g. a. miller, u. w seattle · 2006-10-03 · g. a. miller, u. w.seattle the nucleus as a qcd...
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G. A. Miller, U. W. SeattleThe Nucleus As A QCD Laboratory The Nucleus As A QCD Laboratory
QCD View of the Nucleus- made of nucleonsQCD View of Nucleon (structure & shape)-
bound nucleon ≠ free nucleon-not muchEMC effect & Drell Yan DY Conventional hadron dynamics fails EMC/DY
nuclear modification of nucleon verified3 models and consequencesColor transparency-Dutta, Hafidi
Outline
Lessons for CT in π and ρ production
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Why is the nucleus the way it is?Why is the nucleus the way it is?• M(A)=Z Mp + N Mn 0.1% accuracy• nucleus is made of nucleons• QCD says quarks and gluons
Puzzle – why?Strong coupling QCD- SCQCD (Kogut &
Susskind) GAMiller PRC39,1563Leading term - gluon electric field energy~L
length of flux line
inert color singlets at rest- small corrections yield Fermi motion, int’sFinding corrections due to quarks, gluons vital
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QCD view of the nucleon• vacuum is bubbling cauldron of q q pairs• nucleon is color singlet of quarks, gluons• many configurations• size: sometimes small, mostly average,
sometimes HUGE• Point Like Configs. PLC don’t interact• use nucleus to observe, change
fluctuations
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Phenomenological view of nucleon-need relativistic model of free wave
function
Phenomenological view of nucleon-need relativistic model of free wave
function
M02 = s(p1, p2,p3 )
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Ratio: Pauli/Dirac form factors calculation ’95 data 2000
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Relativistic Explanation-ProtonRelativistic Explanation-Proton
Q F2/F1 ≈ constantIn calculating overlap, K is of order Q
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• Spin dependent densitiesprobability that quark has given momentum K and spin in direction n
Spin-dependent densitySpin-dependent density
take matrix elements in proton at rest
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lattice calculations- Negele looking
Shapes of the protonShapes of the protonn parallel -n parallel n out
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Deep Inelastic Nuclear Scattering Experiments EMC,SLAC,NMC
Deep Inelastic Nuclear Scattering Experiments EMC,SLAC,NMC
2
2F
F A
1
x0 1
Chen Detmold ‘05
.85 −
Nucleon structure is modified: valence quark momentum depleted, sea or gluon enhanced. How do quarks work in a nucleus?
EMC – “Everyone’s Model is Cool (1985)
Jlab Bruell
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Deep Inelastic scattering from nuclei-nucleons only free structure functionDeep Inelastic scattering from nuclei-nucleons only free structure function
• Hugenholz van Hove theorem nuclear stability implies (in rest frame) P+=P-- =MA
• P+ =A(MN - 8 MeV)• average nucleon
k+=MN-8 MeV, y F2A/A~F2N no EMC effect
y=A k+/P+
Pb
Binding causes no EMC effect 1
SLAC-E139
Smith Miller ‘02
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Nucleons and pionsPA
+ = PN+ + Pπ
+ =MAPπ
+ /MA =.04, explain EMCtry Drell-Yan, Bickerstaff, Birse, Miller 84
Nucleons and pionsPA
+ = PN+ + Pπ
+ =MAPπ
+ /MA =.04, explain EMCtry Drell-Yan, Bickerstaff, Birse, Miller 84
proton(x1) nucleus(x2)
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Nucleons and pionsPA
+ = PN+ + Pπ
+ =MAPπ
+ /MA =.04, explain EMCDrell-Yan, E772
πfails
No one’s model is cool
Bertsch, Frankfurt, Strikman “crisis in nuclear theory” conventional physics does not work
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• It’s ~ easy to explain one or the other• Intrinsic structure of nucleon is changed• start with models-requirements• Model free distributions (valence, sea, support)• Consistency with nuclear properties• Describe deep inelastic and di-muon production
data- valence plus sea• Predict new phenomena based
on medium modified nucleons
⌧
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Nuclear matter
External fields
1. QMC- quarks in nucleons (MIT bag, NJL) exchange mesons with nuclear medium
2. CQSM- quarks in nucleons (soliton) exchange infinite pairs of pions, vector mesons with nuclear medium, sea
3. Suppression of point-like-configurationsFrankfurt, Strikman
Nucleon in medium- 3 modelsNucleon in medium- 3 models
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• g1n , g1p in nuclei Bentz, Cloet, Thomas
Spin
Spin experiments enhance EMC?Spin experiments enhance EMC?
ratio of g1medium to free
Infinite Nuclear Matter
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Quark Soliton Model –Diakonov, Petrov, Polykov, Gamberg, Weigel
• Instanton dominated vacuum• quarks with spontaneously
generated masses interact with pions
• Nucleon is soliton in pion field π(r)
• M=420 MeV• good nucleon properties,
distribution functions rest and infinite momentum frames
Negele et al hep-lat/9810053topological charge density
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Chiral Quark Soliton Model of Nucleus-Smith, Miller
Chiral Quark Soliton Model of Nucleus-Smith, Miller
2 π exchange – attraction
ω (vector meson) exchange -
repulsion
Double self consistency
profile function and kf
good nuclear saturation
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Medium modified
Free
π(r) binds valence shifts sea
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Results Smith & Miller ’03,04,05Results Smith & Miller ’03,04,05
sea is not much modified
EMC ratio
Nuclear Drell Yan
g1 ratio
full
valence only
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Polarization transfer in 4He(e,e’p) Nucleon form factors in medium – GE /GM ratios
Strauch
Polarization transfer in 4He(e,e’p) Nucleon form factors in medium – GE /GM ratios
Strauch
Fsi
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Suppression of Point Like ConfigurationsSuppression of Point Like ConfigurationsDIS
form factors
suppressed
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Medium modified form factors -Challenge:
Medium modified form factors -Challenge:
• Should be there in any model-how to really nail it experimentally ???high accuracy data, independent assessment of FSI
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Suppression of PLC in reactions – Color Transparency
Suppression of PLC in reactions – Color Transparency
Reduced initial, final state interactions in highQ2 quasielastic nuclear reactions (p,pp),(e,e’p),(e,e’,π), (π +A jet +jet +A, FermiLab)
WHY?1. high Q2 hadronic exclusive reactions proceed
by PLC formation-Brodsky, Mueller ‘822. PLC have small scattering amplitudes-gluon
emission amplitudes cancel- coherent3. PLC expands as it moves
Jennings & Miller ’90,’91
X
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Charge neutrality and coherenceCharge neutrality and coherencee+
e- +q qγ γ
Same final state exclusive:
V= e q/r+ - e q/r- = e q (r- - r+) / (r+
r-
) dipole
COHERENCE –does your experiment maintain coherence?
inclusive –square amplitudes first then add,
no cancellation
Strong int’n- two gluon exchange dipole2
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d
λ/d2 ~ sometimes called Q2eff
Gluonic strong interactionGluonic strong interaction
σ=C d2
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a dominant term
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1993 predictions Frankfurt, Miller, Strikman1993 predictions Frankfurt, Miller, Strikman
M(A) =A et R(A) M(N) , σ(A)~A4/3 + O(1/k^2) ~A1.55
Naive expectation M(A)~ A1/3 (nuclear path length), inelastic diffraction FMS93: M(A)~ A.7
kt>1.5 GeV/c
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E791 resultsE791 results
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More E791More E791
Consistent with (z(1-z))2
Z Z
z dependence kt dependence
dσ/dkt ~ kt-7 theory
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E791 summaryE791 summary
• Color transparency discovered• seen clearly for kt=1.8,2.3 GeV/c• corresponds to Q2=3.2, 5.3 GeV2
• pπ is large –no expansion• small effects at Jlab6 should be
strong signals at Jlab12
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Color Transparency in π reactionsColor Transparency in π reactions
• (e,e’ π) – hope to make pionic PLC• normal sized pion does not interact
with PLC hadron-chiral transparencyPRC 55,909 (97) Lee + FMS
• consequence: point like “ρ”configurations do not decay to two π
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(e,e’, π): γ∗ makes pion PLC (expands)
E01-107 Larson,Miller, Strikman’06
Good at 6 (theory ~ data), better at 12
Pion color transparency Jlab 6,12Pion color transparency Jlab 6,12
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SummarySummary• nucleon structure is modified by nucleus• minimum model requirements- EMC, DY,
nuclear saturation• predict new phenomena• needed –experimental tests –form factors
in medium, (eA e’ X N) spectator tag BONUS
• color transparency for mesons!
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Remainder are spares
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QCD view of Nucleus?
• Kinetic energy via meson cloud flux tube breaks
• Interactions by meson exchange confinement, flux string, color singlet clusters
leading order: inert nucleons sit
SCQCD meson exchange model of nuclei, GAM PRC39,1563quark, gluon effects
hard to find, but vital
QCD view of Nucleus?
time
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QCD Oscillations and Nuclear Filteringp-p elastic scattering
BNL A(p,2p)
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Quark Meson Coupling Model –Guichon,Thomas,Saitoplus more
Quark Meson Coupling Model –Guichon,Thomas,Saitoplus more
Nuclear matter
External fields σ, ωmq mq –gσ σ (attraction)
Eq Eq +gω ω (repulsion)
2/1)(ˆ.)(
)( χσ
ψ ⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
rgrirf
ex tiEq
qrQuark field
scalar field effect,lower componentloc enhanced
f(r)
g(r)
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Single nucleon modification by nucleiSingle nucleon modification by nuclei
• Does it make sense?• Neutron in nucleus is modified, lifetime
changed from 15 minutes to forever• Binding changes energy denominator,
suppresses component• Change energy denominator change wave fun • Strong fields polarize nucleons- analog of Stark
effect, induces dipole moment of atom• Nuclei: no direction - monopole polarization
peν
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Quark energy levels in π field
shifted
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Enhancing EMC-spin independentEnhancing EMC-spin independent
3 models3 models
3 models
Melnitchouk Sargsian Strikman ‘9
Ratiobound to free F2
7
PLC suppression
rescaling
off-shell nucleon
e D e’ X N
BoNuS expt Jlab- n/p sf
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Results –Nuclear MatterSmith-Miller
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Quark Soliton Model• Twist-2 pdfs (low scale Λ=600 MeV UV
cutoff) - gluon’s carry 30 % momentum, sea• QCD evolve to higher Q2
• Sum rules, support and positivity• Pdfs:rest and infinite momentum frames
DPP
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Closer look needed! Lower components LoC
Closer look needed! Lower components LoC
• LoC account for QF2/F1• LoC gives non-
spherical shape of proton
• Medium modifies LoC• Medium modifies shape
Challenge to experiment-measure either
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Suppression of Point Like Configurations- Frankfurt,
Strikman
Suppression of Point Like Configurations- Frankfurt,
Strikman
place in medium:
normal size components attracted energy goes down
PLC does not interact- color screening
energy denominator increased, PLC suppressed
quarks lose momentum in medium
free
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Color transparency in (e,e’p)enhancement
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Color transparency in double scattering- suppression
σ (pm=400)/σ( pm=200)