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CLASSIFICATION O

F LIVING

ORGANISMS

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VOCABULARY

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K-W-L

CHART

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS

Misconceptions

Viruses cause diseases, so they must be alive

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS

1. Living Things are Composed of Cells Cell theory

2. Living Things Have Different Levels of OrganizationCell – tissue – organ- organ system

3. Living Things Use Energy Living things take in energy and use it for maintenance and growth.

4. Living Things Respond To Their Environment Living things will make changes in response to a stimulus

in their environment. A behavior is a complex set of responses.

Source: http://infohost.nmt.edu/~klathrop/7characterisitcs_of_life.htm

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS

5. Living Things GrowCell division - the orderly formation of new cells. Cell enlargement - the increase in size of a cell. Cells grow to a certain size and then divide. An organism gets larger as the number of its cells increases.

6. Living Things Reproduce

Reproduction is not essential for the survival of individual organisms, but must occur for a species to survive.

7. Living Things Adapt To Their Environment

Adaptations are traits giving an organism an advantage in a certain environment. Variation of individuals is important for a healthy species.

Source: http://infohost.nmt.edu/~klathrop/7characterisitcs_of_life.htm


Classification schemesLife is subdivided by this scheme:DomainKingdomPhylum (plural: phyla)ClassOrderFamilyGenus (plural: genera)Species

These may be remembered by the mnemonic “Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti”


Classification schemesThere are three domainsDomain ArchaeaDomain BacteriaDomain Eukarya


Classification schemesThere are six kingdoms within the domainsDomain ArcheaeKingdom Archaebacteria

Domain BacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

Domain EukaryaKingdom Animalia Kingdom PlantaeKingdom FungiKingdom Protista


Classification schemesYou may encounter additional subdivisions created by

using prefixes ‘Super’ or ‘Sub’ at any classification levelOther subdivisions include ‘Division’, ‘Tribe’ and

‘Variety’


Naming rulesNames of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families

and genera are capitalizedNames of species are always in lower caseGenus and species are written with an underline or in

italicsExample: Homo sapiens sapiens or Homo sapiens sapiens (humans)


Determining classification If you find an organism, you can use a key to determine

it’s classification If there are two choices at each branch, the key is

dichotomous (more than two choices at each branch gives a polychotomous key). Here are two types of keysSpider key (graphic)Numbered key (text)


Part of a spider key to identify trees by their leaves


A numbered key to identify oak trees

1a. Leaves usually without teeth or lobes: 21b. Leaves usually with teeth or lobes: 5

2a. Leaves evergreen: 32b. Leaves not evergreen: 4

3a. Mature plant a large tree — Southern live oak Quercus virginiana3b. Mature plant a small shrub — Dwarf live oak Quercus minima

4a. Leaf narrow, about 4-6 times as long as broad — Willow oak Quercus phellos4b. Leaf broad, about 2-3 times as long as broad — Shingle oak Quercus

imbricaria5a. Lobes or teeth bristle-tipped: 65b. Lobes or teeth rounded or blunt-pointed, no bristles: 7

6a. Leaves mostly with 3 lobes — Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica6b. Leaves mostly with 7-9 lobes — Northern red oak Quercus rubra

7a. Leaves with 5-9 deep lobes — White oak Quercus alba7b. Leaves with 21-27 shallow lobes — Swamp chestnut oak Quercus

prinus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_live_oak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_live_oak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_oak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_oak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackjack_oak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_red_oak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_oak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_chestnut_oak

CLASSWORK 1

1. Describe the two types of identification keys 2. List the three domains of life3. Describe (one sentence each) the seven

characteristics of living organisms4. What does “Dear King Phillip Came Over For

Great Spaghetti” remind us of?5. List the three domains and the kingdoms each

includes

Copy the questions into your notebook (right-side) and answer them


Kingdom Archaebacteriaunicellular organisms lacking a nucleus and cell organelleshave independent evolutionary history and biochemistry than Eubacteriainclude five phylasometimes found in extreme environments (high temperature, high salt)may produce methane


Kingdom ArchaebacteriaIn 1983, scientists tool samples from a spot deep in the Pacific Ocean where hot gases and molten rock boiled into the ocean form the Earth’s interior. To their surprise they discovered unicellular (one cell) organisms in the samples.

http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm


Classification of an extreme halophile Kingdom ArchaebacteriaPhylum EuryarchaeotaClass HalobacteriaOrder HalobacterialesFamily HalobacteriaceaeGenus HalobacteriumSpecies salinarum


Kingdom EubacteriaBacteriaunicellular microorganismsreproduce by binary fissionmost have cell wallmay or may not have outer layer of peptidoglycan


Kingdom Eubacteria

http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/id6.html


Some Kingdom Eubacteria phylaPhylum Cyanobacteria - blue-green algae. Phylum Spirochaete: helically coiled cells. They also have flagella that allow them to move in a twisting motion. Phylum Proteobacteria: mostly anaerobic organisms. Most have flagella to move around, but some can move by gliding, which means they can move by themselves.

http://www.angelfire.com/ks3/lditton/eubacteria.html


Classification of bacterium that produces Botox Kingdom EubacteriaPhylum FirmicutesClass ClostridiaOrder ClostridialesFamily ClostridiaceaeGenus ClostridiumSpecies botulinum


Kingdom AnimaliaThe animals; have cells with nucleus but no cell wall or chloroplastsSome animals (vertebrates) have backbonesAll other animals (invertebrates) lack backbones


Some phyla of kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera – spongesPhylum Cnidaria – corals and jellyfishPhylum Annelida – segmented worms (earthworms and leeches)Phylum Nematoda – roundworms


More phyla of kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Arthropoda – insects, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, ticksPhylum Mollusca – oysters, clams, octopi, squidsPhylum Echinodermata – starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers


More phyla of kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Chordata – fish, sharks, rays, amphibians, reptiles, bird and mammals (all are vertebrates)


Classification of humansKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimataFamily HominideaeGenus HomoSpecies sapiensSubspecies sapiens

This may be remembered by the mnemonic “All Cool Men Prefer Having Heavy SideburnS”


Kingdom PlantaePlants, including TreesHerbsBushesGrassesFernsMossesGreen algae


Some Kingdom Plantae phylaPhylum Chlorophyta – green algaePhylum Bryophyta – mossesPhylum Pteridophyta – ferns and horsetailsPhylum Pinophyta – conifersPhylum Magnoliophyta – flowering plants


Classification of Southern live oak

Kingdom PlantaePhylum MagnoliophytaClass MagnoliopsidaOrder FagalesFamily FagaceaeGenus QuercusSpecies virginiana


Kingdom Fungiyeasts, molds, mushroomseukaryotic organismschitinous cell wallsome produce hyphae, some are single-celledreproduction commonly by spores


Some Kingdom Fungi phylaPhylum Ascomycota – truffles, cup fungi, yeastsPhylum Basidiomycota - mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, chanterelles, smuts, rusts


Classification of button mushroomKingdom FungiPhylum BasidiomycotaClass AgaricomycetesSubclass HomobasidiomycetideaeOrder AgaricalesFamily AgaricaceaeGenus AgaricusSpecies bisporus


Kingdom Protista Includes amoebas, forams, most algae, and slime

moldsSome unicellular, others are colonial, and yet others

are multicellular all eukaryotes (they have a true nucleus). all need some kind of a water-based environment--

which can be fresh or marine water, snow, damp soil, polar bear hairs--in which to live


Some Kingdom Protista phyla

Phylum Rhizopoda - amoebasPhylum Rhodophyta – red algae, multicellular and marine-dwelling, but are more typically found in tropical zones and deeper in the ocean (Nori)Phylum Apicomplexa – parasites that form tiny, infectious spores (Plasmodium)Phylum Zoomastigophora – free-living, symbionts and parasites (such as trypanosomes)


More Kingdom Protista phyla

Phylum Phaeophyta – brown algae, multicellular and live in marine, temperate zone, coastal areas (kelp)Phylum Chlorophyta – green algae (Volvox, Spirogyra)Phylum Ciliophora – solitary, fresh water organisms and use cilia to move (Paramecium)Phylum Myxomycota – slime molds, “body” is a giant, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm


Classification of a protist that causes malariaKingdom ProtistaPhylum ApicomplexaClass AconoidasidaOrder HaemosporidaFamily PlasmodiidaeGenus PlasmodiumSpecies falciparum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconoidasida

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemosporida

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodiidae


Viruses and prionsViruses cause diseases such as the common cold, influenza, herpes, chickenpox and AIDSPrions cause diseases as deer wasting disease, scrapie (sheep) and bovine spongiform encephalitis (mad cow disease)Viruses and prions can cause infectious disease but are not considered to be living organismsHowever, they still have classification

CLASSWORK 2

1. Are viruses living organisms? 2. Do animal cells have cell walls? 3. Phylum of flowering plants4. Phylum of vertebrates5. Genus and species of the organism that

causes malaria 6. How do bacteria reproduce?


CLASSWORK 2

7. List the kingdom, phylum and class to which dogs and cats belong (same as humans)

8. Humans are Homo sapiens sapiens. List the order and family to which they belong.

9. List the six kingdoms and state what they include

10. Fish are in the phylum Chordata – do they have backbones?


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