

11

Page 16: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Theoretical issues with Andersen’s lproposal. 

Within Slave Boson MFT t‐J model TcmaxWithin Slave Boson MFT, t J model.  Tcmaxdecreases as  t’ /t increases. 

Within Hubbard model cluster DMFT studies of superconductivity Tcmax decreases as t’/t 

d f lincreases. In many studies, for example in CDMFT

Earlier DMRG for ladders, White and Scalapino reached identical conclusion.   

Page 17: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Larger t’/t than cuprates but no  Tc

14

Page 18: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

New Proposal: C. Weber C. Yee K. l dHaule GK cond‐mat arXiv:1108.3028

Th i ff t f th di t f th i l t th l i t t l thThe main effect of the distance of the apical oxygen to the plane is  to control the charge transfer gap:  ed‐ep

Moving the apical oxygen away from the plane reduces the charge transfer gap and g p yg y p g g pincreases Tc.

Moving the apical oxygen away from the plane ALSO increases tpp’ as Andersen pointed out But the increase of tpp’ is detrimental to Tc [ Correlation is not the samepointed out.  But the increase of tpp  is detrimental to Tc.  [ Correlation is not the same as causation ]

Page 19: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Correlations: deriving the starting Hamiltonian to do LDA+DMFT gives parameters.  

12

Page 20: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Causation: Reducing ed‐ep helps Tc( h l f h l )(pushing apical away from the plane)

I i ’ h TIncreasing tpp’   hurts TcMoving the apical oxygen away form the plane  d d b l ’reduces ed‐ep but also increases tpp’ . We 

believe the reduction of ep‐ed is dominant. 13

Page 21: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Another difficulty with Andersen’s proposal. [Antoine Georges College de France lectures : cuprates superconducteurs ou en et est on  ]

Insight:  driving the  apical oxygens closer to the plane   INCREASES  the charge transfer gap , thus making the material locally correlated/ insulatingmaking the material locally correlated/ insulating , thus  INCREASING the pseudogap scale. 

Page 22: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

The superconductivity landscape.The superconductivity landscape.• Using two theoretical approaches, ME theory, cluster DMFT, we examined some aspects of  

the landscape of superconducting systems. 

• Interesting spots around the BCS‐BEC crossover.  [ Continuum better than lattice ?] . Instantaneous attractive interaction among particles  (and QP )].

• Phonon mediated superconductivity. Tc=40 K in MgB2. Used two types of phonons and electrons. Still limited in frequency range.l d l f h (• Electronic superconductivity.  Requires spatial structure of the interaction among ( 

electrons ? QP ?) • Control parameter,  charge transfer gap. Can we improve  beyond what has been found so 

far ?• Possible roles of momentum space differentiation. 1)  avoiding alternative  instabilities that p ) g

would have occurred in a more  uniform situation. 2)  achieve larger coupling by focusing it on smaller number of electrons ?

• McMillan Formula and the Material Design issue. Formulae in terms of renormalized parameters are not that useful. Needed, formula in terms of bare parameters that can be controlled. 

Page 23: Gabriel Kotliar - Collège de France · Visualizing the electrons and phonons in interaction in MgB 2 Lamda is a matrix. The total e-ph coupling λ=0.8‐0.9 is concentrated in a

Since MgB2 many superconductors have g y pbeen recognized as having two gaps.