gÌ - 1 gm{hË`-{d{dym (nx²` ed§ jx²`) bh$mb© - 1 (h ) 1

1

BH$mB© - 1 (H )1. nwîn H$s A{^bmfm

- _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr

AZwH«$_

1. CX²Xoí`

2. àñVmdZm

3. {df` {ddaU

3.1 _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr H$m n[aM`

3.2 "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m n[aM`

3.3 "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©

4. ñd § AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ

5. nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

6. ñd § AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma

7. gmam§e

8. ñdmÜ`m`

9. joÌr` H$m ©

10. A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE

1. CX²Xoí`

Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn -

♦ Xoeào_ VWm Xoe^{º$ H$s ^mdZm go ào[aV hm|Jo Ÿ&

♦ Ë`mJ Am¡a g_n©U H$s ^mdZm go AmoVàmoV hmo OmE§Jo &

♦ _mV¥ y{_ Ho$ {bE _a {_Q>Zodmbo dram| H$m _hÎd g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ _mV¥ y{_ H$s godm Ho$ g_j ^m¡{VH$ gwI gmahrZ _hgyg H$aZo bJ|Jo Ÿ&

gÌ - 1 gm{hË`-{d{dYm (nX² Ed§ JX² )

2

2. àñVmdZm

~rgdt gXr Ho$ nydm©Y© _| AZoH$ _hmnwê$fm| Zo amï´>r` n[aÑí` na AnZo ~hþAm`m_r ì`{º$Ëd Am¡a H$mbO`rH¥${VËd H$s N>mn N>moS>r h¡ Ÿ& Eogo _hmnwê$fm| _| _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr Or H$m Zm_ ~S>o AmXanyd©H$ {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& do gwYrqMVH$, gwH${d Am¡a àIa nÌH$ma hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ goZmn{V`m| _| go EH$ Wo Ÿ& do gƒo AWm] _|g§nyU© _mZd Wo Ÿ& CÝh| "EH$ ^maVr` AmË_m' Ho$ ê$n _| ^r OmZm OmVm h¡, Omo gd©Wm C{MV h¡ Ÿ& MVwd}Xr Or H$saMZmAm| H$s àd¥{Îm`m± àm`: ñnï> Am¡a {ZpíMV h¢ Ÿ& amï´>r`Vm CZHo$ H$mì` H$m H$boda h¡, Vmo {º$ Am¡a ahñ`mË_H$ ào_CZH$s aMZmAm| H$s AmË_m Ÿ& N>m`mdmXr H$mì`Ymam _| {bIZo Ho$ ~mX ^r CZH$s AnZr {d{eï> nhMmZ ahr h¡ Ÿ&

3..... {df` {ddaU

3.2 H${d _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr H$m n[aM`

_mIZbmb MVwd}Xr H$m OÝ_ 4 Aà¡b, 1989 B©. H$mo _Ü` àXoe Ho$ hmoe§Jm~mX {Obo Ho$ ~mdB© Jm§d _|hþAm Ÿ& àmW{_H$ {ejm g_m{á Ho$ ~mX do Ka na hr g§ñH¥$V H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo bJo Ÿ& {nVm Z§Xbmb Jm§d H$s nmR>embm_| {ejH$ Wo Ÿ& N>moQ>r C_« _| hr CZH$m PwH$md H${dVm nmR> H$s Amoa hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo 1906 _| haXm {Obo Ho$

_gZJmd _| AÜ`mnH$ H$s Zm¡H$ar H$aZm Ama§ {H$`m Ÿ& 1908 _| "amï´>r` Am§XmobZ Am¡a ~{hîH$ma' {df` na {bIo

CZHo$ {Z~§Y H$mo àW_ nwañH$ma àmá hþAm Am¡a 1912 _| "e{º$ nyOm' boI {bIZo na CZna amOÐmoh H$m Amamon

bJm Ÿ& JUoe e§H$a {dÚmWu go à^m{dV hmoH$a _mIZbmb Or nÌH$ma ~Z JE Am¡a 26 {Xg§~a, 1913 H$moAÜ`mnH$s go Ë`mJnÌ Xo {X`m Ÿ& A§V VH$ Bgr joÌ _| ahZo dmbo _mIZbmb Or A{Ib ^maVr` nÌH$ma n[afX Ho$AÜ`j ^r aho Ÿ&

{VbH$ VWm _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ gånH©$ _| AmZo Ho$ ~mX do ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ _| Hw$X nS>o Ÿ& do H$B© ~ma OboJE Ÿ& {~bmgnwa _| S>H$mD$ mfU XoZo Ho$ H$maU CÝh| Oob OmZm n‹S>m Ÿ& Bgr Xm¡amZ CÝhm|Zo {~bmgnwa Oob _| "nwîn H$sA{^bmfm' H${dVm H$s aMZm H$s Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AnZr aMZm go OZ_mZg H$mo ñdV§ÌVm H$s bS>mB© Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m Ÿ&

EH$ H${d, boIH$ Am¡a nÌH$ma Ho$ gmW-gmW ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ Ho$ g{H«$` H$m ©H$Vm© Ho$ ê$n _| H$m © H$aZodmbo _mIZbmb Or Zo Xoe ñdV§Ì JUamÁ` ~Zm, Vmo {dYmZg^m H$m gXñ` ~ZZm r AñdrH$ma {H$`m Ÿ& Jm§YrOr Ho${gX²Ym§Vmo§ _| CZH$s AgrZ lX²Ym Wr Ÿ& hr H$maU h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo Xoe Ho$ à{V Ë`mJ Am¡a g_n©U H$s mdZm go AmoVàmoVAZoH$ H${dVmE± {bIt Ÿ& do eara go `moX²Ym, öX` go ào_r, AmË_m go ^º$ Am¡a {dMmam| go H«$m§{VH$mar Wo Ÿ& Ë`mJ Am¡a~{bXmZ CZHo$ OrdZ Am¡a gm{hË` H$m _w»` A§J Wm Ÿ&

_mIZbmb Or _ybV: ào_ Ho$ H${d h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw CZH$m `h ào_ _w»` ê$n go Mma ê$nm| _| àH$Q> hþAm h¡ -amï´>ào_, ì`{º$JV ào_, àH¥${V ào_ Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$ ào_ Am{X Ÿ& CZH$s H${dVmAm| _| ào_ Ho$ BZ Mma ê$nm| _| goamï´>ào_ H$m ñda hr gdm©{YH$ àH$Q> hþAm h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Zd wdH$m| _| AmË_~{bXmZ H$s mdZm H$mo am h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE XoeHo$ {bE gybr na MT>Zo dmbo wdH$m| Ho$ do nwOmar aho h¢ Ÿ& 1963 B©. _| ^maV gaH$ma Zo CZH$mo "nX²_ yfU' Cnm{Y go

3

gå_m{ZV {H$`m Ÿ& _mIZbmb Or H$m "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' JrV amï´>r` JmZ Ho$ ê$n _| XyaXe©Z na àgm[aV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&30 OZdar, 1968 B©. H$mo _mIZbmb Or H$m ñdJ©dmg hmo J`m Ÿ&

H¥${VËd - H$mì`-g§J«h - {h_{H$ar{Q>Zr, doUw go Jy±Oo Yam, _aU Ádma, {~Owar, H$mOb Am±O ahr, _mVm, g_n©U,wJMaU Am{X Ÿ&

{Z~§Y - gm{hË` XodVm, A_ra BamXo : Jar~ BamXo, g_` Ho$ nm§d, qMVH$ H$s bmMmar, a§Jm| H$s ~mobr Am{X Ÿ&

ZmQ>H$ - H¥$îUmOw©Z wX²Y

H$hm{Z`m± - H$bm H$m AZwdmX, dZdmgr Ÿ&

3.2 "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m n[aM`

H${d _mIZbmb Or ñdmYrZVm goZmZr VWm nÌH$ma Wo Ÿ& AV: Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE Ë`mJ Am¡a g_n©U

H$s ^mdZm wdH$m| Ho$ _Z _| ^aZm CZH$m CX²Xoí` Wm Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ do "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm _| nwÊ` _|

Ë`mJ Am¡a g_n©U H$m md aVo h¢ Ÿ& {~bmgnwa Ho$ Oob _| Bg aMZm H$m g¥OZ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H${dVm Zo wdH$m| Ho$ _Z

_| amï´>ào_ Am¡a AmË_~{bXmZ H$s ^mdZm OJmZo H$m _hÎdnyU© H$m © {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

3.3 "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©

_mV¥ y{_ Ho$ à{V AJmY lX²Ym aIZodmbm nwîn AnZr BÀN>m ì`º$ H$aVo hþE H$hVm h¡ {H$, XodH$Ý`m Ho$

Am yfUm| _| {namoE OmZo H$s _oar BÀN>m Zht Ÿ& {H$gr ào_dra Ho$ X²dmam AnZr {à`V_m Ho$ {bE Agr_ ào_ Ho$ àVrH$

Ho$ ê$n _| Xr OmZodmar ào_r-_mbm (nwîn _mbm) H$m {hñgm ~ZZo H$s ^r _oar BÀN>m Zht h¡ Ÿ&

^JdmZ go àmW©Zm H$aVo hþE nwîn H$hVm h¡ {H$ ho h[a ! {H$gr _hmamOm m g_«mQ> H$s _¥Ë y Ho$ ~mX CgHo$ ed

na S>mbo OmZo H$s ^r _oar BÀN>m Zht h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht ^JdmZ Ho$ {ga na emo m`_mZ hmoZo dmbo _wHw$Q> _| ñWmZ àmá

H$a AnZo ^m½` na BR>bmZo H$s ^r _oar (nwîn H$s) BÀN>m Zht h¡ Ÿ&

Ë`mJ Am¡a g_n©U H$s mdZm go am hþAm nwîn dZ_mbr H$mo gå~moYH$a BVZr hr BÀN>m àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ {H$,

ho dZ _mbr ! _wPo VmoS>H$a Cg nW _| \|$H$ Xmo {H$, {Og amñVo go _mV¥ y{_ Ho$ {bE g_n©U H$aZodmbo AZoH$ dra Om

aho h¢ Ÿ& _mV¥ y{_ Ho$ {bE _a {_Q>Zo dmbo dram| Ho$ n¡am|Vbo am¢XH$a {_Q²>Q>r ~Z OmZo _| hr nwîn H$mo ñdJ© àm{á H$m AmZ§X

àmá hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AnZo OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm _hgyg hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

4

4. ñd § AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ Ÿ&

1. "EH$ ^maVr` AmË_m' Ho$ ê$n _| ................ H$mo nhMmZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

(1) {Zambm (2) _hmXodr d_m© (3) _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr (4) ZmJmOw©Z

2. "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' ................. H$s H${dVm h¡ Ÿ&

(1) _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr (2) Yy{_b (3) {Zambm (4) ZmJmOw©Z

3. nwîn ......... Ho$ JhZm| _| J±yWZm Zht MmhVm Ÿ&

(1) gwa~mbm (2) ào_rH$m (3) Xo{d`m| (4) amZr

4. ào_r-_mbm _| q~YH$a ............. bbMmZo H$s nwîn H$s BÀN>m Zht Ÿ&

(1) ß`mar H$mo (2) gwa~mbm H$mo (3) _mV¥ y{_ (4) g_«mQm| H$mo

5. ............. ed na S>mbo OmZo H$s nwîn A{^bmfm Zht H$aVm Ÿ&

(1) g_«mQ>m| Ho$ (2) Jar~m| Ho$ (3) _mbr Ho$ (4) dram| Ho$

6. ........ {ga na MT>H$a nwîn ^m½` na BR>bmZm Zht MmhVm Ÿ&

(1) g_m«Q>m| Ho$ (2) Xodm| Ho$ (3) dram| Ho$ (4) gwa~mbmAm| Ho$

7. "_wPo VmoS> boZm' nwîn ............ H$hVm h¡ Ÿ&

(1) dZ_mbr H$mo (2) ào{_`m| H$mo (3) g_«mQ>m| H$mo (4) Xodm| H$mo

8. _mV¥ y{_ na ere MT>mZo dmbo dram| Ho$ n¡am|Vbo am¢XZo H$s BÀN>m ...... ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

(1) nwîn (2) dZ_mbr (3) h[a (4) g_«mQ>


A{^bmfm = BÀN>m

gwa~mbm = Xod H$Ý`m

Jy±WZm = {namoZm

bbMmZm = _moh CËnÞ H$aZm

ere MT>mZm = Ý`moN>mda hmoZm, g_n©U H$aZm Ÿ&

5

Mmh = BÀN>m

JhZm = Am yfU

q~YZm = \±$gZm, CbPZm

BR>bmZm = BVamZm, Jd© _hgyg H$aZm


(1) 3 (2) 1$ (3) 1$

(4) 1$ (5) 1$ (6) 1$

(7) 1$ (8) 1$

7..... gmam§e

1. H${d _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr _mV¥ y{_ Ho$ {bE AmË_ ~{bXmZ H$aZo dmbo dram| Ho$ º$ aho h¢ Ÿ& H${d Ho$ AZwgma

AnZr _mV¥ y{_ Ho$ {bE _a-{_Q>Zo dmbo dram| H$m ñWmZ gdm}ƒ h¡ Ÿ&

2. Bg H${dVm _| {M{ÌV nwîn ^r Eogo dram| Ho$ MaUm|Vbo am¡X§H$a {_Q²>Q>r ~Z OmZo _| hr OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm

g_PVm h¡ Ÿ&

3. nwîn Z XodH$Ý`m Ho$ Am yfU _| ñWmZ nmZm MmhVm h¡, Z ào_r-_mbm H$m {hñgm ~ZZm MmhVm h¡ Z g_«mQ>m|

Ho$ ed na S>mbo OmZo H$s CgH$s h¡ Am¡a Z hr B©ída Ho$ _wHw$Q> _| ñWmZ nmH$a ^m½` na BR>bmZo H$s Ÿ& ~pëH$

dh MmhMm h¡ {H$, AnZo Xoe Ho$ {bE ere MT>mZo dmbo dram| Ho$ n¡am| _| Cgo ñWmZ {_bo Ÿ&

4. AnZo ì`{º$JV gwI Ho$ ~Xbo Ë`mJ, g_n©U Am¡a Xoeào_ H$m g§Xoe Bg H${dVm _| {X`m J`m h¡>Ÿ&

5. IyX H$m OrdZ Xygam| Ho$ H$m_ _| AmE, `hr _Zwî` Y_© h¡ Ÿ&

6

8. ñdmÜ`m`

g§X © Ho$ àíZ

""_wPo VmoS> boZm dZ _mbr ! - Cg nW _| Vw_ XoZm \|$H$ Ÿ&

_mV¥ y{_ na ere MT>mZo, {Og nW Omd| dra AZoH$ Ÿ&&''

XrKm}Îmar àíZ

"nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© ~VmVo hþE g§Xoe ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&

9. joÌr` H$m ©

_amR>r Ho$ {d. Xm. gmdaH$a, Hw$gw_mJ«O VWm AÝ` Xoe^{º$na H$mì` {bIZo dmbo H${d`m| H$s H${dVm H$m

AÜ``Z VWm g§J«h H$s{OE Ÿ&


1. {h_{H$ar{Q>Zr - _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr

7

BH$mB© - 1 (I)2. ^maV H$s {dYdm

- gy ©H$m§V {ÌnmR>r "{Zambm'

AZwH«$_

1. CX²Xoí`

2. àñVmdZm

3. {df` {ddaU

3.1 {Zambm H$m n[aM`

3.2 "^maV H$s {dYdm' H${dVm H$m n[aM`

3.3 "^maV H$s {dYdm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©




7. gmam§e

8. ñdmÜ`m`

9. joÌr` H$m ©


1. CX²Xoí`


♦ _hmH${d {Zambm Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd Am¡a H¥${VËd go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ ^maVr` {dYdm Zmar H$s H$ê$U Xem go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ H${d {Zambm Ho$ _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ ^maVr` {dYdm Zmar H$s AÝ`mÝ` {ddeVmAm| VWm AmnXmAm| go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo Ÿ&

♦ CgH$s __mªVH$ nrS>m go ì`{WV hmoH$a g_mO H$s AÝ` {dYdmAm| H$s ghm`Vm H$aZo H$s àoaUm àmá H$agH|$Jo Ÿ&

8

2. àñVmdZm

{Zambm Or AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ N>m`mdmXr wJ Ho$ à_wI AmYmañV§ aho, na§Vw wJ Ho$ AZwê$n doàJ{Verb, Xme©{ZH$ Am¡a qMVZerb H${d ^r aho h¢ Ÿ& N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| _| do g~go A{YH$ {dÐmohr, gdm©{YH$CXmÎm Am¡a OZ-OrdZ Ho$ à{V {deof ê$n go gOJ H${d _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CÝh| "_hmàmU {Zambm' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&àJ{Verb {dMmaYmam Ho$ H$maU _mZdVmdmX CZH$s H${dVm H$m _w»` {df` ahm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s "{dYdm' H${dVm _|àJ{Verb {dMmaYmam H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&

3. {df` {ddaU

3.1 H${d {Zambm H$m n[aM`

{Zambm H$m OÝ_ 21 \$adar, 1896 B©. H$mo ~§Jmb Ho$ _{hfmXb amÁ` _| hþAm Ÿ& {Zambm n§. am_ghm`{ÌnmR>r Ho$ àW_ nwÌ Wo Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm Or{dH$monmO©Z Ho$ {bE ~§Jmb AmE Wo & CZH$m n[adma H$mÝ`Hw$ãO ~«m÷U n[admaWm Ÿ& ~MnZ _| hr CZH$s _m± H$m XohdgmZ hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& Bg{bE {nVm Zo CZH$m nmbZ-nmofU {H$`m Ÿ& BZH$s àma§{^H${ejm ~§Jmbr _| hþB© Am¡a dhm± go hr _¡Q´>rH$ VH$ H$s {ejm àmá H$s Ÿ& H${dVm go ~MnZ go hr CZH$m AZwamJ Wm Ÿ&CÝhm|Zo àma§{^H$ aMZmE± ~§Jmbr _| hr H$s h¢ Ÿ& 14 df© H$s AdñWm _| {Zambm Or H$m _ZmohamXodr Ho$ gmW {ddmhhþAm Ÿ& nËZr H$s àoaUm go do qhXr H$s Amoa AmH¥$ï> hþE Ÿ& à{V^membr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU erK« hr do qhXr Am¡a g§ñH¥$V Ho$A{YH$mar {dX²dmZ hmo JE Ÿ& maVr` Xe©Z go {Zambm Or {deof à^m{dV Wo Ÿ& H${d hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW do EH$ Hw$ebJm`H$ Ed§ g§JrVk ^r Wo Ÿ& CZH$s aMZmAm| _| emór` g§JrV H$m CËH¥$ï> ê$n XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ gm{hpË`H$OrdZ H$s gmYZm "g_Ýd`' Zm_H$ nÌ Ho$ g§nmXZ H$mb go àma§ hþB© Ÿ& "{Zambm' g~ àH$ma Ho$ ~§YZm| go _wº$ EH$ñdÀN>§X àH¥${V Ho$ H$bmH$ma Wo Ÿ& 15 Zd§~a, 1961 H$mo {Zambm H$m ñdJ©dmg hmo J`m Ÿ&

H¥${VËd

{Zambm Or ~hþ_wIr à{V^m Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma WoŸ & CÝhm|Zo gm{hË` H$s g^r {dYmAm| H$mo AnZr à{V^m goOJ_Jm`mŸ& {Zambm H$s aMZmE± {ZåZ àH$ma h¢ -

H$mì` - VwbgrXmg (à~§Y), AZm{_H$m, n[a_b, Jr{VH$m, Anam, AM©Zm, AmamYZm, JrV Jw±O, ~obm,Hw$Hw$a_wÎmm, ZE nÎmo, A{U_m, {dZ_ I§S>, H${dlr, gm§Ü` H$mH$br Am¡a gamoOñ_¥{V Ÿ&

CnÝ`mg - AbH$m, Anam, M_obr, MmoQ>r H$s nH$S>, {Zê$n_m, à^mdVr, CÀN¥>Ib, H$mbo H$maZm_oAm{X Ÿ&

H$hmZr g§J«h - {bbr, gwHw$b H$s ~r~r, Xodr, gIr, Aßgam, AbH$m Am{X Ÿ&

ZmQ>H$ - g_mO, eHw§$Vbm, Cfm, amO`moJ Am{X Ÿ&

aoIm{MÌ - Hw$„r^mQ>, {~„ogwa ~H$[ahm, MVwar M_ma Am{X Ÿ&

O{d{Z`m± - ^r_, àh²bmX, amUm àVmn, Y«wd, eHw§$Vbm Am{X Ÿ&

9

{Z~§Y - à~§YnX²_, à~§Y à{V_m, à~§Y n[aM`, adtÐ H$mZZ Hw$gw_, Mm~wH$ Am{X Ÿ&

AZwdmX - _hm^maV, Xodr Mm¡YwamZr, AmZ§X_R>, aOZr, XwJ}eZ§{XZr, H¥$îUH$m§V H$m {db, nm[ad«mOH$ñdm_r am_H¥$îU, lram_H¥$îU dMZm_¥V, amYmamZr, {ddoH$mZ§X Ho$ ^mfU Ÿ&

AmbmoMZm - n§V Am¡a n„d, à~§Y à{V_m Am{X Ÿ&

3.2 "^maV H$s {dYdm' H${dVm H$m n[aM`

H${d "{Zambm' H$s H${dVm "{dYdm' gm_m{OH$ AË`mMma H$s H$hmZr h¡ Am¡a Bg_| ^maV H$s {dYdm ZmarH$m H$ê$U {MÌ A§{H$V {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& {Zambm Or H$s gm_m{OH$ ghmZw y{V H$s `h H${dVm CZH$s `WmW© Ñ{ï> H$mà_mU h¡ Ÿ& `hm± {Zambm H$m n[adoe EH$ `WmW©dmXr H${d H$m h¡ Ÿ& _hmXodr d_m© Zo Bg H${dVm Ho$ ~mao _| {bIm h¡ -""gm_m{OH$ AmYma na h Bï>Xod Ho$ _§{Xa H$s nyOm-gm Vn nyV d¡Yì` H$m Omo {MÌ h¡ dh AnZr {Xì` Abm¡{H$H$Vm_| AHo$bm h¡ Ÿ&''~rgdr eVmãXr Ho$ nydm©Y© _| maVr` {dYdm Zmar H$s pñW{V {H$VZr Aghm` Am¡a XX© ar Wr Bgo hH${dVm dmUr XoVr h¡ Ÿ&

3.3 "^maV H$s {dYdm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©

H${d {Zambm ^maVr` {dYdm-ór H$s `WmW© pñW{V H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ {H$, dh Bï>Xod Ho$ _§{XaH$s nyOm Ho$ g_mZ n{dÌ VWm dhm± ObZo dmbo Z§XmXrn H$s bm¡ Ho$ g_mZ em§V Am¡a AnZo Amn _| brZ bJVr h¡ Ÿ&Š`m|{H$ A~ Cgo g§gma H$s {H$gr MrO Ho$ à{V _moh aIZo H$m A{YH$ma Zht Am¡a Z hr g~Ho$ gmW h±g-IobH$a ~mV|H$aZo H$m Ÿ& Cgo XoIH$a Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$, _mZmo dh H«y$a H$mb Ho$ Vm§S>d Z¥Ë` H$s ñ_aU aoIm hmo, H$mb Ho$ Vm§S>d-Z¥Ë`_| CgH$m g~Hw$N> Vhg-Zhg hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& A~ dh Aghm` Am¡a AmË_hrZ hþB© h¡ Ÿ& {Og àH$ma d¥j Ho$ Qy>Q> OmZo naCg na \¡$br bVm Aghm` hmo OmVr h¡ Cgr àH$ma n{V Ho$ A^md _| ^maVr` {dYdm ^r {Zê$nm` Am¡a ~oghmam hmoOmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s X{bV Am¡a An_mZrV pñW{V n¡Xm hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

YaVr ha F¥$Vw _| AbJ l¥§Jma H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& N>: F¥$VwE± H«$_mZwgma AmVr h¢ Am¡a dZ-CndZ H$mo {dH${gV H$aXoVr h¢ VWm \y$b {IbZo bJVo h¢, na {dYdm Ho$ OrdZ na BZ F¥$VwAm| H$m Hw$N> ^r à^md Zht nS>Vm Am¡a F¥$VwE±MwnMmn AmH$a Mbr OmVr h¢ Ÿ& H${d H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ A~ {dYdm Ho$ OrdZ _| ñdÀN>§X OrdZ H$s A_a H$ënZm hrHo$db ~mH$s h¡ Ÿ& `h g§gma Vmo A~ CgHo$ {bE ì`Wm H$s Eogr H$hmZr h¡ {Ogo dh àm`: wb JB© h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V {dYdmH$m OrdZ hr ì`Wm h¡ Am¡a dh Bg doXZm H$mo ghVo-ghVo à^mdhrZ hmo MwH$s h¡ VWm Bg {dah ì`Wm H$mo ^r dhñdßZdV ghZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& `h ì`Wm^am XmånË` OrdZ H$m H$ënZm_` ñdßZ hr A~ CgH$m AmYma h¡ Ÿ&

{dYdm Zo gwhmJ Ho$ Xn©U _| AnZo n{V H$mo Ho$db EH$ hr ~ma XoIm Wm Ÿ& CgH$m dh n{V Cg nam{lV A~bmH$m EH$_mÌ ghmam VWm CgHo$ OrdZ H$m {à` bú` Am¡a OrdZ Ho$ _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$ {bE Y«wd Vmao Ho$ g_mZ Wm Ÿ& H${d H$mH$hZm h¡ {H$ n{V Ho$ Mbo OmZo Ho$ ~mX Cg ór Ho$ OrdZ _| AZ§V_mJ© go H$ê$U H$mo Ymam ~hVr h¡ Ÿ&

10

^maVr` {dYdm H$m H$ê$UmnyU© {MÌU H$aVo hþE H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ Cg {dYdm H$s Am±Io H$ê$Um ag gohf©{d^moa hþB© h¢ Ÿ& AWm©V CgH$s Am±Imo _| H$ê$Um Am¡a XrZVm nyU©V: PbH$Vr h¡ (H$ê$Um ag H$m nyUm©Z§X XoZo _| Am±Im|Ho$ ^md n[anyU© h¢) Ÿ& CgH$s `h H$mê${UH$ Xem XoIH$a _Zê$nr ±dao H$s nm±I| ^rJ CR>Vr Wr Ÿ& AWm©V {H$gr ^rXoIZodmbo ({dYdm H$mo) H$m _Z amo CR>Vm Wm Ÿ& Cg {dYdm Ho$ H$mo_b ñda _| Omo Jw§Oma Jw§Om[aV hmoVr Wr dh A~ Zhtahr Am¡a A~ Vmo Ho$db hmhmH$ma hr à{VÜd{ZV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {dYdm _mZmo H$ê$Um go ^ar hþB© g[aVm h¡ Ÿ& EogrH$ê$Umê$nr g[aVm Ho$ _{bZ VQ> na EH$ bKw Qy>Q>r hþB© Pm|nS>r H$m _m¡Z ~T>m ahm h¡ Ÿ& dh ñd § {N>Þ-{^Þ hþB© h¡ VWmA{dab ~hZo dmbo Am±gwAm| go CgH$m Am§Mb ^rJ J`m h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _Z _| AVrd Xw:I h¡ VWm Xw:I Ho$ H$maU AYagwI JE h¢ Am¡a {MVdZ ÌñV hþB© h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V Xw:I Ho$ H$maU CgH$m g§nyU© eara hr {ZñVoO hþAm h¡ VWm _Z doXZm goAñdñW hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Eogr XX© ar Aghm` AdñWm _| dh {dYdm AnZo Amn H$mo Xw{Z`m H$s ZOam| go ~MmZo H$m à`mgH$aVr h¡ Ÿ& AWmh doXZmE± Cgo ê$bmVr h¢, bo{H$Z dh Añnï> ñdam| _| hr {dbmn H$aVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$s Bg H$ê$UmnyU©ì`Wm H$mo Yra AmH$me Am¡a {ZíMb dm w hr gwZVm h¡ Ÿ& ZXr H$s bhao ^r CgH$s ì`Wm H$mo R>ha-R>ha H$a gwZVrh¢ Ÿ&

H${dVm Ho$ A§V _| H${d nmR>H$m| go àíZ H$aVo h¢ {H$, {Og {doYdm Ho$ Xw:I H$m H$moB© {H$Zmam hr Zht h¡, CgoYraO XoZodmbm VWm CgHo$ Xw:I H$m ma hbH$m H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cgo (Xw:I H$mo) AnZo H§$Yo na boZo dmbm Š`m H$moB© BgXoe _| h¡ ? CgHo$ gmW X¡d `m ^m½` Zo AVrd Kmoa Am¡a H$R>moa AË`mMma hr {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H${d ^maVr` g_mO H$mogå~moYH$a àíZ H$aVo h¢ {H$, Š`m H$^r {H$gr Ho$ AlwOb nmoN>Zo H$m H$m_ {H$`m h¡ `m g~H$mo nrS>m XoZo H$m hr H$m_H$aVo hmo Ÿ? AWm©V H$moB© ór {dYdm hmo OmVr h¡ Vmo maVr` g_mO Cgo nrS>m_wº$ H$aZo Ho$ ~Xbo An_mZrV Am¡a ~o~g~ZZo Ho$ {bE hr Š`m| _O~ya H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ V¥U nÌm| na nT>r hþB© Amog H$s ~y±X PS> OmZo Ho$ ~mX {_Å>r_| {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma AìhobZm Am¡a ~o~gr H$m Xw:I ^maVr` {dYdm H$mo OrdZna gbmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s BgAghm` AdñWm _| ghm`Vm H$aZo dmbm H$moB© Zht hmoVm Ÿ& CgHo$ AlwAm| H$mo nm|N>Zodmbm H$moB© Zht hmoVm Ÿ& {dYdm Ho$à{V hmoZodmbm ^maVr` g_mO H$m `h ~Vm©d Xoe H$m ga PwH$mVm h¡ Ÿ&


1. "^maV H$s {dYdm' ............... H$s H${dVm h¡ Ÿ&

(1) ZraO (2) {Zambm (3) ~ƒZ (4) _hmXodr d_m©

2. {Zambm _ybV: ......... H$[d h¢ Ÿ&

(1$) N>m`mdmXr (2) à`moJdmXr (3) hmbmdmXr (4) AH${dVmdmXr

3. ^maVr` {dYdm H${d H$mo H«y$a H$mb-Vm§S>d H$s ....... gr bJVr h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) ñ_¥{V-aoIm (2) XrK-{eIm (3) nyOm (4) H$ënZm

11

4. H${d Zo {dYdm H$mo ............... H$s ybr hþB© H$Wm H$hm h¡ Ÿ&

(1) ñ_¥{V (2) ì`Wm (3) ñdßZ (4) gwhmJ

5. {dYdm Ho$ {bE Y«wdVmam ............ Wm Ÿ&

(1$) Xn©U (2) ñdßZ (3) n{V (4) YZ

6. {Zambm Zo H$ê$Um H$s g[aVm ............ H$mo H$hm h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) {dYdm (2) Jw§Oma (3) Hw$Q>r (4) H$Wm

7. {dYdm Ho$ AYa ............. Ho$ H$maU ê$Io-gwIo hþE Wo Ÿ&

(1$) ^ma (2) nrQ>Zo (3) XwI (4) AË`mMma

8. {dYdm .............. ñda _| amoVr h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) Añ\w$Q> (2) AñV (3) {ZíMb (4) H$R>moa

9. {dYdm Ho$ gmW ................. Zo Kmoa Am¡a H$R>moa AË`mMma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) X¡d (2) _mZd (3) n{V (4) Kadmobm|

10. Qy>Q>o Vê$ H$s N>Q>r bVm-gr XmoZ ................. H$mo H$hm h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) {dYdm (2) nyOm (3) F¥$Vw (4) g[aVm

5. nm[a^m{fH$ eãX eãXmW©

Bï>Xod = AmamÜ` Xod, Hw$bXodVm

Xrn-{eIm = XrnH$ H$s bm¡

H«w$a-H$mb-Vm§S>d = g_` H$m {dZmeH$mar Z¥Ë`

fS²>F¥$Vw = dg§V, J«rî_, nmdg, eaX², ho_§V Am¡a {e{ea Am{X N>: F¥$VwE± Ÿ&

Hw$gw{_V = nwpînV

H$mZZ = dZ, O§Jb

Zrad-nX-g§gma = AmdmO {H$E {~Zm Yrao-Yrao MbZm

ñdÀN>§X = _wº$

ì`Wm = XwI

Xn©U = AmBZm, erem

12

{~på~V = A§{H$V, {M{ÌV

OrdZ-YZ = OrdZ H$s gån{V AWm©V n{V

bú` = CX²Xoí`, Ü o

AZ§V = Agr_, Ag§I, A{dZmer

nwb{H$V = àgÞ, hf© wº$

_Z-_YwH$a = _Z ê$nr «_a

_¥Xw = H$mo_b

Jw§Oma = ^m¡am| H$s Jw§O

hmhmH$ma = Hw$ham_, Xw:I Ho$ H$maU öX` go {ZH$br à{VÜd{Z

g[aVm = Z{X

nw{bZ = {H$Zmam

Hw$Q>r = Pm|nS>r

Añ\w$Q> = Aì`º$

g_ra = dm w

N>moa = {H$Zmam

X¡d = ^m½`, {dYmVm

{dH$b = XwIr, ì`{WV

n„d = nÎm|


(1) 2 (2) 1$ (3) 1$

(4) 2 (5) 3 (6) 1$

(7) 3 (8) 1$ (9) 1$

(10) 1$

13

7. gmam§e

1. {Zambm Or Zo ^maVr` n[admam| _| hmoZodmbr {dYdm H$s X`Zr` Am¡a X{bV pñW{V H$m `WmW© {MÌU"^maVr` {dYdm' H${dVm _| {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

2. noS> Ho$ Qy>Q>H$a {JaZo na Cgna \¡$br hþB© bVm ^r AmYma {dhrZ hmoH$a {~Ia OmVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma n{V Ho$Mbo OmZo na ór ^r Aghm` ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

3. àH¥${V H$s ha F¥$Vw _| AbJ T>§J go gOZo-g§daZo dmbr ór {dYdm ~Z OmVr h¡, Vmo CgHo$ {bE BZH$m H$moB©_Vb~ hr Zht hmoVm Ÿ&

4. {dYdm H$m OrdZ Ho$db ì`Wm go ^ar hþB© H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| ~mH$s ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ&5. n{V Ho$ ê$n _| hmoZo dmbo OrdZ-YZ Ho$ Mbo OmZo go ~o~g {dYdm ór H$m g§nyU© gm¢X © hr {dVwï>> hmo OmVm

h¡ Ÿ&6. CgHo$ gwIo hþE AYa Am¡a _ñV {MVdZ Cgo ~XgyaV ~Zm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& dh Añ\w$Q> ñda _| amoVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m

g§nyU© OrdZ EH$ A§Yoar H$moR>ar ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ&7. CgHo$ gmW ^m½` H$m Kmoa Am¡a H$R>moa AË`mMma Cgo OrdZ^a ê$bmVm h¡ Ÿ&8. H${d àíZ H$aVo h¢ {H$, Š`m CgHo$ Am§gwAm| H$mo {H$gr Zo nmoN>m h¡ Ÿ? Cgo Eogr Xem _| Am¡a VH${b\$ XoZo Ho$

H$maU hr ^maVr` g_mO H$m ga PwH$ OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

8. ñdmÜ`m`

g§X © Ho$ àíZ

""`h XwI {OgH$m Zht Hw$N> N>moa h¡,

X¡d, AË`mMma H¡$gm Kmoa Am¡a H$R>moa h¡ Ÿ&

Š`m H$^r nmoN>o {H$gr Ho$ AlwOb Ÿ?

`m {H$`m H$aVo aho g~H$mo {d\$b ?''

XrKm}Îmar àíZ

"^maV H$s {dYdm' H${dVm _| {M{ÌV Zmar H$s XwX©em H$m dU©Z H$s{OE Ÿ&

9. joÌr` H$m ©

{dYdm na {bIr qhXr VWm _amR>r H$s AÝ` H${dVmAm| H$mo nT> {b{OE VWm {H$gr {dYdm go {_bH$a CgHo$Xw:I H$mo {M{ÌV H$aZo H$m à`mg H$s{OE Ÿ&


1. AZm{_H$m - {Zambm

14

BH$mB© - 1 (J)3. _¢ Zra âr Xw:I H$s ~Xbr

- _hmXodr d_m©

AZwH«$_

1. CX²Xoí`

2. àñVmdZm

3. {df` {ddaU

3.1 _hmXodr d_m© H$m n[aM`

3.2 "_¢ Zra âr Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm H$m n[aM`

3.3 "_¢ Zra âr Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©




7. gmam§e

8. ñdmÜ`m`

9. joÌr` H$m ©


1. CX²Xoí`


♦ _hmXodr d_m© Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ Ë`mJ H$m _hÎd g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ "Xygam| Ho$ OrdZ H$mo haâm H$aVo-H$aVo {_Q> OmZo _| hr OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm hmoVr h¡, Bgo g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ H$d{`Ìr Zo AnZo {bE MwZo ~mXb Ho$ Cn_mZ H$s gmW©H$Vm g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

15

2. àñVmdZm

qhXr gm{hË` H$s H$d{`{Ì`m| _o§ _hmXodr d_m© H$m ñWmZ gd©joð> h¡ Ÿ& CÝh| ~më`H$mb go hr H$mì` _| ê${MWr Ÿ& N>m`mdmX VWm ahñ`dmX H$s H$d{`Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| CÝh| nhMmZm OmVm h¡ CZHo$ g_mZ H$ê$Um, doXZm, nrS>m Ho$ BVZo_m{_©H$ JrV qhXr _| Am¡a {H$gr Zo Zht {bI| h¢ Ÿ& H$ê$Um Am¡a doXZm CZHo$ JrVm| H$s à_wI àd¥{Îm ahr Ÿ& CZH$m g_ñVH$mì` doXZm_` h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s doXZm _| XwI Am¡a H$ê$Um H$m KZr yV ê$n hþAm h¡ Ÿ& h XwI m¡{VH$ Z hmoH$a AmÜ`pË_H$h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ H$mì` H$s {dah doXZm H$mo XoIH$a AmbmoMH$m| Zo CÝh| "AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s _ram Ÿ&' H$hm h¡ Ÿ& H$d{`Ìr Zoñd § H$hm h¡ - ""nr‹S>m _oao _mZg go ^rJo nQ>-gr {bnQ>r h¡ Ÿ&'' CZH$s "_¢ Zra âr XwI H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm BÝht{dMmam| H$mo A{^ì`{º$ XoVr h¡ Ÿ&

3. {df` {ddaU

3.1 H$d{`Ìr _hmXodr d_m© H$m n[aM`

_hmXodr d_m© H$m OÝ_ 26 _mM©, 1907 H$mo CÎma àXoe Ho$ \$ê©$Im~mX {Obo _| hþAm Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm lr JmoqdXàgmX d_m© àmÜ`mnH$ Wo Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ ho_amZr Xodr Wm Ÿ& 200 dfm] ~mX n[adma _| ~oQ>r n¡Xm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU_hmXodr Zm_ aIm Ÿ& _hmXodr Or H$s {ejm B§Xm¡a _| {_eZ ñHy$b _| àma§ hþB©, gmW hr g§ñH¥$V, A§J«oOr, g§JrV VWm{MÌH$bm H$s {ejm AÜ`mnH$m| X²dmam Ka na hr Xr OmVr ahr & {ddmhmonam§V 1919 _| H«$mñWdoQ> H$m°boO, Bbmhm~mX_| àdoe {b`m Ÿ& gmV df© H$s AdñWm go hr H${dVm {bIZo bJr Wr Ÿ& 1932 _| Bbmhm~mX {díd{dX² mb` gog§ñH¥$V _| E_.E. nmg {H$`m & V~ VH$ Xmo H$mì` g§J«h àH$m{eV hmo MwHo$ Wo Am¡a à{gX²Y H$d{`Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| Zm_ hþAmWm Ÿ& _hmXodr Or H$s n{Vñdê$n ZmamÙ d_m© go H$moB© AZ~Z Zht Wr, bo{H$Z CÝh| d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ go {da{º$Wr Ÿ& CZH$m OrdZ Vmo EH$ g§Ý`m{gZr H$m OrdZ Wm Ÿ& OrdZâ ídoV dó nhZm Am¡a H$^r erem Zht XoIm Ÿ&

_hmXodr H$m H$m ©joÌ boIZ, g§nmXZ Am¡a AÜ`mnZ ahm CÝhm|Zo Bbmhm~mX _| à`mJ _{hbm {dX² mnrR> Ho${dH$mg _| _hÎdnyU© moJXmZ {H$`m Ÿ& Bgr g§ñWm H$s àYmZmMm © Am¡a Hw$bn{V r aht Ÿ& _hmXodr ~m¡X²Y Y_© go ~hþVà^m{dV Wr Ÿ& _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ à^md go CÝhm|Zo OZgodm H$m d«V {b`m Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ _| ^r {hñgm {b`m Ÿ&

_hmXodr Or H$mo àemgZrH$, AY©àemgZZrH$ Am¡a ì`{º$JV g^r àH$ma Ho$ nwañH$ma {_bo Ÿ& BZ_| nX²_ yfU,gm{hË` AH$mX_r H$s gXñ`Vm, nX²_{d yfU, goŠgo[a`m Am¡a kmZnrR> (`m_m) Am{X nwañH$mam| H$m {deof _hÎdh¡ Ÿ&

H¥${VËd : H${dVm, g§ñ_aU, aoIm{MÌ, AmbmoMZm Am{X {d{dY {dYmAm| _| _hmXodr Zo boIZr MbmB© h¡ Ÿ& na§VwCZH$m H${d ê$n hr A{YH$ CâH$a Am`m h¡ Ÿ&

1. H$mì` g§J«h - Zrhma, apí_, ZraOm, gm§Ü`JrV, Xrn{eIm, gánUm©, àW_ Am`m_, A{¾aoIm Am{X Ÿ&

_hmXodr d_m© Ho$ AÝ` AZoH$ H$mì` g§H$bZ ^r àH$m{eV h¢, {OZ_| Cn w©ŠV aMZmAm| _| go MwZo hþE JrVg§H${bV h¢, O¡go - AmpË_H$m, n[aH«$_m, g§{YZr, m_m, JrVnd©, XrnJrV, ñ_m[aH$m, Zrbm§~am Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ H${d_hmXodr Ÿ&

16

2. g§ñ_aU - nW> Ho$ gmWr, _oam n[adma, jUXm Am{X Ÿ&

3. aoIm{MÌ - ñ_¥{V H$s aoImE±, AVrV Ho$ Mb{MÌ Am{X Ÿ&

4. AmbmoMZm - AmYw{ZH$ H${d H$s y{_H$m, qhXr H$m {ddoMZmË_H$ JX² , gm{hË`H$ma H$s AmñWm VWm AÝ`{Z~§Y, l¥§Ibm H$s H${S>`m± Am{X Ÿ&

5. AZwdmX - gánUm© (_hmZ H${d`m| H$s MwZr hþB© aMZmAm| H$m nX² mZwdmX )

6. g§nmXZ - {h_mb` ({h_mb` go g§~§{YV ZE nwamZo H${d`m| H$s MwZr hþB© aMZmAm| H$m g§H$bZ Ÿ&)

3.2 "_¢ Zra âr Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm H$m n[aM`

AmYw{ZH qhXr H${dVm H$s _yY©Ý` H$d{`Ìr lr_Vr _hmXodr d_m© Ho$ H$mì` _| EH$ _m{_©H$ g§doXZm h¡ Ÿ&gab-gwYao àVrH$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZo ^mdm| H$mo {Og T>§J go _hmXodr Or A{^ì`º$ H$aVr h¡, dh AÝ`Ì Xwb©h¢ Ÿ& dmñVd _| CZH$m g§nyU© H$mì` EH$ {Ma§VZ Am¡a Agr_ {à` Ho$ à{V {Zdo{XV h¡ {Og_| OrdZ H$s Yyn-N>m±h Am¡aJ§ ra qMVZ H$s B§ÐYZwfr H$mo_bVm h¡ Ÿ& "AmpË_H$m' _| g§J¥hrV H${dVmAm| Ho$ ~mao _o§ ñd § _hmXodr Or Zo h ñdrH$ma{H$`m h¡ {H$ Bg_| _oar Eogr aMZmE± g§J¥hrV h¢ Omo _oar OrdZ-Ñ{ï>, Xe©Z, gm¢X ©~moY Am¡a H$mì`-Ñ{ï> H$m n[aM` XogH|$Jr Ÿ& _hmXodr Or H$s "_¢ Zra âr Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' Bgr H$mì` g§H$bZ _| g§H${bV H${dVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: ñnï> ho {H$Bg_| ~mXb Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÝhm|Zo AnZr OrdZ-Ñ{ï> H$mo A{^ì`º$ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

3.3 "_¢ Zra âr Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©

"_¢ Zra ar XwI H$s ~Xbr' _hmXodr Or Ho$ OrdZ {df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo ñnï> H$aZo dmbr AË §V bmoH${à`H${dVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H${dVm _| ~mXb H$m _mZdrH$aU {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& ~mXbm| H$m OrdZ AënH$mbrZ hmoVm h¡, bo{H$Z doAnZr gr{_V Am w _| g¥{ï> H$mo haâm H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& d¡go hr h_mam OrdZ ^r OZH$ë`mU Ho$ {bE g_{n©V hmoZmMm{hE Ÿ&

_hmXodr Or H$hVr h¡ {H$ _¢ Vmo XwI ê$nr Ob go âr hþB© ~Xbr hÿ± Ÿ& _oao ñn§XZ AWm©V J{V _| h_oem pñWaahZo dmbm n[adV©Z ~gm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V ~mXb hdm Ho$ gmW g^r OJh nhþ±MVo h¢ Am¡a {MañWm`r {dH$mg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&ñn§XZ wº$ ~mXb Amng _| Q>H$amVo h¢ Am¡a JS>JS>mhQ> H$s Üd{Z H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$d{`Ìr Zo Bgo CZH$m H«§$XZ H$hmh¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z ~mXbm| Ho$ Bgr H«§$XZ Ho$ H$maU Omoam| H$s ~mare hmoVr h¡ Am¡a ß`mgm {díd hf©{d^moa hmoH$a h±gZo bJVm h¡Ÿ& ~mXbm| H$s JS>JS>mhQ> go M_H$Zo dmbr {~Obr, _mZm| _oao Z`Zm| _| ObVo hþE XrnH$ hr h¢ Ÿ& O¡go hr {~Obr M_H$Vrh¡ ~mXbm| go ObYmamE± àdm{hV hmoZo Ho$ {bE _MbVr ahVr h¢ Ÿ&

~mXbm| H$m AmJ_Z IweZw_m Am¡a g§JrVâm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~mXbm| H$mo gmW boH$a ~hZo dmbr hdm _| ñdßZdVgwJ§Y hmoVr h¡; {_Q²>Q>r H$s {^Zr-{^Zr Iwe~y g~H$mo AmH${f©V H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ~mXbm| _| gyaO H$s {H$aZ| \¡$b OmVr h¢, Vmo_mZmo Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ AmH$me _| {H$gr Zo AZoH$ a§Jm| H$m dó \¡$bm {X`m h¡ Ÿ& J«rî_ _| Agh² Cî_m, H$mo PobVm hþAm

17

ì`{º$ AMmZH$ ~mXb H$s N>m`m nm boVm h¡ Vmo _mZmo Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ _b` nd©V go AmZo dmbr M§XZ go gwJ§{YV _§Xhdm H$m R>§S>H$âm gwI CgZo nm {b`m hmo Ÿ&

H$d{`Ìr Zo YaVr na \¡$bo {j{VO H$mo YaVr H$s ¥Hw${Q> H$hm h¡ Am¡a Cg ¥Hw${Q> na YwE± Ho$ a§J _| \¡$bo ~mXbm|H$mo XoIH$a dh H$hVr h¡ {H$, _mZmo do KZr qMVm H$m ^md ~Z ~¡R>o h¢ Ÿ&

YaVr na \¡$br {_Q²>Q>r na ~Xbr O~ ObH$U ~ZH$a ~agVr h¡ Vmo {_Q²>Q>r go V¥Um| VWm noS>m| Ho$ ~rOm| goZdm§Hw$a \y$Q> {ZH$bVo h¢ Ÿ& ZdOrdZ H$m {Z_m©U hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~Xbr H$hVr h¡ {H$ _oao AmJ_Z go nW _| H$moB© J§XJr Zht\¡$bVr Am¡a Z hr _¢ OmVo dº$ AnZo nX {Mh²Z N>moS> OmVr hÿ²± Ÿ& AWm©V {Og àH$ma ~mXb hdm Ho$ gmW CS>H$a AmVoh¢, gñVo _| H$moB© Hy$S>m-H$Mam Zht \¡$bmVo Am¡a ~ag-~ag H$a nyU©V: {_Q> OmVo h¢, H$moB© AñVrËd Zht N>moS>Vo Ÿ& CgràH$ma H$d{`Ìr H$mo ^r AnZo AmZo go {H$gr H$mo VH$br\$ Z hmo BgH$m Ü`mZ aIZo Ho$ gmW-gmW g_{ï> Ho$ gwI Ho${bE {H$E hþE H$m © Ho$ {bE H$moB© AnZm Zm_ Z bo, BgH$m Ü`mZ aIZm h¡ Ÿ& H$d{`Ìr ~mXb Ho$ _mÜ`_ go BVZr hrBÀN>m ì`º$ H$aVr h¡ {H$, gwI Ho$ amo_m§M Ho$ g_mZ {díd _| _oar gwInyU© ñ_¥{V eof aho Ÿ&

~Xbr {dñV¥V AmH$me Ho$ {H$gr r H$moZo na AnZm hH$ OVmZm Zht MmhVr Ÿ& {díd _| dh AnZm BVZmhrn[aM` Am¡a B{Vhmg N>moS> OmZm MmhVr h¡ {H$ CgH$m H$b {Z_m©U hþAm Wm Am¡a AmO dh ~agH$a {_Q> JB© Ÿ& AWm©V_hmXodr Or AnZm OrdZ Bg Vah OrZm MmhVr ^r {H$ {dídH$ë`mU Ho$ {bE dh Anma H$ï> CR>mE± Ÿ& bo{H$Z CZHo${H$E hþE H$m © H$m H$ht B{Vhmg Z ~Z OmE Ÿ& AZmgº$ OrdZ hr CZHo$ {bE ào_ Wm Am¡a Bgr T>§J H$m OrdZ OrZo H$mCÝhm|Zo à`mg {H$`m Ÿ& Bgr H$maU _hmXodr H$ê$Um H$s g~go ~S>r H$d{`Ìr _mZr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&


1. "_¢ Zraâr XwI H$s ~Xbr' .............. H$s H${dVm h¡ Ÿ?

(1$) _hmXodr d_m© (2) {Zambm (3) gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hZ (4) Yy{_b

2. ~Xbr AnZo H«§$XZ _| ................ {díd H$mo h±gmVr h¡ Ÿ&

(1) gwIr (2) AmhV (3) M§Mb (4) AZwamJr

3. ~Xbr H$m nJ-nJ ................. âm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) {damJ (2) XwI (3) g§JrV (4) AmZ§X

4. ~Xbr H$s N>m`m _| .................. ~`ma H$m AZw d hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) CS>Vr (2) AñdñW (3) gwJ§Yr (4) _b`

5. aOH$U na ~agZo go ~Xbr ............. Ho$ ê$n _| ZdOrdZ YmaU H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) A§Hw$a (2) Ob-H$U (3) H$br (4) XrnH$

18

6. ~Xbr OmVo dº$ .............. Zht N>moS>Zm MmhVr Ÿ&

(1$) Ob-H$U (2) nX-{Mh²Z (3) qMVm (4) ñdßZ

7. {dñV¥V ............. Ho$ {H$gr H$moZo na ~Xbr AnZm hH$ OVmZm Zht MmhVr Ÿ&

(1$) YaVr (2) B{Vhmg (3) Z^ (4) {j{VO

5. nm[a^m{fH$ eãX eãXmW©

ñn§XZ = J{V

{Ma {Zñn§X = {MañWm`r, h_oem pñWa ahZodmbm

H«§$XZ = amoZm, {dbmn

AmhV = Km`b, O»_r

{ZP©aUr = PaZm, ZXr

namJ = namJ-H$U, gwJ§Y

XwHy$b = dó, H$nS>m

¥Hw${Q> = ^m¡ho

_b`-~`ma = X{jU-pñWV M§XZ dZm| go wº$ _b` nd©V go ~hZo dmbr hdm, Omo gwJ§Y

Am¡a erVbVm XoVr h¡ Ÿ&

Yy{_b = Yw§Ybm, YyE± Ho$ a§J H$m

gw{Y = ñ_¥{V, `mX, I~a

AmJ_ = AmZm, AmJ_Z

{ghaZ = erV `m ^` go H$m±nZm, gwI-Xw:I go amo_m§{MV hmoZm Ÿ&

C_S>Zm = Ðd nXmW© H$m ~hþVm`V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU D$na CR>Zm, CR>H$a \¡$bZm `m N>mZm,

C_§J `m Amdoe _| AmZm/{Z_m©U hmoZm Ÿ&

6. ñd § AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma

(1) 1$ (2) 2 (3) 3

(4) 4 (5) 1$ (6) 2

(7) 3

19

7. gmam§e

1. "_¢ Zraâr XwI H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm _| _hmXodr Zo ñd § H$mo XwI ê$nr Ob go âr ~Xbr H$hm h¡ Ÿ&

2. ~Xbr m ~mXb {Og àH$ma AnZo A§Xa H$m Ob ~agmH$a ß`mgr YaVr H$mo hamâm H$a XoVo h¢, Cgr àH$maH$d{`Ìr g§nyU© {díd-g_mO H$mo gwIr ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE H$m © H$aZm MmhVr Wr Ÿ&

3. ~mXb {Og àH$ma AmVo dº$ amñVo H$mo _{bZ Zht H$aVo VWm ~agH$a g_má hmo OmVo h¢, nX-{Mh²Z nrN>oZht N>moS>Vo Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma H$d{`Ìr H$s ^r BÀN>m Wr {H$ CZH$m OrdZ N>b{dhrZ n{dÌ aho VWm g_mO Ho${bE {H$E hþE H$m © Ho$ H$maU CZH$m B{Vhmg _| H$ht Zm_ Z {bIm OmE Ÿ&

4. AZmgŠV OrdZ OrZo dmbr _hmXodr Or H$s OrdZ-Ñ{ï> H$mo hr `h H${dVm dmUr XoVr h¡ Ÿ&

8. ñdmÜ`m`

g§X © Ho$ àíZ

""{dñV¥V Z^ H$m H$moB© H$moZm, _oam Z H$^r AnZm hmoZm,

n[aM` BVZm B{Vhmg ghr C_S>r H$b Wr {_Q> AmO Mbr !''

XrKm}Îmar àíZ

"_¢ Zraâr Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© ñnï> {H${OE Ÿ&

9. joÌr` H$m ©

g§V JmS>Jo _hmamO, _hmË_m Jm§Yr VWm H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb Or Ho$ ~mao _| {bIo gm{hË` H$mo n{T>E Ÿ&


1. AmpË_H$m - _hmXodr d_m©

20

BH$mB© - 1 (K)4. Pm§gr H$s amZr

- gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ

AZwH«$_

1. CX²Xoí`

2. àñVmdZm

3. {df` {ddaU

3.1 gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ H$m n[aM`

3.2 Pm§gr H$s amZr H${dVm H$m n[aM`

3.3 Pm§gr H$s amZr H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©




7. gmam§e

8. ñdmÜ`m`

9. joÌr` H$m ©


1. CX²Xoí`


♦ gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd go àoaUm bo gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ amZr bú_r~mB© Ho$ em¡ © go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&

♦ ñdmV§Í`-g§J«m_ Ho$ {bE bS>Zo dmbo dram| VWm dram§JZmAm| Ho$ Xoeào_ go n[a{MV hm|oJo Ÿ&

♦ A§J«oOm| X²dmam ^maVr`m| na {H$E JE AË`mMmam| go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&

♦ Xoeào_ VWm draVm H$s ^mdZm go ^a OmE§Jo Ÿ&

21

2. àñVmdZm

~MnZ go hr qhXr H$mì` Ho$ à{V {deof ào_ aIZodmbr gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ amï´>{nVm _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$sàoaUm go ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ _| gH«$s` hmo JB© Ÿ& Bg Am§XmobZ _| OmZ aZo Ho$ {bE VWm wdH$m| H$mo Bg_| AmH${f©V H$aZoHo$ {bE do amï´>-ào_ na hr H${dVmE± {bIZo bJr Ÿ& gw Ðm Or Ho$ H$mì` Ho$ nrN>o CZH$m CËH$Q> Xoe-ào_, Anyd© gmhgEd§ AmË_moËgJ© H$s à~b BÀN>m h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H$maU BZH$s H${dVmAm| _| gƒr dram§JZm H$m AmoO Ed§ em¡ © ì`º$ hþAmh¡ Ÿ& CZH$s H${dVmAm| _| BVZr e{º$ h¡ {H$ Cgo nT>H$a H$amoS>m| ^maVr` wdH$- wd{V`m± ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ _| Hw$XnS>r Ÿ& CZH$s "Pm§gr H$s amZr' H${dVm BgH$m gdm}Îm_ CXmhaU h¡ Ÿ&

3. {df` {ddaU

3.1 gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ H$m n[aM`

gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ H$m OÝ_ ZmJn§M_r Ho$ {XZ Bbmhm~mX Ho$ {ZH$Q> {Zhmbnya Zm_H$ Jm§d _| 16 AJñV1904 H$mo am_ZmWqgh Ho$ O_tXma n[adma _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& CÝh| Mma ~hZo Am¡a Xmo ^mB© Wo Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm R>mHw$aam_ZmWqgh {ejm ào_r Wo Am¡a CÝht H$s XoIaoI _| CZH$s àma§{^H$ {ejm ^r hþB© Ÿ& gZ 1919 _| I§S>dm Ho$ R>mHw$abú_U qgh Mm¡hmZ Ho$ gmW {ddmh Ho$ ~mX do O~bnwa Am JB© Wt Ÿ& Bbmhm~mX Ho$ H«$mñWdoQ> ñHy$b _| nT>mB© H$aVo dº$AmnH$s {_ÌVm _hmXodr d_m© go hþB© Wr Ÿ& dh ~MnZ go hr ~hþV M§Mb Am¡a {dÐmohr ñd^md H$s Wr Ÿ& ñdmYrZVm H$sbS>mB© _| AnZo n{V H$m gmW XoVo hþE do H$B© ~ma Oob JB© Wt Ÿ& n{V H$so gm{hË` Ho$ à{V Jhar {Zð>m Wr, AV: gw ÐmOr H$s H$mì``mÌm H$mo àmoËgmhZ hr {_bm Ÿ& _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr Or Ho$ gånH©$ _| AmZo Ho$ ~mX AmnH$s H$mì`Ymam _|amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm {ZIa Am`r Ÿ& gm{hË`godm Am¡a Xoegodm `hr AmnHo$ OrdZ H$m CX²Xoí` ~Z J`m Ÿ& Amn Ho$dbH$b_J«mhr hr Zht Vmo H$admbJ«mhr ^r Wr Ÿ& AmnH$m OrdZ AË §V grYm, gab VWm gmXJrnyU© ahm Ÿ& Amn_Ü`àXoe {dYmZg^m H$s gXñ`m ^r ahr Ÿ& Xw m©½`de 12 \$adar 1948 B©. H$mo _moQ>ma XwK©Q>Zm _| AmnH$s _¥Ë w hmoJB© Ÿ&

H¥${VËd - "Pm§gr H$s amZr' Am¡a "dram| H$m H¡$gm hmo dg§V' BZ Xmo H${dVmAm| Ho$ H$maU qhXr gm{hË` OJV _| dra agH$s H$d{`Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| »`m{V àmá H$aZo dmbr gw Ðm Or Zo nX² Ho$ gmW-gmW JX² _| ^r AnZr boIZr MbmB©h¡ Ÿ&

H$mì` g§J«h - _wHw$b Am¡a {MYmam Ÿ&

H$hmZr g§J«h - {~Iao _moVr, CÝ_m{XZr Am¡a grYo gmXo {MÌ Ÿ&

BZHo$ gm{hË` H$s mfm grYr-gmYr, gab Am¡a AmS>§~ahrZ IS>r ~mobr h¡ Ÿ& gabVm Am¡a gagVm AmnHo$H$mì` H$s _w»` {deofVmE± ahr h¢ Ÿ&

22

3.2 "Pm§gr H$s amZr' H${dVm H$m n[aM`

amï´>{nVm _. Jm§Yr H$s àoaUm go gw Ðm Or ^maVr` ñdmYrZVm Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| g{H«$` hþB© Wr Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n dh amï´>ào_ na ^r H${dVmE± {bIZo bJr Ÿ& H$[dVmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ^maVr`m| H$mo ñdV§ÌVm H$s bT>mB© Ho$ {bEOmJ«V H$aZm VWm CZHo$ _Z _| draVm Ho$ ^md ^aZm CZH$m _hV² CX²Xoí` Wm Ÿ& _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr Ho$ g§nH©$ _| AmZogo amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm CZHo$ H$mì` _| Am¡a A{YH$ {ZIa AmB© Ÿ& "Pm±gr H$s amZr' H${dVm Zo CÝh| EH$ hr {XZ _|Xoeì`mnr »`m{V Xr Wr Ÿ& Bgr H${dVm Ho$ à^md go H$amoS>m| maVr` wdH$- wd{V`m| Zo ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ _| mJ {b`mWm Ÿ&

3.3 "Pm§gr H$s amZr' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©

H$d{`Ìr gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ Zo AnZr H${dVm "Pm±gr H$s amZr' _| gZ 1857 _| A§J«oOm| Ho$ {Ibm\$ bS>oJE wX²Y H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE {bIm h¡ {H$, A§J«oOm| Ho$ AÝ`m`-AË`mMma Ho$ H$maU qghmgZ S>m§dmS>mob hmo CR>o Wo,n[aUm_V: amOd§em| _| AñdñWVm Am¡a ZmamOr H$m dmVmdaU \¡$b J`m Wm Ÿ& AWm©V ^maVr` amOg§ñWmZm| Ho$ hH$A§J«oOm| X²dmam {N>Zo OmZo go CZH$s ¥H$Q>r VZ JB© Wr Ÿ& ZmamO hþE amOmAm| Zo gm_w{hH$ ê$n go A§J«oOm| Ho$ {Ibm\$ O§JN>oS>Zo H$m {ZU© {b`m Wm Ÿ& Cgo XoIH$a Eogm bJ ahm Wm {H$, ~yT>o ^maV _| ^r {\$a go ZB© OdmZr AmB© h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOm|H$s XmgVm _| ahZo Ho$ H$maU A~ g^r ^maVdmgr AnZr Jw_r hþB© AmOmXr H$s H$s_V g_P MwHo$ Wo Ÿ& Bgr{bE{\$a§{J`m| (A§J«oOm|) H$mo h_oem Ho$ {bE Bg Xoe go ^JmZo H$m {ZU© g^r ^maVr`m| Zo {b`m Wm Ÿ& gZ AR>mah gm¡gÎmmdZ _| hþE ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ _| em¡ © {XImZo dmbr VWm M_H$Zo dmbr Vbdmao nwamZr Wt Ÿ& AWm©V H$d{`Ìr H$hVrh¡ {H$ h KQ>Zm ~hþV nhbo KQ> MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& Bg B{Vhmg H$mo ~w§XobI§S> Ho$ ha~mobm bmoJm| Ho$ X²dmam h_Zo H$hmZr Ho$ ê$n_| gwZm h¡ Ÿ& Bg wX²Y _| Pm±gr H$s amZr bú_r~mB© A§J«oOm| Ho$ {Ibm\$ draVm Ho$ gmW Iy~ bS>r Wr Ÿ&

bú_r~mB© AnZo {nVm H$s AHo$br g§VmZ Wr Ÿ& H$mZnwa$ Ho$ ZmZm gmh~ noedm H$s _mZm hþB© ~hZ "N>~rbr'^r dh Wr Ÿ& dh ZmZm Ho$ gmW nT>Vr Wr, ZmZm Ho$ gmW Iobr Wr Ÿ& wX²Ymä`mg _| dh BVZm g_ag hmoVr Wr {H$ ~aN>r,T>mb, H¥$nmU, H$Q>mar Am{X CgH$s gho{b`m± ~Z JB© Wt Ÿ& N>Ìn{V {edmOr _hmamO H$s draVm H$s AZoH$ JmWmE± Cgo_wImoX²JV Wr Ÿ&

ñd § draVm H$m AdVma hmoZo dmbr amZr bú_r~mB© Zm_ go ^bo hr bú_r Wr, bo{H$Z amjgm| H$m {dZmeH$aZo dmbr XwJm© hr bJVr Wr Ÿ& CgHo$ X²dmam {H$E OmZo dmbo Vbdma Ho$ dma XoIH$a _amR>o hf©{d^moa hmo OmVo Wo Ÿ&ZH$br wX²Y H$aZm, ì yh H$s aMZm Am¡a Iy~ {eH$ma IobZm, eÌy g¡Ý` H$mo Mmam| Amoa go KoaZm, XwJ© VmoS>Zm Am{XCgHo$ {à` Iob Wo Ÿ& _hmamï´> H$s Hw$bXodVm hmoZo dmbr _mVm dmZr CgH$s r Hw$bXodVm Wr, Š`m|{H$ bú_r~mB© r_hmamï´> H$s hr gwH$Ý`m Wr Ÿ&

draVm go n[anyU© bú_r~mB© H$s d¡ dg§nÞ Pm±gr g§ñWmZ Ho$ amOm J§JmYa amd Ho$ gmW gJmB© hþB© Ÿ& {ddmh^r hþAm Am¡a amZr ~ZH$a dh Pm±gr _| Am`r Ÿ& amO_hb _| ehZmB© H$s _§Jb Üd{Z _| bú_r~mB© H$mo ~YmB`m± {_brAm¡a Bg KQ>Zm go Pm±gr _| Iw{e`m± N>m J`t Ÿ& _hmZ `moX²Ym hmoZo dmbo ~§wXobm| H$s {~ê$Xmdbr Ho$ g_mZ hr dh Pm±gr

23

_| Am`r Wr Ÿ& amZr bú_r~mB© H$m ã`mhH$a Pm±gr _| AmZm Eogm bJ ahm Wm {H$, _mZmo gw Ðm Zo AOw©Z H$mo nm`m hmo VWm{ed `m e§H$a Or Zo nmd©Vr `m ^dmZr H$mo nm {b`m hmo Ÿ&

bú_r~mB© Ho$ AmJ_Z go Pm±gr _| gm¡ m½` H$m CX` hþAm Am¡a àgÞ _hbm| _| COmbm \¡$b J`m Ÿ& bo{H$Z`h COmbm Pm±gr Ho$ _hbm| _| Á`mXm {XZm| VH$ Zht ah nm`m, H$mb-J{V Zo MwnHo$-MwnHo$ H$mbr KQ>mAm| H$mo BH$Q²>R>mH$aHo$ Cgo T>±H$ {b`m Ÿ& Cgo (H$mb-J{V H$mo) Vra MbmZo dmbr amZr Ho$ hmWm| _| My{S>`m± AÀN>r Zht bJr Ÿ& AWm©VamOm J§JmYa amd H$s Ag_` _¥Ë w hþB© Am¡a amZr {dYdm hmo JB© Ÿ& amZr Ho$ gmW `h XX© am Iob IobVo dº$ {dYmVmH$mo ^r X`m Zht Am`r Ÿ& amOm J§JmYa amd {Z:g§VmZ hr _ao Am¡a amZr emoH$-gmJa _| Sy>~ JB© Ÿ&

Pm±gr Ho$ amOm H$s _¥Ë w hþB©, _mZmo Pm±gr H$m Xrn hr ~wP MwH$m Ÿ& V~ A§J«oO-ìhmBgam` S>bhm¡gr _Z-hr _ZAmZ§X go CN>b J`m Ÿ& Pm±gr H$m amÁ` hS>nZo H$m `h AÀN>m Adga h¡, Eogm gmoMm Am¡a Vwa§V AnZr \$m¡O oOH$aPm±gr Ho$ {H$bo na AnZm AWm©V A§J«oOm| H$m P§S>m \$ham`m Ÿ& bmdm[ag (~odmag) Pm±gr amÁ` H$m dm[ag ~ZH$a {~«Q>reamÁ` Am`m Ÿ& amZr Bg KQ>Zm go ~hþV XwIr hþB© Wr Am¡a Alw ao Am±Im| go {damZr hþB© Pm±gr H$mo XoI ahr Wr Ÿ&

A§J«oO O~ nhbr ~ma maV AmE Wo Vmo, hm± Ho$ emgH$m| H$s X`m MmhVo Wo Ÿ& bo{H$Z A~ do e{º$embr hmoJ o Wo, \$m±gm nbQ> J`m Wm Am¡a S>bhm¡gr Zo g§nyU© ^maV _o§ n¡a ngmaZm Ama§ {H$`m Wm Ÿ& {H$gr H$m AZwZ`-{dZ`Z gwZZo dmbo {dH$Q> emgH$m| H$s Vah _m`mdr ê$n YmaU H$a dh ^maVr`m| na AË`mMma H$a ahm Wm Ÿ& `hm± Va {H$amOmAm| Am¡a Zdm~mo§ H$mo r CgZo AnZo n¡am| go Rw>H$am`m Wm Ÿ& amZr H$m amÁ` {N>ZZo go dh Xmgr ~Z J`r Wr Ÿ& bo{H$ZAnZo em¡ © go `h Xmgr {\$a go _hmamZr ~Zr Wr Ÿ&

Xoe H$s amOYmZr {Xëbr A§J«oOm| Zo N>rZ br Ÿ& ~mV hr ~mV _| bIZD$ r bo {b`m Ÿ& noedo H$mo {~Ry>a _| hrH¡$X {H$`m J`m Ÿ& ZmJnwa H$m r KmV hþAm Ÿ& CX`nwa, V§Omoa, gmVmam Am¡a H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s Š`m {~gmV r {H$ O~ qgY,n§Om~ VWm ~«÷Xoe O¡go e{º$embr emgH$m| na dO«nmV {H$`m J`m Ÿ& ~§Jmb Am¡a _Ðmg H$s ^r dhr XX© ar H$hmZrWr Ÿ&

A§J«oOm| Ho$ BZ AÝ`m`-AË`mMmam| H$mo XoIH$a am{Z`m± AnZo _hbm| _| amo CR>r Am¡a ~oJ_ Ho$ XwI H$mo nmamdmaZ ahm Ÿ& A§J«oOm| Zo CZH$s nyar g§ån{V AnZo H$ãOo _| H$s Wr Ÿ& CZHo$ H$nS>m| Am¡a JhZm| H$mo H$bH$Îmo Ho$ ~mOma _| ~oMmOm ahm Wm Ÿ& A§J«oOm| Ho$ AI~ma BZ MrOm| Ho$ {Zbm_ Iwbo ê$n go N>mnVo Wo {H$, "ZmJnwa Ho$ Ooda bobmo', "bIZD$Ho$ bmo Zm¡bI hma' Bg Vah _mZmo naXo _o ahZo dmbr BZ amO_hbm| H$s {ó`m| H$s B‚mV naXoer bmoJm| Ho$ hmW {~H$mZoH$m H$m_ Omar Wm Ÿ&

A§J«oOm| X²dmam hþE emofU go Pmon{S>`m| _| {df_Vm go ^ar doXZm Wr, Vmo _hbm| _| ahZo dmbo bmoJ An_mZHo$ H$maU AmhV hþE Wo Ÿ& dra g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ _Z _| AnZo nwaIm| H$m A{^_mZ Wm Ÿ& ZmZmgmh~ Am¡a Yw§Xyn§V n¡edm wX²YH$s V¡ mar Ho$ {bE gm_mZ OwQ>mZo H$m H$m_ H$a aho Wo Ÿ& CZH$s ~hZ N>~rbr Zo aUM§S>r H$m ê$n YmaU H$aHo$ A§J«oOm|H$mo X²§dX²d H$m Iwbm Amh²dmZ H$a {X`m Wm Ÿ& `ht go ^maVr` ñdmYrZVm-g§J«m_ Ama§ hþAm Ÿ& Cg wX²Y H$m CX²Xoí`hr ^maVr`m| Ho$ A§Xa gmoB© hþB© ñdV§ÌVm H$s Á`mo{V H$mo O_mZm Wm Ÿ&

24

amO_hbm| _o§ ahZo dmbo bmoJm| Zo AmJ Obm Xr Am¡a PmonS>r _| ahZo dmbo Am_ bmoJm| Zo CZ ÁdmbmAm| H$mo^S>H$mZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m Ÿ& AWm©V Cg ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ _| H«$m§{V Ho$ emobo _hbm| go boH$a Pmon{S>`m| VH$ \¡$b JE Wo Ÿ&`h ñdV§ÌVm H$s {MZJmar g^r ^maVr`m| Ho$ A§VaV_ go AmB© Wr Ÿ& Bg H«$m§{V go Pm±gr MoVr, {Xëbr MoVr Am¡aÁdmbmE± bIZD$ Va \¡$b JB© Ÿ& _oaR>, H$mZnwa, nQ>Zm _| r CËgmh Ho$ gmW bmoJ Bg g§J«m_ _| Hw$X nS>o Wo Ÿ& O~bnwaAm¡a H$moëhmnwa _| ^r `h AmJ \¡$bmZo H$m H$m_ hmo ahm Wm Ÿ&

g§nyU© ^maVdf© _| \¡$bo ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ H$s JmWm N>moS>H$a h_ Pm±gr Ho$ _¡XmZ _| Mb| Ÿ& Ohm± amZrbú_r~mB© _X© ~ZH$a _Xm©Zm| Ho$ ~rM IS>r hþB© Wr Ÿ& boâQ>Z§Q> dm°H$a dhm± Am nhþ±Mm Am¡a bS>Zo Ho$ {bE OdmZm| H$sAmoa AmJo ~‹T>m Ÿ& amZr Zo CgH$m gm_Zm H$aZo Ho$ {bE AnZr Vbdma ItM br Am¡a CZ Xmo Ag_mÝ` ì`{º$`m| _|X²§dX²d wX²Y ewê$ hþAm Ÿ& bo{H$Z amZr Ho$ g_j dm°H$a Q>rH$ Z gH$m Am¡a O»_r hmoH$a _¡XmZ go ^mJm Ÿ& Cgo amZr H$mem¡ © XoIH$a AMaO hþAm Ÿ&

gm¡ _rb bJmVma KwS>gdmar H$aHo$ AmJo ~T>Vo hþE amZr H$mbnr Am`r Ÿ& CgH$m KmoS>m WH$H$a O_rZ na {JaJ`m Am¡a Cgr jU CgH$s _¥Ë w hþB© Ÿ& _wZm Ho$ VQ> na A§J«oOm| Zo amZr go {\$a hma Im`r Ÿ& amZr {dO`r hmoH$a AmJo ~T>rAm¡a ½dm{b`a na A{YH$ma O_m {b`m Ÿ& ½dm{b`a _| ahZo dmbo A§J«oOm| Ho$ {_Ì qg{Y`m Zo amZr go S>aH$a AnZramOYmZr N>moS> Xr Wr Ÿ&

amZr H$mo {dO` {_br ^r, bo{H$Z A§J«oOm| H$s goZm Zo Cgo {\$a go Koa {b`m Wm Ÿ& A~ A§J«oOm| H$s goZm H$mZoV¥Ëd OZab pñ_W H$a ahm Wm, {OgZo BgHo$ nhbo amZr go hma Im`r Wr, dh amZr go nam{OV hþAm Wm Ÿ& H$mZm Am¡a_§Xam amZr H$s Xmo {dídmgy g{I`m± amZr Ho$ gmW Wt Ÿ& Bg wX²Y _| CZ XmoZm| Zo ^mar _ma-H$mQ> MbmB© Wr Ÿ& bo{H$ZA§J«oOm| H$s goZm H$s ghm`Vm Ho$ {bE øy amoO AmH$a gm{_b hþAm Wm Ÿ& amZr H$m Xw m©½` Wm {H$ dh A~ nyar VhaA§J«oOm| H$s goZm X²dmam Koa br JB© Wr Ÿ&

eÌwgoZm X²dmam nyU©V: {Kar OmZo Ho$ ~mX ^r _Xm©Zr amZr _ma-H$mQ> H$aVo hþE eÌ{goZm H$mo oXH$a AmJo{ZH$b JB© Ÿ& qH$Vw gm_Zo Zmbm Am`m, h g§H$Q> amZr H$s Ñ{ï> go Cg {df` pñW{V _| _hm^ §H$a Wm Ÿ& KmoS>m Z`m Wm,AV: AS> J`m {H$ BVZo _| eÌwgoZm dhm± Am nhþ±Mr Ÿ& amZr AHo$br Wr Am¡a Anma eÌwgoZm gm_Zo Wr Ÿ& AHo$br amZrna g^r Amoa go dma-na dma hmoVo aho Am¡a dra amZr {g§hrZr H$s Vah bS>Vo-bS>Vo draJ{V H$mo àmá hþB© Ÿ&

amZr H$s _¥Ë w hmo JB© Wr, AV: A~ {MVm hr CgH$s {Xì` gdmar Wr Ÿ& {MVm H$s A{¾ H$m VoO Am¡a amZr Ho$A§Xa hmoZo dmbm draVm Am¡a H«$m§{V H$m VoO, EH$ Xygao go {_b J`m Ÿ& VoO H$s gƒr A{YH$mar amZr hr Wr Ÿ& BVZrAgr_ draVm H$s A{YH$mar ~Zr amZr H$s Am w Ho$db VoB©g df© H$s Wr Ÿ& CgH$m em¡ © XoIH$a bJVm Wm {H$ dh _ZwOZht Vmo AdVmar Wr Ÿ& dh h_ g~ ^maVdm{g`m| H$mo Or{dV H$aZo AWm©V Xoe Ho$ {bE bS>Zo H$s àoaUm XoZo Am`r hþB©ñdV§ÌVm ê$nr Zmar Wr Ÿ& dh h_| gƒm _mJ© {XImH$a Mbr J`r Ÿ& Omo grI h_| {gImZm MmhVr Wr dh {gImJ`r Ÿ&

ew Ðm Or H$hVr h¡ {H$, ho amZr ! Vw_ OmAmo Ÿ& {dO` àm{á Ho$ AYyao gnZo Ho$ {bE qM{VV _V hmo Ÿ& VwåhmaoBg gnZo H$mo H¥$Vk maVdmgr Oê$a mX aI|Jo Ÿ& ñdmYrZVm Ho$ {bE {H$`m hþAm Vwåhmam h ~{bXmZ maVr`m| Ho$ _Z_| A{dZmer ñdmYrZVm H$s àm{á H$m gnZm OJmZo H$m H$m_ {ZpíMV ê$n go H$aoJm Ÿ& ho amZr, Vwåhmao Bg ~{bXmZ Ho$

25

{bE Mmho B{Vhmg Mwn aho `m Bg gƒmB© H$mo H$moB© \$m±gr na bQ>H$mE AWm©V Vwåhmar draVm na hr àíZ{Mh²Z bJmE;VWm Vwåh| AHo$br KoaH$a {dO` àmá H$aZo dmbo A§J«oO _X_ñV hmoH$a Vmo\$m| Ho$ Jmobm| go Mmho Pm±gr H$mo ÜdñV H$ao Ÿ&Bggo H$moB© \$H©$ Zht nS>Vm Š`m| {H$ Vwåhmam ñ_maH$ Vw_ IwX hr hmoJr Vwåhmam H$m © hr BVZm _hmZ h¡ {H$ Cgo MmhZo go^r H$moB© {_Q>m Zht gH$Vm Ÿ&


1. "Pm±gr H$s amZr' H${dVm ............... H$s h¡ Ÿ&

(1) _hmXodr d_m© (2) gw Ðm e_m© (3) gw{_ÌmZ§XZ n§V (4) gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ

2. ~w§Xobo ha~mobm| Ho$ _wI go ................ H$s H$hmZr h_Zo gwZr Wr Ÿ&

(1$) ZmZm (2) A§J«oOm| (3) Pm§grdmbr amZr (4) qghmgZ

3. N>~rbr ............ H$s _w±h~mobr ~hZ Wr Ÿ&

(1$) ha~mobmo§ (2) ZmZm (3) Vbdma (4) XwJm©

4. Pm±gr _| draVm H$s .................. Ho$ gmW gJmB© hþB© Wr Ÿ&

(1$) d¡ d (2) AOw©Z (3) gm¡ m½` (4) amOm

5. Pm±gr H$m Xrn ~wPZo na ............. _Z _| hafm`m Wm ?

(1$) h²_y amoO (2) bopâQ>Z|Q> dmH$a (3) ZmZm (4) S>bhm¡Or

6. bmdm[ag H$m dm[ag ~ZH$a {~«{Q>e amÁ` ............ _| Am`m Wm Ÿ&

(1$) ^maV (2) ½dm{b`a (3) Pm±gr (4) {Xëbr

7. amOm Am¡a Zdm~m| H$mo n¡am| go {H$gZo Rw>H$am`m Wm ?

(1$) bú_r~mB© (2) S>bhm¡Or (3) h²_y amoO (4) dmH$a

8. noedm ....... _| H¡$X hþAm Wm ?

(1$) {~Ry>a (2) ZmJnwa (3) CX`nwa (4) gmVmam

9. amZr Am¡a ~oJ_ Ho$ H$nS>o A§J«oOm| Zo H$hm± ~oMo Wo ?

(1$) H$bH$Îmo Ho$ ~mOma _| (2) ZmJnwa _|

(3) bIZD$ _| (4) {Xëbr _|

26

10. amZr go wX²Y _| O»_r hmoH$a ............... ^mJm Wm Ÿ&

(1$) S>bhm¡Or (2) bopâQ>Z|Q> dm°H$a (3) h²_y amoO (4) qg{Y`m

11. {df`_ Anma g§H$Q> Ho$ ê$n _| bú_r~mB© Ho$ gm_Zo ......... Am`m Ÿ&

(1$) S>bhm¡Or (2) qg{Y`m (3) Zmbm (4) g¡Ý`

12. VoB©g df© H$s C_« _| Anma draVm go bS>Zo dmbr amZr H$mo gw Ðm Or Zo ........... H$hm h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) _ZwO (2) VoO (3) ^dmZr (4) AdVmar


¥Hw$Q>r = ^m¢h

{\$a§Jr = A§J«oO ( {\$a§Jr Xoe H$m ahZodmbm)

~w§Xobm = j{Ì`m| H$m EH$ d§e, ~w§XobI§S> H$m {Zdmgr

nwb{H$V = AmZ§{XV, amo_m§{MV

gw Q> = _hmZ `moX²Ym

{~amZr = nam`r

{MÌm = gw Ðm

dO«-{ZnmV = {~Obr {JaZm, g§H$Q> AmZm

ñdJ© {gYmaZm = _¥Ë w hmoZm

_±wh H$s ImZm = nam{OV hmoZm

A{dZmer = A_a, Aj_, emídV


(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2

(4) 1$ (5) 4 (6) 3

(7) 2 (8) 1$ (9) 1

(10) 2 (11) 3 (12) 4

27

7. gmam§e

1. gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ Or Zo "Pm±gr H$s amZr' H${dVm _| amZr bú_r~mB© H$s draVm H$m B{Vhmg ~Vm`m h¡ Ÿ&

2. Pm±gr Ho$ amOm Am¡a amZr Ho$ n{V J§JmYa amd H$s {Z:gVmZ _¥Ë w go Pm±gr H$mo bmdm[ag g_PH$a bm°S>©S>bhm¡gr Zo Pm±gr na MT>mB© H$aHo$ AnZo H$ãOo _| {H$`m Ÿ&

3. amZr h g~ AlynyU© ZoÌm| go XoI MwH$s Wr Ÿ& Cggo h ghm Zht J`m Am¡a Am¡a aUM§S>r ~ZH$a CgZo A§J«oOm|na h_bm {H$`m Ÿ&

4. bopâQ>Z|Q> dm°H$a amZr go hmaH$a mJ J`m Ÿ& amZr H$mbnr H$s Amoa ~T>r Ÿ& gm¡ _rb bJmVma mJZo go amZr H$mKmoS>m WH$H$a _J J`m Ÿ&

5. Xygam KmoS>m boH$a `_wZm Ho$ VQ> na A§J«oOm| H$mo amZr Zo {\$a nam{OV {H$`m Ÿ&

6. {dO`r amZr ½dm{b`a nhþ±Mr Am¡a qg{Y`m H$mo ^JmH$a dhm± AnZm A{YH$ma ~Zm`m Ÿ& bo{H$Z A§J«oOm| H$sgoZm dhm± ^r nhþ±Mr Ÿ& H$mZm Am¡a _§Xam Ho$ gh`moJ go amZr Zo dhm± ^r K_mgmZ wX²Y {H$`m Am¡a dhm± go{ZH$b J`r Ÿ& bo{H$Z gm_Zo Zmbm AmZo go KmoS>m AS> J`m Ÿ& BVZo _| eÌw g¡Ý` nmg Am J`m Ÿ& AHo$br amZreÌw Ho$ gmW qghrZr H$s Vah bS>r Am¡a draJ{V H$mo àmá hþB© Ÿ& dh {Xì` {MVm na gdma hþB© Ÿ& VoO go VoO{_b J`m Ÿ& amZr Mbr JB© bo{H$Z h_| ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE bS>Zo H$s àoaUm Xo JB© Ÿ&

8. ñdmÜ`m`

gg§X © H$m àíZ

""qghmgZ {hb CR>o, amOd§emo Zo ¥H$Q>r VmZr Ir,

..............................................

Xya {\$a§Jr H$mo H$aZo H$s g~Zo _Z _| R>mZr Wr Ÿ&''

""amZr JB© {gYma ! {MVm A~ CgH$s {Xì` gdmar Wr,

..................................................

h_H$mo Or{dV H$aZo AmB© ~Z ñdV§ÌVm Zmar Wr Ÿ&''

XrKmo©Îmar àíZ

1. amZr bú_r~mB© H$s draVm H$m dU©Z H$s{OE Ÿ&

2. "bú_r~mB© H$m aUg§J«m_ ñdmYrZVm Ho$ {bE àoaUmXm`r {gX²Y hþAm' "Pm±gr H$s amZr' H${dVm Ho$ AmYma nañnï> H$s{OE' Ÿ&

28

9. joÌr` H$m ©

1. amZr Vmam~mB© Ho$ Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ {dê$X²Y Iobo JE wX²Y H$s OmZH$mar hm{gb H$s{OE Ÿ&

2. H«$m§{Vqgh ZmZm nmQ>rb H$m B{Vhmg n{T>E Ÿ&


1. bharatdiscovery.org-ranilaxmibai.

2. Pm§erMr amUr bú_r~mB© - à{V^m amZS>o (_amR>r)

3. Pm§er H$s amUr bú_r~mB© - aKwdra{g§h amOnyV

29

BH$mB© - 1 (M)5. JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ Ÿ?

- am_Ymar qgh "{XZH$a'

AZwH«$_

1. CX²Xoí`

2. àñVmdZm

3. {df` {ddaU

3.1 {XZH$a H${d H$m n[aM`

3.2 "JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ ?' H${dVm H$m n[aM`

3.3 "JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ ?' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©




7. gmam§e

8. ñdmÜ`m`

9. joÌr` H$m ©


1. CX²Xoí`


♦ {XZH$a Or Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&

♦ A{^ì`{º$ H$m _hÎd g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ Aì`º$ ^md ^r ì`º$ ^mdm| go hrZVa Zht hmoVo, Bgo OmZ gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ Aì`º$ mdm| H$mo boH$a àH¥${V _| AZoH$ MrO| Mwn h¢, Bgo OmZ gH|$Jo Am¡a CZ Aì`º$ mdm| H$mo g_PZo H$sH$mo{ee H$a|Jo Ÿ&

30

2. àñVmdZm

{XZH$a Or AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H${d`m| _| AË §V gOJ Am¡a ì`{º$Ëd g§nÞ H$bmH$ma h¢ Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ qhXrgm{hË` H$s àm`: g^r e¡{b`m| Am¡a {dYmAm| _| AmnH$s aMZmE± àH$m{eV hþB© h¢ Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo qhXr H$[dVm H$mo N>m`mdmXHo$ Xm`ao go ~mha {ZH$mbH$a Cg_| OrdZ H$m VoO ^am Am¡a Cgo amï´> Am¡a g_mO H$s Ádb§V g_ñ`mAm| go OyPZm{gIm`m Ÿ& CZH$s H${dVm na amï´>r`Vm H$s N>mn g~go A{YH$ h¡ Ÿ& AmnH$m H$mo_b öX` gm_§Vr emofU go ì`{WV hmoCR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& AV: H$^r-H$^r AmnH$s H${dVm _| {ed Ho$ Vm§S>d Z¥Ë` H$m Ñí` CnpñWV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

AmnH$r Ama§{^H$ H${dVmAm| _| gm¢X © Am¡a `m¡dZ H$s C_§Jm| go Va§{JV _Z H$m Xe©Z hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& qH$Vw gmW-gmW àJ{VdmX VWm _mZdVmdmX H$s ì`mnH$ ^mdZmAm| H$m ^r Cg_| CÝ_of hmoZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ&

3. {df` {ddaU

3.1 H${d {XZH$a H$m n[aM`

am_Ymar qgh "{XZH$a H$m OÝ_ 30 {gV§~a, 1908 B©. _| {~hma àXoe Ho$ _w§Joa {Obo Ho$ {g_[a`m KmQ> _|hþAm Ÿ& CZH$m n[adma EH$ gmYmaU {H$gmZ n[adma Wm Ÿ& CZH$s àma§{^H$ {ejm J«m_rU nmR>embm _| hþB© Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo_mo\$m_m KmQ> go hmB©ñHy$b H$s VWm nQ>Zm go H$m°boO H$s nT>mB© nyar H$s Ÿ& ~r.E. hmoZo Ho$ ~mX CÝh| n[adma-nmbZ Ho$ {bEñHy$b AÜ`mnH$ H$s Zm¡H$ar H$aZr n‹S>r Ÿ& ~mX _| CÝhm|oZo {~hma gaH$ma H$s g~ a{OñQ´>mar ñdrH$ma H$s Ÿ& X²{dVr`_hm wX²Y _| gaH$ma Ho$ àMma {d^mJ _| H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do 1947 B©. _| {~hma gaH$ma Ho$ {ejm {d^mJ _|Cn{ZXoeH$ ~Zo Ÿ& do 1990 B©. _| _wOâ\$anwa H$m°boO _| qhXr {d^mJmÜ`j ~Zo Ÿ& 1992 B©. _| amÁ`g^m Ho$ _ZmoZrVgXñ` ~Zo Am¡a ~mX _| ^mJbnwa {díd{dX² mb` _| CnHw$bn{V ~Zo Ÿ& do N>m`mdmXmoÎma H$mb Ho$ EH$ à_wI H${d h¢ Ÿ&

H¥${VËd -

H$mì` - aoUwH$m, hþ§H$ma, Û§ÛJrV, Hw$ê$joÌ, gm_YoZr, ~mny, Yyn Am¡a Yw±Am±, apí_aWr, ZrbHw$gw_, grnrAm¡a e§I, naewam_ H$s à{Vjm, H$mo bm Am¡a H${dËd, AmË_m H$s Am±I|, _¥{Îm{VbH$, hmao H$mo h[aam_, {Xëbr,B{Vhmg Ho$ Am±gy, Zr_ Ho$ nÎmo, MH«$dmV, H${dÌr, Cd©er, agd§Vr Ÿ&

AmbmoMZm Am¡a {Z~§Y - {_Q²>Q>r H$s Amoa, AY© Zmarída, doUw~Z, aoVr Ho$ \y$b, H$mì` H$s y{_H$m, n§V,àgmX Am¡a _¡{WbreaU, dQ>-nrnb, ewX²Y H${dVm H$s ImoO Ÿ&

gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg - g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Mma AÜ`m`, h_mar gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm, Y_©, Z¡{VH$Vm Am¡a {dVmZ Ÿ&

bKwH$Wm - CObr AmJm Ÿ&

`mÌm d¥Îmm§V Am¡a g§ñ_aU - Xoe-{dXoe, bmoH$ Xod : Zohê$ Ÿ&

31

gå_mZ -

{XZH$a Or H$s gm{hpË`H$ CnbpãY`mo§ Ho$ Cnbú` _| ^mJbnwa {díd{dX² mb` Zo gZ 1962 B©. _| CÝh|S>r.{bQ>. Cnm{Y go gå_m{ZV {H$`m Ÿ& gZ 1959 _| ^maV gaH$ma Zo CÝh| "nX²_ yfU' {H$Vm~ àXmZ {H$`m Ÿ& gZ1960 _| "g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Mma AÜ`m`' na CÝh| gm{hË` AH$mX_r H$m nwañH$ma Am¡a 1973 _| "Cd©er' na CÝh| maVr`kmZnrR> nwañH$ma àmá hþAm Ÿ&

Eogo _hmZ amï´>H${d H$m 24 Aà¡b, 1974 B©. _| AmH$pñ_H$ ê$n go _Ðmg _| {ZYZ hþAm Ÿ&

3.2 "JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ ?' H${dVm H$m n[aM`

{XZH$a Or H$s "JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ Ÿ?' H${dVm gZ 1939 B©. _| àH$m{eV H$mì` g§J«h "agd§Vr' _o§g§J«hrV h¡ Ÿ& àñVwV H${dVm _| H${d Zo `h {XImZm Mmhm h¡ {H$ àH$Q> hmo aho ^mdm| go AàH$Q> ^md hrZna Zht hmoVo Ÿ&A{^ì`{º$ go _m¡Z H$m _hÎd H$_ Zht h¡ Ÿ& àH¥${V _| CnpñWV Hw$N> A{^ì`{º$ Am¡a Hw$N> AZ{^ì`{º$ Ho$ {MÌ nmR>H$m|Ho$ g_j aIH$a H${d CZ go hr àíZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& JrV ì`º$ hþE ^mdm| H$m àVrH$ h¡ Am¡a AJrV CZ ^mdm| H$m OmoeãX~X²Y hmoH$a _wI[aV Z go gH|$ Ÿ&

3.3 "JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ ?' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©

{XZH$a Or OmZZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ JrV (A{^ì`{º$) Am¡a AJrV (AZ{^ì`{º$) _| go H$m¡Zgo ^md A{YH$gw§Xa h¢ Ÿ? EH$ Amoa {dah Ho$ XX© ao JrV JmVr hþB© ZXr VoO J{V go ~hVr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo {Xb H$m ~moP hbH$mH$aZo Ho$ {bE VQ> H$s MQ²>Q>mZm| H$mo AnZr nr‹S>m H$s H$hmZr H$b-H$b g§JrV Ho$ X²dmam gwZmVr h¡ Ÿ& ZXr H$s h XX© arH$hmZr gwZH$a {H$Zma na IS>m EH$ Jwbm~ gmoMVm h¡ {H$, {X {dYmVm Zo _wPo ñda {X`m hmoVm Vmo _¢ r nVPS> Ho$ g_`H$m XX© VWm Cg g_` XoIo hþE gnZm| H$m JrV OJ H$mo gwZmVm Ÿ& {ZP©ar m ZXr Vmo H$bH$b g§JrV Ho$ ñda _| {dah JrVJmVo hþE ~h ahr h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z Xygar Amoa nmQ>b `m Jwbm~ nVPS> H$m XX© am JrV öX` _| hr {N>nmE± {H$Zmao na _yH$IS>m h¡ Ÿ& A~ H${d nmR>H$m| go àíZ H$aVo h¢ {H$, BZ_| go ZXr Ho$ ì`ŠV ^md A{YH$ AmH$f©H$ h¢ `m Jwbm~ Ho$ _yH$^md ?

VmoVm-_¡Zm H$m EH$ {dh§J_ Ñí` {M{ÌV H$aVo hþE H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$, EH$ VmoVm d¥j H$s Cg KZr S>mb naàgÞ ^md go ~¡R>m h¡, {OgH$s N>m`m _| CgH$m ZrS> ~gm h¡ Ÿ& Km|gbo Ho$ ^rVa _¡Zm AnZo A§S>m| na n§I \¡$bmH$a CÝh|C~mZo H$m H$m_ H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ& O~ ~g§V F¥$Vw H$s gwZhbr {H$aU| d¥j Ho$ H$mo_b nÌm| go N>ZH$a VmoVo Ho$ eara H$mo Ny>Vrh¢, Vmo dh àgÞ hmoH$a JmVm h¡ Ÿ& qH$Vw ewH$s Ho$ öX` _| C_S>Zo dmbo JrV ì`º$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE CgHo$ nmg g_` hr Zhth¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo AmZodmbo {eewAm| Ho$ ñZoh _| nyU©V: EH$mH$ma hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& ewH$ H$s {à` ~mobr `m _Ywa ñda g§nyU©dZàXoe _| Jy±O ahm h¡, bo{H$Z ewH$s H$m dmËgë` Ho$db CgHo$ \y$bo hþE n§Im| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr AnZo H$mo ì`º$ H$anmVm h¡ Ÿ& A~ H${d OmZZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ VmoVo H$m ì`º$ ào{_b ñda Am¡a _¡Zm Ho$ Aì`º$ dmËgë`-ào_ _| go H$m¡ZA{YH$ gw§Xa h¡ ?

32

Jm±d _| ahZo dmbo EH$ ào_r- wJb H$m Ñï>m§V CnpñWV H$aVo hþE H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$, g§Ü`mH$mb _o§ O~ ào_r^md{d^moa hmoH$a Amëhm H$s VmZ N>oS>Vm h¡, V~ Cg VmZ H$s _mXH$ am{JZr CgH$s amYm H$mo Ya go CgHo$ nmg ItMbmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Zr_ H$s N>m`m _| {N>nH$a Mmoar-Mmoar CgHo$ XX© ao JrV H$mo gwZm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg JrV Ho$ ñdam| H$mo gwZH$aAŠga CgHo$ öX` _| o md CR>Vo h¢ {H$, "Bg {díd Ho$ {Z_m©Vm ~«h²_m Zo _wPo r Bg {dah JrV H$s H$S>r ~Zm`m hmoVmVmo AÀN>m hmoVm Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Bgr ~hmZo Cgo ào_r Ho$ öX` _| ahZo H$m Adga {_bVm Ÿ& ào_r m-JmH$a AnZr mdZmAm|H$mo ì`º$ H$aVm h¡, Amn ~rVr gwZmVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z CgH$s amYm H$mo JmH$a AnZr ^mdZmAm| H$mo ì`º$ H$aZo H$m ^rA{YH$ma Zht h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _Z _| hmoZo dmbo {dah Ho$ md _Z _| hr ahZo go CgH$s N>mVr \y$b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H${d hm± OmZZmMmhVm h¡ {H$, ào_r H$s ì`º$ nwH$ma Am¡a ào gr H$s Aì`º$ doXZm _| H$m¡Z A{YH$ __©ñn{e©Zr h¡ Ÿ?


1. "JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ ?' H${dVm Ho$ H${d ............. h¢ Ÿ&

(1) {XZH$a (2) {Zambm (3) _hmXodr (4) _mIZbmb

2. ì`º$ ^mdZmAm| H$m àVrH$ ~ZH$a ............ Am`m h¡ ?

(1$) AJrV (2) JrV (3) {Xb (4) VQ>

3. nVPS> Ho$ gnZm| H$m JrV gwZmZo H$s .......... H$s BÀN>m h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) Cnbm| (2) OJ (3) Jwbm~ (4) ewH$

4. ImoVo _| AÊS>o goZo H$m H$m_ ............. H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) V{Q>Zr (2) {ZP©ar (3) amYm (4) ewH$s

5. amYm H$mo .............. H$m ñda ItM bmVm h¡ Ÿ&

(1$) Amëhm (2) VmoVo (3) nmQ>b (4) {dYZm


AJrV = Z Jm`m hþAm JrV, Aì`º$ ^md

V{Q>Zr = ZXr

Cnb = nËWa

{ZP©ar = N>moQ>m PaZm, g[aVm

nmQ>b = Jwbm~

33

ewH$ = VmoVm

ImoVm = VmoVo H$m Ka, ~rS>

ewH$s = VmoVo H$s _mXm, _¡Zm

A§H$ = JmoX, Xoh

nU© = nÎmm

gZH$a = ^rJH$a

Amëhm JmZm = Amn ~rVr gwZmZm

{dYZm = ~«h²_m


(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3

(4) 4 (5) 1$

7. gmam§e

1. {XZH$a Or H$s "JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ ?' N>m`mdmXr wJ H$s _mZdrH$aU H$s àd¥{Îm H$m n[aM` XoZodmbrH$[dVm h¡ Ÿ&

2. CÝhm|Zo Bg ^mdñneu H${dVm _| V{Q>Zr-Jwbm~, ewH$-ewH$s VWm ào_r-ào{_H$m Ho$ CXmhaUm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go`h ñnï> {H$`m h¡ JrV ~ZH$a àH$Q> hmoZodmbr mdZmE± Vmo gw§Xa hmoVr hr h¢, bo{H$Z H$B© ~ma Aì`º$-_Z _|_mÌ C_‹S>H$a ahZo Imbr ^mdZmE± Cggo ^r H$ht A{YH$ gw§Xa Am¡a ^mdñneu hmoVr h¡§ Ÿ&

8. ñdmÜ`m`

gg§X © Ho$ àíZ

1. ""JmH$a JrV {dah Ho$ V{Q>Zr

..........................

_¢ ^r OJ H$mo JrV gwZmVm Ÿ&''

2. ""Xmo ào_r h¢ `hm±, EH$ O~

.........................

{dYZm `m| _Z _| JwZVr h¡ Ÿ&''

34

XrKm}Îmar àíZ

{XZH$a Or Zo JrV Ho$ gmW AJrV H$m ^r _hÎd {H$g Vah g_Pm`m h¡ ?

9. joÌr` H$m ©

{H$gr JrV H$mo gwZVo dº$ AnZo A§Xa C_S>Zo dmbr ^mdZmAm| H$mo H$mJO na CVm[aE Ÿ&

10. A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE Ÿ&

1. hi.wikipedia.org/Dinkar, www.kavitakosh.org/kk/Dinkar

2. agd§Vr-{XZH$a

3. {XZH$a ì`{º$Ëd Am¡a aMZm Ho$ Am`m_ - g§nm. Jmonmbam` gË`H$m_.

35

BH$mB© - 1 (N>)6. VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV

- ZmJmOw©Z

AZwH«$_

1. CX²Xoí`

2. àñVmdZm

3. {df` {ddaU

3.1 H${d ZmJmOw©Z H$m n[aM`

3.2 "VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV' H${dVm H$m n[aM`

3.3 "VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©




7. gmam§e

8. ñdmÜ`m`

9. joÌr` H$m ©


1. CX²Xoí`


♦ ZmJmOw©Z Or Ho$ {dMmam| go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ ZJam| H$s §ÌdV pñW{V go n[a{MV hmo Om |Jo Ÿ&

♦ H$â y© VWm ~§X go bmoJm| H$mo {H$VZr naoem{Z`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm nS>Vm h¡, Bgo OmZ gH|$Jo Ÿ&

♦ ~§X _| Vm±Jm VWm [ajmdmbm| X²dmam bmoJm| H$mo H¡$go bwQ>m OmVm h¡, Bgo OmZ nm |Jo Ÿ&

♦ ~§X H$m ~hmZm ~ZmH$a ~gm| H$mo ObmZo H$m VWm byQ>nmQ> H$m H$m_ H¡$go hmoVm h¡, Bgo g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&

36

2. àñVmdZm

H${dda ZmJmOw©Z Or H$m ~MnZ J«må` dmVmdaU _| ~rVm, Ohm± CÝhm|Zo X_Zr`Vm, ê${T>~X²YVm, A§Y{dídmgm|H$mo A{V {ZH$Q>Vm go XoIm Ÿ& OdmZr _| ZJam| H$m OrdZ ^r XoIm Ÿ& XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ ~rM H$s ImB© H$m CÝhm|ZoAZw d {H$`m Ÿ& ny±OrdmX H$mo BgH$s OS> g_H$a, Cg ì`dñWm H$mo ~XbZo _| _mZ{gH$ nr{R>H$m V¡ ma H$aZo _| CZH$mVê$U _Z OwQ> J`m Ÿ& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX ^r O~ CZH$s AmH$m§jmE± nyar Zht hþB© Vmo CÝhm|Zo gm_m{OH$-amOZ¡{VH$ OrdZHo$ à{V amof àH$Q> {H$`m Ÿ& A\$gaemhr Am¡a ny±OrdmXr ì`dñWm Ho$ Jm§R>Om|S> na ì §½` {H$`m Ÿ& gmW hr CÝhm|Zo `h ^rXoIm Wm {H$, maVr` {H$gmZ Am¡a _OXya PmS>-\y±$H$, OmXy-Q>moZm, Xodr-XodVm, lmX²Y-{ddmh Am{X Ho$ M¸$a _| ~yarVah \±$g J`m h¡, H$O© Ho$ ê$n`m| go dh gË`Zmam`U H$s nyOm, XmZ-X{jUm, _mZr hþB© _ÞV H$mo nyam H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& H${dOmZVo Wo {H$ BgHo$ nrN>o emofH$ d¥{Îm`m± {N>nr h¢ Ÿ& AV: BZ g~ H$mo CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$mì` _| ì §½` ao eãXm| _| Imob {X`mh¡ Ÿ&

3. {df` {ddaU

3.1 H${d ZmJmOw©Z n[aM`

ZmJmOw©Z qhXr Am¡a _¡{Wbr Ho$ Aà{V_ boIH$ Am¡a H${d Wo ? CZH$m Agbr Zm_ ~¡X² ZmW {_l Wm Ÿ& na§VwqhXr gm{hË` _| CÝhm|Zo ZmJmOw©Z VWm _¡{Wbr _| "`mÌr' CnZm_ go aMZmE± H$s¨ Ÿ& BZH$m OÝ_ {~hma amÁ` Ho$ Xa §Jmà_§S>b Ho$ A§VJ©V _Yw~Zr {Obo Ho$ gVbIm Zm_H$ Jm§d _| gZ 1911 _| hþAm Ÿ& ZmJmOw©Z O~ Mma df© Ho$ Wo V^rCZHo$ {gana go _mVm H$m N>Ì Mbm J`m Ÿ& n[aUm_V: CZH$m nmbU-nmofU CZHo$ {nVmOr Zo {H$`m Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm lrJmoHw$b {_l EH$ {H$gmZ Wo Am¡a IoVr Ho$ Abmdm nwamo{hVr Am{X Ho$ {gb{gbo _| Amg-nmg Ho$ BbmH$m| _| Am`m-Om`m H$aVo Wo Ÿ& CZHo$ gmW-gmW ~MnZ go hr ZmJmOw©Z ^r "`mÌr' hmo JE Ÿ& Eogo ê${T>dmXr _¡{Wbr ~«m÷U n[adma _|CZH$m ~MnZ JwOam Ÿ&

aMZmE± -

H$mì` - wJYmam, gVa§Jo n§Im|dmbr, ß`mgr nWamB© Am±I|, ^ñ_m§Hw$a,IyZ Am¡a emob|, MZm Omoa Ja_,enW, àoV H$m ~`mZ Ÿ&

CnÝ`mg - a{VZmW H$s MmMr, ~bMZ_m, ~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW, Z`r nm¡Y, dê$U Ho$ ~oQ>o, XwI_moMZ, CJ«Vmam,Hw§$^rnmH$, nmamo, Amg_mZ _| Mm±X Vmao Ÿ&

ì §½` - A{^Z§XZ

{Z~§Y g§J«h - AÞ hrV_ {H«$`mZm_

~mb gm{hË` - H$Wm _§Oar ^mJ-1, 2, _`m©Xm nwê$fmoÎm_, {dX² mn{V H$s H$hm{Z`m± Ÿ&

AZwdmX - _oKXyV, JrV JmoqdX, {dX² mn{V Ho$ JrV Ÿ&

37

g§nmXH$ - XrnH$, {díd~§Yw, H$m¡_r ~mobr Ÿ&

_¡{Wbr aMZmE± - nÌhrZ Z¾ JmN> (H$mì`), hraH$ O §Vr (CnÝ`mg)

nwañH$ma - 1969 B©. "nÌhrZ Z¾ JmN>' Ho$ {bE gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma {_bm h¡ Ÿ& CÝh| gm{hË` AH$mX_r Zo1994 _| gm{hË` AH$mX_r \o$bmo Ho$ ê$n _| Zm_m§{H$V H$a gå_m{ZV ^r {H$`m Wm Ÿ&

3.2 "VrZ {XZ VrZ amV' H$[dVm H$m n[aM`

ZmJmOw©Z Or H$m H$mì` bmoH$MoVZm Am¡a `WmWm©Zw d go AZwà{UV h¡ Ÿ& Am_ OZVm Ho$ OrdZ _| g_ñ`m{Z_m©U H$aZodmbo amOZoVm VWm gaH$ma CZHo$ ì §½` H$m bú` ~Zo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s "VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV' H${dVm _| h_maoñdmYrZ ^maV _| ~§X Ho$ H$maU OZOrdZ H¡$gm AñV-ì`ñV hmo OmVm h¡, BgH$m `WmW© {MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H$Bª ~maamOZr{VH$ nm{Q>© m± AnZo \$m`Xo Ho$ {bE ~§X H$s KmofUmE± H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z BgH$m \$m`Xm CR>mH$a ì`mnmar J«mhH$m| H$mobyQ>Vo h¢, Vmo Xygar Amoa ~gm| VWm AÝ` emgH$s` dñVwAm| H$mo ObmH$a Agm_m{OH$ VËdm| X²dmam Xoe H$m ZwH$gmZ{H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H${d Xoedm{g`m| H$mo gOJ H$aZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ&

3.3 "VrZ {XZ VrZ amV' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©

bJmVma VrZ {XZ Am¡a VrZ amVm| VH$ ~g-godmE± ~§X hmoZo Ho$ H$maU OZ OrdZ AñV-ì`ñV hmo J`m Wm Ÿ&_mZmo, OZ-OZ H$s öX`-J{V hr _§X hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& ~g godm ~§X hmoZo go àmMm ©, {ObmYre Am¡a Eg.nr. ^r naoemZhmo JE Wo Ÿ& {ObmYre Am¡a Eg.nr. H$mo OZVm Ho$ amof H$m gm_Zm H$aZm Wm Vmo àmMm © {dX² m{W© m| H$s Agw{dYm gonaoemZ Wo Ÿ&

h_oem VoO J{V go Xm¡S>Zo dmbr ~g| ~§X hmoZo go gS>H|$ ^r Eogr bJVr Wr {H$ _mZmo Jw_ hmo JB© hmo Ÿ& gS>H$m|Ho$ {H$Zmao n§{º$~X²Y I‹S>o d¥j BVZo ñVãY Wo {H$, _mZmo CZHo$ öX` H$s YS>H$Zo hr ~§X hmo JB© hmo Ÿ& AWm©V VoO Xm¡S>Zodmbr ~gm| go S>aH$a d¥jm| H$s ^r öX`J{V h_oem VoO ahVr Wr, ~go ~§X hmoZo go dh VoO YS>H$Z ê$H$gr JB© Wr Ÿ&

~g| ~§X hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Vm±Jm Am¡a [ajmdmbo hr bmoJm| H$m ghmam Wm Ÿ& bo{H$Z CÝhm|Zo Bg pñW{V H$m \$m`XmCR>mH$a bmoJm| go A{YH$ {H$am`m dgwb H$aZm Ama§ {H$`m Wm Ÿ& n[aUm_V: CZH$s H$_mB© Xg JwUr hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& H$_mB©~T>Zo Ho$ H$maU _X²_ñV hmoH$a do VmS>r Am¡a Xmê$ ho hOmam| Mw $‹S> Imbr H$a MwHo$ Wo & H$B© Zeo _| YwÎm Wo Vmo, H$B`m| H$moH$n‹S>m| VH$ H$m Ü`mZ Zhr§ Wm, {ddó hmoH$a nS>o Wo Ÿ&

~g-g{d©g ~§X hmoZo go bmoJm| H$m AmZm-OmZm _wpíH$b hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& AV: AXmbV ^r R>n hmo JB© Wr;n[aUm_V: dH$sbm| H$mo H$moB© H$m_ Z hmoZo go do AnZr {\$g H$_ H$aHo$ AmZodmbo J«mhH$m| H$mo Xygao Ho$ nmg OmZo Zht XoVoWo Ÿ& bmoJ Kam| go ~mha Z {ZH$bZo go hmoQ>b r dramZ nS>o Wo Ÿ& ~g| gS>H$m| na Z hmoZo go CZgo {ZH$bZo dmbm YwAm± r~§X Wm Ÿ& AV: YwE± H$s aâVma ^r Yr_r hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& ~§X Ho$ H$maU H$ht H$moB© hmXgm Z hmo Bg{bE gaH$mar Orn-Q´>H$m|H$mo gwajm H${_© m| H$mo boH$a eha _| bJmVma Xm¡S>Zm nS> ahm Wm Ÿ& n[aUm_V: CZHo$ {bE noQ´>mob H$m IMm© ~T>> ahm

38

Wm Ÿ& ~g MbmZodmbm| H$mo VrZ {XZm| Va ~¡R>o ahZo na r VZ»dmh XoZr Wr Ÿ& Xyar Amoa H$_mB© r ~§X Wr Ÿ& Bg{bE ~g_m{bH$ AnZm H«$moY CZna CVma aho Wo, IrP ê$nr _R²>R>m Am¡a Kmob CÝh| nrbm aho Wo Ÿ&

~g Ho$ AS²S>m| na gwajm H${_© m| H$s \$m¡O VrZ {XZm| VH$ V¡ZmV Wr Am¡a bmoJm| _| Bg ~§X Ho$ ~mao _| AZoH$gmar A\$dmh| \¡$b MwH$s Wt Ÿ& MMm© H$aZo dmbm ha ì`{º$ AnZr-AnZr H$ënZm Ho$ AZwgma Xygao H$s ~mV H$mQ>H$aAnZr ~mV aIZo H$m à`mg H$a ahm Wm Ÿ& Bg pñW{V go emgH$ ~oM¡Z hþE Wo Am¡a A{YH$mar qMVmJ«ñV Wo Ÿ& {~hma Ho$ny{U© m eha _| Vmo H$â y© bJm`m J`m Wm, {Oggo dhm± Ho$ bmoJm| H$s VH${b\$ Am¡a A{YH$ ~T> JB© Wr Ÿ&

~§X H$mo boH$a wdH$m| _| amof Wm Ÿ& V¡e _| AmH$a Hw$N> wdH$m| Zo ~g| ^r ObmB© Wr Ÿ& bmoJ BZ g~go naoemZhmo JE Wo Ÿ& ZmJmOw©Z Or H$hVo h¢ {H$, ~gm| H$m {MVm-^ñ_ (ObH$a amI hþB© ~g|) XoIH$a h_ ^r h¡amZ hmo JE Wo Ÿ&


1. "VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV' H${dVm .............. H$s h¡ Ÿ&

(1) ZmJmOw©Z (2) {Zambm (3) _hmXodr (4) Aamo

2. àmMm ©, {ObmYre, Eg.nr. .................... ~§X hmoZo go naoemZ Wo ?

(1$) ~g g{d©g (2) VZ»dmh (3) öX`-J{V (4) [ajm

3. ~g-g{d©g ~§X hmoZo go gS>Ho$ .............. aht Ÿ&

(1$) VoO (2) Jw_ (3) J§Xr (4) dramZ

4. ~g-g{d©g ~§X hmoZo na Vm±Jm d [ajmdmbm| Zo .............. H$_mB© H$s Wr Ÿ&

(1$) H$_ (2) Xg JwZr (3) noQ´>mob H$s (4) VmS>r _|

5. AXmbVm| R>n hmoZo go dH$sb d _w»Vma ................ Wo Ÿ&

(1$) gwñV (2) Jwñgo _| (3) gñVo (4) YwÎm

6. _m{bH$m| H$s IrP H$m _Q²>R>m Am¡a Kmob ........... nrVo aho Ÿ&

(1$) MwŠH$S> (2) dH$sb (3) ~g dmbo (4) [ajmdmbo

7. VrZ {XZ, VrZ amVm| VH$ ........... Q>mCZ _| H$â y© Omar Wr Ÿ&

(1$) Xa §Jm (2) _Yw~Zr (3) H$bH$Îmm (4) ny{U©_m

8. ............. H$s bme H$m {MVm-^ñ_ XoIH$a H${d h¡amZ Wo Ÿ&

(1$) OZ-OZ (2) Vm±Jo dmbo (3) ~g dmbo (4) ~g

39


Jw_ = bwá

MwŠH$S> = {_Å>r H$m N>moQ>m ~V©Z

ZJZ = Z¾, {Zd©ó

R>n = ~§X

_w»Vma = H$mZyZr gbmhH$ma

{dH$b = ~oM¡Z

hHy$_V = hþHy$_V, emgZ


(1) 1$ (2) 1$ (3) 2

(4) 2 (5) 3 (6) 3

(7) 4 (8) 4

7. gmam§e

1. VrZ {XZ Am¡a VrZ amVm| VH$ ~g godm ~§X hmoZo Ho$ ~mX bmoJm| H$mo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr naoem{Z`m| H$m gm_ZmH$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡, BgH$m dmñVd {MÌU "VrZ {XZ,VrZ amV' H${dVm _| {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&

2. Am_ OZVm H$s `mVm`mV H$m gmYZ hmoZodmbr ~g-g{d©g ~§X hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ZJadm{g`m| H$s öX`-J{V hrê$H$ OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

3. Eogr {df` pñW{V _| Vm±Jodmbo Am¡a [ajmdmbo Xg JwZm A{YH$ H$_mVo h¢ Am¡a CZ n¡gm| go eam~ nrH$a Zeo_| YwÎm hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

4. AXmbV| R>n hmoZo go dH$sb gñVo hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z bmoJm| H$m H$m_ AS> OmVm h¡ Am¡a g_` ì`W© MbmOmVm h¡ Ÿ&

5. hmoQ>b VWm AÝ` ì`mdgm{`H$m| H$m ^r ZwH$gmZ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gaH$mar A\$gam| H$m H$m_ ~T>> OmVm h¡ Am¡aIMm© ^r Ÿ&

6. Hw$N> OJh amof ì`º$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE wdH$m| X²dmam ~gm| H$mo Obm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&7. H$^r-H$^r H$â y© ^r bJmZm nS>Vm h¡, {Oggo bmoJm| H$mo AZoH$ naoem{Z`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm nS>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

bmoJm| H$m OrdZ AñVì`ñV H$aZo dmbo VWm Xoe H$s gån{Îm H$m ZwH$gmZ H$aZo dmbo Bg ~§X H$mo XoIH$aH$[d h¡amZ ah OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

40

8. ñdmÜ`m`

gg§X © Ho$ àíZ

1. ""Xg JwZr H$_mB© na

Vm±Jm d [ajmdmbo

................

YwÎm Wo ZJZ Wo Ÿ&''

2. ""~g-g{d©g ~§X Wr

VrZ {XZ VrZ amV

.................

g~ aho naoemZ''

XrKm}Îmar àíZ

VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV VH$ ~g g{d©g ~§X hmoZo na H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr KQ>ZmE± KQ>Vr h¢ Ÿ? {dñVma go g_PmBE Ÿ&

9. joÌr` H$m ©

AnZo Amg nmg hmoZo dmbo ~§X Ho$ Xm¡amZ KQ>Zodmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$mo XoIH$a "VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV' H${dVm H$sKQ>ZmAm| go VwbZm H$s{OE Ÿ&

10. A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE Ÿ&

v v v

gÌ - 1 gm{hË`-{d{dym (nx²` ed§ jx²`) bh$mb© - 1 (h ) 1

Documents