The Australian Coastal Sediment Compartments ProjectMethodology and Product Development

GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIARECORD 2015/25

A. McPherson, M. Hazelwood, D. Moore, K. Owen, S. Nichol and F. Howard

Department of Industry, Innovation and ScienceMinister for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia: The Hon Josh Frydenberg MPAssistant Minister for Science: The Hon Karen Andrews MPSecretary: Ms Glenys Beauchamp PSM

Geoscience AustraliaChief Executive Officer: Dr Chris PigramThis paper is published with the permission of the CEO, Geoscience Australia

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ISSN 2201-702X (PDF)

ISBN 978-1-925124-86-6 (PDF)

GeoCat 84574

Bibliographic reference: McPherson, A., Hazelwood, M., Moore, D., Owen, K., Nichol, S. & Howard, F. 2015. The Australian Coastal Sediment Compartments Project: methodology and product development. Record 2015/25. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/Record.2015.025

Geoscience Australia acknowledges support from the Australian Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (now Department of Environment) and the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC.

Contents

1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Background......................................................................................................................................... 2

3 Development of the Coastal Sediment Compartments........................................................................73.1 Baseline Data Sets......................................................................................................................... 73.2 Compartment Boundary Points......................................................................................................83.3 Landward and Seaward Boundaries............................................................................................103.4 Compartment Data Model............................................................................................................103.5 Construction of Compartment Polygons.......................................................................................123.6 Quality Assurance........................................................................................................................ 123.7 Product Revision..........................................................................................................................13

4 References........................................................................................................................................ 18

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iv The Australian Coastal Sediment Compartments Project

1 Introduction

This document captures the decision-making and technical processes involved in generating the coastal sediment compartment data sets for Australia. The Australian Coastal Sediment Compartments Project was undertaken by Geoscience Australia with the aim of generating and delivering a series of discrete spatial units (compartments) in the Australian coastal zone at several spatial scales. The compartments are intended to provide a framework for integrating data and information relevant to sediment movement systems in the Australian coastal zone, and the geomorphic processes that drive them. Such data and information provide a fundamental baseline necessary for benchmarking predictions of shoreline response to sea-level rise and other met-ocean processes under varying climate scenarios. In turn, such information is therefore critical to the development of fit-for-purpose adaptation planning and management instruments. By contributing to a robust, nationally-consistent, process-based coastal classification, outputs of this project provide a conceptual framework to support coastal management at a range of scales, and guide the selection of approaches for modelling shoreline response.

The compartments data sets have been generated through the combined experience of an expert panel of coastal scientists. The compartment boundary points along the coastline are typically defined by prominent geological or geomorphic features and were identified by the expert panel as being potentially significant for sediment movement processes in the coastal zone. The attributes contained in these data sets relate to the boundary points only and thus the compartments themselves do not have any data or information attributed to them. The compartments provide a framework within which consideration can be given to the implications of coastal engineering works and other management and planning decisions (Thom, 2014).

In this document, we present a high-level description of the methodology applied to create the coastal sediment compartments down to the regional (primary) and sub-regional (secondary) level, along with information regarding the spatial analysis and quality assurance processes used to generate the data sets. This methodology has not included a systematic analysis of sediment movement. For a more detailed explanation of the compartments methodology the reader is referred to Eliot et al. (2011a, b), while further contextual information can be found in Thom (2014).

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2 Background

At a workshop hosted by the Commonwealth Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (DCCEE) in Canberra on 17 February 2011 an initial broad-scale compartmentalisation of the Australian coast was developed (Ian Eliot, pers. comm. 2011). This compartmentalisation was subsequently re-visited and progressed during a technical workshop hosted by Geoscience Australia in Canberra from 16-18 October 2012, which brought together the team of Australian coastal science experts listed below.

Prof. Bruce Thom – University of Sydney and the Wentworth Group

Prof. Andy Short – University of Sydney

Prof. Colin Woodroffe – University of Wollongong

Dr. Ian Eliot – University of Western Australia

Mr. Chris Sharples – University of Tasmania

Dr. Brendan Brooke – Geoscience Australia

Dr. Scott Nichol – Geoscience Australia

The technical workshop had the goal of creating regional (primary) and sub-regional (secondary) scale coastal sediment compartments and generating and capturing relevant attribute information relevant to each compartment. The initial step in achieving this involved sub-dividing the Australian coastal zone into a hierarchical set of broad-scale spatial units defined using a number of scale-dependent environmental criteria (Table 2.1). Figure 2.1 shows the broadest scale Coastal Realms, while Figure 2.2 shows the Coastal Regions and Figure 2.3 the Coastal Divisions.

Table 2.1. Criteria used to generate broad-scale sub-divisions of the Australian coastal zone.

Dataset Criteria Scale

Coastal Realms Climatic processes: tropical versus temperateOceanic processes: wave- versus tide-dominated

1:5 000 000

Coastal Regions Major geological divisionsMajor met-ocean processesOrientation of the coastline

1:1 000 000

Coastal Divisions Major geological structuresMajor process boundariesOrientation of the coastlineAreas with recurring patterns of landform and geology

1:250 000

This initial process was followed by further sub-division of the Australian coastal zone into regional (primary) and sub-regional (secondary) scale compartments (see Development of the Coastal Sediment Compartments). These spatial units provide a framework within which sediment movement and other geomorphic processes can be considered or assessed at a range of management scales and timeframes (cf. Eliot et al., 2011a, b; Thom, 2014) (Figure 2.4). At these primary and secondary compartment scales additional tools, such as the National Coastal Geomorphology Classification (Griffin

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et al., 2010; Hazelwood et al., 2013), may be applied in order to better characterise compartments or to aid in prioritising future work.

Figure 2.1. Coastal Realms for the Australian continent.

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Figure 2.2. Coastal Regions for the Australian continent.

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Figure 2.3. Coastal Divisions for the Australian continent.

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Figure 2.4. Coastal sediment compartment scale, application and management timeframes (from Thom, 2014).

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3 Development of the Coastal Sediment Compartments

For the purposes of this project the technical workshop defined a coastal sediment compartment as:

… a component of the geological framework of the coast. It is an area of the coast bounded alongshore by large geologic structures, changes in geology or geomorphic features exerting control on the planform of the coast. Compartments contain a particular land system or landform association depending on the scale at which they are being described.

The process of creating the primary and secondary compartments involved the following steps:

Identification of the relevant baseline reference data sets.

Assessment of the baseline data followed by identification and capture of appropriate compartment boundary point locations along the coastline at both primary and secondary scales.

Determination of the landward and seaward boundaries for both primary and secondary compartment scales using available topographic and bathymetric data.

Development of the compartment data model and attribution with data from the coastal science experts.

Generation of the primary and secondary compartment polygons. NOTE: Secondary compartments sit within primary compartments and do not overlap primary compartment boundaries.

Application of spatial quality assurance on the data sets, including the creation of topology and validation of attribute data.

3.1 Baseline Data SetsSeveral national- to regional-scale data sets were used during the workshop to aid in identifying compartment boundary points along the coast or for defining onshore and offshore extents of the compartments.

1. Australian Government (2012). Surface Geology of Australia, 1:1 000 000 scale. http://www.ga.gov.au/metadata-gateway/metadata/record/gcat_cd5137e8-b52f-5266-e044-00144fdd4fa6/Surface+Geology+of+Australia+data+package+2012+edition. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

2. Australian Government (2011). Smartline maps compiled for the Inventory of Potentially Unstable Coastal Landform Types for the National Shoreline Geomorphic and Stability Mapping Project. http://www.ga.gov.au/metadata-gateway/metadata/record/gcat_7973a710-4049-494a-bf98-393a9b2e306c/Geomorphology_Smartline_WMS. Last accessed 25 August 2015. [see Sharples et al. (2009)].

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3. Australian Government (2008). NATMAP Digital Maps 250K 2008 – Australia mosaic. http://www.ga.gov.au/metadata-gateway/metadata/record/gcat_e354c6fb-14c7-2442-e044-00144fdd4fa6/NATMAP+Digital+Maps+250K+2008+-+Australia+mosaic. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

4. Australian Government (2006). State coastal waters from: Australian Maritime Boundaries Geoscience Australia, Canberra http://www.ga.gov.au/nmd/products/thematic/ambis.jsp. Superceded by Australian Government (2014). Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 - Australian Maritime Boundaries 2014a (AMB2014a) - Geodatabase. http://dx.doi.org/10.4225/25/5539E03D9B3DE. Last accessed 25 August 2015. [see Alcock et al. (2014)].

5. Australian Government (2009). Australian Bathymetry and Topography Grid. https://www.ga.gov.au/products/servlet/controller?event=GEOCAT_DETAILS&catno=67703. Last accessed 25 August 2015. [see Whiteway (2009)].

6. Australian Government (2011). Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM)-derived 1 Second Digital Elevation Model Version 1.0 https://www.ga.gov.au/products/servlet/controller?event=GEOCAT_DETAILS&catno=72759. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

7. Australian Government (2006). A guide to the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia Version 4.0. Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra. http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/guide-integrated-marine-and-coastal-regionalisation-australia-version-40-june-2006-imcra. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

3.2 Compartment Boundary PointsMajor changes in geology and lithology along the coast were identified from the Surface Geology Map of Australia (1:1 million scale). Landsat 7 imagery was interrogated to assess any association between geological changes and geomorphic features, and to identify stand-alone geomorphic features representing a marked change in coastal character.

lists the four criteria (in priority order) used to establish the boundary points for the coastal sediment compartments. These criteria do not change between the different levels of the compartment hierarchy; only the scale at which they are applied varies. For example, primary compartment boundary points can be readily identified at scales between 1:250 000 and 1:100 000 while secondary boundary points are identified at scales between 1:100 000 and 1: 25 000.

Table 3.2. Criteria used to determine the boundary points for the primary and secondary coastal sediment compartments (modified after Eliot et al., 2011a, b).

Priority Feature

1 Gross lithological/geological changes (e.g. transition from sedimentary to igneous rocks).

2 Geomorphic (topographic) features characterising a compartment boundary (often bedrock-controlled) (e.g. peninsulas, headlands, cliffs).

3 Dominant landform types (e.g. large cuspate foreland, tombolos and extensive sandy beaches versus headland-bound pocket beaches).

4 Changes in the orientation (aspect) of the shoreline.

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The starting point for the identification of the boundary points was the western tip of Cape York and progressed in a clockwise direction around the continent. In order to logically include Tasmania (and its islands) the numbering of the continental boundary point ended at the tip of Wilson’s Promontory and re-commenced at the northern tip of Flinders Island. At the completion of the clockwise identification of the Tasmanian boundary points, the continental sequence was restarted at the next boundary point west of Wilson’s Promontory.

Once the primary compartment boundary points were identified, they were co-located on the Smartline data set (http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/coastal/introduction.jsp) to ensure, where possible, meaningful alignment with known coastal properties already recorded in that data set. The process outlined above was repeated to identify the secondary compartment boundary points. The primary and secondary compartment boundary points are presented in Figure 3.5. It is important to note that the identification of secondary compartment boundary points is based largely on the presence of, or changes in, landforms types (e.g. barrier systems, embayments, etc.).

Figure 3.5. Primary and secondary compartment boundary points for the Australian continent.

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3.3 Landward and Seaward BoundariesIn the original product development the landward and seaward boundaries were independently derived from separate data sets - the 1 second SRTM-derived Hydrological Digital Elevation Model and the Australian Bathymetry and Topography Grid (Whiteway, 2009), respectively. For consistency, the onshore boundaries for both primary and secondary compartments were chosen arbitrarily rather than being indicative of any natural system boundaries.

For the primary compartments, the onshore boundary was established at the 50 m topographic elevation contour derived from the 1 second SRTM-derived Hydrological Digital Elevation Model. This was considered to be the approximate onshore limit of terrestrial sediment supply to the coastal zone at the primary compartment scale. The onshore boundary for the secondary compartments was the 25 m topographic elevation contour derived from the same elevation data set. This contour represents the approximate limit of terrestrial sediment supply to the coastal zone at the secondary compartment scale.

For the primary compartments, the offshore boundary applied was the 130 m isobath derived from the Australian Bathymetry and Topography Grid. This isobath is as per the WA coastal compartments defined by Eliot et al. (2011a, b), and represents the lowest position of the sea level during the Last Glacial Maximum (approximately 20 000 years BP), and provides an indication of the extent of the continental shelf subsequently inundated by sea-level rise (Eliot et al., 2011a, b). In the Coral Sea and the Torres Strait where the ocean depth does not reach the 130 m contour, Australia’s internationally-recognised Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundary was substituted.

The offshore boundary for the secondary compartments was also the same as that used in WA by Eliot et al. (2011a, b), namely the 50 m isobath, and was similarly derived from the Australian Bathymetry and Topography Grid. This depth was used to ensure that sediment exchanges between the shore-face and the nearshore environment during storms was included. In the Coral Sea and the Torres Strait where the ocean depth does not reach the 50 m isobath, Australia’s internationally-recognised Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundary was substituted.

3.4 Compartment Data Model

The coastal sediment compartment data are stored as feature classes within an ESRI file geodatabase and include two distinct data types:

point data – the spatial location of the physical compartment boundary on the coastline, guided by the Smartline data set (scale 1:100 000); and

polygon data – the spatial area enclosed by the boundary points and the landward and seaward boundaries.

To ensure consistency and to avoid data duplication, a shared data model was developed for the point data (Table 3.3) while separate (yet similar) data models were developed for each of the primary (Table 3.4) and secondary (Table 3.5) polygon data sets.

At the conclusion of the October 2012 technical workshop, Geoscience Australia compiled the primary and secondary point data into an ESRI geodatabase applying the data model shown in Table 3.3. This data set was supplied to the coastal science experts in Google Earth .kml file format while the accompanying data model was supplied as a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for initial quality assurance, and to enable the experts to enter attribute data for each point. The compartment point data was divided by State and Territory and circulated to the coastal science experts based on their particular areas of knowledge.

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Table 3.3. Data model for primary and secondary coastal sediment compartments boundary point data.

Field Name Description

ID_Sequential Unique identifier (sequential in a clockwise direction from Cape York, Qld).

Name Name assigned to boundary point (location name derived from the Gazetteer of Australia, where appropriate). This location opens (is the starting point) of a compartment. A secondary point will coincide with a primary point at a primary compartment boundary.

Description Summary description of the attributes of the boundary point.

Geology Description of the geology recorded at the boundary point (taken from the 1:1 000 000 Surface Geology data set).

Geomorphology

Generalised description of geomorphic feature(s) (often bedrock-controlled) determining the selection of the boundary point location (e.g. bedrock headland).

Landforms More detailed geomorphic description of the boundary point (e.g. narrow wave-cut platform backed by cliffs), sometimes accompanied by information regarding adjacent landform types

Aspect Change (if any) in coastline azimuthal orientation at the boundary point.

Criteria Dominant criteria determining the presence of the boundary point (i.e. geologic, geomorphic feature/change, aspect change).

Table 3.4. Data model for primary coastal sediment compartments polygon data.

Field Name Description

ID_Sequential

Unique identifier (sequential in a clockwise direction from Cape York, Qld).

Name Name assigned to primary compartment.

Start Location name of boundary point that starts (opens) the primary compartment.

End Location name of boundary point that ends (closes) the primary compartment.

Division Name of the coastal division to which the primary compartment belongs and within which the majority (or entirety) of the primary compartment resides.

ID_Primary Unique identifier composed of concatenated State/Territory (alpha) and a Primary Compartment number (2 digit numeric) e.g. WA01. Numbering occurs in a clockwise direction around the continent, with each State/Territory commencing with a compartment numbered 01 (e.g. NSW01, NT01, etc.).

Table 3.5. Data model for secondary coastal sediment compartments polygon data.

Field Name Description

ID_Sequential Unique identifier (sequential in a clockwise direction from Cape York, Qld).

Name Name assigned to secondary compartment.

Start Location name of boundary point that starts (opens) the secondary compartment.

End Location name of boundary point that ends (closes) the secondary compartment.

Primary Name of the primary compartment within which the secondary compartment resides.

ID_Secondary Unique identifier composed of concatenated State/Territory (alpha) and Primary Compartment number (2 digit numeric), with a decimal point separating this from the Secondary Compartment number (2 digit numeric - sequential within the Primary Compartment) e.g. QLD01.01. Numbering occurs in a clockwise direction around the continent, with each State/Territory commencing with a compartment numbered 01 (e.g. NSW01.01, NSW01.02, etc.).

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3.5 Construction of Compartment PolygonsIn January 2013, Geoscience Australia received the compartment point data from the coastal science experts. This data was then appended to the primary and secondary point feature classes. The primary and secondary polygon feature classes were generated by a semi-automated process that created individual compartments from manually constructed boundaries (break lines) passing through the boundary point on the coast (Figure 3.6).

Extensive metadata has been generated which captures the processes involved in the creation and quality checking of the data sets. This metadata accompanies the spatial data and the reader is referred to the data sets and accompanying metadata for further details. A summary of the steps involved is provided below.

Generation of selected contours from the elevation/bathymetry data.

Conversion of the contours (lines) to polygons to create compartment onshore/offshore envelopes.

Extraction of the area between the onshore and offshore polygon for each of the primary and secondary compartment limits.

Creation of the break lines that pass through the primary and secondary points with consideration for sediment transport controls (e.g. onshore topography) (Figure 3.6).

Creation of the primary and secondary compartments as derived from the national primary and secondary compartment envelope and the break lines.

Creation of unique State-based identification numbers for each primary and secondary polygon

Quality checks to ensure that:

break lines pass through boundary points;

primary points have a coincident secondary point;

primary break lines have a coincident secondary break line;

neighbouring compartments have coincident boundaries;

onshore and offshore limits of the primary and secondary compartment polygons match the contour lines from which they are derived.

3.6 Quality Assurance

Upon completion of the primary and secondary compartment polygon data sets in 2013, an extensive manual quality-control process was undertaken to ensure that:

the location of the polygon boundary was coincident with the compartment boundary point and the Smartline;

the boundary shape and location was consistent with the landscape features (e.g. the boundary did not cut across offshore islands);

the correct data from the coastal experts was attributed to the correct polygon; and

logical and spatial consistency was maintained (e.g. topology checks).

The completed first draft of the Australian Coastal Sediment Compartments geodatabase was circulated to the coastal science experts and representatives from a number of State and Territory government agencies in 2013 for further comment and feedback.

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Figure 3.6. Example of a manually-constructed (secondary) compartment boundary (break line). Note that the break line is approximately perpendicular to the seaward and landward boundary contours, with modification onshore to reflect the drainage catchment divide.

3.7 Product Revision

In 2015 the primary and secondary point and polygon data sets were reviewed and revised following feedback from stakeholders. This revision was supported by the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC Project “Resilience to clustered disaster events on the coast: storm surge”. The aim of the project is to quantify the impact and risk of coincident and clustered disasters on the coast, with an initial focus on storm surge, associated erosion and reshaping of the coastline and the resulting inundation and damage to buildings and infrastructure.

Location names in the point and polygon attribute fields were checked against the 2012 Gazetteer of Australia (Australian Government, 2012) and edited as necessary.

To improve consistency and enhance reproducibility, the decision was made to re-create the primary and secondary compartment data sets using a revised set of landward and seaward boundaries generated from a single consistent dataset - the 250 m Australian Topography and Bathymetry Grid (Whiteway, 2009). Elevation and bathymetric contours values applied were as per the original process,

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and similarly Exclusive Economic Zone boundaries were applied where isobaths (bathymetric contours) did not match the depth criteria along the northern margin of Australia.

Using the revised onshore/offshore boundaries as the new landward and seaward limits, the break line (coastline perpendicular) boundaries were also manually revised, with the onshore component of each break line checked against digital elevation model and visible imagery information and edited as necessary to better conform to (onshore) drainage catchment boundaries (refer to Figure 3.6).

The revised onshore/offshore boundaries and compartment break lines were merged to re-generate the compartment polygons, which were then subjected to a similar quality assurance process to the first version of the data sets (as outlined previously). The additional compartment identifier attribute field suggested by WA was also generated and appended to the polygon data sets (refer to Table 3.4 and Table 3.5).

With the exception of an amended compartment boundary alignment in north-west Western Australia, (offshore Bonaparte Gulf), the primary compartments data set remains relatively unchanged between the original (2013) and the revised (2015) versions. The revised secondary compartments data set does contain some changes, most notably the:

addition of two new secondary compartments in north-west Western Australia (Kimberley coast) based on feedback from WA;

modification of two compartments to better reflect onshore drainage in the Lake Macleod/North West Cape region;

addition of one new compartment in Tasmania (eastern side of Flinders and Barren islands) based on feedback from WA; and

removal of two previously defined secondary compartments offshore from the central Queensland coast (Great Barrier Reef – Hydrographer’s Passage/Swain Reefs region). The justification for this decision is a lack of evidence to demonstrate any relationship between these offshore compartments and sediment movement along that part of the Queensland coast.

The revised primary and secondary coastal sediment compartments are shown in Figure 3.7 and Figure 3.8 respectively. Figure 3.9 shows an example of the spatial relationship between primary and secondary compartments.

The digital data for these compartments, their boundary points and the coastal realms, divisions and regions are available through the Geoscience Australia website in both ESRI file geodatabase and Google Earth kmz formats.

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Figure 3.7. Primary coastal sediment compartments for the Australian continent.

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Figure 3.8. Secondary coastal sediment compartments for the Australian continent.

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Figure 3.9. Example showing the spatial relationship between primary and secondary coastal sediment compartments.

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4 References

Alcock, M., McGregor, M. J., Hatfield, A and Taffs, N. J. (2014). Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 - Australian Maritime Boundaries 2014a (AMB2014a) - Geodatabase. 2014 ed. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. http://dx.doi.org/10.4225/25/5539E03D9B3DE. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

Australian Government (2012). Gazetteer of Australia 2012 Release. http://www.ga.gov.au/metadata-gateway/metadata/record/gcat_76695. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

Eliot, I., Gozzard, B. and Nutt, C. (2011a). Geologic Frameworks for Coastal Planning and Management. Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Coastal and Ocean Engineering Conference and the 13th Australasian Port and Harbour Conference.

Eliot, I., Nutt, C., Gozzard, B., Higgins, M., Buckley, E. and Bowyer, J. (2011b). Coastal Compartments of Western Australia: A Physical Framework for Marine and Coastal Planning. Report 80-02. Damara WA Pty Ltd. Report to the Departments of Environment and Conservation, Planning and Transport and the Environmental Protection Authority. https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/transport.wa/CoastalCompartments/Eliot+et+al+%282011%29+WA+Compartments+Final+Report.pdf. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

Griffin, C., Skene, D., Hazelwood, M., Nicholas, W. A., Anderson, H. and Xu, J. (2010). A Nationally Consistent Geomorphic Map and Classification of the Australian Coastal Zone. Geoscience Australia Professional Opinion 2010/06, 47 pp. https://data.gov.au/dataset/a-nationally-consistent-geomorphic-classification-of-the-australian-coastal-zone. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

Hazelwood, M., Nicholas, W. A. and Woolf, M. (2013). National Coastal Geomorphology Information Framework Implementation: Discovery and Distribution. Geoscience Australia Record 2013/35, 33 pp. http://www.ga.gov.au/corporate_data/74294/Rec2013_035.pdf. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

Sharples, C., Mount, R., Pedersen, T., Lacey, M., Newton, J., Jaskierniak, D. and Wallace, L. (2009). The Australian Coastal Smartline Geomorphic and Stability Map Version 1: Project Report produced for Geoscience Australia and the Commonwealth Department of Climate Change, 30 June 2009. http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/pdf/SmartlineProjectReport_2009_v1.pdf. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

Thom, B. (2014). Coastal Compartments Project: summary for policy makers. Department of Environment. 5 pp. http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/4f288459-423f-43bb-8c20-87f91adc3e8e/files/coastal-compartments-project.pdf. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

Whiteway, T. (2009). Australian Bathymetry and Topography Grid, June 2009. Scale 1:5 000 000. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. http://dx.doi.org/10.4225/25/53D99B6581B9A. Last accessed 25 August 2015.

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